Women's Studies - Science topic

Para abordar esta eterna cuestión, hay que empezar diciendo que esto no se trata de una cuestión universal, pues existen tantas mujeres como gustos diversos.

No obstante, es cierto que tenemos una tendencia general a sentir atracción por hombres con una cierta apariencia problemática o más coloquialmente entendido por "malotes", esto se puede explicar desde diversos puntos:

1.El impacto del cine: Las mujeres hemos crecido con unos ideales románticos marcados en el mundo del cine, esto va desde que éramos pequeñas hasta ahora. De pequeñas, en el mundo Disney siempre se nos mostraba que las princesas tenían que ser prudentes ,no ruidosas, cargar con el peso de la familia, y ser soñadoras, pero estos sueños nunca consiguieron ser cumplidos sin la ayuda de el príncipe, que por contrario a la princesa, representaba una figura dominante, valiente, protector y líder. Esto es un patrón que se repite en todas las películas de princesas.

Quizás sea este un motivo por el cual ese mensaje de que las mujeres no tenemos que sacar carácter porque es al hombre al que le corresponde esa función ,haya calado en nosotras tanto como para que a día de hoy lo llevemos a la práctica en nuestras relaciones romántico afectivas.

Pero lejos de quedarse en un tema perteneciente a la infancia y sus ideales románticos, hemos seguido creciendo en nuestra adolescencia con películas que nos vuelven a mostrar la figura del hombre desde un lado protector, pero esta vez desde un punto más extremo y comúnmente denominado como los malotes. Existen cantidad de ejemplos como H en a tres metros sobre el cielo, Guille de los serrano, Gorka de física o química ,Nate de Euphoria, Danny Zuko de Grease, y un largo etcétera de personajes masculinos que han marcado distintas generaciones. Todos estos personajes han hecho tanto que los hombres los tienen de referentes y apliquen sus conductas en la vida real ,como que las mujeres busquemos ese tipo de relaciones y romantizemos prácticas que en ningún caso son ejemplo de cómo tratar a alguien.

2.Complejo de salvadora: No es ningún secreto la cantidad de mujeres que existen con este complejo, el cual empezaremos definiendo de una manera más técnica: El complejo de salvadora es la tendencia exagerada al sacrificio y la ayuda a los demás a costa incluso de nuestro propio bienestar. Esta definición llevada a la práctica nos quiere decir que las mujeres lejos de huir ante el mal comportamiento de un hombre, con conductas ya sean agresivas, mentiras o celos compulsivos, tendemos a pensar que somos capaces de cambiarlos y hacerlos mejor persona, agarrándonos a los más mínimos avances o mejoras, recordando los escasos momentos buenos y justificando sus comportamientos con su pasado y presente, ya sea una dura infancia o una mala situación familiar actual.

3.Atracción por lo prohibido: Es una realidad que el peligro y lo prohibido llama la atención, quizás es provocado por la curiosidad que nos genera lo desconocido y el morbo que nos produce saber que no es lo correcto. Es igual en ese momento de inicio y descubrimiento cuando entramos en esa vorágine sin saber lo que tiempo después nos espera y una vez dentro tal vez no tengamos las herramientas suficientes como tanto para detectar el peligro de la situación como una vez detectado, tener la fuerza para salir de ese bucle.

4.Sentimiento de adrenalina: El testimonio de muchísimas mujeres al salir de una relación complicada con el prototipo de "malote", se repite, y es que tienden a seguir buscando ese prototipo en sus siguientes parejas de forma completamente inconsciente, pues al haber estado sometidas a conductas agresivas ,su cuerpo ha desarrollado como mecanismo de defensa un sistema de alerta que les hace estar en tensión, tensión que confunden con adrenalina al dejar esa relación, asociando la ausencia de ésta como un síntoma de aburrimiento, esto se ve reflejado cuando las mujeres dicen "Esque es muy bueno, tan bueno que me aburro".

Y estos han sido mis motivos por los cuales yo pienso que las mujeres tendemos a buscar hombres malos, una mezcla de razones que van desde mi propia experiencia siendo mujer y rodeándome de ellas ,hasta pruebas que se basan más en la historia o nuestra sociedad, sustentado por la psicología y respaldado por fuentes como:

Rocha, M. (2022, febrero 1). Chicos malos: ¿por qué las mujeres se sienten atraídas por personajes como Nate de ‘Euphoria’? Glamur. https://www.glamour.mx/articulos/chicos-malos-por-que-nos-gustan-como-nate-de-euphoria

Congost, S. (2024, enero 19). Por qué siempre te gustan los chicos “malos” y qué hacer con ellos, según una psicóloga experta en relaciones de pareja. LL. https://www.elle.com/es/living/pareja-sexo/a46450805/por-que-solo-me-gustan-los-chicos-malos-que-hacer/

Villatoro, A. (2024, marzo 5). ¿Por qué atrae lo prohibido en el amor? Martha Debayle. https://www.marthadebayle.com/especialistas/mario-guerra/por-que-atrae-lo-prohibido-en-el-amor/

Dear Malekama Pitra ,

Apologies for the late reply, how did your conference presentation go? I definitely agree with you that women should be (and possess) more value than being useful in the kitchen and in the reproductive system, or even added to that as workers in menial work. However, I think empowerment should be viewed holistically rather than just through STEM or STEAM. STE(A)M are not a panacea, it doesn't cure all evils, and it will also result in a lot of disappointment too. So for example I'd advocate for more women village chiefs, more women politicians, more women artists and more women head bankers as well as more women in STEAM. Also definitely more women participating in radio and tv, not selling stuff but actively participating in the ongoing contestation and formation of the values of society. I think this would be a much better contribution to society than being hidden away in a lab researching arcane subjects. What do you think?

