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A methodology for engineering collaborative and ad-hoc mobile applications using SyD middleware
Abstract
Today’s web applications are more collaborative and utilize standard and ubiquitous Internet protocols. We have earlier developed System on Mobile Devices (SyD) middleware to rapidly develop and deploy collaborative applications over heterogeneous and possibly mobile devices hosting web objects. In this paper, we present the software engineering methodology for developing SyD-enabled web applications and illustrate it through a case study on two representative applications: (i) a calendar of meeting application, which is a collaborative application and (ii) a travel application which is an ad-hoc collaborative application. SyD-enabled web objects allow us to create a collaborative application rapidly with limited coding effort. In this case study, the modular software architecture allowed us to hide the inherent heterogeneity among devices, data stores, and networks by presenting a uniform and persistent object view of mobile objects interacting through XML/SOAP requests and responses. The performance results we obtained show that the application scales well as we increase the group size and adapts well within the constraints of mobile devices.
Many organizations around the world have started to adopt Web services as well as server farms and clouds hosted by large enterprise and data centers for various applications. Web Services offer several advantages over other communication technologies. However, they have high latency and often suffer from congestion and bottlenecks due to the massive load generated by web service requests from large numbers of end users. SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is the basic XML-based communication protocol of Web services. XML is a verbose encoding language in comparison with other technologies such CORBA and RMI. In this paper, two new redundancy-aware SOAP Web message aggregation models – Two-bit and One-bit XML status tree – are proposed to enable the Web servers to aggregate SOAP responses and send them back as one compact aggregated message in order to reduce the required bandwidth, latency, and improve the overall performance of Web services. XML message compressibility, the Jaccard based clustering technique, and the vector space model are three similarity measurements that are proposed to cluster SOAP messages as groups based on their similarity degree. The clustering based similarity measurements enable the aggregation techniques to potentially reduce the required network traffic by minimizing the overall size of the messages. The experiments show significant performance for both aggregation techniques achieving compression ratios as high as 25 for aggregated SOAP messages.
protocols (HTTP), as well as the format and semantics of any data exchanged over via those protocols (usually HTML or XML). Web services and their clients must agree upon known service interfaces, generally expressed in the Web Service Description Language (WSDL) and invoked via Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP). In all of these cases, there is a priori agreement on the form (syntax) and function (semantics) of communication, and this agreement is built in to each party to the communication. In other words, the respective developers of these programs have coded into them the ability to use a particular handful of protocols, and an "understanding" of the semantics of a handful of data types. Clearly, if we hope for a future in which arbitrary devices and services can interoperate, there must be some prior agreement of the details of communication among these devices and services. The question that is at the core of this paper is: at what level should this agreement take place? This paper describes an approach to interoperability, and an architecture called Speakeasy that embodies this approach, based on three premises: fixed domain-independent interfaces, mobile code, and user-in-the-loop interaction. We believe that this combination of premises, which we call recombinant computing, can support "serendipitous" interoperability—the ability for devices and services to use one another with only very restricted prior knowledge. The term "recombinant computing" is meant to evoke a sense that devices and services can be arbitrarily combined with, and used by, each other, without any prior planning or coding. In the sections that follow we present our rationale for the premises upon which our approach is based, and why we believe that they are key to providing the ability for devices and services to offer serendipitous interoperability. After this, we present the Speakeasy Figure 1 A user gives a presentation using Speakeasy. The network-enabled projector, and the filesystem on which the presentation resides, are Speakeasy components. The wireless PDA used to set up the connection automatically downloads presentation controls. ABSTRACT Interoperability among a group of devices, applications, and services is typically predicated on those entities having some degree of prior knowledge of each another. In general, they must be written to understand the type of thing with which they will interact, including the details of communication as well as semantic knowledge such as when and how to communicate. This paper presents a case for "recombinant computing"—a set of common interaction patterns that leverage mobile code to allow rich interactions among computational entities with only limited a priori knowledge of one another. We have been experimenting with a particular embodiment of these ideas, which we call Speakeasy. It is designed to support ad hoc, end user configurations of hardware and software, and provides patterns for data exchange, user control, discovery of new services and devices, and contextual awareness.
