Wheat - Science topic

Dear Farid,

I have no other option for the contact, I am sorry.

Good luck, best regards,

BS

by the links of papers Muhammad Iftikhar

We are working with proper germination analysis (time to events) which might be of interests for you

The shelf life of chicken powder-based baked products, like baked sticks made with wheat flour and chicken powder, varies based on:

General Shelf Life:

For accurate shelf life, conduct stability tests, including microbiological, sensory, and chemical analyses. Consult food scientists for precise evaluation.

No

Thank you, Dr. Raghad Mouhamad, very much for your detail answer to my question. It seems these chemicals are not easy to get. Do you have any suggestions on where to buy them?

Thank you so much, Saurabh.

Hi Dr.,

Dealing with plant residues, such as wheat stubble, is a significant agricultural challenge, especially in preparation for the next cropping season. While burning residues is a common practice, it has numerous environmental drawbacks, including air pollution and loss of soil organic matter. There are several alternative methods, both biological and chemical, that can effectively manage plant residues within a short timeframe, such as two weeks. Here are some approaches used in various regions:

Biological Solutions

1. Composting:

- Method: Composting involves the aerobic decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms.

- Application: Farmers can shred plant residues and mix them with other organic materials and compost starters (containing beneficial microbes).

- Advantages: Produces nutrient-rich compost that can enhance soil fertility and structure.

- Timeframe: While traditional composting can take months, accelerated composting methods using compost starters or inoculants can significantly reduce the time to a couple of weeks.

2. Microbial Decomposition:

- Method: Specific microbial consortia or enzyme preparations can be applied to plant residues to enhance the decomposition process.

- Application: Products like Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp., and cellulolytic fungi are used to break down cellulose and lignin in plant materials.

- Advantages: Accelerates decomposition, improves soil health, and reduces the need for synthetic fertilizers.

- Timeframe: These microbial treatments can decompose residues within two to three weeks under optimal conditions.

3. Vermiculture:

- Method: Using earthworms to decompose organic waste.

- Application: Residues are combined with earthworms, which digest the organic matter and excrete nutrient-rich castings.

- Advantages: Produces high-quality vermicompost, which can improve soil fertility.

- Timeframe: With adequate management, vermiculture can process residues relatively quickly, although it might extend slightly beyond two weeks depending on the scale and conditions.

Chemical Solutions

1. Chemical Accelerants:

- Method: Applying chemical accelerants such as urea or ammonium nitrate to plant residues to speed up their decomposition.

- Application: These chemicals provide nitrogen, which supports microbial activity and accelerates the breakdown of carbon-rich residues.

- Advantages: Quickens the decomposition process and adds nitrogen to the soil.

- Timeframe: When used effectively, chemical accelerants can help decompose residues within one to two weeks.

2. Herbicides and Desiccants:

- Method: Using herbicides or desiccants to kill and dry plant residues.

- Application: These chemicals are sprayed on residues, leading to quicker drying and subsequent easier mechanical breakdown.

- Advantages: Reduces residue volume quickly, facilitating soil preparation.

- Timeframe: This method can manage residues within a week to two weeks, although it primarily addresses the residue volume rather than complete decomposition.

Mechanical Solutions (Complementary Approaches)

1. Mulching and Incorporation:

- Method: Mechanical incorporation of residues into the soil using tillage equipment.

- Application: Farmers use plows, rotavators, or disc harrows to chop and mix residues into the soil.

- Advantages: Facilitates faster decomposition in the soil and improves soil organic matter.

- Timeframe: This method can work effectively in combination with biological or chemical treatments to speed up decomposition.

2. Cover Cropping:

- Method: Planting cover crops that can help decompose residues through root activity and microbial interactions.

- Application: Cover crops like radish or legumes are sown immediately after harvest.

- Advantages: Enhances soil health and structure while decomposing residues.

- Timeframe: While beneficial, this method might extend beyond the two-week period but can be integrated with other methods for faster results.

Regional Practices

- India: Farmers are encouraged to use microbial decomposers like PUSA decomposer, developed by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), which can break down crop residues effectively within 20-25 days.