Best Wishes,

Haris

My very thanks to you Dear Dr. Seyyed Masih Rajaei Almousavi

In addition to the good suggestions of Mario Marcello Neto & Lucy C. Barnhouse , I suggest "The Imperial Gaze: Native American, African American, and Colonial Women in European Eyes" by Kirsten Fischer. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470998595.ch1

As other colleagues suggested, everything depends on what you want to know. But from my sociology perspective, I would consider two paths:

- The characters as a content you want to analize. Thus, it is applying regular content analysis techniques which will give you a general and global view of the characters".

- Secondly, I would rather think to analyze the characters itselves as a creation coming from the director/productor/etc...From this perspective, the characters are viewed as discourse positions designed from other actors (you could also consider to open the analysis to these other actors to establish their role and interests on the creation of characters). I hope that is helpful and the best of luck with your research.

JDI is very powerful tool...

Dear Gwen,

Non-western cultures don't really care about gender. Gender issue is a western made concept and we see the consequences of this in several western countries. I am from West Africa and in several (religious) circles for example, the power is held behind the scene by a woman while men play the virility outside. But they don't have the essential power. The power is shared according to the type of task to be performed.

It is known that in the kingdom of Danhome (in the actual Benin Republic), the amazons were remarkable warriors. There are scientific papers on this female army. You can also read, Serbin (Sylvia), Reines d'Afrique. This is a remarkable piece of research that is commendable.

Good luck in your research.

Very interesting, here in Researchgate, there are also many women from education sector of many countries around the world.

Hi Marta

In India the situation for women is terrible. There is very meagre parliamentary representation and even the anti dowry and anti-violence legislations have been receiving backlash. In fact what is sad is the law is complicit in enforcing these hegemonies. Recently the Indian Supreme Court said that women are committing "legal terrorism" by "abusing" the anti-dowry and anti-domestic abuse Act. All statistics point in the opposite direction. The second article also talks about lower caste and vulnerable minority women in particular

Thanks to both of you for your response. I am not ready with the draft of the chapter yet but will be ready in another 2 - 3 weeks and will upload it, as you suggest, Roland.

Please let me know if this reference/site is helpful to you:

Women in sports.

INF25 Gender equality and elite sport - Council of Europe

by G Pfister - ‎Cited by 10 - ‎Related articles

Nov 28, 2011 - 2 http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/epas/resources/texts/Res(81)3_en.pdf .... In Norway team handball is a sport dominated by women, whereas female.You've visited this page many times. Last visit: 9/10/17.

Please see reference attached.

Dennis

Dennis Mazur

I would suggest you Small Business Economics as a journal that devoted several space to the issue; best regards, MV

In Botswana customary marriages are recognized as valid marriages if all the necessary requirements are followed. As you may be aware that customary law is diverse and dynamic, different cultural groups have different processes for the conclusion of customary marriages but there are certain requirements which are common in all of them. The only semblance of recognition is in the Marriage Act of 2000 where it is mandatory that customary marriages be registered. a certificate of registration is prima facie proof of the content contained therein in a court of law. non registration does not however invalidate the customary marriage.

Salam  Interesting

No!

My colleagues and I are interested in research on empathy. We are not familiar with research on empathy in women managers/supervisors, but we did conduct a study on empathy in teachers or educators. The topic of empathy in professional settings especially in traditionally male-dominated fields or careers is rare but very important to study.

Women's movement continues to grow, thankfully. This is because women's liberation  is still a meaningful agenda,  Economic growth has not brought about equitable outcomes.  The women's movement has deepened through looking at the intersection of identities - gender, race, caste, class, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability etc.  However, it has got fragmented as well.  Further, not all women's movements are based on a socialist feminist perspective like before. Liberal feminism prevails, than liberating  feminism 

Hi Hannelore,

Do you need information about the current situation of women as miners, or are you also looking for older literature of earlier times?

Are you looking solely for written records, or are you also interested in original photo documents? I have some interesting fotos in my mining postcard collection.

I can recommend a German book that deals specifically with women's mining work in Bolivia (see attached the scans from the front cover, the ISBN number and the back cover).

Best regards,

Guenter

There is a vast literature on this subject. To begin with check the IFPRI and ILO websites

That is fine.

 In this case you have to consider your data as panel data (50 companies x 5 years= 250 observations) and use OLS in addition to fixed effect and random effect. If your data has tails, then you may use generalised method of moments (GMM).

Hope this helps

Could be helpful.

.

