Wetlands - Science topic

Mohammad Mahmoodi Farshid Memariani Urgamal Magsar Dmitar Lakusic Richard Lorenz Ripu M. Kunwar Johan David Wallens & János György Nagy

The above plant is Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. cilicica (Klinge) H.Sund.

The name Dactylorhiza umbrosa is a synonym of Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. cilicica

The name Dactylorhiza umbrosa var. ochroleuca is a synonym of Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. cilicica

Thanks!

Dear Sir, I am reaching out to other diatom experts on Research Gate to give me suggestions. I have already searched all of the available descriptions of Parlibellus that I have been able to find, descriptions that could be appropriate to the region. No luck so far. CALLING ALL DIATOMISTS! Any suggestions?

Wastewater treatment processes are indeed influenced by temperature, and both stabilization ponds and constructed wetlands (specifically those with subsurface flow) exhibit varying sensitivity to temperature changes.

Stabilization Ponds

Sensitivity to Temperature:Stabilization ponds (also known as lagoons) are generally more sensitive to temperature fluctuations because biological processes in these systems, such as aerobic and anaerobic decomposition, are highly dependent on temperature. Higher temperatures typically enhance microbial activity, leading to improved treatment performance. Conversely, low temperatures can significantly slow down these biological processes, resulting in decreased efficiency in pollutant removal.

Constructed Wetlands with Subsurface Flow

Performance in Cold Conditions:Constructed wetlands, particularly those using subsurface flow, tend to have a different response to temperature changes. These systems also rely on microbial activity for the degradation of pollutants, but they may have certain advantages over stabilization ponds in colder conditions. For example, the soil matrix in subsurface flow wetlands provides insulation, which can help maintain a more stable temperature in the root zone compared to the open surface of stabilization ponds.

Comparative Performance

Performance at Low Temperatures:Research has indicated that constructed wetlands can maintain reasonable performance in cooler temperatures, although they might not be as effective as in warmer conditions. However, stabilization ponds can experience more pronounced declines in performance during cold weather, particularly in terms of removing BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) and pathogens.

Summary:In summary, while both systems are affected by temperature, stabilization ponds are generally more sensitive to low temperatures than constructed wetlands with subsurface flow. Studies have shown that wetlands can perform better than stabilization ponds in low-temperature scenarios due to their design and the ability to retain heat within the soil matrix.

References

Yes, NDWI (Green - NIR) and MNDWI (Green - SWIR) can be used to identify wetlands in Landsat imagery, as they highlight water bodies.You should also consider using NDMI for a clear indication of wetlands.

you have to cut it and incorporate it in your area

Loss of native species, invasion of exotics, pollution, diversion of water flow, loss of nutrients, etc. :)

Comparing above and below ground biomass data from a mangrove forest typically involves statistical analysis to determine if there are significant differences between these two sets of measurements. Here's a step-by-step approach you can use:Data Collection: Gather your data on above ground biomass (e.g., weight of leaves, branches, etc., per unit area) and below ground biomass (e.g., weight of roots, rhizomes, etc., per unit area) from your mangrove forest samples.Data Preparation: Organize your data into two groups: above ground biomass measurements and below ground biomass measurements for each sample or plot within the mangrove forest.Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): Begin by examining the distributions of your biomass data. Use graphical methods such as histograms, box plots, or scatter plots to visualize and understand the variability and central tendencies of both sets of measurements.Choosing a Statistical Test: The choice of statistical test will depend on the nature of your data (e.g., normality of distribution) and the specific question you want to answer (e.g., Are above and below ground biomasses significantly different?). Commonly used tests include:Paired t-test: Use this if you have paired observations (i.e., each sample provides both above and below ground biomass data) and the differences between pairs are normally distributed. This test assesses whether the mean difference between the paired observations is significantly different from zero.Independent samples t-test: Use this if your above and below ground biomass data are from independent groups (e.g., different plots or sites) and assuming the data are approximately normally distributed. This test compares the means of the two independent groups.Wilcoxon signed-rank test: This is a non-parametric alternative to the paired t-test, suitable if the differences between paired observations are not normally distributed.Mann-Whitney U test: A non-parametric alternative to the independent samples t-test, used when the assumptions of normality are not met for independent groups.Perform the Statistical Test: Depending on your choice of test (parametric or non-parametric), apply the test to your data. Most statistical software packages (e.g., R, Python with libraries like SciPy) can perform these tests easily.Interpret the Results: Analyze the test results. Look at the p-value associated with the test. A small p-value (typically < 0.05) indicates that the observed differences in biomass are unlikely to be due to random chance alone, suggesting a statistically significant difference between above and below ground biomass.Consider Effect Size: In addition to statistical significance, consider the effect size (e.g., Cohen's d for t-tests) to understand the magnitude of the differences observed.Report Findings: Finally, summarize your findings in the context of your research question. For example, you might conclude whether above or below ground biomass is significantly greater in the mangrove forest, based on your statistical analysis.