- USA: Adoption of no-till farming combined with cover cropping is common, reducing the need for burning and enhancing residue breakdown through natural processes.

- Europe: Farmers often use a combination of mechanical incorporation and microbial treatments to manage residues sustainably.

Conclusion

Managing plant residues effectively within a short period, such as two weeks, requires an integrated approach that combines biological, chemical, and mechanical methods. Solutions like microbial decomposers, chemical accelerants, and mechanical incorporation provide viable alternatives to burning, promoting sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation. Researchers and farmers should adapt these methods to their specific regional conditions and crop management practices for optimal results.

Good luck.

Bishal Dhungana

Given the constraints of seed availability and the need to ensure adequate seedling emergence for data collection, it seems reasonable to prioritize sowing the remaining seeds in the plots where seedling emergence has been insufficient. This approach ensures that you can collect data from all plots, even if it means focusing on a smaller area within each plot.

However, before proceeding, consider the following points:

1. Randomization and Replication: Ensure that the decision to sow seeds in specific plots is done randomly within each treatment group to maintain the integrity of your experimental design. Additionally, ensure that you maintain the same number of replications for each treatment group.

2. Data Consistency: Since you're aiming to collect biomass data from 1m² areas, make sure that the areas where you sow additional seeds are representative of the overall plot. Try to select locations within the plot that are similar in terms of soil characteristics and microenvironmental conditions.

3. Documentation: Keep detailed records of which plots received additional seeds and the reasons behind the decision. This documentation will be essential for accurately interpreting and analyzing the data later on.

4. Potential Effects on Results: Recognize that introducing additional seeds to some plots may introduce variability in your data. While this may be unavoidable given the circumstances, it's important to acknowledge and consider this potential impact during data analysis and interpretation.

Given the circumstances, your research trial offers several potential research topics:

1. Impact of Wheat Crop Residues: Evaluate the effects of incorporating wheat crop residues on soil fertility, microbial activity, and subsequent crop growth (in this case, Mungbean). Compare the performance of treatments with and without wheat crop residues.

2. Effectiveness of Green Manure: Assess the efficacy of Mungbean as a green manure in improving soil fertility and crop productivity. Compare soil properties and Mungbean growth parameters across different treatments, particularly focusing on plots with varying levels of previous nutrient inputs.

3. Nitrogen Management Strategies: Investigate the impact of different nitrogen management strategies (e.g., varying doses of Prilled urea and Neem coated urea) on soil nitrogen dynamics, crop nitrogen uptake, and overall crop performance (both wheat and Mungbean).

4. Long-term Soil Health: Explore the long-term effects of organic amendments (Farm yard manure and Biochar) on soil health, including soil structure, nutrient retention, and microbial diversity. Monitor changes in soil properties over multiple cropping seasons to assess the sustainability of these practices.

Each of these research topics can provide valuable insights into optimizing nutrient management, enhancing soil fertility, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices within the context of your research trial.

It is based on the trait kind you are aiming to transfer. Best is doing backcross and follow up the trait transition by Marker

I agree with Raghad, but wonder if you should also carefully consider the soil C fractions that you measure, and how frequently a;l the measures should be made. It may take years to have measurable effects, Paul.

Dilute and shoot is the most inexpensive and straightforward analysis option that presents a noisy baseline therefore lower selectivity and sensitivity (Even if you choose the ms/ms).

For the best specificity, immunoaffinity SPE extraction of toxins (There are many products on the market, e.g R-biopharm) followed by ms to the n experiment is the best choice (at least MS2). Sensitivity therefore LOQ is adjustable within this procedure (By scaling up or down) but would be costly.

We use Chelex 100 dissolved in TE Buffer (pH8) to isolate DNA from gram positive spore forming anaerobic bacteria. We suspend 1 bacterial colony in 40uL 10% Chelex. Heat at 100C for 15 minutes. Centrifuge at 18000g for 1 minute. Dilute the supernatant 10-fold in TE buffer. DNA suitable for PCR as well as NGS. Hope it helps.