"Early" marriage needs to be defined and it should be oh so easy, since it is numerical.  Is 16-17  "early"?  Yes, by Western/US standards-- at least in urban areas.  In my adolescent pregnancy research, rural white teen rates resembled those of urban African Americans. Recent immigrants from Mexico (primarily rural areas) also had higher teen pregnancy rates.  However, they were 17-19, were married with husbands that were in long term employment. They also responded that their pregnancies were wanted since they were married and their role in life at "this" time was being a wife and mother -- education could wait til their children were grown. Their life course resembled that of females, males, and marriage in the per-industrialization America.  Context is extremely important  in this type  of studies and research and it is important that the norms of one culture (and time) are not superimposed on another that is very different.

The book review which is related to women leadership in India can also give interesting insights for you.

we should educate our students in terms of gender equality.We need to raise our sons to respect and value women . 

Brownwyn. Have you looked at the Gender Analysis Frameworks booklet Oxfam published many years ago? (http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/a-guide-to-gender-analysis-frameworks-115397). Naturally they need adapting to your needs, but I believe that to be the case for all 'tools and frameworks'> Good luck . Ines

I suggest the book of Ray and Quayum (as PAscal Gaberel below).

Best regards

i think it is helpful for you 

Dear Ji, 

As a woman with a career it is easy to identify some of the obstacles besides the male fear that keeps us in an inferior position: 

Szameitat and coworking: "Of those who believed in gender differences, a majority of 80% believed that women were better at multitasking. The main reasons for this were believed to be an evolutionary advantage and more multitasking practice in women, mainly due to managing children and household and/or family and job."

Freud asked this question "What do women want?"  The simple answer, in regard to relationships and erotosexuality, is "Women want to be desired fully and completely."  Women's erotosexual responsiveness actually increases as they enter their third, fourth and fifth decades.

Since this is highly individual -- as in: what a certain person desires can be so very different from what another person desires and differences across the gender spectrum are probably less distinct than differences within certain areas of the gender spectrum -- I'm not sure this is done anymore and if, I would take it with a huge grain of salt.   What is the context you need it for and are you saying academic articles or articles addressing the general public?

You are welcome Reyhan! I'd love to hear your thoughts about this approach to research (Institutional Ethnography) if you find it helpful :)

Hai Made,

Attahed abstract about leadership, you can contact me for more discussion. thanks

Here are some studies. If you search "Latin America - Adolescence - Abortion" nad better if you do it in Spanish "América Latina - Adolescencia - Aborto) you will find much more information about this region.

Fatores de risco e preditores para o aborto induzido: estudo de base populacional -  Risk factors and predictors of induced abortion: a population-based study.

Olinto, Maria Teresa Anselmo; Moreira Filho, Djalma de Carvalho - 2006 - Cadernos Saúde Pública, 22, 2, 365-375

Chapter

International Handbook of Adolescent Pregnancy

Medical, Psychosocial, and Public Health Response

Editors:

Andrew L. Cherry, Mary E. Dillon

ISBN: 978-1-4899-8025-0 (Print) 978-1-4899-8026-7 (Online)

pp 171-189

Date: 14 January 2014

Teenage Pregnancy in Argentina: A Reality

María Fabiana Reina, Camil Castelo-Branco

Brazilian adolescents’ knowledge and beliefs about abortion methods: a school-based internet inquiry

Ellen MH Mitchell, Silke Heumann, Ana Araujo, Leila Adesse and Carolyn Tucker Halpern

BMC Women's Health201414:27

DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-14-27

The experience of women with abortion during adolescence as demanded by their mothers.

Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 2013 July-Aug;21(4):899-905 www.eerp.usp.br/rlae

Selisvane Ribeiro da Fonseca Domingos, Miriam Aparecida Barbosa Merighi, Maria Cristina Pinto de Jesus, Deíse Moura de Oliveira

Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2013, 3, 732-738 OJOG http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojog.2013.310135 Published Online December 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojog/)

Profile of abortion in Chile, with extremely restrictive law

Ramiro Molina-Cartes, Temístocles Molina , Ximena Carrasco, Pamela Eguiguren

Rev Salud Publica (Bogota). 2011 Apr;13(2):253-61.

[Induced abortion in Cartagena, Colombia: estimation using Abortion Incidence Complications Methodology].

[Article in Spanish]

Monterrosa-Castro A1, Paternina-Caicedo AJ, Alcalá-Cerra G.

Not reading behaviour but peripheral aspect re gender of literary tourists. This is an open access journal. 

Graham 

Busby, G. & Devereux, H. (2015) Dark tourism in context: The Diary of Anne Frank, European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, 6 (1) 27-38. 

Vanessa,

Is there a particular scene (film/comic/TV series) in which this takes place? As a generic context, it is rather open to any form of analysis without a specific resource being evaluated.

I also wonder whose sadomasochistic fantasy this would be - the woman's or the aliens. Is this a dream sequence or is it intended to be reality?

As a general commentary, I would point out that alien abduction and experimentation usually relies on the victim being restrained or controlled by straps or other methods; from an analytical perspective, this binding may be symbolic of patriarchal bondage/restriction/limitation. The helplessness can reflect victimization, as can "object rape".

