caves - Science topic

Dear colleagues in rock mechanics and engineering geology!

We are developing the RMR-based rock support further and would also like to update Bieniawski's summary figure for stand-up time. We already have data on some projects (we have collected historical mines here as well as natural caves, old and new tunnel projects).

We are asking you to send me information if you have it.

Information needed: project location, the time of the execution (any additional references would be good), how long was the tunnel unsupported (collapsed? or was there any indication?), remained unsupported? What RMR or Q value was typical for the reported underground area?

Thank you in advance!

My email address is deak.ferenc@tunnelte.ch

I study caves formed in quartzite, and in the region all the caves have layers of sandy sediments alternating with organic matter. Topographically, these caves seem very old, even due to their position in the middle to upper slope. The carbon 14 ages are very recent. I would like other analyses to date these sediments; perhaps stimulated optical luminescence.

As the known, there were the most richness species diversity of the cave animals, especially for the cave fishes, because the underground river sytems. But there were the diffculties exist also, in the same area, there were the surface and the under surface river, and also had the same genus in the same area. We need find a best model or way to identify where had the cave fished lived in the largest scale. So, I hope who is interesting in this that could discuss this problem, and we could cooperate.

Hello I'm looking for journals in the field of microbial ecology or karst caves that publish short article types or a short communication. I have a brief article about microbiology of an anchialine karst cave. Thank you in advance and all suggestions would be welcome :)

Last weekend I took a photo of this cave-dwelling snail in a northern peruvian cave (1200 metres above sea level). Could you please help me to identify the Genus and Family? Thank you very much.

Elaborate on each of the following philosophical themes. Equally, on each theme, provide the limits and the strength.

·Plato’s Metaphysics: Reality as ideas

·The allegory of the cave

·Plato’s Idea of State

·The midwifery method: pedagogic method used by Plato and Socrates

True or false: Discrepancy exists between Theory of Cave and The Republic (both by Plato). Why or why not?

My answer:

If Plato claimed that elite people were obstructing the visions of the masses with the metaphorical cave then why was he advocating for a Republic ruled by philosophers fought for by soldiers, and financed by merchants? Hence the suspected discrepancy between Plato's Cave and his Republic. MAYBE Plato changed his mind at some point thus causing the discrepancy.

Sources:

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "The Republic". Encyclopedia Britannica, 21 Aug. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Republic. Accessed 26 September 2023.

The question is associated with the following item:

Troglomorphic adaptations on the northern European frontier – the phylogeny of the cave Pseudosinella (Hexapoda, Collembola) in the Western Carpathians

I would greatly appreciate you advice how can I complete list of authors for this entry and also make some other specifications.

Thank you,

Lubo Kovac

I have determined radon in Philippine caves for my MS thesis. To add an environmental health aspect, I have proposed calculating the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) for tourists and workers. I have found that there is no significant risk to tourists. However, it is not the same for the workers since they spend more time inside the caves due to repeated entry. I found an estimated ELCR of 2% - 3% for the workers. Does anyone has an idea where can I compare this estimation and what is would be your opinion on this. For now, I can just say that there is a significant risk to cave workers due to radon exposure.

I tried looking for related literatures but most ELCRs are estimated for indoor environments such as work offices and homes.

This year (2023), together with Gökhan Aydın, we described a new Amphipod species (Gammarus morcae) 1260 m below the surface of Morca Cave in Turkey. It is undoubtedly one of the deepest records in caves or groundwater habitats. Meanwhile, we wonder which crustacean species have been reported from the deepest (excluding marine records). Any ideas? Greetings from Türkiye :)

I need to discover the actors of ecosystem where Neanderthal lived, in order to better understand his role in that ecosystem. Datation near -40ka are preferred. I can use reviews that list the bone faunal remains, for example into caves or similar.

If one is monitoring an underground rockmass structure (underground powerhouse currently producing electricity) using microseismic monitoring process and there is no occurrence of earthquake, blasting, micro-earthquakes, transportation of material etc. in that region.

We are getting about 150 microseismic event in six month and the deformation is low.

Can we say that we are doing dynamic stability analysis of that underground structure using Microseismic monitoring? If yes why?

Recently I took a photo of this cave-dwelling harvestman some 300 meters from the entrance in a northern peruvian cave (1500 metres above sea level). Could you please help me to identify the Genus and Family? Thank you very much.

Greatings from Peru and a happy new year!

Stefan

Has anyone used the BEIR VI model equation to calculate excess relative risk (ERR) using radon concentration from touristic caves?

