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Entrepreneurs, networks, and economic development: A review of recent research
... Entrepreneurial networks can be classified into economic and non-economic networks, technological networks, regional networks, social networks, etc. (Nummela, 2004, p. 134). From the viewpoint of the source of network relationships, SMEs can make connections with formal institutions (including all government agencies), business associates (suppliers, global supply chains, other enterprises), or via personal contacts (relatives, friends, colleagues) (Malecki, 2018). Furthermore, formal, informal, and intermediary relationships are differentiated, whereby formal relationships are the basis of the functioning of business networks, the informal ones of social networks, while intermediary relationships are created when a third party ties the actors of either business or social networks (Zahoor et al., 2020, p. 447). ...
... 1. networks are different from formal hierarchical structures, 2. networks do not have objective boundaries, 3. networks are stable structures, but they change in time, 4. networks depend on previously made decisions and experience and 5. networks are to be observed from the aspect of structure and process (Spigel, 2017;Poocharoen & Ting, 2015;Torkkeli et al., 2016;Malecki, 2018;Dagnino et al., 2015). ...
... Activities and resources that network actors make available cannot be spontaneously combined, as their coordination is needed (Dagnino et al., 2015). From the aspect of the level of power, individual actors can hold different positions (role, function and identity) in a network, which depends on their eco-nomic base, technology, expertise, trust and legitimacy (Malecki, 2018). Therefore, some network actors can use their power strategically and influence other actors (offering them relief ) in order to strengthen the network and thus realize their goals more efficiently. ...
The role of entrepreneurial networks in overcoming export barriers of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) varies depending on the development level of the domestic institutional environment. So far relevant literature has been dominantly focused on the effects of participation of SMEs from developed economies in different forms of domestic and international entrepreneurial networks. However, in the last two decades, the SMEs from post-transition economies (PTE), namely developing economies, have become more involved in international business which is an important challenge for them because of resource scarcity and a long period of international isolation. Starting from the entrepreneurial perspective of internationalization based on accelerated internationalization models, the paper considers modes, motives, benefits , and obstacles of establishing alternative management structures-SME entrepreneurial networks in institutional discontinuity conditions. The research aim is to indicate the importance of establishing network connections as a modus for overcoming resource and institutional export barriers of SMEs from PTE. The research is based on the analysis and synthesis of relevant literature in the field of international entrepre-neurship and network approach to the internationalization of SMEs in the context of PTE. Based on conceptual analysis and the results based on previous research, pragmatic recommendations for export SMEs from PTE regarding the choice of appropriate participation modality in entrepreneurial networks are stated.
... INTRODUCTION Some researchers claim that successful entrepreneurs have qualities beyond being merely capable executives and that 'the entrepreneurial event' takes shape through the interaction of both personal and environmental factors (Malecki, 1997). According to this view, specific personal traits, such as the willingness to take risks, help determine the success or failure of entrepreneurs (Sexton and Bowman, 1985). ...
... According to this view, specific personal traits, such as the willingness to take risks, help determine the success or failure of entrepreneurs (Sexton and Bowman, 1985). Other scholars suggest that one's upbringing and education level are the most critical factors in shaping entrepreneurs; whether one had an entrepreneurial parent or parents seems particularly significant (Malecki, 1997;Roberts, 1991). Roberts (1991) suggests that family background, goal orientation, personality, motivation, education, age and work experience are the personal factors that most influence entrepreneurial activity. ...
... The comparative study of entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs focusing on two homogeneous samples of MBAs from two cultural backgrounds provides some insight into the interrelations between education, other demographic variables, social culture and entrepreneurial careers. Malecki, E.J. (1997), 'Entrepreneurs, networks, and economic development', in Shapero, A. and Sokol, L. (1982) 9. What motivates people from business-related careers to change to teaching? ...
... Informal institutions -in particular an entrepreneurship culture, which reflects the degree to which entrepreneurship is valued in society -also have substantial effects on the prevalence of entrepreneurship (Fritsch and Wyrwich, 2014). Networks of entrepreneurs provide an information flow, enabling an effective distribution of knowledge, labor and capital (Malecki, 1997). A highly developed physical infrastructure (including both traditional transportation infrastructure and digital infrastructure) is a key element of the context to enable economic interaction and entrepreneurship in particular (Audretsch et al., 2015). ...
... When actors in a region are well connected in networks, this allows information, labor and knowledge to flow to firms that can use it most effectively (Malecki, 1997). Networks are essential for entrants as it helps new firms to build social capital, which firms can leverage to access resources, information and knowledge (Eveleens et al., 2017;(Van Rijnsoever, 2020)). ...
Despite the popularity of the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach in science and policy, there is a scarcity of credible, accurate and comparable metrics of entrepreneurial ecosystems. This is a severe shortcoming for both scientific progress and successful policy. In this paper, we bridge the entrepreneurial ecosystem metrics gap. Entrepreneurial ecosystems consist of the actors and factors that enable entrepreneurship. We use the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach to quantify and qualify entrepreneurial economies. We operationalize the elements and outputs of entrepreneurial ecosystems for 273 European regions. The ecosystem elements show strong and positive correlations with each other, confirming the systemic nature of entrepreneurial economies and the need for a complex systems perspective. Our analyses show that physical infrastructure, finance, formal institutions, and talent take a central position in the interdependence web, providing a first indication of these elements as fundamental conditions of entrepreneurial ecosystems. The measures of the elements are used to calculate an index that approximates the quality of entrepreneurial ecosystems. This index is robust and performs well in regressions to predict entrepreneurial output, which we measure with novel data on productive entrepreneurship. The entrepreneurial ecosystem approach and the metrics we present provide a lens for public policy to better diagnose, understand and improve entrepreneurial economies.
... Durante la última década las incertidumbres en relación a la recuperación en el empleo a nivel internacional han venido en aumento, por lo que existe una creciente atención sobre nuevas salidas laborales, entre las que se encuentra la creación de empresas. Dada esta situación, diversos autores recalcan en la necesidad de desarrollar mecanismos que fomenten el autoempleo y el emprendimiento como formas de inserción en el mercado laboral (Moriano, Palací y Morales, 2006;Palací y Moriano, 2003), fomentando además el desarrollo local y regional dada la correlación entre creación de nuevas empresas y crecimiento económico (Malecki, 1997, Formichella, 2004Wong, Ho y Autio, 2005). Del mismo modo, Kuratko (2005) afirma que las organizaciones emprendedoras fomentan la renovación empresarial característica de las economías de mercado y permiten el cambio tecnológico y las mejoras de productividad al mismo tiempo que mejora las condiciones de vida del emprendedor. ...
... El tercer apartado presenta y analiza los datos obtenidos en relación con el emprendimiento en la Universidad Wennekers y thurik (1999) Esta relación entre emprendimiento y crecimiento cuenta con un fuerte consenso en la literatura económica. Así, autores como Malecki (1997) afirman que existe una relación directa entre el emprendimiento y el desarrollo local e incluso regional, hasta el punto de ser necesaria una elevada tasa de creación de empresas para que sea viable el crecimiento económico. Este efecto beneficioso se produce principalmente a partir de dos efectos provocados por la creación empresarial (Kuratko, 2005). ...
Dadas las incertidumbres en el mercado de trabajo, el emprendimiento se presenta como una alternativa relevante
para absorber los excedentes de mano de obra existentes, contribuyendo además a un mayor bienestar
social. En particular, los estudiantes universitarios juegan un papel importante para el desarrollo del emprendimiento
dada su formación formal. Por ello, en el presente artículo se trata de observar la percepción sobre
el emprendimiento entre estudiantes de administración de empresas en Costa Rica, incluyendo también una
diferenciación por género. Para realizar el estudio se emplearon encuestas entre estudiantes universitarios de
la Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica. Los resultados muestran que son los factores personales los
que en mayor medida impulsan el interés sobre el emprendimiento, si bien existen factores macroeconómicos
que limitan su desarrollo. Del mismo modo, las diferencias de género en las respuestas son relevantes. En base
a los resultados obtenidos se realizan una serie de recomendaciones de política económica.
... This is valid even among highprofile successful cases, which do not necessarily share similar trajectories (Saxenian 1994). Hence, the challenge of transferring successful 'recipes' from one place to another remains in the case of entrepreneurial ecosystems considering differences in areas such as culture, traditions, capabilities and networks (Malecki 1997a). ...