You may want to look at rape studies for object insertion and fetishism as well; this may also open the door for fetish analysis alongside the sadomasochism.

If you can provide a more specific scene for analysis rather than a generic context, I can probably provide more commentary on this.

Cheers,

Rob

Perhaps this is of interest:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277539514001344 

Without even identifying verbal or physical abuse, what about the inherent violence of participating in academic programmes and workloads and lifestyles? The following is a reflection I crafted after a student colleague (Sonia) and I shared how difficult work-study-life balance can be. This is about the violence we tolerate chaffingly when we undertake academic study. I suppose that if I (or we as students) tolerate violence of this sort I have written about, then is it any wonder other sorts of violence and participation in it, is rife at universities, polytechnics, schools, kindergartens, families, societies?

Dear karol, 

Here as a start: 

Dear Miranta Zisim,  

I hope the following / attached references may be of some help.

Kind regards,

Paul Chaney

Ekehammar, Bo; Akrami, Nazar; Araya, Tadesse (2000) Development and validation of Swedish classical and modern sexism scales, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, Volume 41, Number 4, December 2000, pp. 307-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00203

DM Szymanski, S Kashubeck-West (2008) Internalized heterosexism measurement, psychosocial correlates, and research directions, The Counseling Psychologist 2008; 36; 525 [attached]

S Bearman, N Korobov, A Thorne (2009) The fabric of internalized sexism, Journal of Integrated Social Sciences, [attached]

DM Szymanski, A Gupta, ER Carr, D Stewart (2009) Internalized misogyny as a moderator of the link between sexist events and women's psychological distress, Sex Roles, 2009, Springer http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-009-9611-y

JL Willis (2009) The psychoanalytic production of pathology: a commentary on the resignification of sexism in the fabric of internalized sexism, Journal of Integrated Social Sciences, 2009 - jiss.org [attached]

Please see http://www.babson.edu/Academics/centers/blank-center/global-research/gem/Documents/GEM%202012%20Womens%20Report.pdf

 Your good self may still in topic selection phase.  I will recommend, to go for comprehensive literature rather to focus on study which is hard to generalizable. ..

As for as your title is concern consider your population first... As i know, there is not that number of female entrepreneurs, on the basis of which you can generalize your findings...

Here is an article on the UN website with 6 different projects listed.  If you search for those projects (all spread around the world), you might come up with a good spread of studies on financial literacy in women.

The World Bank seems to have some items that may be of interest too.

In Australia where I am from, financial literacy tends to centre around women's understanding of providing for their retirement and providing support to women in vulnerable situations such as those experiencing domestic violence.

The links are not scholarly articles as such, but may lead you where you need to go. The Australian Human Rights Commission did an excellent issues paper on income gaps for women which also addressed many of the problems of financial literacy for women.

Hope that helps!

Are you writing about European women as colonists or about African women's experiences under colonialism?  For the latter there is a lot of historical scholarship. Here are a few sources that can give you an idea about the types of questions being looked at: marriage and divorce law, economic/market opportunities, slave ownership by women, and leadership/participation in anti-colonial movements.

At individual level, in GEM database you can find questions related to motivation and values. Check for details: http://www.gemconsortium.org/docs/download/2594

You can see in 2k1 and in 2k2 two questions that I think it could be interesting to you. Also, maybe i.6 and i.7 could be useful. Check the file and good luck!

Hi Daryn

Focus groups could be used in a number of ways but given the nature of your interest you would need to avoid creating bias in the study overall. I'd suggest some kind of design where you have one single-sex group of males, one of females, and one mixed addressing each focal topic, backed up by a broader sample of single interviews. If you do within company studies, then you could include in your sample companies that have already been recognised for their exemplary equality policies (Judy Wajcman did this in her 1998 study Managing Like a Man, and she found that even in these companies it is not the policy that makes a difference but the culture that interprets and conditions the application of the policy).This concern with policy activation through attention to process and culture is a recurrent theme of the reports of the Equal Opportunities and Human Rights Commission in the UK (called Sex and Power, they come out every two years - one is due this year) where despite greater workforce presence by women, presence at board level still languishes below 20% for most types of organization.

Dear Mona

Randa Jarrar

Last year, Palestinian-American author, translator and professor Randa Jarrar gained a mixture of fame and notoriety after her Salon.com article titled "Why I can’t Stand White Belly Dancers" went viral. But the young writer had been exploring themes of identity and belonging — central to most Arab-Americans — long before her divisive op-ed caught the Internet’s attention. Her well-received 2009 novel "A Map of Home" is a coming-of-age story about a young girl shaped by a migratory childhood spent between Boston, Kuwait, Egypt and Texas. Based in California, Jarrar dedicates the bulk of her time to teaching creative writing at California State University, Fresno, to a cohort of minorities, children of migrant workers and first-generation college students. She is also an active member of Radius of Arab American Writers Inc.

Read more: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/03/women-writers-top-middle-east-literary-novels.html##ixzz3Vwk15XLQ

Hi Kalpana:

Whatever the type of violence, this happens because the government and its laws permit. The origin of this problem lies in the word CASTE, and how it is perceived from childhood. 

Regards.

Some numbers....