To estimate carbon stocks in salt marshes, seagrasses, or mangroves, you typically conduct field measurements and use established methods such as:Vegetation Surveys: Measure the biomass and density of plant species in the area.Soil Sampling: Collect soil cores to measure carbon content at different depths.Remote Sensing: Use satellite imagery or aerial surveys to estimate vegetation cover and biomass.Allometric Equations: Utilize equations that relate plant size (e.g., diameter, height) to biomass.Carbon Content Analysis: Analyze collected plant and soil samples in the laboratory to determine carbon content.GIS Mapping: Combine field data with geographic information system (GIS) tools to create spatial maps of carbon stocks.

Hi Akatuha Vicky . There's a very large number of publications on this topic, which would allow you to the effectiveness of different wetlands in dealing with nutrients . Perhaps you can look at urban wetlands in more detail, as the Lubigi wetland is found next/in a large urban area. The proximity to lake Victoria will very likely influence nutrient inputs and outputs into the lake.

To examine the relationship between gender and access to resources in mangrove-dependent communities, a comprehensive approach is necessary. Firstly, data collection should include quantitative measures such as surveys or interviews to gather information on the distribution of resources like land, capital, and educational opportunities among genders within these communities. This data should be disaggregated by gender to identify any disparities or inequalities. Qualitative methods such as focus group discussions or participatory rural appraisals can provide insights into the social norms, cultural practices, and power dynamics that influence resource access based on gender.

Additionally, conducting a gender analysis can help to uncover the underlying factors that contribute to disparities in resource access. This involves examining how gender roles, responsibilities, and expectations shape individuals' opportunities and capabilities within the community. For example, traditional gender norms may limit women's involvement in decision-making processes related to land management or restrict their access to financial resources.

Furthermore, it is important to consider the intersectionality of gender with other social identities such as age, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. For instance, women from marginalized ethnic groups or lower-income households may face compounded barriers to accessing resources compared to their male counterparts.

Once the data has been collected and analyzed, it is essential to engage with the community members, including both men and women, in the interpretation of the findings. This participatory approach ensures that the perspectives and priorities of all stakeholders are taken into account and can inform the development of targeted interventions to address gender-based disparities in resource access.

Overall, examining the relationship between gender and access to resources in mangrove-dependent communities requires a multidimensional approach that considers both quantitative data and qualitative insights, while also recognizing the intersectionality of gender with other social factors. By understanding the complex dynamics at play, interventions can be designed to promote gender equality and empower all members of the community to fully participate in and benefit from mangrove conservation and sustainable resource management efforts.

It's easier to do bird counts and species identification on pristine versus damaged vegetation areas and then assess the effects of disturbance, which can be a proxy for possible climate change. With submersible vegetation, you will have to obtain samples, which might mean diving and also obtaining the roots for biomass calculations :)

Tamal Kanti Saha

Kindly consult the following RG links.

Thanks!

Thank you Marc Philippe for your feedback, i thought it is a new thing...

Ahmad Al Khraisat thank you very much for sharing your valuable insights and information. I really find your information useful. Thank you!

Carbon credit is a great solution...but it should be nature based

There is empirical formula to know the carbon content of BGB

Abdullah Salim Khan

This plant is Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. of Lecythidaceae family.

Thanks!

Conducting a census of breeding passerine birds in wetlands, especially in areas dominated by Phragmites (common reed), can be challenging due to the dense vegetation and diverse bird behaviors. Here are some techniques you can consider to approach the real number of breeding passerine birds:

Remember that different bird species have varying behaviors and responses to survey methods. A combination of techniques might be most effective to account for these differences and to provide a more accurate estimation of breeding passerine bird numbers.