Developing a collaborative application running on a collection of heterogeneous, possibly mobile, devices, each potentially hosting data stores, using existing middleware technologies such as JXTA, BREW, compact .NET and J2ME requires too many ad-hoc techniques as well as cumbersome and time-consuming programming. Our System on Mobile Devices (SyD) middleware, on the other hand, has a modular architecture that makes such application development very systematic and streamlined. The architecture supports transactions over mobile data stores, with a range of remote group invocation options and embedded interdependencies among such data store objects. The architecture further provides a persistent uniform object view, group transaction with Quality of Service (QoS) specifications, and XML vocabulary for inter-device communication. This paper presents the basic SyD concepts and introduces the architecture and the design of the SyD middleware and its components. We also provide guidelines for SyD application development and deployment process. We include the basic performance figures of SyD components and a few SyD applications on Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) platforms. We believe that SyD is the first comprehensive working prototype of its kind, with a small code footprint of 112 KB with 76 KB being device-resident, and has a good potential for incorporating many ideas for performance extensions, scalability, QoS, workflows and security.
Today, the work of disaster response teams is being increas- ingly supported and coordinated by using portable comput- ing devices. Connected to mobile ad-hoc networks, these devices establish a communication infrastructure immune to damages caused by natural disasters. However, ad-hoc net- works are dynamic and volatile environments, which ham- pers hosting of critical applications relying on fast respon- siveness. These difficulties can be mitigated to some extent at the middleware level. In this paper we present RESCUE, an open-source middleware for service-oriented communica- tion in mobile disaster response environments. RESCUE has been designed to address challenges of dynamic ad-hoc net- works for service discovery and invocation and provides an infrastructure for flexible mobile systems based on loosely coupled services.
The next years will be characterized by high levels of heterogeneity and interactions among devices connected to global networks. The first researches involving wide-area distributed systems answered many questions concerning resource management, although they fail in treating questions related to heterogeneity and dynamic adaptation. More recent works, through technologies like CORBA and Java/Jini, deal with heterogeneity problem, but do not deepen into adaptability aspects. In this article, we present the ISAM architecture. ISAM is a middleware directed to resource management in heterogeneous networks, supporting physical and logical mobilities, dynamic adaptation and the execution of distributed mobile applications based on components. In order to achieve its goal, ISAM uses, as strategy, an integrated environment that: (a) provides a programming paradigm and its execution environment; (b) handles the adaptation process through a multilevel collaborative model, in which both the system and the application contribute.
Future Web applications will be more collaborative, and will use the standard and ubiquitous Internet protocols. Independently developed applications will have to be integrated seamlessly despite their heterogeneous origins. Heterogeneity stems from programming languages, development environments, operating systems, and host devices. It can be addressed by providing means of composing (or reusing) existing application functionalities in the form of Web services. This works toward the goal of developing new Web applications and processes with limited programming effort. We have developed System on Mobile Devices (SyD) middleware for rapidly developing and deploying collaborative applications over heterogeneous and possibly mobile devices. SyDLink is a key module of SyD; it enables creation of coordination links (Web bonds) between Web services (independently developed applications and application components). SyDLink-enabled entities allow high-level description and enforcement of application constraints among application components. Using such entities, a collaborative application can be created rapidly with limited coding. To illustrate the concepts and implementation of SydLink-enabled collaborative applications, we present a travel reservation system as a case study to show how such an application can be developed and deployed quickly. The travel reservation system is put together by creating SyD coordination links between the independent flight, car, and hotel reservation Web services.
System on Devices (SyD) is a specification for a middleware to enable heterogeneous collections of information, databases, or devices (such as hand-held devices) to collaborate with each other. This paper illustrates the advantages of SyD by describing a prototype calendar of meetings application. This application highlights some of the technical merits of SyD by exploiting the use of coordination links. Based on the underlying event-and-trigger mechanism, these links allow automatic updates as well as real-time enforcements of global constraints and interdependencies, not available with existing calendar applications. Additionally, the calendar application illustrates coordination among heterogeneous devices and databases, formation and maintenance of dynamic groups, mobility support through proxies, and performance group transactions across independent data stores.