... Hence, our results provide support to the notion that that transplanting local configurations to other places with distinct backgrounds can be beyond challenging (Malecki 1997a). This is so because of two main reasons. ...
Entrepreneurial ecosystems research has largely focused on the profile of a handful of successful locations. This has prevented a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that shape entrepreneurial activity across the geographical space. Our goals in this research are (1) to identify the critical dimensions of entrepreneurial ecosystems , and (2) to assess whether successful ecosystems rely on heterogeneous configurations. Through fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, we address this issue with data from the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Findings generate a typological hierarchy of attributes, where the range of critical dimensions seems to be much more restricted than previously argued, and alternative configurations appear to lead to similar outcomes. A first pivotal path toward establishing a thriving ecosystem is fundamentally based on the conditions of the knowledge Infrastructure. A second approach combines elements of the socioeconomic system with the knowledge environment. Although some elements are ubiquitous, contributing attributes differ across distinct configurations, suggesting some level of heterogeneity in the dominant dimensions of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Such evidence contributes to the debate on entrepreneurial ecosystems' dimensions and elements, offering exploratory insights on alternative ways to promote an environment conducive to knowledge intensive ventures. JEL Classification L26 · M21 · R12 · R58
... It shapes attitudes towards entrepreneurship and regional cultures that have more supportive cultural attitudes seen to be more conducive to entrepreneurial activity (Julien, 2007), for example, willingness to invest, willingness to take risks and supportive views towards failure (Neck et al., 2004;Feld, 2012). There are also many social and human capital attributes listed in studies, for example, availability of talent and of experienced entrepreneurs and "dealmakers" (brokers of key relationships between investors and entrepreneurs) (Feldman and Zoller, 2012), the quality of local networks and their openness and the availability of mentors and role models (Malecki, 1997;Kenney and Patton, 2005). Access to venture finance has also been considered a critical component, though there is debate over causality (Feldman et al., 2005). ...
... Population fluidity is also considered a factor (Feld, 2012). Here, it is recognized that "flow" of Source(s): Authors' construction based on Stam (2015) Universitycentred entrepreneurial ecosystems population into and out of a locality may play a role in the diversity of ideas and creativity present (Spilling, 1996) and that the capacity of employees to flow between ventures and in/ out of established businesses is conducive to vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystems (Malecki, 1997;Kenney and Patton, 2005). Constrained environments are more likely to have less economic density, lower churn rates and less population mobility (Roundy, 2016). ...
Purpose
Research on entrepreneurial ecosystems has advanced over recent years and has become a popular topic. Despite the interest, previous work has focused on entrepreneurial ecosystems in large cities in the United States. Ecosystems in small cities, underpopulated rural areas, university towns and outside the USA have not been considered much. This paper begins to address this deficit by reviewing three groups of literature.
Design/methodology/approach
From the review, the paper builds a conceptual framework to consider entrepreneurial ecosystems led by universities. After summarizing the literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems, entrepreneurial universities and entrepreneurship education, the paper suggests a conceptual framework outlying the structure, components and mechanisms that enable universities to operate as catalysts in the creation of entrepreneurial ecosystems.
Findings
It is evident that on many of the “ingredients” of a successful entrepreneurial ecosystem, a resource-constrained environment would have many gaps. Building an entrepreneurship ecosystem in such contexts would be inherently challenging. The model presented suggests that the presence of a university in such locations should enhance the prospects of progress but that the nature of the university itself would impact any outcomes. Universities that make concerted efforts to be entrepreneurial and that have entrepreneurship programmes have strategies available to them that can enhance entrepreneurship ecosystems over time.
Originality/value
The contribution of this paper is to show “how” a university and its entrepreneurship programme can operationally address deficits in a local ecosystem and how it might bring about positive change. The paper also opens new avenues for entrepreneurship education researchers.
... Informal institutions in particular the entrepreneurship culture, which reflects on the degree to which entrepreneurship is valued in society, also have strong effects on the prevalence of entrepreneurship, (Fritsch and Wyrwich, 2014). Networks of entrepreneurs provide an information flow, enabling an effective distribution of knowledge, labour and capital (Malecki, 1997). A highly developed physical infrastructure (including both traditional transportation infrastructure and digital infrastructure) is a key element of the context to enable economic interaction and entrepreneurship in particular (Audretsch et al., 2015). ...
... When actors in a region are well connected in networks this allows information, labour and knowledge to flow to firms which can use it most effectively (Malecki, 1997). Networks are essential for entrants as it helps new firms to build social capital, which firms can leverage to get access to resources, information and knowledge (Eveleens et al., 2017;van Rijnsoever, 2020). ...
An entrepreneurial ecosystem comprises a set of interdependent actors and factors that are governed in such a way that they enable productive entrepreneurship within a particular territory. While the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach is useful to think about regional economies, it currently lacks full-fledged metrics to enable policy. In this paper, we bridge this gap by quantifying and qualifying regional economies using the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach. We operationalize ten elements of entrepreneurial ecosystems for 274 regions in the 28 countries of the European Union. The ecosystem elements show strong and positive correlations between them, confirming the systemic nature of entrepreneurial economies, and the need for a complex systems perspective. Our results show that formal institutions and physical infrastructure take a central position in the interdependence web, providing a first indication of these elements as fundamental conditions of entrepreneurial ecosystems. We then use the elements to calculate an index that measures the quality of entrepreneurial ecosystems. This index is robust and performs well in regressions to predict entrepreneurial output, which we measure using novel data on productive entrepreneurship.
... According to Madzivhandila and Musara (2020), LED policies are emphasising entrepreneurship as a way to harness local and indigenous potential worldwide. Malecki (2018) also holds the belief that entrepreneurship, in whatever form, is essential for economic growth, poverty reduction, job creation, and economic inclusion. ...
The primary goal of the study is to look at how entrepreneurship affects regional economic development in the Nkangala District Municipal area. Economic empowerment, income and employment development, economic restructuring, and the eradication of economic inequality can all be achieved through entrepreneurship. Through creating jobs, encouraging creativity, creating effective techniques for utilising resources, and improving people's socioeconomic well-being, entrepreneurship promotes economic progress. This investigation employs a quantitative research approach. There are 55 business owners in the study sample. The data from the study were analysed using SPSS. Regression and correlation analysis were used to quantitatively analyse the research variables. Using Cronbach's Alpha, the results indicated that a coefficient greater than.70 ensures the validity and reliability of the research instruments. The study concludes that building knowledge and abilities in this area, emphasising entrepreneurial education, and considering mentorship initiatives are crucial. Recognising adequate education in the context of the digital economy and the fourth industrial revolution is one of the main principles in this. The use of digital technology affects the environment and creates previously unthinkable exponential development for new participants with a variety of business models and philosophies.
... Seperti contohnya adalah dana desa yang diperoleh pemerintah desa dari Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara (APBN) dapat digunakan untuk prioritas utama yaitu pemberdayaan masyarakat. Pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui dana desa yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan dapat dioptimalkan (Arifin et al., 2020), tidak terkecuali untuk meningkatkan jiwa kewirausahaan masyarakat desa melalui berbagai macam terobosan kegiatan usaha berbasis potensi desa dan keterampilan ataupun soft skill (Malecki, 2018;de Gortari & Santos, 2020;Yuniarta & Purnamawati, 2020). ...
The Shibori Sidomaju elderly group is a community that actively produces and sells shibori cloth. As the Shibori Batik business develops, there are many conflicts of interest between members. The management chairman committed fraud by taking over all the assets owned by the community, so the village government took over the management. This community service aims to transfer knowledge regarding institutional strengthening through management reorganization by establishing articles of association, by-laws, and organizational structure. The approach to community service activities used is Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) in counseling, mentoring, and training. The target community is the administrators and members of the Batik Shibori Elderly group in Kenteng Village. The activities were carried out from July to August 2023. The results show that Shibori managers understand the importance of institutional legality and the Shibori organizational structure. The output of the activity was the article by law, which was agreed upon and approved by all Shibori members. On this occasion, an organizational structure was also agreed upon that reflects the primary duties of the management, members, and village government. The division of leading tasks and functions can increase the sense of responsibility, commitment, and loyalty. Awareness and understanding of leading tasks and functions are the keys to developing the Shibori business.
... On the other hand, the issue of resource density, or simply the concentration of resources, provides an incentive for entrepreneurial activities, which, in turn, means that their scarcity is associated with a lower propensity to undertake entrepreneurial activities. (Malecki, 2018). As for the factors affecting the level of entrepreneurial development in non-urbanized areas, one can also mention the limited possibility of good practices, examples of such entrepreneurial activities that would lead to an increased interest in starting businesses, especially among young people. ...
