Soda Ash - Science topic

Lime (CaO) and soda ash (Na2CO3) are two foundational chemicals for modern civilization, and the CO2 emissions from their production processes are challenging to reduce. Furthermore, decarbonization of the lime industry could also reduce the CO2 emissions associated with cement production, for which lime is the key precursor. In this paper, we show...

This research is based on the use of ivory cacak leaves (Sanchezia speciosa) to provide motifs and colors using the ecoprint technique. The purpose of this study is to describe the color name and color fastness to washing, the result of ecoprint with a punch/pounding technique using ivory cacak leaves on wolfis material. The type of data in this st...

The exergy calculation, especially chemical exergy calculation, is very intricated in the soda ash production process by the ammonium sulfate-soda method because the gas–liquid reaction and salt precipitation reaction occur simultaneously with the electrolyte ionic reaction in the Na2SO4–NH3–CO2–H2O electrolyte system. The main aim of this study is...

As diagnosed, water is an essential component in the preparation of water base mud, but drilling fluids cannot be prepared with high-purity water (practically and economically unavailable), as water may sometimes contain salts and ions such as chlorides and sulfates, negatively affecting the quality and properties of the mud. This research aims to...

The design of industrial installations using digital design techniques (digital twin), aligned with the concept of Industry 4.0, provides a tool to optimize maintenance costs, process gas emissions, energy consumption and to reduce the risks associated with production testing. Modern manufacturing plants conduct chemical processes by combining prod...

In the course of pipe jacking construction, the carrying-soil effect frequently arises, influenced by factors such as excavation unloading, ongoing disturbance from successive pipe sections, and the progressive accumulation of soil adhesion. The pipe jacking slurry serves as a critical agent for friction reduction and strata support, essential for...

This research is concerned with the investigation of waste bentonite produced from a quarry in Cyprus, after being polymer-amended for use as a low-density solid additive in water-based drilling fluid systems (WBFS). According to API procedures, the waste bentonite samples are mechanically processed to a size < 63 μm and then activated with soda as...

This work presents an analysis of the relationship between strength parameters determined in the laboratory and the results of a cone penetration test with pore water pressure measurement (CPTU) of waste soils in the “White Seas” area in Cracow. Anthropogenic soil is an alkaline waste formed during the production of soda ash and deposited in the ar...

It is surprising to note that there are very few literature reports available that envisage CO2 utilization with sodium silicates. Our research extends this concept by integrating CO2 assisted utilization of fly ash with sodium silicate. The alumino-silicate polymeric material was characterized using FT-IR and NMR techniques confirming the presence...

This study investigates the production and evaluation of geopolymer bricks made from a blend of fly ash, copper slag, soda ash activator, and sand as fillers. Locally abundant industrial and mining waste materials were selected as the primary components. The bricks were synthesized using two binders: 60% fly ash with 40% copper slag, or 70% fly ash...

This article presents the results of a thermodynamic analysis of the oxidation soda conversion reactions of minerals in ilmenite concentrates in the temperature range of 373–2273 K. The thermodynamic parameters of pseudorutile, pseudobrukite, and the new minerals, zhikinite and spessartine, were calculated for the first time. It has been establishe...

An experimental investigation evaluated the acid resistance of a one-part alkali-activated slag-based mixture. Instead of using expensive alkali solutions for activation, this study employed cost-effective industrial-grade powdered soda ash (SA) and hydrated lime (HL) as activators. Two distinct mixing procedures were adopted to test their suscepti...

During the pipe jacking construction process, the back-soil effect often occurs due to various factors such as excavation unloading, continuous disturbance from subsequent pipe sections, and accumulated soil adhesion. Pipe jacking slurry, as the primary measure for friction reduction and strata support, is crucial to ensuring the safe execution of...

UC RUSAL uses digital technologies to monitor and control alumina production at the refineries. The best practices comprise the digital twins of production processes, computational fluid dynamics and machine learning. Digital services are developed by RUSAL Engineering and Technology Center and integrated into the processes of the refineries. Model...

Lithium (Li) has been widely recognized as an essential metal for clean technologies. However, the environmental impacts and emission reduction pathways of the lithium supply chain have not been clearly investigated, especially between Australia and China, where most lithium ore are mined and produced. This study analyzed and compared the environme...