As far as I know, there is currently no specific research looking on a suspected gender bias (which is inherent in your question I guess) in the IT industry on the topic of work/life balance

What you may find is a quite broad and quite elaborated general and theoretical discussion on work and work/life balance as well as on gender specific issues of this topic (e. g. Emslie and Hunt 2008, DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00434.x), Hafkin and Huyer 2007 ()

There was a quite inspiring article 2004 by Scholarios and

Marks on Work-life balance and the software worker (DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-8583.2004.tb00119.x ). Also, Hill et al. 2003 (DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1998.tb00256.x) contributed a theoretical paper to the Influences of the virtual office on aspects of work and work/life balance. 

Try my friend Ujvala Rajadhyaksha at Saint Mary's College, at urajadhy@saintmarys.edu  She does a lot of work on women's studies, etc. in India.

Tell her I said hi!

Robert

I find this question to be too broad and yet it extremely important because of the nature of the issue it raises. In the background, it is vital to know that the world is made of many different races. Some races are almost synonymous with some cultures or religions. At the same times, race studies are quite as complex as the races themselves are. The influence stems from the news events in society of all races. There are also internal racial variations associated with dialect, attitude, and behaviour

     I am aware that, races have been variously named to include: Africans, blacks, whites, Jews, Asians, Arabs, coloureds, and Native Americans (Red Indians). Women are represented in their roles, situations, and status. For example in: politics, games and sports, performing arts, management, religions, cultures, conflicts, education, science, business, development, and careers.

     The media are not always homogeneous as some people might think. They are usually driven by their primary investment policies and they are first and foremost, accountable to the governments, if state owned, or to the board of directors, trusts, or governors, if privately owned.

     Race influence may negatively, positively, superficially, or controversially portray women in media. For example, in countries where women are forbidden from taking part in some activities such as: games and sports, driving, marriage to foreign husbands or partners, shaking hands with men, drinking wine or beer, proposing to men, or dressing as they choose; such women will receive damaging media coverage.

     These may originally be given prominence in national news and later become international news by international broadcasters or publishers like the BBC (UK), VOA (USA), CNN (USA), Aljazeera (Saudi Arabia), RFI (France), VOG (Germany), SBC (South Africa), RAI (Italy), ABC (Australia), CBC (Canada); The New York Times, The Age, Washington Post, the Guardian, and The Times Magazine. In most cases, women are presented more as women and less as their status indicate because this would naturally be more appealing to the male audience than otherwise.

     In addition to the above background, it is also advisable to know something about the media industry generally. The mainstream media are normally identified as the print media or publications (newspapers, magazines) and electronic media (radio, television). The media industry is essentially a business which thrives on advertising revenues which in turn must hook up the audience. The audience are made of races.

     These (mainstream media) normally operate at national, regional, or international levels. They are both state owned and private. The mainstream media is a term which normally excludes the community media and social media as well. It is known that women issues or images sell very well because they are crowd-pullers.

     It is amazing and perplexing how contradictory or similar different races perceive women and these are reflected in the local (community) media and the mainstream media as well. Part of the explanation is that, the main media is feed by the local media or the local reporters or news sources. Our race colour our world outlook.

     For example, the following conflicting vocabularies are used by different races in the world to describe the behaviour or status women in the society: careful, sensible, organized, fearful, careless, scandalous, voiceless, thoughtless, cowards, sexy, good, important, afraid, valuable, immoral, tough, easy going, gossipers, welcoming, intimate, disorderly, trusted, partners, comrades, allies, stable, tolerant, forgiving, hard working, troublesome, noisy, prey, charming, unclean, comfort, patient, courageous, peaceful, traitors, pilots, dangerous, reliable, right hands, foundation, and soul mates. These are usually picked by the media as direct quotes or sound bites.

     In races where the societal roles of women are accepted, respected, and recognized wives, mothers, beauty queens, or beauty items; this practice continues. Besides, the media are the vehicles for agenda setting, priming, and framing certain issues. It is known that the media also guided by the social responsibility theory of the press.

      Accordingly, the media has a duty to the society to set high professional standards of in formativeness, truth, professional competence, accuracy, objectivity, and balance. In addition, it should refrain from anything that may cause crime, violence, civil disorder, or offend the minorities. These set the standards of media coverage. 

     One of my immediate responses to this question is that, it not race but the media house policy that determines that influence of representation of women in the mainstream media. Racial influence or elements is enhanced or promoted by the specific media policy. We know that a negative racial remark, picture, publication, or gesture; may be a crime against humanity and hence, against the women folks.

     I think today, any national or international newspapers, radio, or TV stations which represent demeaning image of women in a racial light, directly or by innuendo (implication); will do so against national laws, constitutions, or international human rights conventions or protocols. Influence of race has both positives and negatives.

     Except in special circumstances like conflicts, crimes, and scandals where women are clearly involved, most mainstream media coverage of women are favourable. The following tones apply: beautiful, courage, victims, successful, dishonest, enduring, weaker sex, wives, family, clever, stars, flowers, mothers, fair sex, friendly, lovely, serious, honest, forgiving, teachers, smart, amiable, loves, queens, brilliant, devoted, spiritual, gentle, comfort, sex objects, life, energy, labour,  kind, valuables, managers.

