Waves - Science topic

The second part of your question was too complex. I submitted some supplemental info.

The total field is the sum of the incident field and the scattered field. The incident field would have continued past place where the PEC layer is. When the PEC is in the way there is no field there, it is is in shadow. Part of the scattered field is the field that cancels the incident field to give zero or lower field in the shadow. For this reason there is scattered field behind PEC.

Hi Jie-Fang Song

Anisotropy is the property of a material that makes it have different physical or electromagnetic characteristics in different directions. For example, an anisotropic material may have different electrical conductivity, magnetic permeability, or optical refractive index along different axes. Anisotropy can affect the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a medium, such as light, radio, or controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) signals.

To assign local anisotropy attributes to forward models, you need to specify the direction and magnitude of the anisotropy for each element or region of the model. Depending on the type of anisotropy and the modeling method you use, there are different ways to do this. Here are some examples:

Behavioural economics must explore the limits of its altruistic paradigm while shedding light on the relationship between laboratory kindness and everyday egoism. The notion of a deeply rooted do-gooderism may indeed flatter our hearts, but it must cloud our understanding of human action in these difficult times (Citation from last source).

___________

Conclusion:

Choice architecture seems to be central concept (vademecum) from behavioral economics, i.e. monetary compensations do matter in this respect, in terms of effective decision-making.

Stefano Quattrini

I think we mostly agree this time except for a few things.

One problem is that sometimes you state inconsistent explanations.

For instance, you cannot prove that SRT is incorrect because it assumes that light speed is isotropic. That is an assumption that should be proved wrong with experiments, not by assuming the contrary.

There is no experimental evidence to assume anisotropy of the speed of light and the existence of an ether. That is why SRT is accepted to this very day by the orthodox scientific community.

On the other hand, to make sense of Lorentz's interpretation we need a preferred frame. That frame is the frame where the ether is static. The problem with the ether hypothesis is that it is not consistent with observations. But to understand that it is inconsistent with observations you need more than one single experiment. You can always accommodate things to explain a single experiment but not to explain all of them.

Perhaps TT does not use an ether frame and it is different from Lorentz's interpretation, I do not know. But if that is the case, I will repeat a question I already asked you before. How and on what physical hypothesis do you derive the TT? Or, is it just an ad hoc modification of the LT just to eliminate ROS?

It is better to design AMCs which have S11 values nearly equals to 1 or 0 dB. AMCs are widely used for the design of metasurfaces. Their application areas are not limited to gain enhancement only.

The polarization of an electromagnetic wave can be affected by rain and fog. Raindrops and fog droplets act as small dipoles, which means that they have a positive and negative charge. When an electromagnetic wave passes through rain or fog, the dipoles in the droplets interact with the wave and cause the wave's polarization to be changed.

The amount of change in polarization depends on the wavelength of the wave, the size of the droplets, and the density of the rain or fog. For shorter wavelengths, such as visible light, the change in polarization is more significant. For longer wavelengths, such as radio waves, the change in polarization is less significant.

The direction of the change in polarization depends on the orientation of the dipoles in the droplets. If the dipoles are randomly oriented, then the polarization of the wave will be randomly scattered. However, if the dipoles are aligned in a particular direction, then the polarization of the wave will be aligned in that direction.

For example, if a vertically polarized wave passes through rain or fog, the droplets will tend to rotate the wave's polarization to a horizontal direction. This is because the dipoles in the droplets are aligned horizontally, and they interact with the wave's electric field in a way that rotates the polarization.

The effect of rain and fog on polarization can be used to our advantage. For example, it can be used to improve the reception of radio waves. Radio waves are typically polarized horizontally, so if they pass through rain or fog, the polarization will be rotated to a vertical direction. This can be used to improve the reception of radio waves by using a vertical antenna.

The effect of rain and fog on polarization can also be used to study the properties of rain and fog. For example, by measuring the amount of change in polarization, we can learn about the size and density of the droplets. This information can be used to improve our understanding of rain and fog formation and behavior.