The study aims to investigate the spatiotemporal change in lake water surface extents over 35 years (1986–2020) and identify potential causes. Three alternative multispectral water indices-Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Automatic Water Extraction Index (AWEI), and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI)—derived from Landsat se...

Sumur “N” merupakan sumur pengembangan (development) dimana terdiri dari Formasi Minas, Petani, Telisa, Upper Sihapas dan Lower Sihapas. Target formasi pada penelitian kali ini yaitu Formasi Telisa pada kedalaman 900 – 1100 ft. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh penambahan starch terhadap filtrat pada lumpur KCL Polymer P...

The article covers issues related to biological protection of wood. It is shown that wood, especially chopped (dead) wood is exposed to both external natural factors and the action of various microorganisms. Natural factors, especially ultraviolet rays of solar radiation, change the chemical composition of wood and destroy lignin as the least stabl...

The extensive utilization of Reverse Osmosis (RO) in water desalination has led to the production of high-salinity brine, which poses significant environmental and societal challenges. This study presents an effective approach for the recovery of calcium and magnesium from real local RO brine. This method, serving as the initial step in a multi-tre...

We provide a synthesis of the history and the extent of human impact on the terrestrial ecosystems of the small islands and islets of the western Mediterranean. We focus on the exploitation of islands smaller than a few thousand hectares. The use of microinsular biotic resources (e.g., timber, soda ash, wild mammals) began as early as the Upper Pal...

Alkaline roasting of a low-grade alluvial silica-based columbite bearing mineral from the Rayfield–Jos deposits (located in South Jos, Plateau state, Federal Republic of Nigeria) was conducted with specific emphasis on the evaluation of thermodynamic reactions as well as the mineral phase evolution during the extraction of Nb and Ta. An isothermal...

This article explores the evolution of soda ash production methods, highlighting the shift towards more sustainable practices. It analyzes the environmental and economic challenges of traditional methods, including high energy consumption, pollution, and waste generation. The discussion progresses chronologically, examining obsolete natural methods...

Nowadays, the study of the improvement of mechanical properties is of great importance in the ceramic industry. The strenuous demand to which industrial processes are subjected leads to the search for new raw materials in the production lines that transfer superior characteristics to the finished product, standing out in the search for non-syntheti...

The results of optimization of fresh drilling fluids designed to work in specific conditions of the Ustyurt region, characterized by complex mining and geological features, including high aggressiveness of the environment and a tendency to collapse of well walls, are presented. It was found that the use of special additives and modifiers, including...

This study delves into examining the flow and viscoelastic properties of soda ash and hydrated lime-activated slag mixes with the introduction of sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde (SNF) as a superplasticizer. Three different mixing techniques were employed: standard one-part normal-mixing (NM), pre-mixing soda ash in water (PM), and a dry mixture...

Cost-optimization models are powerful tools for evaluating emerging water treatment processes. However, to date, optimization models do not incorporate detailed chemical reaction phenomena, limiting the assessment of pretreatment and mineral scaling. Moreover, novel approaches for high-salinity and high-recovery desalination are typically proposed...

The demand for lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LHM) is likely to increase in the future due its growing use in the manufacturing of high-nickel lithium-ion batteries (LIB), such as NMC811. Conventional production of LHM is largely based on spodumene ore that is refined using sulfuric acid roasting processes, which have been shown to be environmental...

The presence of alkali during dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes is essential to maintain the dye-bath condition for the proper fixation of dye. The present work deals with the reactive dyeing for producing black deep shades for cotton knit fabric. In this study, the effects of using single alkali (soda ash) and mixed alkali (soda ash + sod...

Anthropogenic activities are responsible for degrading rivers and decreasing their capacity to offer ecosystem services. This paper reports the findings of a study carried out to assess the impacts of anthropogenic activities in Pinyinyi River water quality using physicochemical parameters. BOD, COD, phosphate, pH, EC, TDS, turbidity, DO and nitrat...

The physico-chemical properties and behaviors of 5 different mud samples have investigated to evaluate their performances for use in drilling operation. The project focuses more on the laboratory experiments carried out on the mud samples at different conditions of temperatures and pressures, aging times, quantities of additives etc. Two different...