     This does not in any way mean that the race influences representation of women in the mainstream media. Far from it, it happens even more frequently today. The main reason is that, the media are the sources of news or features they cover and air or publish. Race influence is a natural phenomenon. The type, nature, tone, attitude, and magnitude of the influence are inherent in or typical of the race in question. To a certain extent, it also depends on the policy of the media house or national policy.

     The influence varies from race to race and the composition of race in the media houses contributing to the mainstream media coverage. The influence also depends on the gender composition of the newsroom staff (from reporters, sub-editors, editors, trainers, and managers) and the percentage of women ownership of media houses.

     The latest (men on men) racial attack emerged on 27 December 2014. The North Korean president (Kim Jong Un) hurled a predawn personal attack on the USA president (Barak Obama), likening him to a monkey in a forest. It would have been  more interesting if the subject to him was a woman, in a country where reports say women are not equal to men in any sphere of life except in the kitchen or at home.

    It is known that women representation is a mixed bag of sexism (sex objects), gender bias, and trivialisation, exaggeration of achievements, prejudices, stereotypes, objectivity, commercial comodification, or beauty queens. The media are usually the mirrors of the society. The sources of media coverage are part and parcel of the society.The society itself is made races which also have their own history or tradition.

     At the same time race has multiple dynamics and dimensions which include: intra-race, inter-race, multi-inter-race, and multiple race-alliances. Each of these perceives women, their roles, values, and rights quite differently. There are also extremists, moderates, and conservatives. Most of these attributes are also inherent in the mainstream media especially in some national and regional mainstream media.

     Some see women as equal partners in everything, others see women folks as objects of admirations and beauty queens, but some races consider women to be inferior, valueless, at the level of slaves especially sex slaves and beasts of burden.

     All these representation or misrepresentation issues are mainly influenced by racial background of the perpetuators. The chief culprits would be the media houses.

     This is a see-saw situation because while racial extremism can be contained by professionalism and code of conduct (ethical practice) by media; what is on the ground regarding racism is objectively increasingly taking place in many societies. In some cases, it is perpetuated by some of the notorious world leaders against women.

     In all cases, media representation are framed by gatekeepers such reporters, editors, and publishers. The reporters or journalists (the legs of the media houses) rely on their news sources from the scenes of the events. The background to this process is that, all actors in the community belong to their racial perspective of women.

     In some cases, the sources of the main stories are the social media (networks) from the locations where the women are found. When these local stories (news) are transmitted to the mainstream media houses (radio, television, newspapers, and magazines); they have to be well edited and run or published accordingly.

      New challenges have come about because of the speed of inter-cultural integration through cross-education, immigrations, marriages, networking, social media, women emancipation, human rights and democratic freedoms, women communicators, and class representation. These have made women representation in the mainstream media to become more permanent than opportunistic these days.

     The priming, agenda setting, framing, and social responsibility of the mainstream press (media) are becoming more presented by women media practitioners who now interact better with other women in politics, games and sports, music, education, communities, security, military, faith, agriculture, banking, science, and commerce.

     Some women have themselves been complacent with the media representations that limit women’s values to aesthetic feminism and traditional gender attractions. This could possibly be attributed to the status of women as a product of the society where they were brought up. The media which are the mirrors of the society is always aware of this and hence, their interests in portraying women to their audience.

     In some races, women are trusted more than men especially on the issues of integrity, details, care, and performance effectiveness. This influence may not be noticed by the same race whose culture perpetuates the attitudes that women are inferior to men (because they are women).This may be done in good faith because of the cultural history which is also deeply rooted in the history of the race in question.

     Some women appreciate the natural and popular practice gender inequality form the point of view of a fair sex. In addition, some women see their femininity admired beauty by men as an end in itself and therefore welcome any media representation that enhances it. The women themselves are part of the race we are discussing.

     Besides, among some races, women and men are aware that media representation of women is done in good faith because it is obvious that men use their senses to do the right thinks or make the right moves in social relations with women at all times.

     On the other hand, media representations which are false or of propaganda nature may be identified or known as such. At the same time, media representations of women have matured with cultural changes and globalization (the media have now given women unlimited space and time to present their own issues by themselves).

     From the point of view of the majority of men or males (of all categories or classes), women are always seen as women first, and then their status or issues. This appears to be a natural tendency in almost all the societies in the world. Such may usually be manifested through discussions in various social fora or programs.

     There is a general feeling that women were created or exist for men and not vice versa. As a result, men would seem to think that women are automatically accountable to them regardless of the objective and visible realities surrounding their (women’s) true human, productive, reproductive, and professional values.

      Most societies even think that the children that women bear always belong to men. It is almost impossible to identify a man who does not think that a woman’s sexuality is the most important or valuable think about any woman on earth not withstanding her societal status. This misperception is often covered by the media.

      This is because most men (top consumers of the mainstream media services and products) find the natural attraction of women inevitably irresistible. This feeling does seem to be part of the reasons for the media (usually dominated by men) to light up the screens, air, or pages with women issues.  Besides, women issues are quite real, critical, and human; such as: social, economic, environment, and political.