Motivation: The issue of rural development is an important topic from the perspective of the science of territorial development for several reasons. First, from the perspective of the growing importance of cities, with which the depopulation of the countryside is associated. Secondly, from the point of view of the development opportunities of non-urbanized areas, whose position in the context of fund distribution is weak. Finally, from the point of view of the possibility of diversifying food production, to which much attention is currently being paid in Europe and around the world. However, as studies show, not only the existence, but the development of rural areas is a determinant of the development of urban areas.Aim: The purpose of the article is to demonstrate that rural development continues to be a significant challenge, while especially important for this development is the involvement of people — entrepreneurial leaders.Results: As a result of the study, it was possible to gain input in the form of knowledge regarding the differential impact of the rural development factors identified in the study. The phenomenon of the possibility of digitization of social and business life, which has emerged as globalization has progressed, and quite clearly as a result of the pandemic, has shown that it is a factor of great importance in leveling the marginalization of rural areas. What’s more, the entrepreneurship of rural leaders is a key element in building strategies for the development of these areas, even outweighing the factor of a financial and administrative nature.
... El emprendimiento es reconocido como una herramienta de generación de desarrollo económico de un país o región (Malecki, 2018;Méndez-Picazo et al., 2012;Mendoza, 2017;; en este sentido, en un escenario de posconflicto se retoma con mayor fuerza este concepto, dado que posibilita el empoderamiento económico de la población que está retomando su inclusión en la sociedad (Cifuentes et al., 2021;Greenberg y Zuckerman, 2009;Hoyos et al., 2020;Sørensen, 1999). ...
Resumen: en Colombia, después de cinco años de la firma del acuerdo de paz, es evidente que aún está en proceso el restablecimiento de la vida cotidiana de las víctimas de este conflicto. El emprendimiento se presenta como una herramienta que puede apoyar el empoderamiento económico que requiere esta población. Este artículo analizó los efectos de las competencias emprendedoras de las mujeres víctimas del conflicto armado en la probabilidad de crear un negocio. Para ello, este estudio utilizó un análisis descriptivo y empírico con base en los datos recolectados de mujeres que habitan los municipios de Buga y Tuluá en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Se identificó que las variables de asumir riesgos (resiliencia e iniciativa en la dimensión del saber ser), las de exploración de oportunidades (autonomía y trabajo en equipo en la dimensión de saber hacer) y todas las variables propuestas en la dimensión de saber conocer son significativas en la propensión a emprender.
... The Schumpeterian view of economic development is a higherquality growth trajectory achieved by innovation and entrepreneurship (Schumpeter, 1942). Regional economic development encompasses stimulating employment opportunities, increasing economic outputs, and fundamentally changing social structures (Acs, Desai, & Hessels, 2008;Malecki, 2018). However, without income equality, economic development does not guarantee everyone a stake in wealth growth and may even deepen the stubborn wealth gap (Deaton, 2003). ...
... Several scholars identified social or human capital as critical components of entrepreneurial ecosystem development (Mack and Mayer, 2016;Theodoraki et al., 2018;Porras-Paez and Schmutzler, 2019). Spigel (2016) further acknowledged the importance of social capital and networks in developing entrepreneurial activity, and Spigel (2017) illuminated Malecki's (1997) emphasis on relationships and networks in supporting entrepreneurial growth. Spigel (2017) acknowledged various complex factors within entrepreneurial ecosystems, specifically cultural, social, and material factors. ...
Purpose
Leveraging the boom of a craft beer renaissance, this paper explores social capital theory through the impact of the craft brewing industry. The exploration addresses entrepreneurial micro-ecosystems that share one commonality – the need for community development and revitalization. North Carolina's deregulation of craft brewing (Pop-the-Cap Initiative, 2005) led to a boom of brewery startups, from 54 in 2010 to more than 380 in 2022.
Design/methodology/approach
This qualitative study focuses on 15 brewery founders who have launched ventures within a few years of the Pop-the-Cap Initiative. This included 15% of those breweries launched between 2012 and 2017. Naturalistic Inquiry methodology was utilized, and semi-structured interviews, observations, and artifact analyses were applied to each participant via content analysis and NVivo.
Findings
Framed by two contributing entrepreneurial mindset factors (anti-establishment mindset and business-person's burden mindset) and three external entrepreneurial micro-ecosystems conditions (community conditions, doom and boom conditions, and economic conditions), these emergent themes represent the ecosystem contributors (mindsets/conditions) associated with startup success and social value creation in rural and downtrodden urban areas.
Research limitations/implications
This study facilitated a deep dive into two evolving entrepreneurial micro-ecosystems (rural/urban) through the perspective of brewery startups. It illuminated the actors, conditions, and domains in play. Conceptualizations of “nestedness” (Spigel, 2022) with “microfoundations” (Wurth et al., 2022) integrated to see a specific sector (craft brewing) developing within a sub-ecosystem's capacity to help frame and “understand the co-evolution of agents with entrepreneurial ecosystems” (Cho et al., 2022). Additionally, antecedents to the birth of local economies suggest the value of agents involved in evolution of nascent local economies (Cho et al., 2022). These findings reinforce developing literature while presenting opportunities for future studies.
Social implications
Craft breweries in rural and urban environments represent third places within communities. Third places can be recognized as conduits for developing social capital among individuals, groups, and firms. High levels of social capital positively impact communities. These conditions helped anchor tenants thrive and did not occur accidently. They are intentional value propositions of entrepreneurs and ecosystem conditions.
Originality/value
Brewery entrepreneurs were aware of their contribution to social capital value, economic impact (e.g., tax revenue, jobs, space, attraction/destination, etc.), and how these facets interplay as revitalizing anchor tenants (i.e., craft breweries). Insight into how entrepreneurs come to understand and recognize their impact on community through social capital development and the economy can aid in further support ecosystems at the community level.
... De modo mais específico, facilmente se depreende que as instituições garantem as pré-condições necessárias para que a ação económica se efetive e para que se garanta uma utilização produtiva dos recursos (Acemoglu et al., 2005). Por sua vez, as redes que se estabelecem entre empreendedores garantem um fluxo de informação e uma distribuição efetiva de conhecimento, trabalho e capital (Malecki, 2018). O grau de desenvolvimento das infraestruturas físicas facilita a interação económica e, em última análise, constitui um elemento-chave para o processo de empreendedorismo (Audretsch et al., 2015), assim como o acesso a financiamento é crucial para garantir a concretização de projetos empreendedores (Kerr & Nanda, 2009). ...
O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar um diagnóstico do ecossistema empreendedor dos municípios portugueses com vista a compreender de que forma é que o ecossistema empreendedor local tem promovido o desenvolvimento de negócios. Metodologicamente, a investigação recorreu a uma abordagem qualitativa, através de entrevistas com os responsáveis pelo empreendedorismo de onze municípios portugueses. Com recurso à análise temática foi possível propor um modelo do Ecossistema Empreendedor dos Municípios Portugueses. Os resultados evidenciam que o Poder Local é fundamental para a criação de Ecossistemas Empreendedores, sendo os responsáveis pela Governance Local e pela prestação de Suporte aos agentes deste Ecossistema, bem como pela criação de redes de cooperação, especialmente entre o sector público, privado e as universidades que são basilares para o desenvolvimento deste tipo Ecossistemas.
... The next domain is networks, which can be found in E. Stam's (2015) model, is the social environment of entrepreneurs, especially the extent to which they are socially affiliated, which gives an information flow, facilitating a productive allocation of knowledge, labor, and capital (Malecki, 1997). Networks referred to the communal context of the actors, particularly the extent to which they are socially linked, and the connectivity of organizations for new value creation (E. ...
This study aims to conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) of the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) to synthesize and advance the knowledge of how it is investigated and evolved in the previous periods. This study pursues the PRISMA method to review selected EE research and the work of Garrard is applied to construct a SLR matrix to analyze EE literature in peer-reviewed English publication. A total of 100 studies published in 58 journals between 1993 and 2021 were gathered and evaluated. The results indicate three major findings. First, the research on EE has been emerged in the past decades. Second, EE has been defined in several ways and sectors, but the common definition of EE can be expressed through five criteria. Third, the most well-known theory, framework, and measurement of EE are clarified, while the nomological network of EE research was concurrently developed providing the summary of what has been examined. This study provides crucial implications for both theory and practice. In theoretical context, this study gives an updated summary of the trends of EE research; the most popular definition, theory framework, measurement, and nomological network of EE; and the agenda for future research; providing comprehensive overview of EE research and generates new insights for further research in this field. In practice, this study stimulates the awareness of the governors, managers, and other stakeholders of a specific region on building a healthy and effective EE and provides them the methods to improve the EE to generate successful entrepreneurship.