The present study explores a cost-effective method for using activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and silica fume (SF) as cement substitutes. Instead of activating them with expensive alkali solutions, the present study employs industrial-grade powdered soda ash (SA) and hydrated lime (HL) as activators, reducing expenses by about...

Cotton is renowned for its comfort, texture, and aesthetic qualities, making it a popular choice among natural fabrics. Fiber-reactive dyes are commonly preferred for dyeing cotton because of their exceptional wash-fastness characteristics and the large array of vibrant colors they are available in. The conventional approach to dyeing cotton using...

The global food crisis approach encourages finding new sources of replenishment of the phosphorus deficit in agriculture, making the unconventional sources of phosphorus particularly relevant. Despite numerous studies of phosphorus recovery methods, the need to increase the content of nutrients in the organo-mineral fertilizers obtained via anaerob...

A major goal of the research is to find solutions to the problems caused by the unique geological features of the Large Diameter slurry shield as it tunnels through a water-rich sand stratum with sandy gravel layers. In order to improve the building process under comparable engineering conditions, the research intends to develop and test novel mud...

Alternative means for soda ash (Na2CO3) production from sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) are needed due to the intensive consumption of energy in the conventional Mirabilite-Solvay process (MSP). We demonstrate a new process to produce soda ash using sodium sulfate as a feed material. The new process relies on the antisolvent crystallization of unreacted Na...

Water treatment methods are very diverse, including neutralization methods and filtration methods. In this study, the material used in the neutralization process is soda ash, while filtration uses synthetic filter media. This method is used to improve the quality of clean water in households on turbidity and pH parameters. The purpose of the study...

Soda ash (Na2CO3) is produced using the traditional Solvay process. It entails the reaction of CO2 with high-salinity water in the presence of ammonia (NH3), which produces insoluble sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and soluble ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). In the current work, a newly combined approach has been developed to effectively manage the removal...

Access to clean and wholesome water is one of the fundamental human rights, despite billions of people around the world still lacking access to this basic necessity. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of borehole eater was carried out, using Lekki in Lagos state as a case study area. The ci...

UC RUSAL makes wide use of digital technologies to monitor and control alumina production processes at the refineries. The best practice technologies used comprise of digital process twins of the production processes, computational fluid dynamic and machine learning models. Digital services are developed by RUSAL Engineering and Technology Center a...

The leaching of the Cantung mine (scheelite) tailings in soda ash (sodium carbonate) solutions was investigated at low temperatures (25 – 75oC) for its potential use as a tailings reprocessing option targeting at tungsten recovery and desulphurization. Two tailings samples were used: one of higher tungsten content and smaller particle size (0.387%W...

Sodium-based bentonite is used for drilling operations because of its high swelling capacity. This type of bentonite clay is not sourced locally in many oil- and gas-producing nations. However, low-swelling clays (calcium- and potassium-based) are in abundant quantities in most of these countries. Hence, there is a need to convert low-swelling bent...

This study investigates the feasibility of using biodegradable secondary alcohol ethoxylate (SAE) non-ionic surfactant as a building block for the formation of reverse micelles, functioning as reactive dye carriers for the dyeing of cotton fabric in non-aqueous octane medium. Ten dyeing parameters were optimised, by a one-factor-at-a-time approach,...

Tujuan analisis efektifitas model fisik pengolahan greywater dan air hujan menggunakan filter bertingkat menjadi air bersih sebagai alternatif air baku dalam penanganan krisis air. Penelitian ini mengembangkan sebuah teknik pengolahan air limbah greywater dan air hujan menjadi air bersih, yakni dengan teknik filtrasi menggunakan pasir sebagai mater...

This article presents the results of research on the topical problems of protection of building structures, structures and products of various purposes operated in aggressive, mainly acidic environments. The existing scientific bases of obtaining high-performance acid-proof cements on the basis of liquid glass with the use of local raw materials an...

By amalgamating these essential pillars, the integrated management system endeavors to revolutionize the calcium soda production paradigm, ensuring harmonious coexistence between economic progress and ecological responsibility. This manuscript will explore the key components, challenges, and potential benefits of integrating such a system while she...

