Wireless Sensor Network - Science topic

See https://tetcos.com/pdf/v14.2/NetSim-v14.2_Sybil-node-detection-VANETs-using-ML-based-classifier.pdf, and https://tetcos.com/machine-learning-netsim.html.

Designing a mathematical model for the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol involves formalizing the behavior, performance metrics, and operational characteristics of the protocol. Below are steps on how to approach the design of such a model:

Step 1: Define the Network Environment

Step 2: Understand AODV Operation

AODV can be understood through its key operational phases:

Step 3: Establish Key Performance Metrics

Define the metrics you are interested in analyzing, including:

Step 4: Mathematical Formulation

Trd=TRREQ+TRREPTrd​=TRREQ​+TRREP​

Te2e=∑i=1D(LR+Tpropagation+Tqueue)Te2e​=i=1∑D​(RL​+Tpropagation​+Tqueue​)

Where TpropagationTpropagation​ is the propagation delay, and TqueueTqueue​ is the queuing delay at each node.

Th=PDR⋅LTtotalTh=Ttotal​PDR⋅L​

Where TtotalTtotal​ is the total time for communication.

PDR=NdeliveredNsentPDR=Nsent​Ndelivered​​

Where NdeliveredNdelivered​ is the number of packets successfully delivered and NsentNsent​ is the total packets sent.

O=NcontrolNdataO=Ndata​Ncontrol​​

E=NRREQ⋅Etx+NRREP⋅Erx+NRERR⋅EtxE=NRREQ​⋅Etx​+NRREP​⋅Erx​+NRERR​⋅Etx​

Step 5: Simulate and Validate

Step 6: Refine the Model

Based on validation results, refine your model to improve accuracy, considering factors like dynamic changes in network topology, varying traffic patterns, or more realistic mobility models.

OMNeT++ is suitable for implementing key management in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). OMNeT++ is a discrete event simulation environment that provides a robust framework for simulating networking protocols and applications. Here are some reasons why OMNeT++ is a good choice for this purpose:

Reasons to Use OMNeT++ for Key Management in WSN

Key Management Considerations in WSN

When implementing key management in WSN using OMNeT++, consider the following:

Simulating a wireless sensor network (WSN) using the Network Simulator 3 (ns-3) involves a series of steps to set up your simulation environment, define your network topology, and run your desired scenarios. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you get started:

Step 1: Install ns-3

Step 2: Setup the Wireless Sensor Network Environment

Step 3: Write Your Simulation Script

Step 4: Run the Simulation

Step 5: Analyze Results

Step 6: Modify and Experiment

Additional Resources

Setting up a WSN simulation in ns-3 can be quite flexible and powerful, allowing you to model various scenarios and analyze different protocols and performance metrics effectively.

Dear Mehdi Najafi ,

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) have experienced rapid growth in both industry and academia. However, the current ML and AI models demand significant computing and processing power to achieve desired accuracy and results, often restricting their use to high-capability devices. With advancements in embedded system technology and the substantial development in the Internet of Things (IoT) industry, there is a growing desire to integrate ML techniques into resource-constrained embedded systems for ubiquitous intelligence. This aspiration has led to the emergence of TinyML, a specialized approach that enables the deployment of ML models on resource-constrained, power-efficient, and low-cost devices. Despite its potential, the implementation of ML on such devices presents challenges, including optimization, processing capacity, reliability, and maintenance. This article delves into the TinyML model, exploring its background, the tools that support it, and its applications in advanced technologies. By understanding these aspects, we can better appreciate how TinyML is transforming the landscape of AI and ML in embedded and IoT systems.

Regards,

Shafagat

Have you tried using a simulator?

Your advisor should contact some of the authors whose work you have cited in your thesis. Today, with tools like LinkedIn and Research Gate, contacting experts may not be difficult.