@Divine N. Tarla,Please provide YouTube link.

I agree with Alex Ignatov . I'm sure graminaceous seedlings can be transplanted successfully, but I can't understand why this might be considered for commercial crop production. I cannot imagine the manpower and nursery resources that would be required, for example, in the UK, with a wheat, barley and oat crop totalling around 3 million hectares, with plant populations of around 1.4 million/hectare. There could well be a peasants' revolt if farmworkers were asked to do that.

Are there heat tolerant varieties?

Nilesh Madhavrao Magar Firstly, it is not reported in India and has been mistaken several times due to its symptom's resemblance with FHB.

Control

1. Resistance Breeding 2NS translocation gives better resistance

2. Both seed treatment and foliar spray with fungicides in isolation or combination

-Seed Treatment with fungicides, such as benomyl (Sadat and Choi, 2017), difenoconazole, and carboxin + thiram, is recommended.

-Foliar spray carbendazim (Autostin 50WGD, Knowin 50WP) and QoI + DMI fungicides, viz. Nativo 75WG (tebuconazole + trifloxistrobin), of as low as 50 ppm

Fungicide resistance is known.

3. WB forecasting so that prophylactic control measures can be taken

For more details pls, go through

Its depends on soil type, slope. If conditions are suitable for sprinkler irrigation, then sprinkler irrigation is better than surface irrigation. Some references shows that last irrigation should be given as flood/surface.

With adequate state support, Cameroon has what it takes to produce wheat that can serve the entire central Africa sub region.

To help improve water use efficiency and reduce water consumption. A study on the effect of drip irrigation on wheat yield and water use efficiency found that drip irrigation significantly increased wheat yield and water use efficiency compared to conventional irrigation methods.

Ok, be sure to get an exact sequence of each allele you are wanting to target from your cultivar in particular. Do this part yourself, it is worth the time. If there are SNPs in the sgRNA targeting site then the editing does not always work. Gene editing is a big investment, so start off with the best target site information possible. Editing does tend to be efficient and effective but the phenotype outcome is always a prediction. If you have more data on the genes (transcript profiles, information on homologs etc.) then that's always helpful. The polyploid genome of wheat means you'll have several alleles to edit per gene, on top of the number of candidate genes to edit. It can be done! When you sequence your alleles you will also want to find/identify allele-specific SNPs (if any) to help you parse out how many alleles are edited later. Best of luck!

A rice combine harvester is a machine that can harvest both rice and wheat crops by cutting, threshing, and cleaning them 1. However, some farmers may prefer to cut and bind wheat crops separately, and use a stationary thresher machine later 2. In that case, a rice combine harvester can be modified to suit wheat harvest by removing the threshing and cleaning device, and replacing it with a binding mechanism 3. Additionally, the feeding and guidance system can be modified to vertically transfer the harvested wheat to the binding device 3.

This modification can improve the utilization of the rice combine harvester, and reduce the grain losses and operating costs of wheat harvest 3. However, some factors such as the forward speed, the bundle weight, and the bundle fall height may affect the performance and efficiency of the modified machine 3. Therefore, it is important to optimize these factors according to the field conditions and the farmer’s preferences 3.

I hope this answers your question. If you want to learn more about the rice combine harvester modification for wheat harvest, you can check out these web search results:

saccharification is the process of breaking down complex carbohydrates, such as starch, into simple sugars, such as glucose, by the action of enzymes 1. The saccharification yield is the percentage of glucose obtained from the total amount of starch in the biomass 2.

One possible formula for calculating the saccharification yield is:

Saccharification yield (%)=Glucose concentration (g/L)×Hydrolysate volume (L)Starch concentration (g/L)×Biomass weight (g)×100Saccharification yield (%)=Starch concentration (g/L)×Biomass weight (g)Glucose concentration (g/L)×Hydrolysate volume (L)​×100

However, the saccharification yield may vary depending on the type and pretreatment of the biomass, the enzyme loading and activity, the pH and temperature of the reaction, and the duration of the hydrolysis 34. Therefore, it is important to optimize these factors to achieve high saccharification yields.