Ca(OH)2(aq) + Na2CO3(s) → CaCO3(s) + 2 NaOH(aq) Quicklime is relatively inexpensive CaO (s) + H2O (l) ⇌ Ca(OH)2 (aq) (ΔHr = −63.7 kJ/mol of CaO) NH4Cl ⇌ NH3 + HCl 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O → 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 Aluminium from cans you will produce hydrogen as green hydrogen and very high energy It is very clean energy better than the oil and pollution that it c...

High-quality soda ash (Na2CO3) is mainly produced using the ammonia–alkaline method, generating a significant amount of industrial waste called soda residue. In China, the annual production of soda residue exceeds 10 million tons. The large-scale open-air storage of soda residue not only occupies land but also causes severe pollution to the surroun...

Industries are rapidly moving toward mitigating errors and manual interventions by automating their process. The same motivation is carried out in this research which targets to study a conveyor system installed in soda ash manufacturing plants. Our aim is to automate the determination of optimal parameters, which are chosen by identifying the flow...

Using a combination method of roasting process with soda ash (Na2CO3) and hydrochloric acid leaching, a TiO2-based photocatalyst was successfully synthesized from Indonesia ilmenite ore. The study investigated the effect of Na2CO3 ratios, roasting times, and HCl concentration on the physical and photocatalytic properties of the photocatalyst. The r...

The study tested the use of Viscobleach as a multi-scouring agent for pretreating cellulosic fabrics (cotton, viscose, and linen) instead of using traditional agents (caustic soda, soda ash, and hydrogen peroxide). The results showed an increase in whiteness and absorbency for viscose and linen fabrics pretreated with Viscobleach. The color strengt...

Natural fiber reinforced composites are eco-friendly and have a good potential to replace contemporary composites and structural metals in many applications. Owing to its versatility and biodegradability, application of jute fibers as reinforcement in the development of composite materials has increased nowadays. Additionally, industrial waste gene...

Tellurium is used in cadmium tellurium-based solar cells. Mercury cadmium telluride is used as a sensing material for thermal imaging devices. High-purity tellurium is used in alloys for electronic applications. It is one of the important raw materials for solar energy applications. It is used as an alloying element in the production of low-carbon...

The at meant of waste water from hexavalent chromium ions with calcium per oxide CaO 2 was investigated. This product is obtained from soda ash production waste. Clarified part of still waste suspension (distillation suspension) contains calcium chloride and sodium chloride. The process of producing calcium peroxide is based on the interaction of c...

Different compositions of mixtures of sand and clay with medium-grade bentonite for molding of critical large parts of a freight car bogie are examined in the article. Different compositions to improve bentonite’s physical and mechanical properties, such as gas permeability and compressive strength with the addition of soda ash, are considered. As...

Wang, LK, and Wang, MHS (2023). Innovative process system consisting of dissolved air flotation, recarbonation and filtration, and using lime and sodium aluminate for removal of hardness, iron and manganese from groundwater (second edition). In: “Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics (STEAM)”, Wang, LK and...

Fiscal and local content policies aimed at promoting linkages between mining and other economic sectors have been informed by theories built on historical observations dating back to the 1950s. This paper contends that there is a need to rethink theories about mining-based economic linkages and the prospects for structural change based on an improv...

In this work, we investigate the suitability of Cyprus bentonite as low-density solid additive for drilling fluids. Bentonite samples were obtained from a quarry owned by Hellenic mining company Ltd. Samples were mechanically processed to a size <63μm. The processed material was activated with Na2CO3 using (i) dry, (ii) wet, and (iii) thermal condi...

Access to clean and wholesome water is one of the fundamental human rights, despite billions of people around the world still lacking access to this basic necessity. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of borehole eater was carried out, using Lekki in Lagos state as a case study area. The ci...

During peritectic steel continuous casting, mold flux properties and flux film structures play significant roles in controlling slab quality. In this study, mold fluxes and flux films for casting peritectic steel slab were obtained using mineral raw materials such as quartz, wollastonite, fluorite, soda ash and others. The effects of mineral raw ma...