... Thirdly, the concept of the EE itself includes the coexistence of different interacting actors; thus, connectivity within the EE is of high importance (Stam 2015;Malecki 1997). A variety of economic actors are needed to supply services to entrepreneurs and reduce potential market entry barriers for new entrepreneurial ventures (Howells 2006). ...
Entrepreneurship is a productive force of innovation and economic development. However, in post-conflict regions, there is a greater challenge in allocating entrepreneurial talent to productive entrepreneurship. In this study, we examine the entrepreneurship ecosystem, which is built on the “bottom-up” principles to understand whether its pillars can facilitate productive entrepreneurship in two Ukrainian regions shaken by multiple revolutions and regime change. We introduce a model that puts entrepreneurial conditions in cities and formal institutional changes to a competitive test. Building on the regional entrepreneurship literature, we perform an empirical study in a developing country to reveal what drives productive entrepreneurship in post-conflict regions with entrepreneurship culture, formal networks, debt and equity financing emerging as important determinants of productive entrepreneurship. The effect of formal institutions is significant but highly correlated with rent-seeking behavior of government and corruption. Our analysis suggests that the entrepreneurial conditions in regions focusing on the bottom-up processes of supporting entrepreneurship should work better to enhance productive entrepreneurship activity in a post-conflict region.
... Some qualitative reviews have provided some guidance by summarizing over studies on a specific subtopic. They have explored various determinants of economic development, such as market [6], institutional arrangement [7][8][9], infrastructure [10,11], education and research institutions [12,13], technology [14,15], and more recently, entrepreneurship and social networks [16]. Some examine the development process [17], the economic, social, and environmental outcomes [18][19][20][21][22], and the evolution of policies and practices [4,23]. ...
In this paper, I conducted a systematic review of the economic development literature from 1959 to 2020 to reveal the ebbs and flows of major research topics, combining the text mining technique with the bibliographic analysis. Topics such as “regional development” and “sustainable development” have gained importance over the decades, while “development strategy” has lost its prominent status. New topics such as “climate change” and “developing countries” have emerged in recent years. An analysis of the citation network reveals three distinctive research trajectories: One engages with the concepts of the creative class, human capital, clusters, and art and culture. Another centers around the topic of “regional development”, and a third, smaller group studies “new industrial district”. This study helps researchers understand the evolution of the roadmap in the field of economic development, properly situate their own work in the literature, identify influential citations, and discover novel research topics in need of further exploration.
... Why? Let us zoom in on two specific informal institutions, entrepreneurship culture, which refers to the extent to which society values entrepreneurship (Fritsch and Wyrwich, 2014), and networks, which provide an information flow that enables an effective distribution of knowledge, labor, and capital (Malecki, 1997). Both could support a transition toward inclusive ecosystems, yet the culture and network advantages of unconventional entrepreneurs are too often offset by the disadvantages of subsisting in an enclave economy. ...
Entrepreneurship has the potential to be an inclusive space comprising many types of conventional as well as unconventional entrepreneurs. In this essay we will argue that when it comes to unconventional entrepreneurs-ranging from refugee entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs with a physical or cognitive disability, to elder entrepreneurs, former convict entrepreneurs, and many others-there are important questions we are not asking because we tend to look at each subgroup in isolation. Our central message is that looking for shared wisdom across various groups of unconventional entrepreneurs may facilitate a shared theoretical conversation that aids the transfer of knowledge, prevents silos and the unnecessary reinventing of the wheel, boosts the field's appeal and critical mass, and facilitates a broader exchange of ideas. To facilitate that conversation, we identify who unconventional entrepreneurs are; identify obstacles to a common theoretical conversation and how these obstacles could be overcome; outline a set of common theoretical themes that apply across various groups of unconventional entrepreneurs; and show how further theorizing unconventional entrepreneurs could challenge the community to reach beyond our existing knowledge horizons to develop pioneering entrepreneurship research.
... Pertukaran maklumat dan pengetahuan akan menyediakan peluang rangkaian yang akan berkembang dari masa ke masa (Nisar, Prabhakar, & Strakova, 2019;Fielke, Taylor, & Jakku, 2020;Valeri, & Baggio, 2022). Jaringan rangkaian organisasi dilihat penting bagi menyediakan produkproduk baru, teknologi terkini, dan perkhidmatan untuk membangunkan sesebuah industri (Malecki, 2018;Birkel, Veile, Müller, Hartmann, & Voigt, 2019;Machado, Winroth, & Ribeiro da Silva, 2020). Jaringan rangkaian adalah berdasarkan kepada tingkah laku organisasi untuk membangunkan dan mewujudkan hubungan rangkaian dengan organisasi-organisasi lain yang mempunyai potensi untuk memberi manfaat (Belso-Martínez, Mas-Verdu, & Chinchilla-Mira, 2020; Davey, O'Brien, Ouschan, & Parkinson, 2022). ...
Rancangan Malaysia ke-12 melaporkan nilai eksport produk halal keluaran Malaysia dijangka menyumbang sebanyak RM 56 bilion pada tahun 2025. Perkembangan positif ini menunjukkan produk halal keluaran Malaysia semakin mendapat perhatian dan permintaan yang semakin tinggi di peringkat global. Kepesatan pembangunan industri halal ini memperlihatkan peranan jalinan rangkaian antara organisasi dalam memastikan industri halal Malaysia dapat kekal berdaya saing dan bersedia memenuhi keperluan pasaran tempatan dan global. Oleh itu, kajian ini dijalankan dengan meninjau peranan jaringan rangkaian organisasi dalam memperkukuhkan pembangunan industri halal Malaysia. Kajian ini dijalankan menggunakan kaedah kualitatif. Kajian literasi dan temu bual bersama Bahagian Hab Halal JAKIM dan Perbadanan Pembangunan Industri Halal (HDC) dijalankan bagi menjawab objektif kajian. Hasil kajian mendapati Bahagian Hab Halal JAKIM dan HDC memainkan peranan penting dalam membangunkan industri halal melalui aspek jaringan rangkaian organisasi. Bahagian Hab Halal JAKIM menjalinkan beberapa rangkaian organisasi kerajaan seperti dengan KPDNK, JAIN, dan KKM dalam menguatkuasakan peraturan persijilan halal persijilan halal Malaysia dari masa ke masa. Manakala HDC pula memainkan peranan sebagai agen perantaraan antara pihak kerajaan seperti MATRADE dan MITI dengan pihak swasta seperti syarikat-syarikat industri bagi meningkatkan daya saing firma dalam ekonomi global melalui kerjasama dengan syarikat multinasional. Jaringan rangkaian organisasi dijalankan oleh Bahagian Hab Halal.
... Weber proposed that a specific ethic was an important factor in the economic success of Protestant groups in the early stages of European capitalism, underlining that the analysis of entrepreneurial behavior needs to be embedded in more comprehensive socio-cultural frameworks. Today, mainstream entrepreneurship research explicitly emphasizes that the motivations, decisions and actions of entrepreneur agents are influenced by the specificities of the larger regional and national socio-economic context (Feldman 2001;Malecki 1997;Wagner and Sternberg 2004). Considering contextual impacts is important in order to adequately frame and investigate entrepreneurship as a form of behavior and actorness, and to understand why, where, when and what kinds of entrepreneur activities happen, and who are the agents involved into this course of action (Welter 2011). ...
The article examines the values of individual entrepreneurs in the European context. From among the various available value theories, it applies Shalom H. Schwartz’s framework of Basic Human Values. Schwartz distinguishes 10 values that are dynamically interrelated with each other along several shared dimensions. Two main dimensions (self-centered and collective) and four categories (openness to change, self-enhancement, conservation, self-transcendence) of values can thus be distinguished. The empirical part of the study starts with a cluster analysis to differentiate entrepreneurial groups according to the relative importance of self-centered values, before turning to values with collective connotations in order to draw more comprehensive profiles of the identified clusters. One of the main findings of this study is that more than two-thirds of Eastern European entrepreneurs cannot be characterized by normatively framed entrepreneurial value preferences—they are actually entrepreneurs without entrepreneurship.