Before conducting any surveys, it's essential to familiarize yourself with local regulations, obtain necessary permits, and ensure ethical treatment of the birds and their habitats. Additionally, consulting with experienced ornithologists or ecologists can provide valuable insights into selecting the most appropriate methods for your specific study site and goals.

Stuart: Excellent example. Check out this PowerPoint about "Political Cartoons." Thanks for your input.

ICP-MS is good option for chemical analysis of water. For pH, specific conductivity separate instruments are required.

The classic method is four fractions: ＞2mm、2-0.25mm、0.25-0.053mm and ＜0，，053mm

Within the project “EU for Green Agenda in Serbia”, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) presented today a new initiative that aims to improve the protection of wetlands in Serbia and preserve their flora and fauna. The initiative is supported by the Government of Sweden...

Wetlands, such as swamps and peatlands, act as natural flood protection and filters for various types of pollution. They also help mitigate climate change by absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide. However, due to activities such as agriculture, urbanization and overexploitation of resources, they are endangered.

The new initiative for the preservation of these precious natural ecosystems is part of the wider support for the acceleration of the green transition of the economy and society in Serbia, in accordance with the EU Green Agenda...

Thanks, Julius. It wasn't actually a question but an article that is extensively discussed, but the unfollowing worked in a similar way. I am relieved.

Cheers,

Werner

Preserving native species diversity, exotic species eradication and preservation of habitat :)

My best advice would be to discuss this with your PhD supervisor.

The only point I would make is that the methods you use should follow your specific research questions - i.e. from your broad area of interest "the use of prayer in pastoral ministry", you then develop specific research questions, and then the methods you choose should be those best suited to answering your research questions.

Have you tried this one:

As for diffusive vs. ebullition fluxes, these articles might be interesting as well:

Best

Vytas

Thanks @james for your answer. It would be great to know if there any specific design equation and guidelines for finding the required area of constructed floating wetlands.

You may want to consider the Shumpe et al. correlation for the 'salting out' effect on gas solubilities in aqueous solutions, which has been often used concerning to gases dissolved in biomedia (e.g. O₂); Cf.: A. Shumpe, "Gas solubilities in biomedia", in: Rehm, H. J.; Reed, G. (Eds.), "Biotechnology", Vol. 2, Chap. 10, VCH, Weinheim (Germany), 1985; for a modelling application, you may check the following reference (pp. 13-16; in Portuguese):

But what is your question? :)

On Water Risks & Water Security in the Arid region. See the book "Besbes, M.; Chahed, J.; Hamdane, A. (2014). Sécurité hydrique de la Tunisie, Gérer l'eau en conditions de pénurie. Ed. L'Harmattan" authorized us to distribute the chapters for academic and teaching purposes. Chapters are available within the references of the present project: https://www.researchgate.net/project/SHT-Securite-Hydrique-de-la-Tunisie-Tunisias-Water-Security

Unfortunately, we do not have yet the right to share the updated English version of the book:

Besbes, M., Chahed, J., & Hamdane, A. (2019). National water security: Case study of an arid country: Tunisia. Springer International Publishing.

The National Security Conceptual Model has been generalized to arid and semi-arid countries and in particular to the Maghreb countries:

Besbes, M., Chahed, J., & Hamdane, A. (2019). Food and water management in Northwest Africa. The Oxford Handbook of Food, Water and Society, 426.

To be requested on: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Scientific_Watch_on_Water_Scarcity_IndicatorsPublisher: Allan, T., Bromwich, B., Keulertz, M., & Colman, A. (Eds.)

French version available on:

Related topics are discussed within the following threads: https://www.researchgate.net/post/National_Water_Security_in_Water-Scarce_Countries https://www.researchgate.net/post/Water_Footprint_Water_Colors_Blue_Water_Green_Water_Grey_Water_Virtual_Water https://www.researchgate.net/post/Scientific_Watch_on_Water_Scarcity_IndicatorsPublisher: Allan, T., Bromwich, B., Keulertz, M., & Colman, A. (Eds.)

