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I'm trying to look for a questionnaire/scale that can measure heterosexual people exhibiting prosocial behaviors towards the LGBTQIA+ individuals. Better if it's regarding the social and political rights of the sexual minorities.
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Yes, there are several scales and measures that assess prosocial behavior, attitudes, and support toward LGBTQIA+ individuals and communities. These scales generally measure factors like empathy, acceptance, and positive actions toward LGBTQIA+ people. Some of the commonly used tools include:
1. Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men (ATLG) Scale:
  • Developed by Gregory M. Herek in 1984, the ATLG scale is widely used to measure heterosexual individuals' attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Though it doesn't measure "prosocial behavior" directly, it taps into underlying attitudes that can influence such behavior. This scale could serve as a basis for assessing if a person might engage in prosocial or supportive actions toward LGBTQIA+ people.
2. Modern Homophobia Scale (MHS):
  • This scale measures subtle, modern forms of homophobia or discrimination, such as feelings of discomfort or avoidance in certain situations involving LGBTQIA+ individuals. By capturing implicit bias, this measure helps identify attitudes that could hinder prosocial behavior.
3. Support for Lesbian and Gay Human Rights Scale:
  • This scale assesses attitudes and behavioral support for LGBTQIA+ human rights. It evaluates the degree to which individuals advocate for equal rights and protection of LGBTQIA+ people, reflecting prosocial behavior in activism and public support.
4. Ally Identity Measure:
  • This scale is designed to measure the identity and commitment of heterosexual individuals who see themselves as allies to the LGBTQIA+ community. It includes elements of advocacy, support, and prosocial actions toward LGBTQIA+ causes.
5. LGBTQ Ally Identity Scale:
  • A specific measure of how people identify as allies to LGBTQIA+ individuals. This scale evaluates personal support and actions that can be considered prosocial in their efforts to advocate for equality, fairness, and understanding for LGBTQIA+ communities.
6. Social Attitudes Towards Transgender People Scale:
  • A measure specifically designed to assess attitudes and behaviors toward transgender individuals. This can be used to evaluate prosocial behavior in supporting transgender people or understanding barriers to such behavior.
7. Multicultural Counseling Inventory (MCI):
  • This tool evaluates therapists' or counselors' multicultural competence, which includes their ability to support LGBTQIA+ clients. While it's not limited to LGBTQIA+ populations, it measures factors like awareness, empathy, and skill in addressing diverse issues, which can reflect prosocial behaviors in a professional setting.
8. Gay Affirmative Practice (GAP) Scale:
  • Used mostly in the counseling and therapy profession, this scale measures clinicians' affirmative practices with gay men and lesbians. It assesses whether professionals provide supportive, positive services, an example of prosocial behavior.
Custom Scales
Sometimes, researchers develop custom scales based on specific contexts, such as particular populations, settings, or regions. These scales could combine elements of general prosocial behavior measures with specific questions that target support and advocacy for LGBTQIA+ individuals.
If you're looking to create or adapt a scale to measure prosocial behavior toward LGBTQIA+ individuals, you can draw from existing attitudes, allyship, and human rights scales and adapt them with questions related to supportive actions and behaviors.
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Once my heart had an orgasm when she was hugging me and looking at me and saying how she loved me. (Shere Hite)
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Men are aroused by erotic turn-ons. The excitation in the brain, which responds to erotic stimuli (for a responsive person), causes blood to be sent to the genitals. This causes tumescence of the genital structures but particularly the erectile phallus - clitoris or penis. Being in love and feeling affection do not cause arousal and hence cannot cause orgasm. Women mistake emotional and sensual feelings during so-called lovemaking for what men call erotic arousal and orgasm. Women show zero interest in any erotic turn-ons and specific genital stimulation. Many women cannot even say the word sex. Those women who talking about sex in public are making money from promoting male fantasies and enhancing female attractiveness in the eyes of men. There is ZERO research to prove that women ever orgasm by any means with a lover. Both Kinsey, Hite and Basson (among others) have concluded that orgasm is not critical to female satisfaction. Indeed orgasm is not critical to male satisfaction either. It is just a load of hype because women are much less enthusiastic about sex than men. Men are seeking emotional reassurance that their so-called lovemaking is welcome.