I have a few questions about NetSim's Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks library:

Yes, there are several commercially available piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) ranging from micro to macro scale. Here are some examples:

This is not an exhaustive list, and new PEH products are constantly being developed. The best PEH for your application will depend on your specific needs, such as the size, power output, and cost.

infoSources

See https://tetcos.com/pdf/v14/NetSim-UWAN_DBR-protocol-implementation.pdf

You can look at this implementation of depth based routing (DBR) for underwater acoustic networks - https://www.tetcos.com/pdf/v13.3/NetSim-UWAN_DBR-protocol-implementation.pdf

To simulate a Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) with Energy Harvesting Devices, you can follow these steps:

Begin by creating a Sensor Network while enabling the Energy Model feature.

Customize the battery model capacity for specific sensors according to your requirements. Additionally, ensure that energy harvesting is enabled for some sensors.

To implement clustering, you have the option to either write Python code or utilize MATLAB for this purpose. You can then integrate the clustering algorithm with NetSim. Alternatively, you can modify the C-source code within NetSim to incorporate your desired clustering algorithm.

For guidance and reference, you may check NetSim file exchange example titled "Heterogeneous LEACH in WSN" as a practical illustration of interfacing with MATLAB and implementing clustering within the WSN simulation. https://github.com/NetSim-TETCOS/Heterogeneous-LEACH-v13.1/archive/refs/heads/main.zip

Hi thank you so much, currently the Silos and the sheds are used as grain facilities. Routine fumigation is conducted after three months for stocks in storage and all doors and windows (if any) are opened for storage sheds to allow fresh air to circulate through the stocks.

can anyone write an implementation code for SMAC or DMAC or TMAC or XMAC protocol in java or in rebeca language model

thx

Hello! Please any update for this?

Thank you

Hello,

You can look through the comprehensive documentation provided by NetSim support. It explains the different nuances involved in obtaining the radio communication range or transmission range.

Here is the link:

Thanks,

Anthony

The best is if search the positions in LinkedIn or else, by contacting the professors directly.

These discussions may be useful:

Hi Heba,

I'm not sure if I understand the question but I found the following paper, maybe could be useful as starting point:

Bottleneck around Base Station in Wireless Sensor Network and its Solution (https://doi.org/10.1109/MOBIQW.2006.361777)

The answer to your question is dependent on many things, not the distance only. In addition to the distance, it also heavily dependent on the RF frequency band, the propagation condition, the Tx/Rx techniques, and so on. For instance, regarding the propagation condition, is it used in-door or out-door ? Is there a line of sight (LOS) propagation path, or no LOS path at all ? Is the Tx/Rx in fixed location or in moving ? Talking about the RF frequency band, for instance, if it is working in the millimeter wave band (e.g. 60-GHz band), there is a significant extra power loss in the air. Regarding to the used techniques, what kind of modulation scheme is used ? Is there any error correction coding technique used ? These things greatly affect the answer to your question. Good luck.

unfortunately there's no clear response, specially for unsupervised algorithms, to this question its depends on situation but when it comes to practice, 1% seems to be the adequate rate.

There are several options in NetSim - dynamic clustering, LEACH, Pegasis, SOM, etc. See https://tetcos.com/file-exchange.html

WSN is an enabling technology for the IoT. WSN is a network compromising of sensor nodes deployed to measure the environment. IoT on the hand may consist of both sensors and actuators. WSN is not necessarily connected to the Internet while IoT is always connected to the Internet. I will suggest reading a book by Adam Dunkels "Interconnecting Smart Objects with IP".

Any idea about how to write code for Fault detection in WSN using Deep learning??

You would need a network simulator like NetSim to get that kind of data. You can see https://tetcos.com/iot-wsn.html and https://tetcos.com/pdf/v13.1/LEACH_in_WSN_v13.1.pdf

Everyone should know what the encryption algorithm can do, using the encryption algorithm to encrypt the data communication process is the most common security means. By using these means three purposes can be achieved:

1. Data confidentiality prevents user data from being stolen or leaked;

2, data integrity prevents the data transmitted by the user from being tampered with;

3, communication between contact, ensure the source of legal data;

This is an example in NetSim of using different unsupervised learning algorithms to increase the WSN network lifetime

Two more examples to increase the life time but not exactly ML based

I think, it is K-Means Clustering.

LEACH simulation using NetSim is available at https://tetcos.com/file-exchange.html. You will need to modify it for Cooja.