I am not sure to answer for this question , because I am from Afghanistan , Afghanistan is a land loged country with dry climate , Again, I can give you such an answer that may not be correct, it is a guess, it may be correct according to you.How to make a pifall trap , please follow the under measurement;

1. Choose a location for your trap on flat ground near vegetation.

2. Use a trowel to dig a small hole.

3. Place a clean yoghurt pot in the hole. Fill in any empty space around the pot with soil. Make sure that the top of the pot is level with the ground, or you won't catch anything.

4. Leave your trap overnight. If you prefer to leave it during the day, check it at least every few hours.

5. Empty the trap into a tray to see what creatures wandered in.

6. Record your findings: make a note of what you caught, the date and location. You could also draw the creatures or take photographs.

7. Carefully release the creatures, returning them to a safe, sheltered place.

Evaluating the ecosystem services provided by wetlands typically involves a number of interrelated steps, including:

There are several software tools and databases available to help with these steps, such as already mentioned InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs), Wetland Ecosystem Service Assessment Tool (WESAT), and Wetland Ecosystem Service Assessment and Inventory (WESA). You can find these tools by searching for "ecosystem service evaluation software" or "wetland ecosystem service assessment tools". It's also important to review the existing literature on the topic and consult with experts in the field to ensure that you are using the most appropriate and up-to-date methods for your specific research questions and context.

You should have 30 samples each time to fulfil the central limit theorem. It is the true and final answer! :)

By mixing fertilizers with water, some organic matter (compost, aged manure, plant waste products, etc.) plus psyllium as a tackifier, you can start the process of the mosses growing and stabilizing the soil first. If you wanted to accelerate that process, you could add some crushed dried moss pieces to your slurry, as is described at

Also see article about propagation of desert mosses at https://plantmethods.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13007-021-00740-7

Also, see the link below.

You can get so many details from this book:《Coastal Blue Carbon Methods for Assessing Carbon Stocks and Emissions Factors in Mangroves, Tidal Salt Marshes, and Seagrass Meadows》

Cocconeis is known to occur in both freshwater and marine habitats, so it is very important to ID it to the species level to understand, or begin describing the ecology of that taxon. I recommend digesting and mounting specimens in Naphrax. If you are not familiar with that process, it is possible to outsource it to other labs such as the one where I work. You need clean specimens mounted in a medium with a high RI to resolve key distinguishing features. This genus is not really planktonic, but could be considered tychoplanktonic. They are really benthic taxa that often have a preference for a specific substrate, and can even have unique interspecific relationships with other algae i.e Cocconeis pediculus & Cladophora. Your species likely has a preference for a particular substrate, and if it does not, that is a perfectly valid and publishable conclusion. You may be capturing specimens attached to sand grains in that are suspended in the water column, resulting in an abundance of benthic taxa in planktonic samples. As mentioned by Arne Andersen, they are excellent food for zooplankton and benthic invertebrates. They are also important in nutrient and carbon cycling. If you really had a mind to you could estimate their biomass, estimate metabolic rate and make an educated statement regarding the amount of carbon fixed by that species in that habitat over the course of a year. One last thing, algae doesn't smell like fish, fish smell like algae. The importance of these organisms in the environment really cannot be overstated.

Use stata command "cannon" and follow the usage and process in the pdf attached

Aquatic flora are to be collected and species wise biomass to be recorded and finally CHN analyser to be used

One of these strategies is installing artificial nests adjacent to urban gardens and agricultural farms. Nest boxes are among the artificial nests used by gardeners and farmers to attract pollinators.

Ionescu, D. T., Hodor, C. V., & Petritan, I. C. (2020). Artificial wetlands as breeding habitats for colonial waterbirds within Central Romania. Diversity, 12(10), 371.

Drear Nileon, thank you very much. I appreciate your kind invitation to read th pp about the topic of the relationship between music and humour which I will discover through your great work.

The best thing is where you find the bird, and photograph the aquatic as well as semi-aquatic plants of that waterbody the seed identification becomes much easier after that.

The folded arrangement of the structures are an inspired principle similar to a palm leaf or a sea shell. Their folded arrangement improves the structural stiffness and load carrying capacity. Hence, adjacent folded plates in series can show similar load carrying capacity and structural stability.The structural characteristics of folding structures depend on the shape of the folding (longitudinal or pyramidal), on their geometrical basic shape (plane, hoppit, cupola, free-from), on its material (concrete, timber, metal, synthetics), Folded plate structures are assemblies of flat plates, or slabs, inclined in different directions and joined along their longitudinal edges. Modern folded plate structures are typically made of cast in situ or precast reinforced concrete, or steel plate.