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Geopolitical determinants are an important factor of escalation.
But wars also arise from a struggle of dominance of one's way of life i.e. social organization and norms.
Ukraine vs Russia war has an element of progressive/EU values vs conservative ones. Russia considers the rights of LGBt /gays a mental decease, while science accepts the right to associate with traits that society typically associates with one orr the other sex.
This I consider a main issue on the arena of norms which can be a catalyst for escalation although it might not be the main one but I eleborated for references.
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I am sure it would be more responsible. But I doubt whether a referendum would give rational or true results, given the current polarization and political manipulations of the public. I would advice teaching non-violent communication, conflict resolution and having heart to heart dialogues as more effective means to get to the true needs of all people, even when they may have conflicting interests.
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Who agrees, for the sake of human decency, people should be trained to use the word banal, cliché, etc. instead of the word gay? How? Why? My answer: I agree for the sake of human decency, people should be trained to use the word banal, cliché, etc. instead of the word gay. How?: Through training to obtain human empathy, human dignity, and harmony. Why?: Often the term gay is misused and the banal should be addressed with respectful terms.
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A gay is a gay. In sake for human decency, the point would be: are we going to say "gay" to offend and / or discriminate, or merely to describe sexual orientation?
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Dear colleagues,
As a scholar, I am often faced with the question of whether a care provider (psychologist, therapist, counselor, or other professional) may or may not disclose their own sexual or gender identity when they provide care services to their sexually- and gender-diverse clients. I have so far not been able to find good resources on the topic, esp. those related to questions of whether professional identity may or may not be relevant in context of care; in cases if a decision is based on some individual circumstances, which those may be; or generally if there is some good peer-reviewed literature about this topic.
I'll end my question with a famous and not entirely unrelated line by Celia Kitzinger and their colleagues from 1998: "'Gay and lesbian sychologist'” can be heterosexual, just as a “social psychologist” can be anti-social or a “sports psychologist” a couch potato'" (Kitzinger et al., 1998, p532).
Thank you for your insights and time,
Michal
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The therapist should not hide their identity (think of today's Instagram pages, or pictures that are in one's office), but if they disclose it, that should be in the interest of the client, and that may also be an important moment for the therapeutic relationship.
I found that the book chapter offers a different and empowering perspective to clinicians, touches on therapists’ rights and responsibilities, exploring ethical decision-making processes, and even situations in which the clinician and client may share the same community.
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Embodiment and the V.A.R.I.E.S. Model of Language and Culture Variation
Don and Alleen Nilsen are suggesting the VARIES acronym to explain how embodiment affects language variation. The VARIES acronym explains linguistic diversity in the following ways:
V-VOCATIONAL JARGON AND HUMOR
Computer Guys, Doctors, Lawyers, Linguists, Teachers
A-AGE-RELATED LANGUAGE AND HUMOR
Children, Teenagers, Old People
R-REGIONAL LANGUAGE AND HUMOR
California, Canada, New York, South
I-INFORMAL OR FORMAL LANGUAGE AND HUMOR
Casual Acquaintances, Lovers, Friends, Relatives
E-ETHNIC LANGUAGE AND HUMOR
Blacks, Jews, Mexicans, Native Americans
S-SEX-RELATED LANGUAGE AND HUMOR
Males, Females, Lesbians, Gays
Give examples of how our world view is affected by our bodies: tall vs. short, fat vs. skinny, old vs. young, athletic vs. intellectual, boy vs. girl, etc.
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My perception and worldview are influenced by our physical attributes and characteristics in various ways. Here are examples of how different aspects of our bodies can shape our perspective:
  1. Height: Taller individuals may have an advantage in some social and professional situations, as they may be perceived as more authoritative or capable. Shorter individuals might experience challenges related to stereotypes about height, potentially affecting their self-esteem and opportunities.
  2. Body Weight: People who are considered "skinny" might face societal pressure to gain weight or might be seen as healthier. Conversely, individuals with higher body weight can encounter prejudice and stereotypes, affecting their self-esteem and mental health.
  3. Age: Younger people often have more energy and opportunities for exploration but might be viewed as inexperienced. Older individuals may have wisdom and life experience but could face age-related discrimination or limitations in certain fields.