The parameters of the microclimate of the barn under the untethered method of keeping cows in the spring were studied. It was found that the temperature in the barn was on average 8.8±1.34 °C, the relative humidity and air velocity in the compared rooms were within the limits of hygienic standards. Microbiological indicators of bacterial air contam...

The present study thus involved mixing the chemicals directly in solid form to the precursors. The effect on fresh and hardened properties are observed. Mixes activated by NaOH pellets pre-mixed in water, are also included for comparison purposes only. The rheological properties, flow characteristics and the strength development are observed for th...

Cattle horn keratin (Chk), a waste from cattle processing facilities has potentials for inclusion in the nutrition of livestock especially fish, due to its nutritional content. The valorization of Chk will reduce the environmental nuisance of disposal. This study experimented the use of processed Chk-based diets on growth and digestibility performa...

Tourmaline is the chief boron-bearing mineral on the earth and is present in an excess amount in the crustal rocks. However, schorl is an iron-rich alkali that forms a solid solution with the magnesium-rich, alkali tourmaline, dravite. In this work, tourmaline (schorl variety) was treated along with soda ash, and its behavior was analyzed using ele...

High dimensional stability as well as the ability to withstand high temperatures makes borosilicate glass the product of choice for laboratory glass production. The low coefficient of thermal expansion of borosilicate glass means that the optical properties of the lens will remain the same as the temperature changes, as the glass does not change th...

High dimensional stability as well as the ability to withstand high temperatures makes borosilicate glass the product of choice for laboratory glass production. The low coefficient of thermal expansion of borosilicate glass means that the optical properties of the lens will remain the same as the temperature changes, as the glass does not change th...

The article presents the results of research on the topical problems of protection of building structures, structures and products of various purposes operated in aggressive, mainly acidic environments. The existing scientific bases of obtaining high-performance acid-proof cements on the basis of liquid glass with the use of local raw materials and...

To realize the comprehensive utilization of ludwigite ore, an integrated and efficient route for the boron and iron separation was proposed in this work, which via soda-ash roasting under CO–CO2–N2 atmosphere followed by grind-leaching, magnetic separation, and CO2 carbonation. The effects of roasting temperature, roasting time, CO/(CO+CO2) composi...

The level control of the precarbonised solution in a soda ash production plant requires intelligent approaches that can tackle process complexity, nonlinearity and industrial environment impact. Therefore, model-free fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) with empirical tuning are suggested which are implemented in a general purpose programmable logic contr...

The present study is comprised of a hydrometallurgical process investigated for the recovery of critical metals viz. nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd) from spent Ni-Cd batteries with a focus on solvent extraction of Cd-ions. The leaching performed at 5 (w/v)% pulp density using 2.0 M H2SO4 with 7 (v/v)% H2O2 for 6 h duration at 90°C yielded the maximum...

Enterprises producing phosphate fertilizers encounter a very serious problem associated with phosphogypsum piled up in huge amounts. To date, about 7 billion tons of phosphogypsum have been piled up all over the world with an average release of 180 million tons, and its utilization remains challenge. The process of phosphogypsum conversion of Kyzyl...

Efficient control of liquid level - in a carbonization column (CCl) of soda ash production plants - is a difficult task because the plants are nonlinear, subjected to disturbances and lack a reliable mathematical model. To attain such efficient control, model-free fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) based on empirical knowledge are successfully developed...

em>This study aims to see the influence of chemical addition factors such as Alum, Soda ash, and Flocculand in external water treatment on water purification that will be used in processing in palm oil mills does not form scale / sediment on the walls, especially at boiler stations / boilers. This study was conducted in the laboratory using jartes...

Medieval archaeology has acquired large collections of Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque glass in recent decades. The assessment of the role of this commodity in the medieval household has completely changed. In addition to the study of the distribution and typology of vessels and other objects, their chronological classification and traces of produc...

Scientific Novelty and Innovation: the chemical composition, physical properties and structure by analogy of the wood of the core and duramen (heart or central wood) and the wood as a whole are determined at three (3) levels, depending on the height of the trunk of Eucalyptus at the age of 6 years, grown in plantations in the Republic of Congo, hav...