The five main structure types include

1. Butterfly-shaped folding plates,

2. V-shaped plates,

3. Tapered folding plates,

4. Trough-shaped folding plates, and

5. Hyped folding plates.

Wetland ecosystem services can be assessed after the construction of dams by making a study of the biodiversity of plants and the biodiversity of animals and knowing the change that has occurred.

Community structure analysis, Survival rate and AGB are the best indicators to study mangrove health (see the attachment)

Alison Kaye, You have pre-post difference as an outcome.

Three age groups.

Conduct meta-analysis.

Pooled estimate, use standard deviation to weight each study.

Because you have a small number of studies.

And try to execute a power analysis.

I am happy to discuss more. :)

Best!!

AN

This is about the Santee Cooper project, South Carolina. I’m sure there is an abundance of studies / more recent. This may be helpful.

Kjerfve B. 1976. Santee-Cooper: A study of estuarine manipulations. Pp 44–56 in M. Wiley, ed. Estuarine Processes, Vol 1: Uses, Stresses and Adaptation to The Estuary Third International Estuarine Research Conference Galveston, TX. Academic Press, NY.

I think Subsampling would be the better approach.

@Guillaume Gayet

I have no official publication, but have translated a description from Norwegian. There are simple links, almost "plug and play"

Al-baldawi, S. N., & Harba, H. S. (2013). Areal Quantification Changes Assessment in Ibn Najm Marsh (southern Iraq) Using Multitemporal, Multisptial and Multispectral Satellite Images. Iraqi Journal of Science, 54(2).

Rubec, C., Alwash, A., & Bachmann, A. (2009). The key biodiversity areas project in Iraq: objectives and scope 2004-2008. BioRisk, 3, 39.

Abed, M. A. K., & Al-Asadi, R. M. S. (2018). The kinetic behavior of the magnesium ion release in different soils salinity and texture. Euphrates Journal of Agriculture Science, 10(2).

Since the spotted turtle is one of four bog turtles, this article, which contains bibliographical references items, may be helpful in a scientific research project:

"The spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata), the only species of the genus Clemmys, is a small, semi-aquatic turtle that reaches a carapace length of 8–12 cm (3.1–4.7 in)[3] upon adulthood. Their broad, smooth, low dark-colored upper shell, or carapace, ranges in its exact colour from black to a bluish black with a number of tiny yellow round spots. The spotting patterning extends from the head, to the neck and out onto the limbs. Sexually mature males have a concave plastron and a long, thick tail. By contrast, sexually mature females possess a flat plastron and have a tail notable shorter and thinner than mature males. Mature males also have a dark iris and face; females typically have a yellow or orange iris and a similarly coloured face that is distinctly lighter than males. Juveniles appear female-like in this regard and at maturity males begin to develop darker features.

Spotted turtles are aquatic omnivores that inhabit a variety of semi-aquatic or in other words, shallow, fresh-water areas such as flooded forests, marshes, wet meadows, bogs and woodland streams in southern Canada (Ontario) and the eastern US: the eastern Great Lakes and east of the Appalachian Mountains.[4]

Contents

Taxonomy[edit]

The spotted turtle is the only species in the genus Clemmys, which was first named in 1828 by Ferdinand August Maria Franz von Ritgen.[2][5] Johann Gottlob Schneider originally described the species as Testudo guttatai in 1792; however, he is now the authority for the current binomial name, Clemmys guttata.[5] Until recently, the genus Clemmys consisted of four species (bog turtle, spotted turtle, western pond turtle, and the wood turtle). Recent genetic analyses have revealed that the spotted turtle is distinct from the other three species.[6] The bog turtle and the wood turtle were moved to the genus Glyptemys, while the western pond turtle has been renamed Actinemys.[7]

Description[edit]