  4. Athletic vs. Intellectual: Society often categorizes individuals as either "athletic" or "intellectual." These labels can shape career choices, friendships, and self-perception, even though many people have a mix of both attributes.
  5. Gender: Gender significantly influences how people are treated and perceive themselves. Gender roles and expectations can impact career choices, relationships, and opportunities. Transgender individuals may experience unique challenges as they navigate societal norms.
  6. Physical Appearance: Attractiveness can affect people's self-esteem and how they are treated by others. Stereotypes about beauty can influence career prospects and personal relationships.
  7. Physical Abilities: Differences in physical abilities, such as being differently-abled or having a disability, can lead to societal prejudice or discrimination. This can affect access to education, employment, and social participation.
  8. Race and Ethnicity: Physical characteristics related to race and ethnicity can influence how individuals are perceived and treated, often leading to systemic inequalities and biases.
  9. Health: Physical health conditions can significantly impact one's worldview. Chronic illness, pain, or disability can affect daily life, mental health, and the ability to engage in certain activities.
  10. Body Image: How individuals perceive their bodies can shape self-confidence and relationships. Body image issues can result from societal standards of beauty and body shaming.
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Embodiment and the V.A.R.I.E.S. Model of Language and Culture Variation
Don and Alleen Nilsen are suggesting the VARIES acronym to explain how embodiment affects language variation. The VARIES acronym explains linguistic diversity in the following ways:
V-VOCATIONAL JARGON AND HUMOR
Computer Guys, Doctors, Lawyers, Linguists, Teachers
A-AGE-RELATED LANGUAGE AND HUMOR
Children, Teenagers, Old People
R-REGIONAL LANGUAGE AND HUMOR
California, Canada, New York, South
I-INFORMAL OR FORMAL LANGUAGE AND HUMOR
Casual Acquaintances, Lovers, Friends, Relatives
E-ETHNIC LANGUAGE AND HUMOR
Blacks, Jews, Mexicans, Native Americans
S-SEX-RELATED LANGUAGE AND HUMOR
Males, Females, Lesbians, Gays
Give examples of how our world view is affected by our bodies: tall vs. short, fat vs. skinny, old vs. young, athletic vs. intellectual, boy vs. girl, etc.
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Karl: Great "embodiment" joke.
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to clarify; Do homosexuals hide their sexual and emotional orientation, or do they not only hide their sexual relations, but rather a large part of their lives, which reinforces feelings of loneliness and isolation.
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Good question, follower
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Hi There,
I'm a very non-traditional Ph.D. candidate absolutely struggling through the stats interpretation of my data.
Context:
Control/Intervention group, high school students ages 14 to 16
Intervention: three inclusive sex/health education lessons that focused on education about gender & sexual minorities.
- pre & post knowledge test
- Pre & post homophobic behavior Scale
- Pre & post transphobic behavior scale
- pre & post classroom climate scale
Normality Tests
  • Shaprio-Wilk test - not all pre & post data passed this test
  • Levene’s Test for Quality of Error Variance - all pre & post data passed this test
  • Outliers in some of my pre & post data but not all
Asks to this group:
1. What are my options to help with normality of data? I've read some articles about
2. What's the best data analytic plan moving forward?
Reminder:
I'm truly a novice at statistics, I took stats many, many years ago and what knowledge I did have took a hit when I suffered a massive concussion (no pun intended). Getting some support with a tutor & I've been doing my best with YouTube videos but could really use some advice, as I'm often unsure if I'm headed in the right direction.
Thank you!
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The differences between the pre and post are sometimes called gain scores. Using these as an outcome variable is one approach, and makes certain assumptions about how you would expect the scores to change. Another alternative is to use the pre scores as a covariate (so predict post from pre and whatever other variables you want). This makes different assumptions (see for example ). If you haven't had stats for awhile, it is probably worth sitting in on some courses since this type of thing should be covered in PhD educ methods courses.
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In order to distinguish AI generated content from original/human, would it be useful to have a category of DOI/ISBN for that type of content? It could have its own index and registry, etc. Perhaps this has already been done.
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I would (politely!) warn against anthropomorphising generative AI; although, I can see you have put a smiley face to your comment.