There is currently no strong evidence that the waves emitted by mobile phone towers cause cancer. The waves emitted by these towers are called radiofrequency (RF) waves, and they are a form of non-ionizing radiation. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to break chemical bonds in DNA, which is how ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays and X-rays, can cause cancer.

There have been some studies that have looked at the possible link between RF radiation and cancer, but the results have been mixed. Some studies have found a small increase in the risk of certain types of cancer, such as brain tumors, in people who are exposed to high levels of RF radiation. However, other studies have not found any such link.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is part of the World Health Organization, has classified RF radiation as "possibly carcinogenic to humans". This classification is based on the limited evidence that suggests a possible increase in the risk of brain tumors among cell phone users. However, it is important to note that the IARC also states that more research is needed to confirm this link.

Overall, the current evidence does not suggest that the waves emitted by mobile phone towers cause cancer. However, more research is still needed to fully understand the possible risks. If you are concerned about the possible health effects of RF radiation, you can talk to your doctor.

Here are some additional things to keep in mind:

Dear Tony Tony Yuan ,

It is not necessary to talk about things that are intangible no one can verify it.

Here is the gravity wave:

(only hungarian version)

and graviton:

are related to specific facts

Regards,

Laszlo

Frank

Dont understand criptic remarks.

the nature of the wave function can depend upon the physics of the particle or the particles you are describing

if for example, there is a spin 1/2 particle, and coupling to any other "magnetic" field or spin, then instead of there being a simple complex number, the "value" is a spinor

Likewise, a system can be written as having explicit time dependence, or one can limit themselves to wavefunctions which at least mostly seem to be time-independent. So if you have a simple complex "Psi", depending upon the physics being described, the wave function could be a function of x,y,z or else it could be a function of x,y,z,t

Thus, the common simpler wave function of a complex variable defined over x,y,z is probably implicitly dealing with a single particle, no spin or magnetism, maybe no charge or detailed E-fields, and looking for the time-independent kinds of solutions. Huge numbers of physics or chemistry problems where we would use quantum do not fit that simple scenario at all.

Murtadha Shukur Thank you very much for your answer.

The quantum wave function (often represented as Ψ) and the differentiation between possible and impossible wave functions, particularly in connection with the Schrödinger partial differential equation (PDE). Breaking down your question into parts:

1. Statistical Matrix Definition of Quantum Wave Function (Ψ): In quantum mechanics, the wave function Ψ describes the state of a quantum system. It contains information about the probabilities of various outcomes when measurements are made on the system. The square of the absolute value of the wave function, |Ψ|^2, represents the probability density of finding a particle in a particular state.

2. Differentiating Possible and Impossible Wave Functions: In the context of quantum mechanics, certain wave functions may be considered "allowed" because they satisfy certain physical conditions and boundary conditions. For example, wave functions must be single-valued, continuous, and square-integrable, among other requirements. Wave functions that violate these conditions may be considered "forbidden" or "impossible."

3. Connection with Schrödinger Equation: The Schrödinger equation is a fundamental equation in quantum mechanics that describes how the wave function of a quantum system evolves over time. It's a partial differential equation that relates the energy of the system to its wave function.

The Schrödinger equation provides a mathematical framework to determine the allowed wave functions for a given quantum system. Solutions to the Schrödinger equation that satisfy the physical conditions and boundary conditions are considered possible wave functions, while those that don't are considered impossible or forbidden.

4. Completeness and Information Content: The question of which approach contains more information about a quantum system—whether it's the statistical matrix approach or the Schrödinger equation approach—is a nuanced one. Both approaches provide different perspectives and tools for understanding quantum systems.

The statistical matrix (or density matrix) approach is particularly useful when dealing with mixed states or systems that are not in pure states. It allows you to describe the probabilities of different outcomes without needing to explicitly solve the Schrödinger equation.

On the other hand, the Schrödinger equation is a fundamental equation that provides a direct link between the energy of a system and its wave function. Solving the Schrödinger equation yields the allowed wave functions of a system, and these wave functions contain information about the energy levels and behavior of the system.