... The development of these knowledge, skills, and resources is of immeasurable value in finding adequate technological and cultural solutions to problems that must be faced in the village (Malecki, 2018). Cultural contextual benchmarks play a significant role in establishing and developing businesses (Fortunato & Alter, 2016). ...
Community service aims to map cultural potential and public awareness to develop local culture. The service method used is socialization and training. The target audience is the directors and administrators of village-owned enterprises and POKDARWIS managers. The results show that the target community can understand local culture and its mapping for cultural existence. Village-owned enterprises are still at the pilot level, so it is appropriate if the potential mapping results can be used as material for making relevant business unit decisions. Local village culture is included in the main priority of developing BUMDes to extend its business continuity. It means that it is not only short-term orientation but also long-term oriented. The village has several superior cultures, such as woven bamboo, palm sugar, and reog. So far, the community has been very enthusiastic about developing these three cultures. The indicator of the success of the service program can be seen from the cognitive aspect in mapping the village's potential. Suggestions for the village government in the form of financial support and non-financial support in developing village-owned enterprises. The management itself must be loyal and committed to developing BUMDes so that it can bring benefits to the village community. Tujuan pengabdian kepada masyarakat pemetaan potensi budaya dan penyadaran masyarakat untuk mengembangkan budaya local. Metode pengabdian yang digunakan adalah sosialisasi dan pelatihan. Khalayak sasarannya adalah direktur dan pengurus BUMDes serta pengelola POKDARWIS. Hasil pengabdian menunjukkan masyarakat sasaran dapat memahami konsep budaya local dan pemetaanya untuk eksistensi budaya. Saat ini BUMDes masih pada level rintisan, maka tepat sekali jika hasil pemetaan potensi dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pengambilan keputusan unit bisnis yang sesuai. Budaya local desa dimasukan dalam prioritas utama pengembangan BUMDes sehingga keberlangsungan usahanya akan panjang. Artinya tidak hanya orientasi jangka pendek, akan tetapi berorientasi pada jangka panjang. Ada beberapa budaya unggulan desa seperti budaya anyaman bambu, gula aren, dan reog. Selama ini masyarakat semangat sekali dalam mengembangkan ketiga budaya tersebut. Indikator keberhasilan program pengabdian dapat dilihat dari aspek kognitif dalam melakukan pemetaan potensi desa. saran bagi pemerintah desa berupa dukungan finansial dan dukungan non finansial dalam mengembangkan BUMDes. Pengurus sendiri harus loyal dan komitmen dapat mengembangkan BUMDes sehingga dapat mendatangkan manfaat bagi masyarakat desa.
... According to Fischer & Nijkamp (2019), while a lot of attention is paid to the characteristics of individuals, e.g. the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor -GEM, much of the research and discussion about what causes growth of entrepreneurial activity neglects the importance of the regional environment. At the macro level, Malecki (1997) points out that the entrepreneurial environment is defined as a socio-economic, political, infrastructural and market environment, crucial for entrepreneurship, but cultural characteristics also play a significant role because they reflect the way of doing business (Roberts, 1991;Woolcock, 2001). Glaeser (2011) concludes that metropolitan regions are the most optimal form of coexistence, where innovation, human capital, and a good entrepreneurial climate have almost no boundaries. ...
Purpose: Entrepreneurship is often viewed as a driver of the global economy. However, previous research on the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth shows contradictory results depending on the research settings. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how early-stage entrepreneurship - including only enterprises that are less than three and a half years old - affects regional economic growth in the European Union.
Methodology: The methodology includes three methods: bivariate correlation, fixed effects regression with region and time fixed effects and spatial fixed effects regression. The panel sample consists of 273 NUTS 2 regions between 2008 and 2017.
Results: The results support the hypothesis of this research and show that early-stage entrepreneurship has a mild positive effect on the economic growth of European regions. However, the potential bidirectional nature of this relationship obliterates the ability to comment on the causality of this link. The percentage of people in the active population employed in human resources in science and technology and gross fixed capital formation have a significant and impactful effect on regional GDP.
Conclusion: The conclusion can be drawn that the effect of early-stage entrepreneurship on regional economic growth is conditioned by the population density of the region. Although these results show that enterprises founded in densely populated areas such as cities and metropolitan areas tend to have a larger effect on the regional economy, the results are ambiguous.
... Rural entrepreneurs experience more difficulties accessing key financial, technological, human and knowledge related resources than urban entrepreneurs, and lack certain benefits related to a low density population such as a lower density of markets and a greater distance to resources (Malecki, 2018). Despite this, Capelleras et al. (2013), analysing links between individual characteristics of entrepreneurs and the urban/ rural environment, argued that individuals who perceive an opportunity in rural areas are more likely to become a nascent entrepreneurs. ...
In 2011, Tunisia went through a revolution which transformed its modern history. Currently, the country is experiencing a moment of transition in which it faces problems, both on a social and economic level. The region Kroumerie-Mogods, in the northwest, includes the three Governorates of Jendouba, Beja and Bizerte, is strongly affected by past economic policies. Despite having great potential in terms of both natural resources and economic opportunities, the local population appears to be among the poorest in the country, suffering from high level of unemployment, widespread poverty and substantial inequalities. In this context, a Development Cooperation project was implemented with the aim of creating new employment opportunities, especially for young people and women, through the enhancement of the territory and its agricultural products with the support of new entrepreneurial initiatives. Principal Component Analysis and Logit model were used to analyse the Self-Efficacy (SE) of young aspiring entrepreneurs and to evaluate its effects on the promotion of personal entrepreneurial projects. The study shows that past involvement in business key activities, as commercial experiences, social commitments and sustainable waste management, represent a decisive element for the promotion of personal business projects in agri-food sector.
... Given the complexity of this undertaking, whether technical (European Commission, 2002) or psychological (De Vries, 2003;Kammerlander, 2016), as well as the entrepreneur's inexperience, external support is typically necessary. External support involves advice from expert individuals or organizations, which is necessary for solving specific problems or facilitating business transfers (Malecki, 2018). Consequently, the nature and complexity of the entrepreneur's exiting tasks affect the access to external support. ...
Purpose
The study aims to investigate whether the perceived problems in exiting a business—as well as the scope of and access to external support—may impact an entrepreneur's decision regarding the exit strategy, that is, the choice between the stewardship and harvest exit strategy.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors have collected data from 302 entrepreneurs using a novel survey instrument and subjected the sample to structural equation modeling (SEM) and ordered logit regressions.
Findings
The results reveal that potential difficulties in implementing an exit strategy, the scope of external support anticipated by the exiting entrepreneur and access to such support influence the potential choice of an exit strategy. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the stewardship exit strategy is preferred over the harvest exit strategy by entrepreneurs who face potential difficulties in obtaining external support or foresee problems related to a potential exit strategy.
Originality/value
This study provides new insights into an entrepreneur's exit phenomenon by adding new elements, such as perceived problems involved in exiting a business as well as the scope of and access to external support, to the list of factors that may affect the choice of an exit strategy.
... The network provides rich data and illustrations to support claims of autonomy for managers and users, which are relative to the existence of integrated records. Networks are no longer just social capital but economic capital (Puddephatt, 2013;Malecki, 2019). ...
Purpose: This paper aims to show how managers/users’ communication and negotiations through electronic communication reflect individual and organizational resilience facing the global changes in ICT. The networked record structure, as the centre of the interactions, symbolizes the internal and external communication process in the organization. Design/methodology/approach: We analysed the integrated network structures of the record from six government offices and three multinational corporations and one international Non-Government Organization in Indonesia as symbolic interactions between individuals and groups who easily cope with ICT innovation and who find the innovation to be challenging. To validate our findings, we interviewed eleven stakeholders, consists of managers, users, and staff from these organizations. Findings: We found that managers and users utilize various strategies to cope with changes and play different roles, based on the situation at hand. Constructed through their negotiations and influenced by social, economic, and cultural factors, electronic communication networks reflect organizational and individual resilience. Based on the findings, we encourage social inclusions in the implementation of integrated records, to achieve the sustainable development program goals. Originality/Novelty: The paper states that the records of integration does not merely concern on ICT and physical records per se also man as the actors and organization as living organism deal with disruptiveness and resilience facing changes in digital transformation. It highlights the actor experiences and perspectives using interactionism symbolic convey the shifting from the focus on behaviors slant in the process of communication within networks. Keywords: Records, Electronic communication, Networks, Symbolic interactionism, Perspectives, Resilient. Paper type: Research paper
... Similarly, resource mobilization for building ventures to capture oft-uncerta in opportunities requires face-to-face contact, both for recruiting cofounders and early employees (Ruef 2010), as well as for attracting financing from angel investors and venture capitalists (Bernstein, Giroud and Townsend 2016;Wiltbank and Boeker 2007). In short, entrepreneurs are not just standalone individ ua ls with great ideas, but are socialized into their roles via face-to-face contact with others who have complementary skills, experience, and capital (Malecki 1997;Sorenson and Stuart 2001). ...