Killer robots aside, we've spent the last 70 years developing and improving software to remove errors from useful systems; and now we're being told we should get used to 'hallucinations' (an anthropomorphism of 'error') because it suits the ends of an overvalued, and over promising, corporation.
If we really want systems that don't work, which aligns with the post-truth society we live in, we deserve all we get! If we want a deterministic vocal information system, one which can read Wikipedia(!), look no further than Enguage.
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Receipt of works in the form of papers, essays, reviews, interviews, literary texts, images and other formats that reflect on the theme, until October 31, 2023.
We are constantly confronted with increasingly advanced and refined techniques of power, which constitute a complex regimen of control and exploitation of the vital power of bodies and subjectivities. According to Preciado, this biopolitical regime, called pharmacopornographic, uses “sex, sexuality and sexual identity as the somato-political centeres for producing and governing subjectivity”. Bodies are invaded by techno-political apparatuses that act molecularly to change their constitution, seeking to adapt them to the demands of capital. In this context, we live in the era of hyperartificiality and plasticity of bodies, in which the ontological-political limits of identities can be flexibly managed and consumed.
However, given this evident plasticity, we are faced with bodies that escape this regime of exploitation. Bodies that experiment with new ways of utilizing somato-political techniques and social biocodes to produce material effects that do not fit the designs of dominant power. In this issue of (Des)troços, we call for submissions that reflect on these corporealities and subjectivities that challenge their own containment, rebelling against the logic of being mere objects of the technologies of power. We encourage intersectional approaches that consider the complex interactions between gender, sexuality, race, class, and other social dimensions in the struggle for recognition and emancipation of these bodies. Reflections that dialogue with authors such as Judith Butler, Paul Preciado, Gloria Anzaldúa, Eve Sedgwick, Audre Lorde, Monique Wittig, Teresa de Lauretis, José Esteban Muñoz, Michel Foucault, among others. We must activate these vibrant bodies, full and alive in their intensities: queer bodies.
We also emphasize that, in addition to this thematic dossier, the journal (Des)troços accepts pitches in a continuous flow of a general nature that are linked to radical thinking and the editorial line of the journal, as described at: https://destrocosrevista.wordpress.com/sobre-a-revista/.
Contributions must be sent through the OJS system, respecting the submission rules for texts (https://destrocosrevista.wordpress.com/submissoes-submissions/) by October 31, 2023. Title requirements do not apply to image authors, whose contributions will be evaluated solely by the editorial committee.
Contributions in the form of texts will be evaluated by the editorial committee and by the double-blind review system. Once approved, texts and images will be published in the seventh issue of the journal, scheduled to be released in the second half of 2023.
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Thank you for your swift response. I will do the needful. I have also gotten hold of the relevant information shared privately.
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Glossary of sexual terms
Clitoral glans = the only visible part (the tip) of the clitoral organ, which is usually (but misleadingly) referred to as “the clitoris”
Clitoral organ = the whole internal organ, which is adjacent to (even contiguous with) the vagina and includes the body (or shaft) and the glans
Clitoral stimulation = typically refers to (manual or oral) stimulation of the clitoral glans, neither of which cause orgasm. Female orgasm is achieved by pressing down rhythmically with the fingers of both hands over the glans and into the internal tissue either side of the labia majore (thereby massaging the blood flow within the clitoral organ) together with simultaneous clenching of the buttocks. Stimulation is instinctive and is applied in response to a conscious and intense mental focus on erotic but non-graphic scenarios.
Coitus = intercourse (the penis thrusting into the vagina), which may include upper-body lovemaking (mouth to mouth kissing and non-genital caressing)
Come-on = a behaviour that acts as a sexual invitation to a male partner (a behaviour that causes male arousal and that is therefore a turn-on)
Cunnilingus = oral stimulation of the clitoral glans, which provides only mild sensual stimulation and does not cause orgasm
Ejaculation = the ejaculation of semen containing spermatozoa (sperm), which is triggered by male orgasm. Causes impregnation if it occurs within or close to the vagina allowing a sperm to join with an egg from the ovaries.
Emotional rewards = these vary between the sexes. Some women enjoy pleasuring men. Some men hope for an erotic response from a partner.