      Not only in the media, but also in other male dominated for a such: parliament, cabinet, universities, games and sports, army or military, police, schools, music, dance, and drama, communities, homes or families, institutions, companies, within media houses, hospitals, business, politics, and workplaces.

     Race has influence on our world outlook of all things including gender issues or gender relationships [gender roles of women, girls, wives, mothers, sisters, daughters, aunts, widows] as assigned by the society they grew up. Some women have reached a level of racial defiance regarding their representation in the main stream media.

     For example, very many women with outstanding national, regional, and international performance traits have become success stories in the mainstream media. Women with enduring achievements have often been objectively covered.

     These include women top politicians, laureates, pop stars, and sport personalities like: Bandaranaike (Sri-Lankan ex-premier), Indira Ghandi (late Indian premier), Bhutto Begum (Bangladeshi ex-premier), and Sheikh Hasina (Bangladeshi premier), Helen Johnson (Liberian president), Joyce Banda (Malawian ex-president), Rodham Clinton and Condoleezza Rice (USA ex-secretaries of state), Corazon Aquino (Thailand ex-premier), Imelda Marcos ( Philippines ex-president), Margret Thatcher (British ex-premier), Bruntland (Norwegian ex-premier), Wa’ngari Mathai (Kenyan ex-environmental campaign laureate), Malala Yousafzai (Pakistani girls’ education campaign laureate), Madonna (USA music pop star), Bhuto (Pakistani ex-premier), Williams and Venus (USA tennis sports stars), Angela Merkel (German chancellor), Steffi Graff (German ex-tennis sports star), Dilma Rousseff (Brazilian president), and Mary Robinson (Irish ex-premier).

     All these women and many millions of others have come to treated on their own personal merits regarding their contributions or status in the society. But this does not mean that they did have to endure the influence of race in the media because as far as most men are concerned, women are always women regardless. The influence of race on media representation of women remains permanent. There are no substitutes for women, according to this point of view. The mainstream media itself feeds heavily on the alternative media. The influence is therefore quite real, frequent, widespread, and so far, very sustainable.

I am presently carrying on a qualitative research on FGM

I a not very fluent with her poetry, but I suggest you look at Bärbel Beutners work about her prose and poetry

I supposse you have already read that paper, but just in case, I think it may be interesting: Effects of Beliefs in Indian Philosophy: Paternalism and Citizenship Behaviors

Being completly familiour with Middle East, first of all, it is very important,NOT to see the Middle East as a one;  this area or this sub- continent has a very different divisions of cultures in it; Also, donors have their ownmany levels and degrees in their plans and purposes. Therefore, by law of probebality, it would be very confusing to categorize all those conditions in a couple of gender- related hypothesis; perhaps, a Case study, or a comparative study of two, would be more informative, and productive, as a source of study or as a citation- source for others.

In my country Galicia ( NW Spain) there are some papers that explain the important role of women in management of local fisheries:

“Marisquadoras of the Shellfish Revolution:The Rise of Women in Co-management on Illa de Arousa, Galicia” http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/3487

“From open access to co-governance and conservation: The case of women shellfish collectors in Galicia (Spain)”

All the best

Hi.  I didn't forget about this.  I found a treatment that I am excited about that might help you.  It is currently being used with substance abuse families, however there is a researcher currently testing it with IPV and I think the premise holds true for IPV as well.  I would also incorporate Trauma Incident Reduction treatment into the program (see http://www.tir.org/about-tir.html  -- if you follow Carl Rogers approach of empathic listening you can follow the guidelines in a book to do this treatment, sometimes EMDR is useful (I'm told, I only use TIR))

1. "Get your loved one sober: Alternatives to nagging, pleading, and threatening" by Robert J. Meyers (I believe he's coined as the founder of the approach) & Brenda L. Wolfe

2. "Beyond Addiction: How science and kindness help people change" by Jeffrey Foote, Carrie Wilkens, & Nicole Kosanke (I know Nicole and had her come in and guest lecture my students in the spring)

Here is a radio interview that Nicole did with Kenneth Anderson about the book and CRAFT, which may be of interest to you: http://motivationandchange.com/dr-nicole-kosanke-on-addiction-treatments-that-work/

Article re: CRAFT and IPV:  Roozen, H. G., Blaauw, E., & Meyers, R. J. (2009). Advances in Management of Alcohol Use Disorders and Intimate Partner Violence: Community Reinforcement and Family Training. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 16(S1), S74-S80.

I wrote to Dr. Roozen and he graciously forwarded the article: h.roozen@boumanggz.nl

Dear K.M. Singh,

This is a question of good education opportunities. Where the daughters of farmers can get good agricultural education, they can use environmentally friendly methods if they can afford them. Equal rights and democracy help to imprease the number of well trained woman farmers.

Yes, it is possible to empower women through SHG approach. There are many studies to prove this point. kindly visit the following to have look at some of the experiences.

Hi Beata,

Blue Skies report from NZ - Motherhood and Multiple Sclerosis might be of interest.