Based on the construction practice of the Beijing Metro Line 10 shield tunneling project, this paper describes research on soil improvement technology for Beijing stratum characteristics (sandy gravel stratum) and covers similar engineering conditions. It also describes the development of a new type of mud improver. Based on the laboratory tests wi...

In this study, alkaline activated binder pastes were produced from high calcium fly ash and copper slag in different combinations. The blends were activated with soda ash (sodium carbonate) as the alkaline activator to effectively optimize each materials component in the development of the binder. The as-received samples and the hardened fly ash-c...

Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) have become a suitable substitute for compacted clay liners used for prevention of leachate percolation from landfills and tailings dams into the groundwater system. The characteristics of most bentonites is improved through a process of activation by mixing with soda ash (Na2CO3). This paper presents the investigati...

There is a wide variety of production processes that require large amounts of water. Some of them generate large amounts of wastewater. If these waters are heavily loaded with undissolved substances, they need to be fed to a sedimentation facility before discharging into a surface water intake. The study analyzes the condition and ecological perfor...

Ocean acidification upwelling events and the resulting lowered aragonite saturation state of seawater have been linked to high mortality of marine bivalve larvae in hatcheries. Major oyster seed producers along North America's west coast have mitigated impacts via seawater pH buffering (e.g., addition of soda ash). However, little consideration has...

The significance of textile coloration is inevitable as coloration is a critical process and it can be affected by several parameters i. e. time, temperature, pH, and liquor ratio (M:L). This research reveals the behavior of different dye bath pH (2 to 12) on the basis of spectrophotometric characteristics and colorfastness using the most useable b...

Wang, LK, and Wang, MHS (2022). innovative process system consisting of dissolved air flotation, recarbonation and filtration, using lime and sodium aluminate for removal of hardness, iron and manganese from groundwater. In: “Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics (STEAM)”, Wang, LK and Tsao, HP (eds.), 4 (1...

According to Eurostat in 2018, Romania occupies the penultimate place in waste recycling. Packaging waste, generated in the European Union, was 174 kg per capita, but these quantities varied between Croatia - 67.8 kg per capita and Germany - 227.5 kg per capita. In the first place are waste paper and cardboard - 41%, plastic - 19%, glass - 18%, woo...

The effect of soda ash on fastness properties and some physical properties of reactive dyed cotton fabric were compared with the varying concentration of soda ash. Soda ash changes the pH of the fiber-reactive dye and cellulose fiber so that the dye reacts with the fiber, making a stable connection that holds the dye to the fiber. It actually activ...

The thicknesses of the screen meshes were of 125.7 microns and 230.48 microns respectively. The chemicals used in this research were sodium alginate, soda ash and urea. The printed colors were measured with a X-rite i1-pro reflectance spectrophotometer (illuminant D65 and 10 degree observer function) for the colorimetric measurements (L*, a* and b*...

Sudan is an African country that is located in northeast Africa it borders the countries of central African republic, Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Libya, South Sudan, and the Red Sea. However, like the other African countries Sudan is rich with minerals. White quartz is one of these very abundant minerals in Sudan. Moreover, the purity of the Su...

Batik wastewater from dyeing processing is a source of water pollutants containing dyes, organic compounds such as starch, wax residue, and soda ash. Natural coagulants, namely Turi seeds (Sesbania grandiflora) with various doses of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, and 2.0 g, affect the pH, electrical conductivity EC, total dissolved solid TDS, tu...

The objective of this research is to provide an extensive overview of Acid wash, Bleach Wash and enzyme wash for Garments, as well as best concentration ratio for each kind of washing and their effects on fabric. Some test are done to ensure the fabric strength, fastness properties and also to know about weight loss of the fabric after washing. For...

The scholarly and artistic reticence on the use of animal bone for ash glazes has fostered reliance on wood ash glaze and importation of glazes in Nigeria and their consequential deforestation and economic drainage. This study was therefore conducted with the aim of producing ash glaze from waste cattle bones, an abundant solid waste in Nigeria. Ca...

This publication presents a series of data of one of the most difficult chemical processes to implement in industrial conditions. Obtaining soda using the Solvay technique is a process with a world volume of about 28 Tg per year. The process is extremely physico-chemically complex and environmentally burdensome. The paper presents information on a...