Various strands of work have explored how spatial proximity helps (metaphorically) bridge barriers to resource mobilization and foster knowledge transfer. However, much of that work takes spatial connectedness as a given. We argue that spatial connectedness is a distinct construct that affects the extent to which spaces are not just proximate but are actually able to link people, ideas, resources and knowledge together. We explore one such source of connectedness—physical (not metaphorical) bridges. We find that the opening of newly-built bridges enhance startup founding in the local geographic community. Beyond its impact on startup founding, newly-built bridges also influence the organizing process for such ventures. This includes a positive impact on the entry of prospective founders into entrepreneurship and an increase in the number of early-stage investors. The subsequently founded ventures are also more likely to engage in recombination and to cross industry boundaries. We explore scope conditions around industry and connective heterogeneity. We also test for robustness to various modeling approaches. The discussion highlights contributions of these findings to the study of entrepreneurship, as well as of organizations and the institutional fields in which they operate.
... Diversos autores destacan la importancia de la capacidad emprendedora como motor de desarrollo económico. Así, como en los noventa, autores como Malecki (1997) y Reynolds (1994) aprecian una clara relación entre emprendimiento y desarrollo local y regional, y señalan que una alta tasa de creación de nuevas empresas es necesaria para el crecimiento económico. ...
... Regarding "networking and support", it has been recognized that networks can be an important element for entrepreneurial ecosystems' success (Spigel, 2017). Networks enable access to resources, which otherwise would not be useful (Spigel & Harrison, 2018), and they also facilitate access to knowledge, human capital, and funding (Malecki, 1997). In EIDES, this condition includes social media, among other digital networks. ...
The literature emphasizes that interactions between biotic (the individual) and abiotic entities (the institutional environment) are central to entrepreneurial ecosystems. However, despite the importance of digital entrepreneurial ecosystem (DEE) elements, it might be questioned if all elements are equally necessary. Furthermore, different outputs might require different conditions. The same can happen with different levels of a given output. The answer to these questions is of particular concern from a policy perspective. By using necessary condition analysis (NCA) alongside with fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fs/QCA), this study advances understanding of the entrepreneurial ecosystems. While fs/QCA identifies only one necessary condition to produce digitally-enabled unicorns – market conditions – and none to unicorns and new business creation, NCA shows that all elements of DEE are necessary to produce digitally-enabled unicorns, and most of them are also necessary for producing unicorns. NCA also identifies formal institutions, regulations, and taxation and finance as necessary conditions for new business creation. Moreover, NCA shows that necessary conditions do not have the same degree of importance, and the necessity of a given condition does not automatically imply its highest level is required. For researchers, these results emphasize the importance of using NCA as a complement of fs/QCA. For practitioners, these findings can be used to optimize the allocation of policy resources, particularly targeting the elements that constitute bottlenecks.
Plain English Summary
Policymakers should target different levels of entrepreneurial ecosystem pillars performance to produce unicorns. Ambitious entrepreneurship is important for country competitiveness in the digital age. Digital entrepreneurial ecosystems can facilitate the rise of digitally-enabled unicorns, an extreme case of ambitious entrepreneurship. This study shows which conditions are necessary to produce this output; these conditions can be required at different levels. The comparison of country’s performance on each condition shows which of them constitute bottlenecks. Although all elements of digital entrepreneurial ecosystems are relevant for digitally-enabled unicorns, policymakers should target the ones that constrain the emergence of this output. This study identifies the levels that should be reached in each condition, not only for digitally-enabled unicorns, but also for unicorns in general. The results show relevant differences between the levels needed for these outputs. For example, knowledge creation and dissemination seem to be more important to boost digitally-enabled unicorns rather than unicorns in general. Thus, policymakers should consider specific levels of the conditions to optimize resource allocation.
... Country studies by different authors found important spatial differences in economic activity in Swedish, Irish, UK and German regions, and Italian macro-regions (Müller, 2013). Malecki (1997) stresses the crucial role of social, economic, market, political and infrastructure dimensions of the entrepreneurial environment for the entrepreneurial activity. Roberts (1991) emphasizes aspects of local culture and attributes as critical to building a local environment that fosters entrepreneurship. ...
By analysing the operations of a lending crowdfunding platform in Portugal, the investigation aims to study the potential contribution of CF for entrepreneurship and regional development. The results reveal that small organisations are especially prone to use CF as a financing strategy, regardless of their seniority, as well as ventures that have a moderated risk profile. However, coastal regions have been more dynamic on CF use than interior located ventures, since most of the operations were realized on the littoral of the country. The results suggest that interior organisations that use CF could have more financing difficulties that led them to look for new fundraising solutions, since they typically have higher size than coastal located organisations, although the risk rating is quite similar. The CF loans period is also shorter. The average interest rate charged is quite similar between both type of locations, although a higher variability exists in the funding conditions of interior organisations. The average offer per investor is also higher in the interior case.
... Network chain capability refers to a network, which is implied as an act of making contact with other people and organizations, can also be classified as human resources and networking is an alternative to using internal resources. Information and social networks are considered important for the formation of companies and for the success and sustainability of the company (Malecki, 1997). In terms of organizational commitment, previous studies emphasize variables that are the key to the emergence of employee turnover, namely behavioral commitment. ...
Entrepreneurial orientation is carried out to improve management's ability to deal with market changes. This study examines a new concept of network chain capability that is capable of mediating the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and marketing performance of goods in tourism market. The study also verifies the architectural marketing capabilities and organizational commitment to improve network chain capabilities that have an impact on marketing performance of goods in tourism market. In this study, 6 hypotheses are developed and tested with data collected from 185 respondents in the handicraft industry focused on tourism market. Data are analyzed using AMOS 22.0 statistical software which successfully tested 6 hypotheses with significant results. The study proves that network chain capability is declared feasible as a mediating variable. Managerially, network chain capabilities can be practiced as a marketing tool to improve performance.
... Entrepreneurship means therefore, also the management of business network constellations. An interesting and rather comprehensive review of the relationship between entrepreneurship and network involvement has been given by Malecki (1997b). The local environment (including its culture, knowledge base and business attitude) appears to act as a critical success factor for new forms of entrepreneurship, a finding also obtained by Camagni (1991). ...
This chapter offers a review on modern entrepreneurship analysis, against the background of regional development. Regions with an entrepreneurial culture tend to be forerunners in a competitive economic process. After a conceptual discussion on the importance and the measurement of entrepreneurship, the contribution discusses critical success factors and key determinants of entrepreneurship. Next, much focus is laid on the geography of entrepreneurship as well as on industrial agglomeration, while also due attention is paid to the relevance of networks for modern entrepreneurship. The chapter concludes with some retrospective and prospective remarks.
... Entrepreneurship of any form is central for economic development, poverty alleviation, job creation and economic inclusion (Bruton et al., 2013;Malecki, 2018). This role of entrepreneurship is even more important in rural and other marginalised communities where extreme poverty, unemployment and economic exclusion are rife (Bruton et al., 2013;Sutter et al., 2019). ...
Local economic development policies around the world increasingly emphasise entrepreneurship as a tool to mobilise local and indigenous economic potential. This paper explores the role of local municipalities in entrepreneurship development in South Africa. In particular, it provides a critical review of local economic development strategies and their effect on entrepreneurial development. Special attention is placed on deeply rural municipalities, primarily because of their marginalisation from national development efforts and the acute need for entrepreneurial development to tackle the triple challenges, which are unemployment, poverty and inequality. The paper argues that local municipalities should play a pivotal role in enhancing the development and upliftment of entrepreneurs in their areas of jurisdiction. The paper uses an integrative literature review method in which sources such as academic journal articles, reports and books are analysed, critiqued and synthesised. Lessons are drawn from other developed and developing nations, combined with the observations and thorough review of literature, to develop a framework that can inform South African Local Municipalities in mobilising entrepreneurship development in their communities. The paper concludes that for entrepreneurship development to be strengthened and for local economic development to be accomplished, local municipalities should invest in the development of entrepreneurship within their municipalities.