The combination of personal mobile devices and mobile ad-hoc networks enables the creation of mobile peer-to-peer systems in which mobile peers establish peering relationships over wireless links based on proximity. In this paper, we discuss challenges of mobile peer-to-peer middleware and present the Proem mobile peer-to-peer platform.
Recently, we started to experience a shift from physical communities to virtual communities, which leads to missed social opportunities in our daily routine. For instance, we are not aware of neighbors with common interests or nearby events. Mobile social computing applications (MSCAs) promise to improve social connectivity in physical communities by leveraging information about people, social relationships, and places. This article presents MobiSoC, a middleware that enables MSCA development and provides a common platform for capturing, managing, and sharing the social state of physical communities. Additionally, it incorporates algorithms that discover previously unknown emergent geo-social patterns to augment this state. To demonstrate MobiSoC's feasibility, we implemented and tested on smart phones two MSCAs for location-based mobile social matching and place-based ad hoc social collaboration. Experimental results showed that MobiSoC can provide good response time for 1000 users. We also demonstrated that an adaptive localization scheme and carefully chosen cryptographic methods can significantly reduce the resource consumption associated with the location engine and security on smart phones. A user study of the mobile social matching application proved that geo-social patterns can double the quality of social matches and that people are willing to share their location with MobiSoC in order to benefit from MSCAs.
Service Composition, that is, the development of customized services by discovering, integrating and executing existing services has received a lot of attention in the last couple of years with respect to wired-infrastructure or Internet web services. With the advancement in the wireless technology and rapid deployment of mobile devices, we envision that in the near future wirelessly connected mobile devices in a given vicinity will also provide services that can be leveraged in the composition process. This is particularly true of what have been described as "pervasive computing" environments. However, wired-infrastructure based service composition architectures are not designed to consider the various factors like mobility, device heterogeneity, resource variability and reliability in a mobile environment. In this paper, we describe the issues related to service composition in mobile environments and evaluate criteria for judging protocols that enable such composition. We present a distributed architecture and associated protocols for service composition in mobile environments that take into consideration mobility, dynamic changing service topology and device resources. The composition protocols are based on distributed brokerage mechanisms and utilize a distributed service discovery process over ad-hoc network connectivity. We present simulation results of our protocols, and compare them with a centralized service composition protocol traditionally used for wired-infrastructure environments. The results show that our approach clearly outperforms the existing centralized approaches, and that our protocols are able to adapt and better utilize the changing service topology and resources in a mobile environment.
Peer-to-peer systems recently captured the attention of practitioners and researchers as they provide an attractive alternative to client-server architectures. Peer-to-peer enables the creation of massively distributed networks of data repositories that can be setup and discarded easily according to applicative needs. Nevertheless, the current popularity of these systems is due mostly to their use for file sharing over the Internet. In this paper, we argue that the advantages of a peer-to-peer architecture reach well beyond the realm of Internet file sharing. In particular, they become key in supporting enterprise processes and especially collaborative work involving mobile users. To support our view, in this paper we report the design of an architecture and a core communication middleware in the EU project MOTION, where a peer-to-peer architecture is exploited to support collaboration among mobile and geographically distributed users.
With the proliferation of mobile devices we witness an increasing demand for supporting collaboration among users working in the field and in the office. A key component for collaboration in this domain is sharing and manipulation of information using very different display capabilities on the diverse devices. We present a system based on a distributed repository of shared data objects and a client-server based infrastructure. The system is robust to intermittent connections, and a mixture of slow and fast links. To preserve bandwidth, applicationspecific data distribution agents decide what data to send to the clients. We also present a framework for building collaborative applications for clients with different display and processing capabilities. We describe example applications implemented both as Java applets to run in Web browsers and as Java spotlets to run on Palm OS based handheld computers. Using these applications we evaluated the framework and the results show that the framework is scaleable, offers good performance and has a high degree of code reusability.