To remove moisture from grains, natural drying is definitely not the best method: too long times, risks of product loss and uneven drying make this process almost counterproductive. Much more advantageous is to use grain dryers – mobile or tower – which allow optimal and rapid drying. The investment required for their purchase is recovered in a short time and guarantees numerous benefits, reducing losses and increasing profits.

Perhaps not "spores" per se

I am not sure, where di you get that pH ~4.5 will result in protein precipitation. It is the case for casein (as this is the pI of the protein) but definitely not for all proteins.

Dear Alex Ignatov Thank you very much for your valuable answer. I really appreciate it!!! This could be right. Now I can focus on papers evaluating the effect of climate conditions on pathogens and diseases.

Thanky you very much once more time!!!

Estimating the Fe (iron), phytate, and protein content of wheat can be done using various laboratory techniques.

To be a non-diabetic individual, follow these steps:

1. Maintain a healthy weight: Obesity is a major risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. Aim to achieve and maintain a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise.

2. Eat a balanced diet: Focus on consuming whole, unprocessed foods such as fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains, and healthy fats. Limit your intake of sugary drinks, processed snacks, and high-fat foods.

3. Exercise regularly: Engage in physical activity for at least 150 minutes per week. This can include activities like brisk walking, jogging, cycling, swimming, or any other form of exercise that gets your heart rate up.

4. Limit sugar consumption: Avoid excessive consumption of sugary foods and beverages as they can lead to insulin resistance and increase the risk of developing diabetes.

5. Control portion sizes: Be mindful of portion sizes to avoid overeating. Use smaller plates and bowls to help control the amount of food you consume.

6. Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to maintain proper hydration levels and support overall health.

7. Manage stress levels: Chronic stress can contribute to the development of diabetes. Practice stress management techniques such as meditation, deep breathing exercises, yoga, or engaging in hobbies that help you relax.

8. Get enough sleep: Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep each night as inadequate sleep has been linked to an increased risk of developing diabetes.

9. Avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption: Smoking increases the risk of various health conditions including diabetes complications. Limit alcohol consumption as excessive intake can lead to weight gain and increase blood sugar levels.

10. Regularly monitor your health: Schedule regular check-ups with your healthcare provider to monitor your blood sugar levels, cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and overall health status.

Remember that while these steps can reduce the risk of developing diabetes or manage existing diabetes better, they do not guarantee complete prevention. It's important to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice and guidance.

You may like to go through the attached article in Advances in Agronomy.

The use of bio-pesticides is the sustainable method to control the infestation of Hessain fly.

My Lab at NIBGE, Pakistan, is working with some strains of Trichoderma spp. as bio-pesticides for control of BLB causal agent in rice, chickpea wilt disease, Sugarcane red rot, potato scab, as they have been screened to produce broad range of metabolites.

Both seed priming or folliar application are effective to apply

Bashar Jasim The flag leaf area should not be considered without analysis of other biometric plant traits, especially number of stalks and area of other leaves. Wheat plant standing alone often has smaller flag leaf comparing to lower leaves.

Cefotaxime is anti bacterial so it won't work for evading fungal growth. Prior to your inoculation and embryo isolation you can go for a surface sterilization.

1. Select healthy seeds and look under microscope if they have spores or not.

2. Surface sterilize using ethanol and hypochlorite.

3. You can use bavistin treatment for your seeds (1%). It is a systematic fungicide.

4. Do your embryo isolation u der sterile conditions. Possibly you can place your binocular microscope inside the laminar hood

Hi Harry,

I have done DNA extraction of wheat leaf tissues following CTAB method but I see the browning of DNA pellet after ethanol washing. The pellet is not clear white instead it is yellowish brown in color. Can you please suggest me something on it?

Thanks

Bonsoir! Je reviens sur un volet intéressant en agronomie, il s'agit d'un fertilisant qu'on peut confectionner dans nos pays et nos parcelles destinées à l'agriculture. Les modes opératoires sont classiques et peuvent parfois réserver quelques surprises désagréables (surtout la baisse des rendements sur les cultures annuelles en particulier). Dans ce cas il faut analyser le contenu du compost commercialisé (il peut contenir des produits toxiques).