What parameters have you changed from the model's recommendations since it is generally used in estimating cancer risk in homes and not in touristic caves? For example, the model assumed that the average time spent inside homes is 7000 hours a year; I think this is much lower than the time spent in tourist caves.

I would love to discuss this further, which will help me include the health risk assessment in my thesis proposal. Attached is the snapshot of the paper from Hunter et al., 2015 which I would like to acknowledge.

I would like to ask about the depth of analysis for producing a paper on identification of species using DNA barcoding technique. For example, I have sampled 3 species of spiders in cave and extracted their gDNA, design COI primers, run PCR and managed to obtain their respective barcodes for species identification. The similarity precentage of all the sequences was between 99-100%. If the species could be determined after BLASTn search, do I still need to proceed for phylogenetic analysis or other relevant analysis? Is the data enough to produce a paper because many papers that I have referred include a number of in depth analysis. Please enlighten on this. Thank you.

After electrolysis (iron (+) and graphite (-) electrodes were used; electrolysis duration 5 hours) of suspensions of different soils, I obtained the following Ph values:

HC (humus soil): 10.99

DVT (garden soil): 8,15

TLV (garden soil): 5,68

JPG (forest soil - 100 meters from the karst cave): 6,13

JPZ (forest soil - 200 meters from karst cave): 10,55

SP (soil close to river - 5 meters): 10,65

SPJ (soil close to lake - distance 2 meters): 10,44

Are high Ph after electrolysis related to the presence of potassium, sodium and carbonate ions? With universal ph paper, these Ph values are around 7 to 8. Before electrolysis, ph was also measured directly with an electrode, in suspension and the filtrate, but never so high. These were mostly normal Ph's, especially with the direct measurement method.

Which rock (rock mass) classifications in geomechanics are best suited for assessing the stability of a natural underground cavity roof using caves as an example? What factors should be primarily considered when assessing the stability of a roof?

I want to study the emergence and return of the bats in a cave in relation to the duration of the night and day based on data associated with the moment of the sunset and the sunrise during a day in a place located in northern Madagascar. So, I would like to know the website to visit to obtain free and accurate data for my study.

Many thanks,

Riana

I have a question which is crucial for my research, do we have any estimated proportion of how much sapiens lived in caves, rockshelters or open-air sites, if you know any available data about that I would appreciate it.

I am reading about Neanderthals, and also happened to go over the migration of Native Americans to the American continent. The ice age that lowered the sea level by 400 feet and allowed that migration. Was there any similar land bridge events before that?

If so, and the Neanderthals were active well before "modern humans", would they have migrated to the America's before? Say 40,000 years ago or 80,000 or 120,000, or 200,000+?

It is hard to search because all anyone on the web wants to talk about is the last ice age. "Our" ice age.

I am not being facetious. This question seemed interesting enough to share. I could just add it to my personal list of thousands of such questions. But ResearchGate is maturing and growing every day. It ought to be a collaborative site.

Could Neanderthals could have crossed during the last 250,000 years?

I found this page at https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth107/node/1506 where its says "last 20,000 years" but, thankfully, the chart of sea level goes back 140,000 years. At least it was narrower. Would it have frozen over? Could it have ice intermittently (ice islands, ice sheets, frozen areas)?

This is not something I know about that well. But it seems to me there have been many periods where humans (our humans) paddled and made their way across waters. And where ice might make a difference. Or maybe Neanderthals, so well adapted for cold, just loved to paddle long distance through the ice. The Bering Strait varies in depth from 100 to 165 feet (today). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Strait

So where might such adventurers have wanted to live in their new continent? Probably caves? Probably Alaska? I don't know. I am not ever sure how to go about it. So I am asking this large and thoughtful group, if anyone has some ideas?

I just ordered all the Jean Auel books again. I have not read them in a long time. Her Neanderthals were a bit hidebound and brutish. (Pardon me, Jean). But Bruniquel Cave is about 176,500 years ago. And they had fire, organization, tents, strength and purpose. If they were smart enough to build a shelter inside a cave, it seems they knew how to stay warm and comfortable.

Early Neanderthal constructions deep in Bruniquel Cave in southwestern France

I don't know. I think it could be important. I think it could be fun.

Richard Collins, The Internet Foundation

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I searched "Neanderthals in North America" and came up with this page, but it requires registration or pay.