Erection = in response to biological (hormonal) or psychological stimuli, blood flows to the penis and is trapped by muscles at the base of the penis
Erotica = soft porn aimed at women and not intended to cause arousal
Eroticism = stimuli (visual or mental fantasy) relating to portrayals of explicit sexual activity that may cause arousal for men and for responsive women
Fellatio = oral stimulation of the glans and the shaft of the penis in such a way as to simulate intercourse
Intercourse = penis thrusting into vagina or anus until ejaculation
Lovemaking = upper body kissing and caressing that women may enjoy given their lack of arousal and consequent lack of interest in genital stimulation with a lover (typically coincident with intercourse with a male partner)
Masturbation = self-stimulation of the phallus (for men) and almost any anatomy (for women) usually alone and not necessarily engaged in with the intention of achieving orgasm (especially for women)
Mental arousal = subconscious in men (real-world triggers or graphic fantasy) but consciously generated in responsive women (non-graphic scenarios)
Oral sex = cunnilingus is promoted as the equivalent of fellatio even though the parallel is fallacious (oral sex does not work the same way for women)
Orgasm = a sexual release of the accumulated arousal that accumulates when the mind focuses on erotic stimuli causing contractions in the pelvic region
Orientation = whether a person is attracted to someone of the same sex (homosexual), the opposite sex (heterosexual) or both sexes (bisexual). Gay men focus on genital activity; lesbians focus on emotional connection
Penetrative sex = intercourse (both vaginal and anal) as well as fellatio
Penile stimulation = the rhythmic massaging of the erect penis (shaft or body), which may be combined with simultaneous clenching of the buttocks
Phallus = organ involved in sexual response (penis or clitoris)
Physical arousal = as a result of mental arousal, the brain sends blood to the genitals (especially the phallus). This causes intensely conscious sensations in men but women are rarely conscious of any physical arousal
Pornography = male masturbation aid involving graphic sexual activity
Real-world erotic triggers = men are aroused by what they see in reality and by opportunities for intercourse (women are not aroused by such stimuli)
Reproductive organs = mostly internal organs (except for the penis which is partly an external orgasm) that are involved in reproduction
Sexual behaviours = the ways in which men and women (both gay and straight) behave in sexual scenarios. Such behaviours are in part determined by a person’s level of sexual arousal (minimal in women but intense in men)
Surreal erotic fantasises = in order to achieve orgasm responsive women use explicitly erotic fantasies which focus on the role of the penetrating male
Tumescence = increased blood flow primarily in the genitals
Turn-on = an aspect of eroticism that causes arousal (whether intended for that purpose or not)
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Jane Elizabeth Thomas I've sent you an answer, privately. Check your messages link.
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India's Supreme Court considers legalizing same-sex marriage. India's Supreme Court is hearing arguments in the historic case this week, years after it decriminalized gay sex. India could become the second place in Asia to allow marriage equality, after Taiwan.
Should India Legalize same sex marriage?
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Of course. If same sex marriage is a threat to your 'traditional' marriage, then one of you is gay.
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I'm currently trying to use Twitter as to collect data for my research project on the use of AAVE by white gay males, but I have to admit, I find it very hard to navigate the API. Does anybody know how to search the accounts of a selected number of users for a set of specific features? Ideally, I wouldn't look through the accounts one by one, one select feature after the other, but all at once - but I don't know if and how that is possible. I've tried using R with a bunch of extra packages, but since I have no coding experience, this is all very confusing to me.
Thank you in advance!
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FollowersAnalysis(https://www.followersanalysis.com/), a Twitter analytics tool that can help you easily get access to the followers' list of any public Twitter account. Furthermore, it also analyzes your followers and provides comprehensive analytics reports.
While the native download options do provide access to the followers' list, they are nowhere close to the number of analytics insights that FollowersAnalysis provides. These insights can help you make data-driven decisions that can develop effective strategies to boost your social media presence.
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I'm currently writing a term paper on the appropriation of AAVE in queer culture (specifically by white gay men). While I have already accumulated a lot of material, I find it very hard to phrase my actual research question. My paper should only be about 2000 words long, so I think I have to narrow down my topic even more.
My hypothesis is that white gay men use features typically associated with AAVE to evoke the image of a "sassy black queen", so my first instinct was to phrase my question along the lines of "To what extent do white gay men use AAVE features to evoke a “fierce black woman” personality?", but I don't know whether that might already be taking away my hypothesis.