Both the statistical matrix approach and the Schrödinger equation approach are important and complementary tools for understanding quantum systems. The Schrödinger equation gives insight into the allowed wave functions and their energy properties, while the statistical matrix approach provides information about probabilities and states of mixed systems. The choice of approach depends on the specific problem and the information you are seeking to extract from the quantum system.

hello, I dont know any thing about this matter. sorry

The mode shapes between different modes are orthogonal, i.e., if the inner product of two mode shapes is close to 0, they are not the same mode. Conversely, if the inner product is not 0, they are the same mode. Errors may exist at positions where curves cross, which can be solved by reducing the computational interval.

What is waving in the Schrödinger equation and why is it called the “wave” of the Schrödinger equation, especially when its phase is undefined?

It is well known that there is theoretical and experimental evidence for a causal relationship between the phase of the wave function and physical reality.

The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, which only gives physical meaning to the magnitude of the wave function, cannot be considered complete on this basis.

* A new dynamic-statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics is needed [1,2].

Believe it or not, attaching a well-defined phase to the amplitude of the SE wave would no longer complicate it but on the contrary would make it more understandable and its solution more accessible.

However, we assume that defining a phase at the amplitude of SE can be done via two different approaches:

i-reform the Bohr/Copenhagen interpretation of the Schrödinger equation.

ii-Apply the complex transition matrix Q to find the statistical numerical solution of SE.

To be continued.

1-Ivan Georgiev Koprinkov, Phase Causation of the Wave Function or Can the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics Be Considered Complete? Journal of Modern Physics Vol.7 No.4, February 2016.

2-I.Abbas,Numerical statistical resolution of the Schrödinger wave equation, Researchgate.

-

Thanks very kindly Nicco for your comprehensive and thoughtful response. By highlighting the extension of knowledge the process makes more sense to me now, in terms of ethics and rigor

Answer V- continued

The iron guards of the Bohr/Copenhagen interpretation defend to the last breath all issues of this interpretation, whether true or false.

Thanks to the opposition of the new generation of theoretical physicists and mathematicians, the old iron guards are only a small remnant of the era of MacArthism where the mastery of quantum mechanics dominated: Shut up and calculate.

Going back to SE with Bohr's interpretation, I guess these are the three most common mistakes while I'm sure most Researchgate contributors can find more:

1- Units and Dimensions

Bohr/Copenhagen interpretation of the wave function Ψ

defines the units and dimensions of Ψ differently depending on the number of dimensions of the receiving space.

i-For a spatial wave function of position 1D Ψ(x)

the normalization condition would be ∫Ψ∗(x)Ψ(x)dx=1

so Ψ has inverse square root units of length, which is m−1/2

ii-Similarly, for a three-dimensional position, the spatial wave function Ψ(x) has its own normalization condition such as:

∫Ψ∗(x)Ψ(x)d^3x=1

Ψ(x) has units of square root of inverse volume, which is m−3/2

Moreover, theoretical physics does not allow it, it is not acceptable.

Units and dimensions must be raised to zero or a whole whole power, but never to a fraction.

* If we compare this to the case of replacing SE with the statistical matrices Q and W, we find that the dimensions of W and Q are always the square root of the energy density per unit volume and the same is true for 1D, 2D and 3D.

The normalization condition is a pure summation condition and not an integration condition which is the sum of the multiplication.

.

2- The problem of distance and infinity

Distance is still defined in essentially the same way as in classical physics. In other words, spacetime is a flat Euclidean space with the usual Euclidean distance.

If we talk about the distance between two quantum particles, they must have a definite position in order to measure the distance between them. This requires them to be in proper positional states.

We assume that the SE interpretation with Bohr is limited to the study of the hydrogen-like atom where the total diameter distance is a few angstroms (Å) (1 A = 1E-10 m) and the effective electron radius is estimated at E -2 angstrom (Å).

The n=infinity mentioned in SE relates to the quantum number of infinite principle n which again corresponds to the diameter of the hydrogen atom by a few angeströms.