Peer-to-peer systems recently captured the attention of practitioners and researchers as they provide an attractive alternative to client-server architectures. Peerto -peer enables the creation of massively distributed networks of data repositories that can be setup and discarded easily according to applicative needs. Nevertheless, the current popularity of these systems is due mostly to their use for file sharing over the Internet.
An increasing number of distributed applications will be written for mobile hosts, such as laptop computers, third generation mobile phones, personal digital assistants, watches and the like, with focus on peer-to-peer collaboration. Application engineers have to deal with a new set of problems caused by mobility, such as low bandwidth, context changes or loss of connectivity. During disconnection, independently from each others, users will typically update local replicas of shared data, possibly generated by peers. The resulting inconsistent replicas need to be reconciled upon re-connection. To support building mobile applications that use both replication and reconciliation over ad-hoc networks, we have designed XMIDDLE, a peer-topeer middleware that targets mobile computing settings. In this paper we describe XMIDDLE and give a flavour of how reflection capabilities are used to allow application engineers to influence replication and reconciliation techniques. XMIDDLE enables the transparent sharing of XML documents across heterogeneous mobile peers, allowing on-line and off-line access to data. 1
The Web services need to extend beyond the basic service architecture (invoke and respond) to self-coordinating Web processes collaborating among themselves in the desired configuration as per user's application (transient to long lasting). A core set of artifacts are needed to allow these Web processes to hook together in a desired structure to enforce automatic information flow, group constraint satisfaction, and data and control dependencies, all without any central coordinating authority. We propose Web coordination bonds, analogous to the chemical bonds, as a set of such core artifacts for effective collaboration among Web services. There are two types of Web bonds: subscription bonds allow information, control and event flows whereas negotiation bonds enforce dependencies and contracts. Web bonds are simple yet powerful, and we demonstrate how they can be employed to create (model) and enforce (deploy and execute) producer-consumer and shared-resource relationships, workflow scenarios, and atomic transactions. We have developed and prototyped a middleware called system on devices (SyD) incorporating Web bonds, and have employed it to prototype a few distributed applications which bond existing Web services together to collaborate. Much remains to be done, including theoretical treatment of Web coordination bonds.
Interoperability among a group of devices, applications, and services is typically predicat ed on those entities having some degree of prior knowledge of each another. In general, they must be written to understand the type of thing with which they will interact, including the details of communication as well as semantic knowledge such as when and how to communicate. This paper presents a case for "recombinant computing"—a set of common interaction patterns that levera ge mobile code to allow rich interactions among computational entities with only limited a priori knowledge of one another. We have been experimenting with a particular embodiment of these ideas, which we call Speakeasy. It is designed to support ad hoc, end user configurations of hardware and software, and provides patterns for data exchange, user control, discovery of new services and devices, and contextual awareness.
Web services technology has lately stirred tremendous interest in industry as well as the academia. Web services are self-contained, platform independent functionality which is available over the internet. Web services are defined, discovered & accessed using a standard protocols like WSDL, UDDI & SOAP. With the advent of Service-Oriented Architecture and need for more complex application, it became eminent to have a way in which these independent entities could collaborate in a coherent manner to provide a high level functionality. But the problem of service composition is not an easy one. One reason being the self-contained and loosely coupled interaction style, which happens to be the single most important reason for its popularity. We are proposing a prototype system for distributed coordination of web services. This system is based on the Web Bonds model for coordination. The system, dubbed BondFlow system, allows configuration and execution of workflows configured over web services. Presently BondFlow system allows both centralized as well as distributed coordination of workflows over handhelds, which we claim as an engineering feet and is currently a unique work in this area. Index words: Web services, coordination, composition of web services, BondFlow, Web Bonds, distributed systems
Architecting Web Services is targeted at developers and technical architects who have heard about, and even started to work with, Web services. The book starts with a background on the evolution of Web services and their significance to future collaborative efforts via the Internet. It then reveals the architecture for Web services and the various relationships that can be established through their consumption. Following a short technical primer on XML and related technologies, the Web services model is outlined to illustrate the decisions that have to be made in the areas of presentation, interface, and security before the design is even started. Topics ranging from content to state management to system infrastructures are discussed to help the reader establish an understanding of the options and the pitfalls that can occur when developing robust Web services. The lifecycle of implementing Web services from start to finish is illustrated, taking existing processes and exposing their functionality through Web services. Examples extend both Java and COM objects as Web services before exposing an entire hotel reservation system through a Web services workflow. These exercises are followed by three application scenarios that consume these Web services, again with both Java and Visual Basic/ASP examples. Discussions cover the design, implementation, and testing of each solution to ensure a successful result.