... The generation of entrepreneurship is internationally recognized as an effective strategy to generate economic development for countries since it creates jobs (self-employment as a fi rst instance) and generates competitive markets with the introduction of new productive agents. In this sense, countries around the world implement public policies to facilitate the way that entrepreneurs get funds for their projects (Malecki, 2018). However, accessing fi nancial resources is one of the main diffi culties that entrepreneurs face to consolidate their initiatives (Sheperd and Patzelt, 2017). ...
Explica las percepciones de jornaleros, productores, médicos y académicos sobre la relación entre exposición a plaguicidas y cáncer en la zona agrícola de San Quintín en Baja California , México
... Although the notion of entrepreneurial ecosystems is relatively new, the idea that contextual regional factors are conducive to growth-oriented entrepreneurship is not. Research tracing back to business research [13,14], geography [15], and sociology [16], have long underscored the connection between entrepreneurial activity and regional economic and social contexts. Clusters, local innovation systems, industrial districts, and learning regions interactively contribute to the shaping of economic development policies that have an impact on the formation of entrepreneurial ecosystems [17]. ...
Entrepreneurial ecosystems represent an active and growing area of research. Recognized as a contributor to foster regional competitiveness by stimulating economic growth and promoting innovativeness, interest in the concept spans across disciplines. Despite evolving and inter-disciplinary discussions on entrepreneurial ecosystems, a comprehensive understanding of the research directions and latest developments in the field is elusive. At the same time, a clear understanding of the current lay of the land is necessary to assist in public sector decision-making and policy development. To address this gap, this bibliometric study presents a bibliographic analysis of extant literature in the field, as referenced as the focal topic of concern in academic journal articles spanning 1995–2019. The aim is to provide an overview of the origins of the entrepreneurial ecosystems concept in literature, to offer insight into key concepts that have emerged in research over the past twenty-five-years. The paper employs bibliographic techniques to track knowledge, identify trends, and highlight the primary emerging patterns and conceptual clusters. The analysis offers a map of the covered territory and facilitates the identification of gaps and under-researched areas in the field, with a particular focus on public sector interaction. Using the visualization of similarities, VOSviewer, software tool, citation, co-citation, co-authorship, as well as the co-occurrence of keywords are presented to offer a comparative overview of the diverse representation of entrepreneurial ecosystems developments across disciplines, countries, institutional clusters, networks and teams.
... So far, many researchers (like Edward, 2018;Faghih, Bonyadi, and Sarreshtehdari, 2019;Yeager, 2018;Nafziger, 2005) have published many findings in line with evaluating the factors influencing this intricate phenomenon (economic development) from various standpoints. As a summary of all researches until now, foremost, entrepreneurship plays a key role in economic development. ...
Modeling complex concepts, especially in the field of management science, will help researchers to get a better understanding of the relationship between insensible and multidimensional phenomena. The relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development has been repeatedly discussed by researchers. With reference to various research, the impact of innovative entrepreneurial activities on the growth and development of economies is clear to all.
This study attempts to provide a mathematical model in support of the accuracy of this relationship. Stochastic processes and probabilistic models have widely been used to perform this modeling.
The underlying result of this model is a function by which the exact parameter of entrepreneurial performance can be calculated and also, by applying this model, the relationship between the innovation index and entrepreneurship is justifiable. Also, based on this modeling, the level of entrepreneurship of countries can be ranked based on innovation.
The increasing internationalization of companies has led us to reflect on the structuring of an emerging field of research, namely international entrepreneurial culture (IEC). Moreover, the absence of a solid theoretical framework is one of the main factors contributing to the scattered nature of research in this field, which has led us to conduct further research on international entrepreneurial culture. After presenting the definition and dimensions of IEC, this study aims to analyze and synthesize previous empirical findings on this phenomenon to understand its causes and influencing factors, behaviors, and processes in the global context in which it is embedded. Following this study in the Tunisian context, we found that Tunisian companies have no intention of embracing the phenomenon of international entrepreneurial culture. The absence of an organizational culture, whether among managers or members of the organization, has a major effect on the entrenchment of an international entrepreneurial culture. Thus, international trade is a real motivator for Tunisian companies to embark on internationalization. In this respect, we propose some avenues of research to consolidate and develop the field of international entrepreneurial culture.
Purpose
Leveraging the boom of a craft beer renaissance, this paper explores social capital theory through the impact of the craft brewing industry. The exploration addresses entrepreneurial micro-ecosystems that share one commonality – the need for community development and revitalization. North Carolina's deregulation of craft brewing (Pop-the-Cap Initiative, 2005) led to a boom of brewery startups, from 54 in 2010 to more than 380 in 2022.
Design/methodology/approach
This qualitative study focuses on 15 brewery founders who have launched ventures within a few years of the Pop-the-Cap Initiative. This included 15% of those breweries launched between 2012 and 2017. Naturalistic Inquiry methodology was utilized, and semi-structured interviews, observations, and artifact analyses were applied to each participant via content analysis and NVivo.
Findings
Framed by two contributing entrepreneurial mindset factors (anti-establishment mindset and business-person's burden mindset) and three external entrepreneurial micro-ecosystems conditions (community conditions, doom and boom conditions, and economic conditions), these emergent themes represent the ecosystem contributors (mindsets/conditions) associated with startup success and social value creation in rural and downtrodden urban areas.
Research limitations/implications
This study facilitated a deep dive into two evolving entrepreneurial micro-ecosystems (rural/urban) through the perspective of brewery startups. It illuminated the actors, conditions, and domains in play. Conceptualizations of “nestedness” (Spigel, 2022) with “microfoundations” (Wurth et al. , 2022) integrated to see a specific sector (craft brewing) developing within a sub-ecosystem's capacity to help frame and “understand the co-evolution of agents with entrepreneurial ecosystems” (Cho et al. , 2022). Additionally, antecedents to the birth of local economies suggest the value of agents involved in evolution of nascent local economies (Cho et al. , 2022). These findings reinforce developing literature while presenting opportunities for future studies.
Social implications
Craft breweries in rural and urban environments represent third places within communities. Third places can be recognized as conduits for developing social capital among individuals, groups, and firms. High levels of social capital positively impact communities. These conditions helped anchor tenants thrive and did not occur accidently. They are intentional value propositions of entrepreneurs and ecosystem conditions.
Originality/value
Brewery entrepreneurs were aware of their contribution to social capital value, economic impact (e.g., tax revenue, jobs, space, attraction/destination, etc.), and how these facets interplay as revitalizing anchor tenants (i.e., craft breweries). Insight into how entrepreneurs come to understand and recognize their impact on community through social capital development and the economy can aid in further support ecosystems at the community level.
Innovation and entrepreneurship are critical drivers of economic growth and national development. The top-down mode of management and organization involves a hierarchical approach, where decisions and directives are made by top-level authorities and cascaded down to lower levels. This approach emphasizes centralized control, formal processes, and standardized procedures. On the other hand, the bottom-up mode of management and organization emphasizes autonomy, empowerment, and participation of individuals and teams at all levels of the organization. This approach encourages creativity, experimentation, and innovation from the grassroots level. We analyze the impact of these two modes on national innovation and entrepreneurship by examining their implications for organizational culture, leadership styles, decision-making processes, and resource allocation. We also review empirical evidence from various countries and industries to understand the contextual factors that influence the effectiveness of these modes in fostering innovation and entrepreneurship. Our findings suggest that both top-down and bottom-up modes have their strengths and limitations in driving innovation and entrepreneurship at the national level. While top-down approaches may be effective in promoting large-scale projects and initiatives, bottom-up approaches can foster a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship across diverse sectors and industries. We propose that a balanced approach, which combines elements of both modes, may be the most effective in promoting national innovation and entrepreneurship. We conclude by discussing policy implications and future research directions in this area.