Obviously, the units and dimensions of the distance are not well defined in the SE interpretation.

** If we compare this to the case of replacing SE by the statistical matrices Q and W, we see that in the latter case the distance is well defined in 1D, 2D and 3D geometric spaces simply by ordering and arranging the nodes in these as we did for the actual transition matrix B.

3- Rigorous derivation

There is no rigorous or even serious derivation of SE with the Bohr/Copenhagen interpretation.

E. Schrödinger's solid derivation in 1927 proved other concepts in his equation and he himself considered the Bohr/Copenhagen interpretation an unpleasant joke. He expressed his feelings and thoughts through his well-known paradox. (Schrödinger's cat dead or alive).

*** If we compare this to the case of replacing SE with the numerical solution of the temporal chains of the statistical matrix Q, we see that in the latter case the derivation emerges from the well-proven statistical transition matrix B. Moreover, the results of the B-strings and Q-strings are

numerically validated.

To be continued.

YES! THIS HAS BEEN SHOWN IN “PLANAR CRACKS IN UNIFORM MOTION UNDER MODE I AND II LOADINGS” (ANONGBA 2020).

THIS IS WITHIN THE THEORY OF LINEAR ELASTICITY!!!

In mode I loading and in the subsonic velocity regime (v < ct, the velocity of transverse sound wave), G (I) increases continuously with v from the value in the static case G(I)0 (v = 0) to a maximum G(I)max = 1.32 G(I)0 at v = v (e) =0.52ct; then, G (I) decreases rapidly to zero when v tends to ct. In agreement with experiments, the value v (e) corresponding to the maximum of the crack extension force is identified to the terminal tensile crack velocity, observed in the fracture of brittle materials. No reference is made to the Rayleigh wave velocity cR. In the transonic speed regime (ct < v < cl), the crack characteristic functions are identical in form with those of the subsonic regime. However, for v < ct√2, we show that the faces of the crack, separated under load before the extension of the crack, close under motion; this indicates that the crack movement is hindered. for v > ct√2, the motion of the crack is possible. In mode II loading and in the subsonic regime (v < ct), G (II) increases continuously with v (when v < cR) from the value in the static case G(II)0(v = 0); when v approaches cR, G (II) increases very rapidly. Above cR (cR < v < ct), the relative displacement of the faces of the crack, formed under load before crack motion, closes in motion; this indicates that crack motion is impeded. The velocity of uniformly moving cracks is limited by the Rayleigh wave velocity. In the intermediate speed regime (ct < v < cl), the crack characteristic functions are similar in form to those below cR. The mouvement of the crack is possible.

I'm working with linear optics and I want to study the transmission spectrum at the output of the four ports of the projected photonic device.

A search for cutoff of circular waveguide found this

Use floquet boundary condition with unit cell in perpendicular directions, You will able to change phi.

I get my electronic components from https://www.digikey.com/

BTW Ultra sound can due to micro bubble formation and bubble collapse/impolsion cause lipid peroxidation and ROS formation. Therefore, I wouldn't use too much power, or you may have a lot of other effects to control for.

The detection of oxidation in liposome preparations

October 1970 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 210(3):486-9

DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(70)90046-9

Good luck.

Phil

Did you find any relevant sources? I am working on something similar and am unable to actually find that information!

Quantum as the name implies, describes an observation we have made to the microscopic systems you have described that energy is discrete rather than continuous, which is a typical phenomenon we see in resonated wave systems at the macroscopic scale. Other than this, there should be no difference from the classical mechanics you and I have learned to describe the observations we have measured or others have measured and we trust their measurements.

GW are produced typically under close rotation of two very heavy masses, like two black holes.

Never heard yet about origin from Cosmic Rays. This sound unlikely to me.(cannot imagine a mechanism).

Very high energy cosmic rays are thought to be a product of decay of some heavy particle.

When energetic cosmic rays come, all that happens are important particle showers, muons that in turn

decay into other particles.