📷

Carapace is keelless and contains a varying number of yellow spots

The spotted turtle is small and has a gray to black base color.[8] Its upper shell (carapace) is smooth, does not have a central ridge running down the middle (called a "keel"),[9] and grows to 3.5–12.5 cm (1.4–4.9 in) in length.[10] It is also totally black and contains anywhere from zero to about one hundred yellow spots, which are a defining characteristic of this turtle.[10] Although perhaps inconsequential, it has been found that the left side of the upper shell has more spots than the right.[8] Spots can always be found on the head, neck, and limbs.[11] The bottom shell (plastron) is yellow or orange-yellow and a black spot is present on each section (scute); however, with age, melanism of the plastron increases until the entire surface is black.[9]

The head is black and the upper jaw is notched.[9] On each side of the head is a large orange blotch.[12] Also present are several yellow bands of varying size.[8] Skin on the dorsal side of the turtle is black with sparse yellow spots while skin on the ventral side may be brighter: orange, pink, or red. These lightly pigmented areas do vary geographically [9] and the tail of some individuals has yellow striping.[12] Regarding the geographical variation in spots, southern individuals tend to have smaller and less conspicuous spots than those of individuals from farther north.[8] The spotted turtle's karyotype consists of 50 chromosomes.[9]

Visual differences between male and female turtles develop around the time of sexual maturity. The male spotted turtle has a tan chin, brown eyes, and a long, thick tail. The chin of the female is yellow; she also has orange eyes and a shorter tail than the male. In addition, the bottom shell of males is concave while it is either flat or convex in females. On average, females grow to be slightly larger than males.[9] Also, females have more spots than males (on average).[8]

Hatchlings resemble the adults closely. Consistently, each segment of the upper shell has only one yellow spot.[13]

Distribution[edit]

The spotted turtle ranges from southern Maine, Quebec, and Ontario, south along the eastern US to Florida in the east and central Indiana and Ohio in the west.[9][10] Disjunct populations exist in the Canadian portion of its range and also in central Illinois, central Georgia,[10][14] North Carolina, South Carolina, and Indiana.[15] In Indiana and Illinois, the species is found only in the northern portion of the state but it is found on most of the lower peninsula of Michigan. The highly fragmented distribution of spotted turtles in Ohio only covers the northern two-thirds of the state.[15]

The spotted turtle occupies a variety of habitats including swamps, bogs, fens, marshes, woodland streams, and wet pastures. Also, brackish streams that are influenced by tides can also serve as a home to this turtle[16] in addition to ditches, vernal pools, and sedge meadows.[12] For a habitat to be sufficient for spotted turtle survival it must have areas of soft substrate and at least some aquatic vegetation.[16] An optimum habitat would include shallow and slow-moving waters with soft muddy soil, sedge tussocks, water lilies, sphagnum moss, and cattails.[12] Because it is so often found in areas that contain duckweed, the yellow spots on these turtles may serve as a form of camouflage.[14] The spotted turtle avoids artificial reservoirs and deep, open-water areas.[14]

The spotted turtle can be decidedly terrestrial, spending a good amount of time on land[16] and sometimes basking on patches of grass near its body of water.[17] The females during times of nesting will travel onto land and lay eggs on sunny soil. Nesting also may take place in other terrestrial locations, for instance near man-made dikes or the nest of a muskrat.[12]

Population features[edit]

Although the spotted turtle has been observed in Quebec, no permanent population is known to exist there. However, 104 populations have been discovered in Ontario. Most of these concentrated around Georgian Bay, on the north shore of Lake Erie, and southeastern Ontario. Of the original 104 sites noted, 36 are known to no longer have spotted turtles.[12]

Despite the seemingly large number of populations in Canada, many are not self-sustaining because of the following reasons: the majority of the populations are small, they all have less than 200 individuals, and the areas are all isolated from one another. All told it is estimated that anywhere from 1000 to 2000 spotted turtles live in Canada however, with individual populations ceasing to exist, this number is declining.[12]

The spotted turtle's range overlaps that of many other turtles. It can often be found in the same wetlands as wood turtles, bog turtles, snapping turtles, painted turtles, Blanding's turtles, eastern box turtles, common musk turtles, and eastern mud turtles.[17]

Ecology and behavior[edit]

The spotted turtle is one species whose sex is determined by temperature during embryonic development. Some researchers have claimed that global warming may deleteriously impact population sex ratios.[18]