If you find the answer, please give it to me

GNS3 is for cisco routing protocol. You can only use cisco ios in GNS3.

A good option is NetSim Academic version.

The different currents available in the Sensor Battery model are: (i) Transmit-Current (ii) Receive-Current (iii) IdleMode-Current, and (iv) SleepMode-Current The energy consumed in each of these activities would is computed as:

Total-Energy-Consumed = Transmit-Energy-Consumed + Receiver-Energy-Consumed+IdleMode-Energy-Consumed + SleepMode-Energy-Consumed Here Time-for-which-node-transmits-packets is calculated with the formula Time-for-which-node-transmits-packets = PHY_OUT - CARRIER_SENSE_END of each packet. The PHY_OUT and CARRIER_SENSE_END timestamps can be got from then Event Trace.

this paper will provide you some guidence

MATLAB has some ACO algorithms, and you can link MATLAB with NetSim easily.

Some examples (location aware routing, pegasis, clustering etc) in NetSim are available in https://tetcos.com/file-exchange.html.

I would suggest you try out an free evaluation before deciding since these are commercial tools.

In order to permit the progress of non-funded open source research, we must enhance and empower our network of research scholars, similar to our interest.

Twitter is the primary medium for identifying, debating, and disseminating open source research. It’s full of practitioners who are eager to engage in discussions with others about best methods and practices, and to share their own work and that of others. Having a Twitter account will allow you to follow researchers so that you can learn from their work, as well as ask questions and engage in discussions with like-minded researchers.

Having a healthy scholar network we may easily get the solutions of such obstacles.

Some of the useful Twitter lists of researchers include:

Gisela Pérez de Acha’s “OSINTers”

Rawan Shaif’s “OSINT”

Bianca Britton’s “Open Source”

Julia Bayer’s “OSINT research verify

Regards,

Hello, NS-3 is Python-based tool, please you can check file attached

---

Simulation Tools for

Underwater Sensor

Networks (UASN)

Presented by : Marwa Salayma, Research Associate

Project team members: Yvan Petillot, Muaro Dragone, Rahul Mourya & Marwa Salayma

Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Center for Robotics

BTS 2019

IEEE , Elsevier or Springer journals may be good for this kind of publication.

Furkan Göksel Have got the dataset?? If yes then kindly share same with me even I am in search of same for my project....

I think selective forwarding attacks existed only for RPL, MANET, and Wireless Sensor Network

Umair Munir

Did you find anything that can help me, too?

Shridhar Kumar These links might be helpful:

1. https://www.quora.com/Which-one-is-most-suitable-for-WSN-simulation-ns2-or-matlab

2. https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse567-11/ftp/sensor/

do you have any funding ?

Nyasha Manhanga

LEACH is a hierarchical protocol in which most nodes broadcast data to cluster leaders, who aggregate and compress the data before forwarding it to the base station (sink). The cluster head then establishes a timetable for each node in the cluster to send data.

Take a look at the following links, which may be of assistance:

1. https://www.jurnalet.com/jet/article/downloadSuppFile/238/70

2. https://is.muni.cz/th/kpo23/thesis.pdf

Dear Huachao Sun

These links might be useful, have a look:

1. https://jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13638-018-1165-7

2.

3. https://www.mathworks.com/help/nav/ug/monte-carlo-localization-algorithm.html

Kind Regards

Dear سمیرا رسولی ,

welcome!

If you want to manage the tasks of the wireless sensor networks you can use use the proper controller for the wireless sensor nodes. These controllers ranges from simple Arduino board to strawberry board. The microcontroller can be programmed to control the functions of the sensors mostly sampling and acquiring the signals of the sensors and conveying them to access point of the WSN.

There are also the problem of routing the data from the nodes to access point.

As the nodes are normally battery operated then one has to take care of the power management in the network.

For more information please follow the papers:

Best wishes

Dear Anil Kamboj,

Look the link, maybe useful.

Regards,

Shafagat

Dear Jitander, You can try softwares like OptiSystem, OptSim for underwater network simulation.

data mining techsnique

Hierarchical routing protocols in WSN are defined to reduce energy consumption by aggregating data and to reduce the transmissions to the Base Station. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) Protocol is considered as the most popular routing protocol that use cluster based routing in order to minimize energy consumption. Matlab can be used as a simulation platform to emulate LEACH protocol and its variants.