Humans Lived in North America 130,000 Years Ago, Study Claims at https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/26/science/prehistoric-humans-north-america-california-nature-study.html

Five Breakthrough Signs of Early Peoples in the Americas at https://www.sapiens.org/column/field-trips/earliest-people-north-america/

This is so confusing. But 130,000 years ago in California sounds about right. That is 46,500 years after Bruniquel. I once walked 2700 miles when I got my first Fitbit. Over a long time, but steady, 10-20 miles a day. If people could go, so would other species (reindeer, elk, moose, bear, sloths, mammoths, birds, etc etc etc. Plants?).

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Ice Age Footprints | Full Episode | NOVA | PBS (23,000 Humans) at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LS7ChlsZsGI

Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum at

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Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo at https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08835 5500 years ago to "New World"

Neanderthal Life No Tougher than That of "Modern" Inuits at https://www.newswise.com/articles/neanderthal-life-no-tougher-than-that-of-modern-inuits

The Neanderthal: A new look at an old face at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248486800422

Inuit people have the same 'caveman genes' that helped an extinct type of human survive the last Ice Age at https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4052228

("Inuit" OR "eskimo") ("neanderthal") has 2.07 Million entry points (3 Jun 2022 Google)

Denisovan DNA at https://www.archaeology.org/issues/60-1301/trenches/311-hominin-neanderthals-humans-siberia "Native Americans and people from East Asia have more Neanderthal DNA, on average, than Europeans"

Upward Sun River "Sunrise Girl-Child" at https://www.seeker.com/history/ancient-infant-dna-sheds-light-on-native-american-ancestors

There is a lot going on. But it is scattered over many sites, publishers, groups, individuals, styles and methods.

We consider to build a cave at the NTNU campus for visualization of architectural and urban projects. The size of a cave could be preferably 4,0 x 4,0 x 2,5 m; 180 deg (5 surfaces) could meet our needs.

Thank you for any advice.

CloudCompare works just with point clouds but I would like to add to model some 3D polygons, set symbology based on their attributes for example, make 3D maps... What would you recommend?

There is a small area in south Germany which has cave systems that contain Pleistocene mammal fossils of international importance, as described in excellent paper by Wolfgang Ufrecht, 2008, in Z. Geomorph. N.F. Inspecting the general area, a Google Earth image made 3/6/2021 at 48º25'02"N, 9º13'16"E, (attached) shows hills of solid thick limestone containing a regular array of clints and grykes, which, by comparison with Apple Maps satellite photos of the area, appear to be entirely bogus. There are other features in the general area which appear to be steep dipping beds but on Apple Maps these are simply groves of trees. Are there other examples of seemingly deliberate false geology on Google Earth and what can be done about it?

Malcolm McClure

The soil from its natural composition shows irregularities, many times these irregularities are observed from one foundation to another.

It can also hide invisible dangers, such as caves under the base, underground rivers that can carry the ground and weaken its ability to absorb construction loads.

Although it is necessary to control by drilling a sample of the foundation soil with special drills before even the design of the building, however only in very large and important projects the soil control is performed.

Civil engineers to find solid ground remove loose ground until they find the most stable. (The lower layers of the soil are more stable because they have been compacted by the weight of the upper layers of the soil)

Excavations are a serious cost for construction. Large wall bases are another serious cost to build.

Question.

Why not remove large, wide bases that are expensive and require a formwork, replacing them with deep bases?

1) In-depth bases do not need large excavations.

2) In-depth bases do not need formwork

3) Deep foundations do not need much concrete.

4) The foundations with depth, show you the quality of the foundation because the required drilling that is needed for the foundation in depth is at the same time a sample check of the soil. 5) If you use the mechanism of the invention that I propose, you also achieve improvement of the soil before the construction, from the foundation surface, without excavations, because the anchoring mechanism through the help of a hydraulic tractor condenses it both horizontally and vertically, creating a strong foundation.

6) With the mechanism I propose creators and anchoring of construction and ground, which does not exist in the current design, which diverts seismic loads into the foundation ground, preventing them from being directed on the cross sections around the nodes.

The lateral seismic loads, cause overturning torques of the vertical elements which are transported to the cross sections around the nodes which react with reverse torques.

The result in a strong earthquake is that all sections are strained until they break. The pre-tensioning of the walls + anchoring to the ground prevents the overturning moment and the stresses in the cross-sections, because they divert the seismic loads in the ground.

There is also the shear force. The prestressing on the wall has beneficial effects on the shear forces.