During the freezing temperatures of winter and the extreme heat of summer, spotted turtles become inactive during environmentally unfavorable conditions. However, the species appears to be relatively tolerant of drought conditions. Spotted turtles do become active very early in the spring, and are often active at relatively cold water temperatures during that season. Activity appears to peak during April and May in the northern part of the range. In the warmest part of the summer (when water temperatures exceed 30 °C), they may aestivate terrestrially or aquatically for long periods of time. During summer dormancy, the turtles may burrow into leaf litter in woodlands or marsh edges or open fields; others remain in muskrat burrows or other aquatic refuges.[19] Litzgus and Brooks (2000) have questioned the common presumption that summer dormancy is an attempt by the turtles to avoid high temperatures; data from Ontario and elsewhere suggests that avoidance of predation and conservation of energy resources may be viable alternate explanations. No matter the explanation for dormancy, the "winter" dormant period may commence in late summer or fall, but in almost every instance after a return to aquatic habitats.[19][20]

Spotted turtles home ranges tend to occupy limited areas of about 0.5 to 3.5 hectares (1.2 to 8.6 acres).[19][20] Note that due to their size, these small turtles are highly vulnerable to predation, particularly during their frequent terrestrial wanderings. Many specimens will show mutilation injuries and scars from past predation attempts. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are particularly adept at consuming and killing this species. Spotted turtles have been observed to dive into the water and bury themselves in the bottom mud when surprised while basking. Muskrats kill many spotted turtles during the winter dormant period.[19]

Diet[edit]

The spotted turtle is an active hunter: seeking out prey items in the water by pointing its head into aquatic plants.[21] It feeds at temperatures above 14.2 °C (57.6 °F), which in its range corresponds to roughly the middle of March onward until September. It is omnivorous and eats exclusively in the water,[21] consuming plant material including aquatic vegetation, green algae, and in at least one instance, wild cranberries. Animal food includes aquatic insect larvae,[22] worms, slugs, millipedes, spiders,[23] crustaceans, tadpoles, salamanders, and several genera of small fish. These items are consumed alive or dead but always in the water.[22] Some of the insects commonly found in with the spotted turtle's stomach contents are terrestrial, suggesting the turtle moves onto land to hunt.[23] In captivity, these turtles will eat fruits such as cantaloupe and watermelon and fresh and canned fish.[23]

Notes[edit]

📷

On a log among aquatic vegetation

The spots on spotted turtles vary greatly throughout their range. They can have up to a hundred spots, while some have no spots at all. Spotted turtles shed their scutes in small pieces occasionally resulting in completely smooth shelled specimens. These are very intelligent turtles and have been tested like the wood turtles in mazes and have been proven to have the brain capacity of a mouse. These turtles are only active in the cooler spring months. The spotted turtle is declining throughout eastern North America due to habitat loss and poaching. One study focused specifically on the Southeastern population, and recorded that females had greater shell heights, heavier body masses, and longer plastrons than males.[24] In another study, where radio-telemetry was used, spotted turtle behavior was observed in northeastern America, where distinct seasonal movement patterns revealed that spotted turtles exhibited a positive association in wetlands hosting abundant wood frog egg masses in spring and from spring to late summer, a negative association in forested wetlands was detected.[4] Spotted turtles require frequent terrestrial movements for their diverse habitat requirements which exposes them to potential threats including unsustainable sources of adult mortality such as road kill and illegal collection.[4] Recovery action is necessary to prevent decline of spotted turtles since this species has been determined to have a high risk of extinction in several areas ranging from South Carolina up to Maine in the US and even further north into Ontario, Canada, mitigation requires spatial and temporal shifts in habitat use.[4]

Conservation[edit]

In Canada, the spotted turtle is federally endangered,[12] while in the United States the spotted turtle is currently under review by the Fish and Wildlife Service for protection under the Endangered Species Act.[25] It is listed by the IUCN as endangered,[1] and has "listed" status in many of the states where it occurs. For example, in Indiana the spotted turtle is listed as an endangered species.[26] In the Northeast, it has protective status in five of the six New England states and is listed as a species of special concern in New York.