See also:

Dear Researcher

This is code,

I wish the best for you with Regards

Dear Sarang, did you find any suitable simulation software? We also need it for a small project we are working on

Thank you Aparna Sathya Murthy so much.

It depends on the IoT scenarios you want to deploy. "Per si", a WSN can already be part of an IoT scenario. The definition of IoT considers the possibility of devices communicating with Internet services. In other words, the cyber physical devices sending data to the Internet. Thus, once you have a WSN exchanging data with the Internet, you will not need to integrate it with an IoT scenario, because it is already part of an IoT application.

I would suggest the following:

1.Ad Hoc & Sensor Wireless Networks - Old City Publishing

Dear Somya Al-handi ,

welcome!

The distributed wireless sensor network consumes less transmission energy than the central network. May be the wireless sensor network based on hybrid network configuration is the optimum one concerning the transmission energy and the processing energy in the nodes. Using cluster heads and forming smaller sized central networks save both transmission energy and processing energy.

Please you may get more information by following the paper:

Best wishes

Dear Layth As. Jasim,

I suggest you to see links and attached file on topic.

Best regards

Yes it is a good journal for your article.

Thank you for sharing this question

Predict the energy level of battery operated sensor node

Dear Anselme Russel Affane Moundounga ,

You need an operating system when you have more than one application on the computer. So, normally one uses for such small computers free real time operating systems free RTOS.

Best wishes

Fast Scopus Indexed publication in Machine Learning

Dear Zainab Mostafa

I do have that code with Python PL.

If your interested, please keep me posted.

Regards .

This is for homogeneous environment, what will be for heterogeneous environment?

Very interesting Mr. Mohamed-Mourad Lafifi. Thank you for sharing the files.

Thank you for your response Ali Rezaee Khelifa Said

U can try this for 1000*1000 area with 400 no. of nodes and 40m between any 2 nodes.

>> clear

clf

n=400;

figure(1);

clf;

hold on;

L=1000;

R=400;

x = rand(1, 50000)*1000;

y = rand(1, 50000)*1000;

minAllowableDistance = 40;

numberOfPoints = n;

% Initialize first point.

xloc = x(1);

yloc = y(1);

% Try dropping down more points.

counter = 2;

for k = 2 : 50000

% Get a trial point.

thisX = x(k);

thisY = y(k);

% See how far point is away from existing keeper points.

distances = sqrt((thisX-xloc).^2 + (thisY - yloc).^2);

minDistance = min(distances);

if (minDistance >= minAllowableDistance)

xloc(counter) = thisX;

yloc(counter) = thisY;

counter = counter + 1;

end

if counter > numberOfPoints

break

end

end

scatter(xloc, yloc,'k', 'filled');

for i=1:n

text(xloc(i),yloc(i),num2str(i));

end

Coord=[xloc;yloc];

Coord=(Coord)';

Nseq=ones(1,n)*6;

cmatrix=randomGraphFromDegreeSequence(Nseq);

gplot(cmatrix,Coord,'-*')

>> gplot(cmatrix,Coord,'-*')

Thank you Aparna Sathya Murthy for the reference given. The protocol itself is still in software simulation phase, with many things still being considered and have not been implemented in hardware simulation or real case.

Thank you Senslab Homa for the reference given.

Thank you Yuemin Ding for your response. I was not aware of this system manager function before. I will recheck again my case scenario and simulation to better portray the real implementation.

Dear Aparna Sathya Murthy, Thanks so much for your response!

Dear Seid Mohammed Reshid

I will send you a complete source code for securing the Sink node using anomaly detection approach.

please send you email.

regards

Dear Nandkishor Dhawale

Please go through this portal. It is a much rich with what are you looking for .

https://www.digi.com/support/forum/59683/xbee-vs-zigbee.

Regards

Take a look at chapter 5 in

Dear Seid Mohammed Reshid

Which domain of security are you deal with?

If Anomaly detection please let me know .

regards