The Mystery of the Tabernacle

I want to study the diversity of microorganisms in a specific area of a cave, so i have the OTUs table and the alpha diversity. Now I want to apply my data for beta diversity in order to compare my sampling areas.

The range of forms and sizes of cavities in rock is very big. Is there a classification scheme for rock cavities regarding their size and shape?

Engineering geologists may know that the originators of the empirical (a posteriori) Q-system method of rock mass classification for single-shell tunnel and cavern support estimation, were Barton in 1974, and mostly Grimstad in 1993 and again in 2002, due especially to all the tunnel case records collected by Grimstad and his new support diagram for fibre-reinforced shotcrete. Of course, co-authors Lien and Lunde, and especially Løset made helpful contributions at NGI in the early days. Much more recently, younger authors at NGI presented the Q-system with some new opinions in their ‘Q-handbook’ in the period 2013-2015. This was initially funded by the Norwegian Road Authority, SVV. NGI have thereby (in the competitive world of Google) displaced the originators of Q from the immediate search area. Perhaps originators in general should accept this? However, as a result of major project reviews and some court cases in recent years we have to warn of some errors in the NGI ‘Q-handbook’, which contains some unilateral modifications and occasional mistakes, including a strange and dangerous Jw opinion and an adverse cavern height definition error for estimating the reinforcement needs of high walls. An SRF table is also slightly modified. Furthermore, the support chart has been simplified based on a demand from the Norwegian Road Authority. The source of unexpected opinions about applying the Q-system which have recently been read during major project reviews by Barton proved to be the NGI ‘Q-handbook’. Surprisingly, even the reported ‘years’ of development of Q in the first sentences of the ‘Q-handbook’ and therefore in their Google-space are erroneous, signifying lack of interest or of necessary research. So those who have downloaded from the NGI ‘Q-site’ should be aware of such errors. The significantly older originators of the Q-system were not involved, and references to earlier Q-publications are mostly missing, even incorrect. As an alternative, RG pages can be consulted for early multi- and single-author Q-system publications. (1977, 1980, ASTM-1988, 1994, 2002, NFF-23: 2014, 2015, 2017-NMT/NATM). Nick Barton and Eystein Grimstad, 2014 give an in-depth treatment of Q and NMT and provide numerous illustrated examples of Q-logging. The Q-system originated at NGI long ago, but the active developers of this internationally-applied method left NGI one and two decades ago. Research Gate: Nick Ryland Barton, and www.nickbarton.com has all the earlier and more recent Q-literature for free download, so those wishing for in-depth material on Q, single-shell tunnel support recommendations and rock joint behaviour can avoid, if they wish, the Google ‘big-company’ bypass. An interesting thought at the end: do new authors who were in school when a method was developed get to 'own' the method because they have joined the organization where the method was developed 20 or 30 years before, with the originators now practicing elsewhere?

This is a isothermal process , So I need to If the compression ratio of a reciprocal compressor is 4.5, how many compressors are

needed in series to compress air in the cavern?

Hi!

I have been working with cave invertebrates from semi-arid regions, and have observed some interesting responses from the community to variables at the local and regional level. I know which variables explain their patterns of similarity and richness at different spatial scales. However, I would like some way to be able to illustrate the occupations of the different groups according to the environmental gradients, especially to verify that the same groups maintain the same occupations. Is there a way to test and illustrate this for the whole community? I checked some works that do this according to the overlapping of the functional traits of the groups. However, I would like to do this according to the occurrence of the groups according to the environmental gradients. I appreciate any possible help.

Natural Gas can be stored underground in 4 types of reservoirs:

1- Depleted Gas

2- Depleted oil

3- Aquifer

4- Salt Cave.

What are the criteria that help decide the suitablity of one reservoir for storing natural gas?

I am interested in the local karst systems (Krubera cave ecc).

Please contact me by email so we can exchange our separate "adventures in retirement" topics. Thanks. Greg Ahearn (gahearn2012@gmail.com).

Due to the fact that the land property market is limited, people implement investment projects not only directly on their surface, but also:

Anyway, these are often large and very recognizable investments. Their wide scope induces to ask many questions, e.g.:

Hello, I am a caver and a biologist (just by passion, not professional). In summer 2018 I went caving to Magagascar in Namoroka Tsingy. I didn't ask for a collecting permit so I only took photos from the fauna.

I have some from amphibians inside the caves.

See joined file. Can you help me to determine those specimens ? Even only the family would be a great help.

Futhermore, I will go back to that area next july.