Let’s continue, though firstly note, that all really fundamental phenomena/notions, first of all in this case “Matter”, “Consciousness”, “Space”, “Time”, “Energy”, “Information”, and so everything in Matter – particles, fields, fundamental Nature forces, etc., are fundamentally completely transcendent/uncertain/irrational in mainstream philosophy and sciences, including in mainstream physics,

- while all these phenomena/notions can be, and are, rigorously scientifically defined only in framework of the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky 2007 “The Information as Absolute” conception, recent version of the basic paper see

- where it is rigorously proven that there exist nothing besides some informational patterns/systems of the patterns, which are elements in the absolutely fundamental and absolutely infinite “Information” Set, including Matter absolutely for sure is some informational system;

- and more concretely in physics in the SS&VT informational physical model, which is based on the conception, two main papers are

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354418793_The_Informational_Conception_and_the_Base_of_Physics,

and

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361749_The_informational_physical_model_and_fundamental_problems_in_physics .

In the conception the outstanding fundamental von Weizsäcker and Fredkin-Toffoli hypotheses that Matter in ultimate base is based on binary reversible logics, which were some transcendent assumptions, become be completely legitimate and rational, so the SS&VT model is based on this proposition,

- correspondingly in the model the ultimate base of Matter is the Matter’s aether – primary elementary logical structures – (at least) [5]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], which compose the corresponding (at least) [5]4D dense lattice, which is placed in the corresponding Matter’s fundamentally absolute, fundamentally flat, and fundamentally “Cartesian”, (at least) [5]4D spacetime with metrics (at least) (cτ,X,Y,Z,ct),

- while everything in Matter is/are some specific disturbances in the lattice, which, including disturbances “particles”, always constantly move in the lattice with 4D velocities that have identical absolute values be equal the speed of light, c, since this speed is determined by the FLE’s universal parameters – “FLE size”, and “FLE flip time” which are equal to the Planck length and Planck time, c= Planck length /Planck time.

Particles are some cyclic close-loop algorithms which constantly run as sequential the lattice’s “FLE by FLE” flipping, when so the “FLE flip point” moves along some 4D “helix”, at that:

- if a having rest mass particle is at rest in the absolute 3D space, and so moves with speed of light only along the cτ-axis, its helix has radius λ=ћ/mc, i.e. is the Compton length of the particle, the particle has 4D momentum P₀=m₀c[“bold” means 4D vector] and energy E=Pc=m₀c², m₀ is the rest mass. If the particle is impacted by a 3D space directed momentum p, 4D momentum P=P₀+p=γm0c,

- at that the initial 4D helix becomes be some composition of two helixes – initial one and that has radius λ_B=ћ/p, which is observed as a de Brogile wave that has the length be equal λ^B.

Correspondingly that

“….All the particles in question are point-like,….”

- really isn’t completely correct, particles only interact as “points” that have “sizes” ~ Planck length, however this “particle-point”, at least at interactions, randomly can be in any point in 4D [and 3D] space quite non-point-like volume that has size ~λ_B, if the particle’s speed is well lesser than c,

– what is observed in QM as the “wave-particle duality”.

SS posts in

- are relevant to this thread question.

Cheers

Simulink provides several ways to import data from MATLAB or other sources. One way is to use the "From Workspace" block in Simulink.

Here are the steps you can follow:

Your logic should now receive the graph data as input from the "From Workspace" block.

You can use the "From Workspace" block in Simulink to input your generated triangle wave from MATLAB. Here are the steps you can follow:

Your triangle wave should now be used as input to your Simulink model. Let me know if you have any further questions or if there's anything else I can help you with!

The working electrode I used is Pt electrode,and it has plastic resin around it, I also change a new working electrode to see if it is the problem, but the result is still the same.

There may be some additional value of using mixed models for this type of analytic question, depending on the research objectives and the characteristics of the data. Mixed models are a flexible and powerful tool for analyzing longitudinal data, as they can account for the correlation among repeated measurements within subjects, handle missing data under certain assumptions, and model both fixed and random effects of covariates. Mixed models can also provide both conditional and marginal interpretations of the effects of interest, depending on the specification of the model.