Mobile teamwork has become an emerging requirement in the daily business of large enterprises. Employees collaborate across locations and need support while they are on the move. Business documents (artifacts) and expertise need to be shared independent of the actual location or connectivity (e.g., access through a mobile phone, laptop, Personal Digital Assistant, etc.) of employees. Although many collaboration tools and systems exist, most do not deal with new requirements such as locating artifacts and experts through distributed searches, advanced information subscription and notification, and mobile information sharing and access. The MOTION service architecture that we have developed supports mobile teamwork by taking into account the different connectivity modes of users, provides access support for various devices such as laptop computers and mobile phones, and uses XML meta-data and the XML Query Language (XQL) for distributed searches and subscriptions. In this paper, we describe the architecture and the components of our generic MOTION service platform for building collaborative applications. The MOTION Teamwork Services Components are currently being evaluated in two industry case-studies.
Developing collaborative applications over the Web has become increasingly important. In order to accomplish this, Web services need to be extended beyond the basic service architecture (invoke and respond) to self-coordinating Web processes collaborating among themselves (transient to long lasting). A core set of artifacts is needed to allow these Web processes to hook together in a desired structure to enforce automatic information flow, group constraints, and data/control dependencies. We have proposed Web Coordination Bonds as such a set of artifacts with the required theoretical underpinning for effective collaboration among Web services. Here, we establish that Web bonds are at least as powerful as the extended Petri nets (modeling power). We demonstrate their expressiveness by modeling a comprehensive set of benchmark workflow scenarios and distributed communication patterns. Such fundamental treatments are unique, and are essential for further progress in the technology for distributed software over Internet.
We consider a mobile ad hoc network setting where Blue- tooth enabled mobile devices communicate directly with other devices as they meet opportunistically. We design and im- plement a novel mobile social networking middleware named MobiClique. MobiClique forms and exploits ad hoc social networks to disseminate content using a store-carry-forward technique. Our approach distinguishes itself from other mo- bile social software by removing the need for a central server to conduct exchanges, by leveraging existing social networks to bootstrap the system, and by taking advantage of the so- cial network overlay to disseminate content. We also propose an open API to encourage third-party application develop- ment. We discuss the system architecture and three exam- ple applications. We show experimentally that MobiClique successfully builds and maintains an ad hoc social network leveraging contact opportunities between friends and people sharing interest(s) for content exchanges. Our experience also provides insight into some of the key challenges and short-comings that researchers face when designing and de- ploying similar systems.
LimeLite is a new coordination model and middleware de- signed to support rapid development of applications entailing logical mo- bility of agents and physical mobility of hosts. Designed to function in open environments, LimeLite performs automatic agent discovery but fllters the results to deflne for each agent an individualized acquaintance list in accordance with run-time policies specifled at the application level. This asymmetry among participants in the coordination process is dic- tated by the need to accommodate settings involving large numbers of agents and hosts that come and go freely. It represents an important de- parture from coordination research in general. The coordination context is limited to the speciflc needs of the individual agent and its coordina- tion activities are restricted to tuple spaces owned by peers present in the acquaintance list. Linda-like primitives typically used in coordination middleware are tailored in LimeLite to address the challenges of mobile environments. Among other things, this entails the elimination of remote blocking and data pushing operations since the afiected agents may no longer be within communication range. It also entails the addition of reactions that are triggered by the presence of information of interest on agents listed in the acquaintance list and not by events that could have occurred prior to discovery. Finally, to ensure both performance and ease of deployment on small devices the granularity of atomic operations and the reliance on transport layer guarantees have been minimized. This paper introduces LimeLite, explains its key features, illustrates its usage in application development, and explores its efiectiveness as a software engineering tool.