Is it usefull I take more pictures ? Is it usefull I collect some amphibians ? If yes, how can I have a collecting permit ?

Great thanks,

Josiane Lips

Hello everyone.

A high rate of modifications in wing venation in a small population of a species X (Diptera: Tipoloidea) could be the result of low genetic elasticity? Would this fact support our hypothesis that it is a relict and isolated population?

I have added some Background and Facts, which could be useful.

Background: In a study in hypogeal environments we have found a species of cranefly that is apparently isolated (trapped) in the cave (outside the cave conditions are not suitable for survival). We think that it is an eutroglophile species, of which only this population of the cave has survived, losing the population of the external environment in the past.

Fact: We found anomalies in the wing venation of almost half of the specimens. Although the wing venation in the cranflies may be surprisingly prone to individual anomalies (including the addition of crossveins), I do not think it is sufficient to explain such a high rate of anomalies as those found.

What is the time table for the Sun's expansion and contraction? New discussion It is my understanding that Earth's Sun is a middle-age star moving into old age. Currently, Earth's Sun appears to be growing hotter, and consequently, its gravitational pull is getting stronger. Plans to use Earth's Moon as a launching site for travel to Mars seem predicated on belief of scientists that we need to make way for the Sun's expansion. But do we have factual knowledge, a tentative time table for the expansion and an estimate of how big the Sun will become (ditto for the contraction of the Sun). Perhaps subterranean towns can be constructed, like a gigantic "Noah's Ark" during the expansion and contraction. After all, humans lived in caves for 10,000 years during the Ice Age. Gigantism Moon caves Sun

It is my understanding that Earth's Sun is a middle-age star moving into old age. Currently, Earth's Sun appears to be growing hotter, and consequently, its gravitational pull is getting stronger. Plans to use Earth's Moon as a launching site for travel to Mars seem predicated on belief of scientists that we need to make way for the Sun's expansion. But do we have factual knowledge, a tentative time table for the expansion and an estimate of how big the Sun will become (ditto for the contraction of the Sun). Perhaps subterranean towns can be constructed, like a gigantic "Noah's Ark" during the expansion and contraction. After all, humans lived in caves for 10,000 years during the Ice Age.

i am working on the production of antibacterial compound from cave bacterial isolate against Staph aureus. now i states that microorganism produced these antibacterial compound at stationary phase. so, why it could happened that these compounds produced at growth phase?

I need a methodology for the treatment of fossils of vertebrates recovered in submerged caves, exclusively drying to finally consolidate them

Many "open Air" sites appear to have suffered from Frost Creep from occupation zones that were on chalk escarpments. For MSA (cerca 50 ka) sites not subjected to glaciation, there can be vestiges of the original sites still visible on a Google Earth survey. I tested 2 such sites (France and the UK) and found lithics at these locations.

Se hay alguno interese, puedo colaborar en el pre-análisis de las imágenes. Como brasileño, hablo el portunhol pero lego en español.

Sds Cordiales

Alan Cannell

Curitiba ISIPU

For my PhD-thesis I need to compare the cave bear subspecies Ursus (spelaues) eremus & Ursus spelaeus ladinicus.

There exist a DNA-database, but the results in this database are tiny fragments of mitochondria (I think ~200 bases), with only one or two changes between different bears in that sequence, which very likely will not comparable to the data I have due to lack of resolution. I had sequencing random sections of the genome, so the chances of having sequenced those one or two specific positions are very very low.

Does there exist papers with data of DNA from Ursus spelaeus ladinicus which I can use for comparation?

Thanks in advance!

How does the Egyptian tourism industry benefit from these distinctive and unique caves?

I say it does. If for example some early cave art was done by Neanderthals, a distant cousin, or Denosovic, does that mean we are not special but merely exhibit traits that many other species have exhibited before? Should we revise many of our ideas?

PhD opportunity at the École des Mines de Paris – Centre des Géosciences - Fontainebleau

The intermittency problem that usually characterizes renewable energy led to vast storage techniques in the last few decades. Hydrogen/energy storage in solution-mined caverns is one of the suggested solutions. In this context, a precise prediction of the cavern thermodynamic state is needed. Besides, such a thermodynamic response requires to be fully coupled with the thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of the rock mass surrounding the cavern.

Most of the recent available researches with regard to gas storage in salt caverns depend on numerical tools that assume a uniform cavern thermodynamic state, thus they ignore the spatial variations of the cavern thermodynamic variables as well as the flow nature (laminar/turbulent). These numerical approaches allow for low cost and fast simulations, however, a question arises about their validity during fast circulation.