Habitat destruction and alteration, collection for the pet trade, and other human impacts such as vehicle mortality (cars and mowers) are leading to declines in populations.[22]

📷

Spotted Turtle Florida

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

📷Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clemmys guttata.

show

Emydidae family

show

Testudines

Taxon identifiers

show

Authority control 📷

Categories:

Navigation menu

Search

Contribute

Tools

18 more

Edit links

Hi Dr Kate Sherren . It is called dry land. Due to their productivity, wetlands are often converted into dry land with dykes and drains and used for agricultural purposes. See the link: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland

Hi Dr Changjun Gao . I hope the following link might help: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/coastal-wetland

Hello Ibrahim; I found this citation on Google Scholar. Maybe it would help you. Best regards, Jim Des Lauriers.

[CITATION] The status of the tiger Panthera tigris (Linne, 1758) in the Sundarbans mangrove forest (Bay of Bengal)

H Hendrichs - 1975 - pascal-francis.inist.fr

Sauf mention contraire ci-dessus, le contenu de cette notice bibliographique peut être utilisé dans le cadre d'une licence CC BY 4.0 Inist-CNRS/Unless otherwise stated above, the content of this bibliographic record may be used under a CC BY 4.0 licence by Inist-CNRS/A menos que se haya señalado antes, el contenido de este registro bibliográfico puede ser utilizado al amparo de una licencia CC BY 4.0 Inist-CNRS

Bangladesh Government has taken a great detailed plan for the development of Bangladeshi wetland but I have no specific data on success story As far as I know, the implementation of plans are on progress.

J. C. Tarafdar I have got a PDF copy of the book you mentioned. I think, the book will be helpful for me. Thank you.

You raised a very important question.

Of course, they have direct relations and check the number of wetlands lost anywhere. But with the same climate variabilities do not forget that management (human interference strongly affects it). For example, look at the trends of the wetlands of Lake Tana in Ethiopia. It is climate variability but management that aggravates the degradation of the wetland. Second, look at the wetland of Lake Alemaya in the eastern parts of the country, which was once the swampy area. It was completely destroyed by management, not climate or weather variability! I think you access many documentations about it.

That's a good rule of thumb, thank you very much for this reply.

Yea interesting facts Dominik Zak

This is a very topical question. I fully agree and support the opinion of my colleague Chuck A Arize. Thanks for the comprehensive answer!

Hey Henry Arellano Peña

Thanks. You raised a very important concept, micro-climate. I know that the construction of many big reservoirs, such as the Nuozhadu Dam on the upper Mekong and the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze, have changed the local climate significantly. I have been there before and after constructing these giant dams and you can feel the distinctive change of micro-climate.

Indeed, this kind of conclusion is quite misleading. I am not sure whether the conclusion shaping has been impacted by politics. Some countries just too eager to embrace climate change and let climate change to 'carry all issues' , so that they can show how 'far-sighted' they are in setting up ambitious climate goals.

Absolutely not. This species is not yet recorded from the coast / mangrove forests. Actually, this species was formally described in 2017, not 2016. You can refer to the following sources for its ecological preferences:

Shekelle M. 2020. Tarsius supriatnai. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T162336881A162336923. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T162336881A162336923.en

Shekelle M., Groves C., Maryanto I., Mittermeier R. 2017. Two New Tarsier Species (Tarsiidae, Primates) and the Biogeography of Sulawesi, Indonesia. – Primate Conservation 31: 1–9.

Supriatna J. 2019. Field guide to the Primates of Indonesia. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, Jakarta: 233 p.

Supriatna J., Winarni N. L., Dwiyahreni A. A. 2015. Primates of Sulawesi: An update on habitat distribution, population and conservation. – Taprobanica 7, No 3: 170–192 [this one has some general information on tarsiers' habitat requirements].

Bienkowski L.S., Stephan R.S., Kirschey T., Saryanthi R. 2021 [in press]. Population density of Tarsius supriatnai along a forest degradation gradient in Popayato-Paguat landscape (Gorontalo Province, Sulawesi). In: Telnov D., Barclay M.V.L., Pauwels O.S.G. (eds) Biodiversity, biogeography and nature conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea. Volume IV. [this tile is definitively the best one for your purpose].

thank u so much Sir Arbind K. Choudhary your help means a lot to me, sir.

hi dear

the following links may be useful

wish all the best for u

Check out this:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214714421000532