Mobile teamwork has become an emerging requirement in the daily business of large enterprises. Employees collaborate across locations and need team support while they are on the move. Business documents and expertise need to be shared independent of the actual location or connectivity (e.g., access through a mobile phone, laptop, Personal Digital Assistant, etc.) of employees. Although many collaboration tools and systems exist, most do not deal with new demanding requirements such as locating artifacts and experts through distributed searches, advanced information subscription and notification, and mobile information sharing and access. The MOTION service architecture that we have developed supports mobile teamwork by taking into account the different connectivity modes of users, provides access support for various devices such as laptop computers and mobile phones, and uses XML meta data and the XML Query Language (XQL) for distributed searches and subscriptions. In this article, we describe the architecture and the components of our generic MOTION services platform for building collaborative applications. The MOTION platform is currently being evaluated in two large industry case-studies.
The advancement of wireless networks and mobile computing necessitates more advanced applications and services to be built with context-awareness enabled and adaptability to their changing contexts. Today, building context-aware services is a complex task due to the lack of an adequate infrastructure support in pervasive computing environments. In this article, we propose a Service-Oriented Context-Aware Middleware (SOCAM) architecture for the building and rapid prototyping of context-aware services. It provides efficient support for acquiring, discovering, interpreting and accessing various contexts to build context-aware services. We also propose a formal context model based on ontology using Web Ontology Language to address issues including semantic representation, context reasoning, context classification and dependency. We describe our context model and the middleware architecture, and present a performance study for our prototype in a smart home environment.
Future Web applications will be more collaborative and will use the standard and ubiquitous Internet protocols. We have previously developed system on mobile devices (SyD) middleware to rapidly develop and deploy collaborative applications over heterogeneous and possibly mobile devices hosting web objects. In this paper, we present the software engineering methodology for developing SyD-enabled Web applications and illustrate it through a case study on a system of calendar application, with implementation on iPAQs and its performance metrics study. SyD-enabled Web objects allow us to create a collaborative application rapidly with limited coding. In this case study, the modular software architecture allowed us to hide the inherent heterogeneity among devices, data stores, and networks by presenting a uniform and persistent object view of mobile calendar objects interacting through XML/SOAP requests and responses. The performance results we obtained show that the application scales well as we increase the group size and adapts well within the constraints of mobile devices.
We envision users discovering suitable Web objects and configuring them on-the-fly with their desired high-level application logic, with the programming and deployment carried out entirely on the Web. Easy configurability and interplay of Web entities implies evolution of a few common sense, yet powerful set of core primitives for effective coordination, akin in simplicity and strength to the HTTP protocol. Current Web services technology lacks Infrastructure support, theoretical sound fundamental framework for Web services coordination and composition, and easy use tools for Web application development. Our Web coordination bond system gears towards finding solutions to aforementioned research challenges.
This paper presents the Mobile Chedar peer-to-peer middleware for mobile peer-to-peer applications. The middleware is an extension to the Chedar peer-to-peer network allowing mobile devices to access the Chedar network and also to communicate with other Mobile Chedar peers. Currently, Mobile Chedar uses Bluetooth to connect to Chedar gateway peers, because Bluetooth is now the most widespread short-range radio technology in mobile phones. We also introduce in this paper one example of a mobile peer-to-peer application for cooperative lecture notes taking, which is based on Mobile Chedar.
The .NET Compact Framework lets developers easily and efficiently build robust applications that call XML Web services, thereby letting end users effectively access remote data, cache it locally for use when offline, and interact with it via rich user interfaces. This paper highlights the .NET Compact Framework's design goals, sheds light on what the first version contains, and speculates on future directions.
This paper presents the first result of an ongoing research on mobile peer-to-peer communication paradigm and on ad hoc networks. This result is threefold: (1) we propose a definition of ad hoc applications that is independent of the notion of ad hoc networks, (2) we advocate for the need of an adequate development framework for building ad hoc applications, (3) we introduce such a framework, which is independent of the underlying network technology but which relies on existing standards. To illustrate our approach, we also sketch how our framework can be used to build a real ad hoc application.
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