This proposed PhD thesis is dedicated to investigate the integrity of salt cavern mechanical and thermodynamic behavior during fast and slow cycling while addressing the entire complexity of the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) problem, i.e. full discretization of the cavern, cavern gas velocity and thermodynamic variables spatial variations, nature of flow, and the 3D thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of salt. Moreover, the problem of H2 storage in salt caverns is particular from other gases. This is attributed to the large mobility of hydrogen induced by its very small molecular length, and its potential reactivity with other chemical species that can be present in the storage environment. We aspire that this PhD thesis would shed a light on the phenomenon of hydrogen seepage into the salt rock during fast and slow cycling.

The centre of geosciences and the centre of thermodynamics and processes (CTP) of Mines ParisTech, associated with academic and industrial partners, are involved in a scientific research that includes the development of a laboratory model that is intended to be used to investigate the thermodynamic aspects of underground caverns during gas storage. This laboratory model will help understand the spatial distribution of the thermodynamic variables of caverns during fast and slow cycling. With properly controlling its boundary conditions, it is supposed to reproduce a similar thermodynamic response to real underground caverns. We wish to use this model to study other important phenomena that take place in caverns during cycling, i.e. the presence of water vapor due to brine evaporation, and hydrogen solubility in brine.

Interested applicants need to have good scientific backgrounds in thermodynamics and mechanics of solids. Numerical expertise in the finite element method is needed as well. Other skills may be learnt during the PhD course. Applicants who appreciate laboratory work are strongly recommended to apply. The outcome of this PhD work will be utilized in finalizing industrial projects, therefore chosen applicant will have direct contact with our industrial partners which will promote a certain future work in prestigious companies.

Interested applicants should send their CVs along with a brief motivation letter to Murad ABUAISHA:

I want to carry out experiments on jointed caverns. The scale of the model is about 1m*1m*0.5m and the radius of the cavern is 0.15m. The surrounding rock of the cavern is jointed rock mass, not fault. Sketch map of the jointed cavern model is in the attachment.

I want to know how to make the joints? In addition, is it feasible

to use gypsum material to build the model?

Thank you very much.

Dear Colleagues,

I need some help in the identification of these fungal ascospores evidenced in a sediment originating from the "Caune Arago" cave (eastern Pyrenees, France) and dated to 400 000 years ago approximately. There are 2 types: Tauta 12 and Tauta 14. Please see attached files.

I really thank you for your help.

Best regards,

Yannick

Please see the following vedio and share your opinion about its content.

Together with my colleague Gerlando Vita I'm working on late Paleolithic sediments from San Teodoro cave (NE Sicily). There we found a mystery, small bone. In places (see the withish side in fig. A or at the top of the small,drilled protuberance as in figs B-D) it seems worn out as it was polished.

We interpreted it as a possible sesamoid bone but we are not at all sure!

So what is it? To which animal it could belong?

Hope that someone will help us!

I'm speaking of this kind of magic that made radioactivity principles to be discovered. Untidy Becquerel, after an hard day of research, forgot 2 pieces of granite stone on a photographic plaque: that's how he got the first shot of radioactivity. Something he did not planned gave him the keys to understand radioactivity. Because he took the time to recognize his error, analyzed it and begun to plan a theory. At times, life is more generous even and at my humble level, I was so surprised to have shot an image, almost by chance, (because I thought it would be a nice tattoo) and without knowing what it meant, to get aware it was one of the central motifs of my historical-literary investigation: the logo of the famous Manutius family from Venice, who invented book edition: a dolphin rolled up on an anchor. Personally, it gave me the sensation to have entered by chance in Ali Baba's cavern (see my text Antonio Manutius aka Hassan Pacha Veneziano's library). Do you have personal episodes of magical incidents in your research? (Profitable errors, unpredictable things happening, unusual events that change the direction of the wind, etc.)

I'm running a big CFD problem for gas storage in caverns. Now when I set the final simulation time to 20 days or less, it converges. If I increase final time to 21 days or more I get the message: Failed to find consistent initial values. Last time step is not converged.

It's weird since the only thing I changed was final time, anyone familiar with this?

Thanks

Am in search of a globally accepted method of assessing natural attractions. Different category of natural attractions abound in different regions of the world.

Any literature on methods or models of evaluating or assessing attractiveness of natural attractions like caves, forest streams etc?