Valeria Imperato There is a really large number of research papers about this subject. They demonstrate possible systemic induced (acquired) resistance after chemical treatment (Görlach, Jörn, et al. "Benzothiadiazole, a novel class of inducers of systemic acquired resistance, activates gene expression and disease resistance in wheat." The plant cell 8.4 (1996): 629-643.) , biological agents treatment (Sabbagh, S. K., et al. "Bio-fertilizers and systemic acquired resistance in Fusarium infected wheat." (2018).) or it can be genetically enhanced (WANG, Xiao-dong, et al. "Systemic acquired resistance, NPR1, and pathogenesis-related genes in wheat and barley." Journal of integrative agriculture 17.11 (2018): 2468-2477.)

The symptom your are showing is called buggy whipping.

Concur that response to temperatures may be important.

Also calcium deficiency and 2 4 D phytotoxicity.

Common Pest: Stem borer

Diseases: Bipiolaris leaf blight, Leaf rust

Hi Mirza, for metagenomics analysis the required edaphic properties may vary based on your specific research question as also mentioned by Pankaj Kumar Singh . Physical parameters such as soil pH, soil moisture or soil water content, bulk density, texture, porosity, water holding capacity, aggregate stability, electric conductivity etc. may be investigated. Further, Soil nutrients in terms of C (organic and inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, total carbon, labile and recalcitrant carbon), N (organic and inorganic, total nitrogen), Phosphorus etc. may be determined. I also suggest to analyze soil microbial biomass carbon to understand the variabilities in the metagenomic data better.

If you want help on how to understand the correlations of these parameters with the metagenomic data please check the following article:

Thanks and all the best in exploring your research.

Check papers on growth developments of wheat plant. It is some what different according to country, available growth factories and cultivar. Regards.

Wheat is a good source of carbohydrates, fiber, protein, and some essential vitamins and minerals. However, some people may be intolerant to gluten, a protein found in wheat.

ASReml would be the best pacakge to get BLUPs. You may use the following code:

BLUP< -summary(model,coef=TRUE)$coef.random

Yes, it is possible to study drought tolerance, yield and some diseases observations in the same field trial (RCBD factorial) on wheat genotypes. However, there are some considerations and challenges that need to be addressed.

First, the experimental design should be appropriate for the objectives and hypotheses of the study. An RCBD factorial design can be used to test the effects of two or more factors (such as genotype and irrigation level) and their interactions on one or more response variables (such as yield and disease incidence). However, the number of factors and levels should be kept to a minimum to avoid excessive replication and complexity. The randomization and blocking should also ensure that the experimental units are homogeneous and independent within each block.

Second, the experimental conditions should be representative of the target environment and stress level. For example, if the study aims to evaluate drought tolerance, the irrigation treatments should simulate realistic drought scenarios that affect wheat production in the region. The timing, duration, and severity of drought stress should also be carefully controlled and monitored. Similarly, if the study aims to evaluate disease resistance, the disease inoculation or natural infection should be sufficient and uniform to cause significant disease pressure and variation among genotypes.

Third, the experimental measurements should be accurate and reliable. For example, if the study aims to measure yield, the harvest should be done at the optimal maturity stage and the grain weight and quality should be adjusted for moisture content. If the study aims to measure disease incidence or severity, the disease symptoms should be assessed using standardized scales or methods at appropriate growth stages. The measurements should also account for possible confounding factors such as plant density, lodging, or weed competition.

Fourth, the experimental analysis should be valid and robust. For example, if the study aims to compare genotypes for drought tolerance or disease resistance, the analysis should include appropriate statistical tests and models that account for the effects of genotype, irrigation level, disease level, block, and their interactions. The analysis should also check for assumptions such as normality, homogeneity of variance, and independence of errors. The results should be interpreted with caution and supported by biological explanations.

Therefore, studying drought tolerance, yield and some disease observations in the same field trial (RCBD factorial) on wheat genotypes is feasible but requires careful planning, execution, measurement, and analysis. It can provide valuable information on the performance and adaptation of wheat genotypes under different environmental conditions and stress factors.