Marta

Hi Edward,

The third chapter (by Malhotra & Schuler, 2005) in this book

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/7441/344100PAPER0Me101Official0use0only1.pdf?sequence=1 may serve as a good starting point.

It includes a proposed framework for women's empowerment in the household, the community and broader arena's.

Greetings

of course. In Israel their is a strong ideological and actual difference between Ashkenasi(white) and Misrachi (oriental) women

Dear Beata: Not only women everyone with such disabilities facing the same problem They need proper attention, environment and support from the society.

Are you talking about water security? Globally or within Australia? Water resource management tends to be strongly gender biased, unless you are talking about commercial water resource management when from my own experience, the gender bias tips dramatically. Take water security- women in rural areas tend to be the fetchers and carriers of water. They are responsible for ensuring there is enough and that the quality of the water is sufficient for use.

Men are the commercial water carriers, they organise, construct and carry out irrigation schemes and make decisions about large scale water use.

This response is only from my own personal experience of water and water security and my observations of water use in Tasmania where I live. There are studies out there about this, I'll come back to this question later and add some links to assist with your question when I can.

I would recommend using the following scale:

In addition, it may be worthwhile to look at Knee and colleagues' research:

http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/74/2/360/ (for a starting reference).

I hope that helps!

Kind regards,

Svenja Goebbels

Dear Amir

I don't know whit is your Main subjuct at PG Level study.

I think that at present at your selected subject can't be accepted for Ph. D.research work. This topic not having depth for Ph.d research. But this topic may be selected for Ph. d researach work as a one topic, if you are having some exmpales of your selected topic, which involve research work.

Pl. select topic for Ph.d research work like 'Bollywood Actresses life style and its impact on life of Pakistani girl students ' ( by comparing with Urban and Rural area, Lower, middle and Higher class,and etc. )

Best regards for your Ph. D research work!

yes i agree with anum and amir women depiction is very less in media and usually their action is shown as justified as a reaction of some injustice. Mostly their crminal or negative streak is shown in them in domestic capacity

What about the Content Analysis? Will it not serve the purpose?

Don't forget other applications like Gephi (https://gephi.org/), R (for example the sna or statnet packaga; http://www.stanford.edu/~messing/RforSNA.html), ORA (http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu/projects/ora/) or Ucinet (http://www.analytictech.com/ucinet/)! All of them are great and offer tons of cool applications.

I would suggest taking a postcolonial feminist approach if you are actually seeking to not only get women to participate as labour, but to support women to actually take control of resource (water) management in their context. One of the key problems in many development contexts is the failure to integrate women's emancipation into their participation in development. As long as women are subordinate in social relations their participation in any program is unsustainable over the longer term.

Yup, operational definitions are required, or else the topic is a bit too broad

Concerning social constructivism, I would recommend Berger/Luckmanns "The Social Construction of Reality" - a nice introduction that offers insights that may be of interest for you - not concerning women's issues directly, but topics like identity.

I like the 'politics of paticipation"

I quite like Standpoint theory, with particular reference to the positionality of each woman as they experience their own internal as well as external inhibitions/subdueing for participation..... as one can see from all the conversations, there are so many factors which have this implication for woman, that as a starting point, it might be interesting to see how each woman first positions themselves... with respect to race, class, etc... even in rural communities, these issues play a role. all the best, would be great to see how you progress. Furthermore Standpoint theory would "allow" you to position yourself as a "researcher" within the research.. thus adding to the depth of the paper.

What is the basis for the assertion "women show shorter period of exhaustion than men? if this assertion is based on research, then there must be factors responsible for it. Perhaps a proper look at gender inequality will clarify the issue of female executive stress.

Women are faced with all forms obstacles, their feminity is always called to question, when in high positions they have to contend with the male dominant ego of old social paradigms that try to undermine their intelligence. They contend with social super structures that query their capabilities with the ditum woman=weakness.

Some female executives are faced with multiple responsibilities of runing the domestic affairs,child training and care and being in charge of office matters. If you ask me, I would say this is enough reason for exhaustion.

But men, are most times mono-minded. They mind the business of the office because this is the role social super-structures assigned to them as head. They might be fathers, the care of the home and the kids are left in the hands of their wives who are assigned the role of home directors. Although the equality programs in some nations are making men to share in child care and domestic activity but this is yet to be effected in typical patriarchal societies such as Africa, India and others.

Men are not faced with the social stigma of proving their worth as the head, this is because, it is the norm. But a woman executive is most times seen as abnormal, so, she has to prove she is worth her salt. she has to contantly re-assert and re-define herself to maintain the position. Truth be be told, men don´t like women heading them.

this is why gender equality must be pursued in earnest, equality here means accepting the female executive the way you accept the male executive, give her the due and needed cooperation and stop constituting stress to the multiple activities of the females.

Research between women in paid work and those who are not, seems to indicate that working women experience higher levels of subjective well-being and that difference increases with education. Cause for concern is that most of the studies have been carried out in western countries with little concern for cultural differences.

hi

Dear Garza

Following paper is useful to you.

Thermal comfort and use of thermostats in Finnish homes and offices

Sami Karjalainen*

VTT, P.O. Box 1000, FI–02044 VTT, Finland

Best regards

Shivraj Dhaka