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In regard to developing research questions, the guidance as per the following publications may further help:
  • Khoo, E. M. (2005) Research Questions and Research Objectives, The Family Physician, 13, 3, pp. 25-26.
  • Lipowski, E. E. (2008) Developing great research questions, American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 65, 17, pp. 1667-1670.
  • Punch, K. F. (1998) Research Questions, in Punch, K.F. (ed.) Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. 33-44.
  • Rowley, J. (2014) Designing and using research questionnaires, Management Research Review, 37, 3, pp. 308-330.
  • White, P. (2009) Developing Research Questions: A Guide for Social Scientists. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
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I apologize in advance if I come across as ignorant. I am trying my best to educate myself on LGBTQI+ community and how to write them in academic writing.
I have a sample of X participants in a qualitative study. One of them identifies as a transwoman. 3 belonged to other sexual or gender minorities. I don't want to end up being insensitive in my writing. Of course, a transgender woman is a woman. What I am having trouble with is that - are the terms "male" and "female" assumed to be cisgendered?
Or,
Should I mentioned that: Y number of participants were cisgendered: M males and N females. And Z participants were from gender minorities (and include trans participants in the second sentence?).
Or should I take the route of M males and N females (where trans participant is included). and Z participants were from gender minorities.
___________________
It took me some time to put forward this question because I feel like I am not able to frame it properly. So feel free to ask if you need clarifications from my side.
Thanks!
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Hello there! May I ask you about your study's theme? If it's something directly related to gender questions, It would be interesting to provide more detail about gender identity (e.g. X were cisgender, Y were trans woman, Z were non-binary, etc etc). But If it's not a Topic directly related to your theme, your second route (Man and woman including trans people) sounds correct as Well. You Also can check other qualitative studies in your field and see How they tackle this question.
Good Luck!
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..
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It is important to be aware of the research on China where you have a long-term Confucianist family mentality based on filial piety and obedience to the patriarch, from the father to the emperor. If you can access the following books, they will be helpful for the core of your research on LGB and family networks:
- HO, Loretta Wing Wah. Gay and Lesbian Subculture in Urban China. London: Routledge, 2009.
- SANG, Tze-Ian Deborah & WANG, Qingfeng. The emerging lesbian: female same-sex desire in modern China. Taipei: Taiwan Resource Center for Chinese Studies, 2014.
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Over the last several decades, the increasing global attention to issues of human rights for
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people and other sexual minorities has focused on the intrinsic value of those rights from a social, cultural, and ethical perspective. Recognizing those rights represents a commitment to equality for a stigmatized group of people and to guaranteeing universal freedoms for those individuals. Enacting those rights to achieve equality means working to end discrimination and violence against LGBT people. The need for attention is clear: human rights agencies and scholars from around the world have documented violations of human rights, finding discrimination, family rejection, violence, imprisonment, and other forms of exclusion faced by LGBT people in every country studied.
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Interesting
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I find it sad that since the 70s queer theory has been researched and published, yet still teachers in EAL and institutions have not quite caught up with the literature in curriculum, pedagogy and teaching. What is the obstacle here?
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Well, this would not necessarily be a " research based" but more of a literature review with a view towards looking at the issues that you have brought up. Further, I have some colleagues interested in the topic- so we may involve a few others- if that is ok with you.
Best way to communicate is via e-mail -----Michael.Shaughnessy@enmu.edu
MS
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Looking for research to help a poet writing thesis: Queer Theory to analyze early queer poets' and contemporary queer poets' ways of addressing and writing about identity and sexuality with an emphasis on Pat Parker and Adrienne Rich.
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The Philosophy of Public Administration.
Philosophy looks in a rational way at aspects such as knowledge (epistemology), existence (metaphysics), methodology (logic and language), values (ethics) and beauty (aesthetics) of a phenomenon. Here we look at Public Administration (PA).
The first question is: What is Public Administration (epistemology)? Public Administration is the study of government that uses bureaucracy as its tool of operation. Bureaucracy is based on laws and regulations (Max Weber) and the bureaucrats follow these laws. The goal of government is to serve the public (public service based on public interest) where everybody is equal under the law. The aspect of good governance is important. These laws are decided upon by the political system that uses democracy as its guiding principle or tool of operation. PA works always in the tandem democracy-bureaucracy, where democracy takes the lead and bureaucracy follows. Changes always take place in this form.