Can you please explain to me what happened?

there is kits with coupled transcription/translation so you don't have to purify your RNA. Maybe RNAzol purified RNA can work.

Huma Tariq Dr You can use Mahalanobis distance - This is is unitless, scale-invariant, and takes into account the correlations of the data set. See:

Madry, Wieslaw. "A statistical approach to multivariate evaluation of diversity with respect to quantitative characteristics in cereal germplasm collections." Journal of Applied Statistics 24.5 (1997): 573-588.

Correlation compares population means over the two seasons, the high correlation indicates a similar overall performance of the population. ANOVA compares the performance of each genotype between both environments. In your case genotypes behave in different ways in both environments; however, the overall performance is similar.

From a biological point of view the difference between spring and winter wheat should be based on vernalization requirements, regardless of sowing or harvesting time. Spring wheat can be planted in autumn where winter is not severe and plants can overwinter. Winter wheat can be planted in spring, generally earlier, where low temperatures are sufficient to satisfy the vernalization requirements.

Therefore defining spring and winter wheat only on the basis of sowing or harvesting time is biologically wrong.

The first thing to do is contact the person and ask them to correct the record

I believe you can reuse it by regenerating the columns with high salt concentration buffers or low pH solutions, but the efficiency may suffer with repeated use.

Dear Abdul,

new testing options currently include PAW - plasma activated water. Experiments were conducted with wheat and many other agricultural crops. Here is one of the latest articles.

Best regards,

BS

Regards

The symptoms you present are not consistent with manganese deficiency in wheat. It is consistent with fungal leafspot from a necrotrophic fungal species. The conditions you state are also consistent. To confirm the diagnosis the leaves are given to a plant pathologist who can keep the leaves in a moist chamber for the fungal fruiting bodies in the lesions which will give a preliminary diagnosis.

Thank You so much sir for your kind suggestion but now I'm working on Mustard Aphid and soil fertility management@Ahmad Al Khraisat

You simply record the day when 75% of seeds have germinated, assuming all seeds are viable (which can be tested prior to the experiment using the flotation test) :)

There is unlikely to be one "correct method".

There are probably many possible methods, or even a few suitable methods.

What about a glasshouse design? Doesn't have to be glass, could be acrylic sheeting. Or a polythene tunnel?

Have you checked the search function at the top of the researchgate page, or google scholar?

@Donald Batten Thank you for your response. It seems unfeasible to treat wheat seedling leaves with MG132.

In brief, compared with the high-amylose counterpart, you are going to have lower pasting temperature, greater peak and breakdown viscosities, and lower final and setback viscosity values for waxy starch. With increasing the amylose content, the pasting temperature, final, and setback viscosities tend to augment while a reverse trend would be expected for peak and breakdown viscosities.

Buckwheat is a family of false grain crops (Pseudocereal), just like quinoa, and buckwheat has nothing to do with wheat as some might think, each of which is a different kind of grain and the color of its grains is black or brown.

Wheat can be black seeds when you get the charred disease.

The injured wheat stables are dark in color and the emptying of the stamps is more than sound. The spike beans turn into a charred germ mass and when rubbed by hand or during harvest or study the mushroom germs fly in the form of black flash.

Blackleg rust disease is a serious disease affecting grain crops. Types of grains affected by this disease include bread wheat, hard wheat, malt, rye grass

It is an indicative of o=c=o (CO2) stretching -carbonate compound

If ladder is 1 kb it looks like RNAs. Better to extract again.

It has been found that grain yield of wheat has increase by 5.4% and 11%, respectively, for the application of AminoPrim at a dose 1.0 L/ha and AminoHort at dose 1.25 L/ha, when compared to the control group without biostimulant. Amino acid application cannot compensate the fertilizer application only it can work as biostimulant. The only advantage we get that amino acid fertilizers are readily absorbed, transported, and utilized as a source of nitrogen and carbon for plants.

The sodium ion is not essential for plant nutrition and chloride is needed in very low concentration.