The purpose of this study was to identify and extract the concepts of
entrepreneurship from the Holy Quran in order to develop an
entrepreneur model. To achieve this goal, three questions were asked:
what are the most important components of the model entrepreneur
from the perspective of the Holy Quran? What are the most important
dimensions of the model entrepreneurial from the perspective of the
Holy Quran? How willthe validation of the designed model be carried
out? This qualitative research was undertaken using content analysis
method. The results of the research identified the eight components
(secondary pre-organizing theme) of entrepreneurial action,
entrepreneurial spirit, general entrepreneurial trait, general
personality trait, religious entrepreneurial trait, God-centered
religious trait, entrepreneurial ethical characteristics and individual
moral characteristics with 113 basic themes. Then, a network of
themes was drawn. By integrating the components, the four
dimensions (primary pre-organizing themes): the dimension of
specialized characteristics (entrepreneurial action, entrepreneurial
spirit); dimensions of general characteristics (general characteristics
of entrepreneurship, general characteristics of personality); religious
characteristics (religious characteristics of entrepreneurship, Godcentered religious characteristics) and the moral characteristics
(ethical characteristics of entrepreneurship, individual moral
characteristics) were obtained. The third dimension at 38% had the
highest frequency among all dimensions. Finally, to validate the
model, various analysis and review strategies used by research
colleagues, Continuous Comparison Analysis (CCDA), techniques of
obtaining accurate parallel information and analytical angulation
were utilized.
This book investigates the relationship between the firm and the territory, emphasizing the micro-organizational dimension and the interactions between actors at territorial levels.
First, the book examines the particular features of the firm considering three key factors - structural design, power configuration and organizational culture – and the characteristics of the surrounding territory as a specific spatial ecosystem with its own institutions, agents, history and objectives. Second, it analyses organizational tenets at the micro- and meso levels with a view to explaining various relational models and their implications at the level of the firm and the territory. Although previous studies have focused on the territory as a geographical space in which firms procure resources and promote development, this book presents an innovative approach and makes a key contribution to the literature by dealing with the firm and the territory from an organizational perspective.
The relationship is analysed as bidirectional: a key question concerns how the territory can impact the organizational dimension of the firm, and how the firm can characterize the territory. This will be considered in connection with various effects. The positive effects of the relationship with the territory are investigated in terms of territorial identity, territorial resilience and territorial sustainability. The negative effects include the role of criminal networks rooted in the territory, with firms acting as key agents.
The role of regional governments in fostering opportunity entrepreneurship has received increasing attention from both academics and practitioners. Drawing on research on entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE), this study provides a more analytical and holistic account of the supportive role of regional governments in underdeveloped institutional environments and their interactions with other key elements in regional EEs. I propose that in underdeveloped institutional environments, a regional government which is able to perform its core function of delivering public and social services is positively associated with the growth of opportunity entrepreneurship. This effect becomes stronger in regions with more market-based economies, higher education institutions (HEIs), an entrepreneurial culture, and social entrepreneurship. Empirical results based on entrepreneurship data at the provincial level in China between 1993 and 2013 provide strong support for the hypotheses. This study contributes to the literature on EE by providing more systematic evidence from underdeveloped institutional environments, and has policy implications for promoting opportunity entrepreneurship.
Nowadays special attention is paid to ecosystem conditions that encourage innovation and entrepreneurship. This chapter provides a critical review and expands the understanding of the concepts of the innovation ecosystem and entrepreneurial ecosystem. The entrepreneurial ecosystem represents a collection of actors that interact within a geographically bound entrepreneurial environment and factors, which contribute to the development of productive entrepreneurship. Innovation ecosystems represent communities of interacting actors that support innovation processes and create technologies and innovations. The focus of the innovation ecosystem is on value creation through the creation of innovations, while the focus of the entrepreneurship ecosystem is on the development of entrepreneurship. There are differences between the two concepts, but also the relationships and interactions, which are revealed in the chapter. Also, there are highlighted the framework, components and features of both entrepreneurial and innovation ecosystems.
Successful policies seeking to promote rural entrepreneurship require a conceptual model consistent with the features of rural spaces and free of stereotypes of entrepreneurship as being only technologically sophisticated. The objective of this essay is, first, to argue that rural areas can be fertile ground for entrepreneurial activities in middle-income countries such as Chile and, second, to discuss policy options to achieve the goal of encouraging a more innovative entrepreneurship in rural areas. The scientific literature on entrepreneurship and the definitions, types and roles of entrepreneurship in development are reviewed. The literature on the location of entrepreneurship is summarized to understand the drivers of observed territorial differences in entrepreneurial activity. One conclusion is that rural areas face a (seemingly) adverse economic geography for entrepreneurship, although there is a recent tendency for amenities-led growth. We then present the geography of rural entrepreneurship in Chile. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the rates of entrepreneurship in Chilean rural areas are high, although presumably of a limited growth potential under current conditions. Nevertheless, this entrepreneurial base provides a stock of knowledge from which a greater sophistication could be reached, and we discuss potential policy approaches to stimulate more innovative rural entrepreneurship. In the case of Chile, available policy options are coherent with the recently enacted National Rural Development Policy. A systemic, amenity-based approach gives middle-income countries opportunities for the development of more innovative rural entrepreneurship through territorial policies that provide local public goods and improve living conditions.
This review article sheds a light on the complex and hitherto under-researched relationship between geography and entrepreneurship. This relationship is considered to be interdependent. Both directions are discussed. The paper also describes the perspectives of both academic disciplines involved in regional entrepreneurship research, namely (geographically sensitive) economics and management studies on the one hand, and economic geography on the other. Based on a comprehensive overview of the theoretical and empirical literature on regional entrepreneurship, several research gaps are identified that could be helpful for designing future research. Some have strong relevance for government policy, which has recently paid much more attention to entrepreneurship than in the past (e.g. related to the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach), but which rather rarely has been considered in academic evaluations so far. This paper ends with a suggestion for an agenda for future regional entrepreneurship research. Digital transformation with its potential for a disruptive transformation of economies and societies will provide an excellent and, of course, a currently not well-understood research field for regional entrepreneurship research.
The role of regional governments in fostering opportunity entrepreneurship has received increasing attention from both academics and practitioners. Drawing on research on entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE), this study provides a more analytical and holistic account of the supportive role of regional governments in underdeveloped institutional environments and their interactions with other key elements in regional EEs. I propose that in underdeveloped institutional environments, a regional government which is able to perform its core function of delivering public and social services is positively associated with the growth of opportunity entrepreneurship. This effect becomes stronger in regions with more market-based economies, higher education institutions (HEIs), an entrepreneurial culture, and social entrepreneurship. Empirical results based on entrepreneurship data at the provincial level in China between 1993 and 2013 provide strong support for the hypotheses. This study contributes to the literature on EE by providing more systematic evidence from underdeveloped institutional environments, and has policy implications for promoting opportunity entrepreneurship.
This article investigates the impact of social interactions on household entrepreneurial behavior using the data of the China Family Finance Survey (CHFS) in 2015. The results show that social interaction has a positive influence on household entrepreneurship. More social interactions are associated with a higher likelihood of participating in both business and agricultural entrepreneurship. Moreover, the positive effect of social interaction on entrepreneurship increases with the relaxation of financial constraints faced by households. Finally, entrepreneurship is more motivated by social interaction for women than men. The results obtained in the benchmark are testified to be reliable after addressing the potential endogeneity of social interactions and using a different regression method.
Growing academic interest centers on the topic of spatial issues in entrepreneurship. While some believe that the Internet and globalization have made geography irrelevant for entrepreneurial activity in the present times, the steady accumulation of research at the interface of geography and entrepreneurship suggests that this is a thriving area of academic scholarship. Based on the official GAER citations, four scholars have been recognized for their productive and influential work in the area of geography and entrepreneurship: Giacomo Beattini and Charles Sabel in 2002, Maryann Feldman in 2013, and Olav Sorenson in 2018. This chapter synthesizes the work of these four GAER awardees, contextualizing it within the trends, opportunities, and challenges in the broader entrepreneurship literature. Much research has been done on spatial issues related to entrepreneurship over the past few decades, and yet, crucial gaps and omissions remain for future research to address.
Recent years have seen a revival in growth scepticism, yet degrowth in relation to the macroeconomic level has received almost exclusive attention. This resulted in a lack of literature on how post-growth and specifically degrowth visions of economy could be implemented, including from the perspective of firms and other organisations. This paper focuses on degrowth literature and fields of knowledge which share a similar or sympathetic perspective regarding the undesirability of economic growth and desirability of living within planetary boundaries while pursuing wellbeing. It then applies degrowth vision to firms and identifies potential elements of a business for a degrowth economy, here referred to as a degrowth business. These elements comprise a degrowth business framework. The framework is centred around the following groups: (1) environment, (2) people and non-humans, and (3) deviation from profit maximisation imperative. It aims to contribute to an emerging discussion on what firms should be like for a degrowth economy and society to be possible.
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