In which form do we find bureaucracy and its properties (metaphysics)? Two main properties of bureaucracy are governing based on the law and the public interest. Bureaucratic systems are quite complex and are guided by systems dynamic laws: the general system theory (a system consist of different internal subsystems and external systems) and it is autopoietic (the system adheres mainly to its internal working). The external system here is the political system, but apart from that it doesn't answer to other external systems. Apart from the national and local government, we find bureaucracies in international organizations such as the UN and NGO's and because of their growing complexities, business organizations/forms can become bureaucratic too and object of study for PA.
In its methodological approach Public Administration is a multi- and interdisciplinary science. That means it uses knowledge from different disciplines (e.g. economy, law, sociology, psychology, technology) as its approach to solve problems. And because it is based on objective laws and regulations and the service to the public, it is more an empirical based science comparable to medicine. Theory building is different, there is a struggle whether to apply more inductive or deductive methods or verification than falsification. It is a young study and it is wresting with its paradigms.
What is the beauty of PA (aesthetics) and what is it good for (ethics)? In the public discussion, government is often seen in a pejorative way (negative): e.g. waste of resources, big government, slow decision making, corruption, spying on it own citizens. And at the positive side, except from the aspect of good governance, government is also considered good (Paul du Gay: In Praise of Bureaucracy, 2002). According to Adam Smith government has to promote happiness of the public as its sole use and ends (good government). Governmental organizations comply to the public will through the principles of democracy used by the political system. And there are certain duties only government has the power to execute. These beautiful and positive aspects of government objects of study of PA.
I mainly use the complexity of the bureaucratic system to make analysis and tend to look things interdisciplinary from a helicopter view.
Two books on the philosophy of PA:
Edoardo Engaro (2017). Philosophy and Public Administration. Massachusetts: Elger Publishing.
JSH Gildenhuys (2004). Philosophy of Public Administration. Stellenbosch: Sun Press.
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In addition to the indicated aspects of public administration, it is also necessary to touch on the anthropological and phenomenological aspect. It is necessary to consider the problem of the relationship between the administration and the individual. At the same time, administration should be considered taking into account subjective factors.
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Dear colleagues,
I am interested in researching heteronormativity and sexual and gender minority stigma related to it. I remember having skimmed through some research pointing out that children are aware about this kind of stigmatization (as in that non-heterosexual people are less valued in society) in relatively early age, say around 7-8 years. I would like to ask whether some of you have some related papers or research that substantiates this by empirical evidence. Based on colloquial evidence and also on my own experience, children do use this "knowledge acquired during the socialization phase" early on for example by swearing in the classroom to hurt others in this form of microaggression.
Thank you for sharing your suggestion on this,
Michal
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Thank you Michael, both articles you recommended are helpful, especially the second one. My best, Michal
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Caribbean and Africa would be especially helpful
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Thank you so much!
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I am referring to Lesbians and Gays' Public Display of Affection among Selected Countries in Southeast Asia. Thank you.
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Hi
Ivo Carneiro de Sousa
! I will not able to meet some of them personally . I will use an email/Skype in-depth interview with some of my respondents. Moreover, I can only use a personal interview and indirect observation with some of my respondents residing in the Philippines. I will appreciate your comment to improve my paper. Thank you very much!
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Recently I read The Washington Post and I found out that that in some categories
such as Bluetooth speakers, over half of the customer reviews are fake.
You can identify the fake reviews by simply following the suggestions reported below:
1. Tons of reviews within a short time
2. Reviews containing similar images
3. No company website
4. Reviews with similar phrases
5. All reviews contain five stars
6. All reviews are non-distinctive
7. Reviewers using same review language frequently
8. Reviews are not verified purchases
9. 5 stars but not much detail
10. Queer language used
#identify #Amazon #reviews #Washington #Post #categories #Bluetooth #speakers #customer #fake #shorttime #company #website #nondistinctive #language #identificare #recensioni #Amazon #false #cinquestelle #Randieri #Intellisystem #IntellisystemTechnologies
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