Organic matter has high capacity to take sodium cation and chloide anion out of solution.

Lower availability concentration can reduce toxicity reactions.

Materials of humic nature also work as growth regulators and are particularly favorable to rooting.

Organic matters such as compost have a much lower salt index these factors may be involved how a tea compost material will alleviate salt toxicity.

Dear Johann.

Greeting from Malaysia. Hope you are doing well and safe.Sorry I just saw your postings.

I am a new agricultural adviser in Huambo in Angola, which is said to have the most fertile soil in Angola. But the circumstances are difficult.

It's a sandy soil near one of the big rivers here on a light slope.

The natural forest was only cleared here a few years ago. The fields have a slope of 5-10%. Wheat and corn were grown for 2 years and irrigated with a pivot sprinkler system to ensure emergence in the dry season, but yields was with only moderate success.

The corn yield was just as weak as that of other farmers in the area.

It is estimated that the maize yield is only around 1000 kg/ha. After the harvest residues, the wheat was only ¾ with a height of 1 m. Pivot sprinkler systems already cause some soil runoff from erosion.

The soil isn't red ferrosoil like most floors here. Presumably because the soil is 500 m from a river. The river bank is flooded during the rainy season.

My specific question is:

What is the best way to cultivate and farm wheat and corn in Angola on such sandy soils?

Sir we need to do the following:

1) To assess and evaluate the location, with GPS coordinates

Answer this question

@ Shreya, I advise you to go through the below reference:

Methods for Root Exudate Collection and Analysis by Hugo A. Pantigoso, Yanhui He, Michael J. DiLegge & Jorge M. Vivanco , The Plant Microbiome (2020) pp 291–303.

See this thread

If you adjusted the pH level and the concentration of the nutrients in the Hoagland solution, but still see the same symptoms, check also the temperature and light conditions. It could be possible that the tested variety needs specific requirements from all the suggested factors to achieve the ideal seedling growth. It would be interesting to discover these requirements, thereby it could suggest this cultivar for specific growing areas.

Dear @Subrota Kumer Pramanik

There is a conventional procedure for naming advance breeding lines. It includes a combination of alphabets and numbers. First 2-3 alphabets indicate the name of the institute to which it belongs, and the last one letter indicates the crop. The first two number may indicate the year during which the cross was made or the year of collection. The last one-two number may indicate the serial number of lines or collections. But this is just a standard convention, and not a rule. Individual breeder or institute may adopt its own system.

I can speculate that BAW 1170 may stand for Bangladesh Agricultural (Research Institute) Wheat, that might have its origin during the year 2011; the last two numbers may indicate its serial number.

PS: The answer is based on my knowledge, observation and experience; you or anybody may slightly differ.

A non-protic solvent should be preferred for dilution. They can interfere with the BSTFA MSTFA-like derivatization reagents since they target OH moities. Dehydrated dry extract after oximation should be solved by the addition of hexane mainly. The resulting derivates typically have solubility in hexane therefore it is advisable herein. In some cases If I am not wrong TFA is also added during oximation to catalyse the reaction. The splitless injection is generally made not to miss any GC amenable compound in the metabolome during the omic approach. Trace concentrations of unique compounds can also be significantly important thus, they should be monitored in analysis. On the other hand, both manual dilution and using split mode can produce similar results. It depends on your expectations, chromatographic resolution, instrument sensitivity, and peak annotation abilities (software, algorithms used, and experience you have). If you are about the catch abundant metabolites in wheat extracts both approaches can be used, otherwise, you need to perform splitless to see minor quantities, but it is a bit difficult task. You may use the duplicate injection and compare them by conducting two approaches and make a total list of reported/identified compounds at the end of the analysis.

From the question, I guess the reason you need Fe3O4, TiO2, Au nanoparticles are to study the toxicity on rice and wheat. Nano particles soemtimes become toxic. If my guess is correct, rutile TiO2 has, for example, anatase TiO2 as impurity, and vice versa. The size distribution is also important. Fe3O4 is similar. Such information is not included "analytical grade".