However, mixed models are not without limitations or challenges. They require careful selection and justification of the covariance structure, the distributional assumptions, and the random effects. They may also suffer from computational difficulties or convergence issues when fitting complex models to large datasets. Moreover, mixed models may not be appropriate or necessary for some research questions or data scenarios. For example, if the main interest is in testing for time trends or interactions with time, then a simpler approach such as a generalized estimating equation (GEE) may suffice. Alternatively, if the main interest is in modeling the transition probabilities or the dependence structure of the outcomes over time, then a different approach such as a Markov model or a copula model may be more suitable.

Therefore, the choice of using mixed models for this type of analytic question should be based on a clear understanding of the research question, the data structure, and the advantages and disadvantages of different methods. A comparison of different methods using simulation studies or sensitivity analyses may also help to evaluate the robustness and validity of the results.

I cannot comment on your concrete model without knowing more details about it, such as the outcome variable, the predictor variables, the number and spacing of the time points, the distribution and correlation of the data, and the research hypotheses. However, based on the general description of your question, I can suggest some possible steps to consider when applying mixed models to your data:

- Explore and visualize your data to check for outliers, missing values, trends, patterns, and assumptions.

- Decide whether you want to use a linear mixed model or a generalized linear mixed model, depending on the type and distribution of your outcome variable.

- Choose an appropriate covariance structure for the random effects and the residuals, such as compound symmetry, autoregressive, or unstructured. You can use information criteria such as AIC or BIC to compare different structures and select the best one.

- Specify the fixed effects and the random effects in your model. You can include both time-invariant and time-varying covariates as fixed effects. You can also include random intercepts and/or random slopes for subjects or other grouping factors. You can use likelihood ratio tests or Wald tests to test for significance of the fixed effects and the random effects.

- Fit your model using a software such as R or SPSS. Check for convergence, diagnostics, and model fit. You can use plots or tests to assess normality, homoscedasticity, linearity, and independence of the residuals. You can also use cross-validation or bootstrap methods to evaluate the predictive performance of your model.

- Interpret your model results in terms of conditional or marginal effects. You can use confidence intervals or hypothesis tests to estimate and compare the effects of different covariates on the outcome variable. You can also use plots or tables to visualize the effects over time or across groups.

In fact, the theory, the stages of development of the Genesis of earthquakes, the acting forces, and the physics of the process have already been disclosed by me and described in articles since 2007. Based on the theory, practical tests of the earthquake forecast in real conditions were carried out under the supervision of Prof. Strashimir Mavrodiev, prof. A.V. Nikolaev - Chairman of the Russian Expert Council, confirmed by the meeting of the REC 2015 and the conclusion of Prof. E.A. Rogozhin in 2016.

The Scientific and Technical Council of the VNII GOChS of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation adopted a report on the Genesis of earthquakes and the recommended forecast complex.

Look at the 2017 meeting of the Israeli Knesset Commission, - geophysicists have recognized that the methods of reporting that an earthquake has begun lead to great casualties. My methodology has been verified by the Chief Scientist of the Israeli Ministry of Defense and accepted for transmission to interested ministries. Those who need to save the lives of their citizens can contact me and I am ready to transfer the methodology.

Dear Rk Naresh, waves are a means by which energy is transmitted through a medium or space, but they do not transfer matter. When a wave propagates, it carries energy from one location to another without physically displacing the particles of the medium. This is known as the transfer of energy without the transfer of matter.

During changes of matter, energy transfer occurs through the exchange of kinetic energy between particles. Energy is absorbed or released as the particles' motions change due to changes in temperature or other external factors. It's important to note that energy transfer is not limited to phase changes but also applies to other processes like chemical reactions, where the arrangement of atoms and molecules is altered while energy is exchanged.

waves transmit energy without transferring matter, and during changes of matter, energy is transferred through the exchange of kinetic energy between particles.

Aparna Sathya Murthy

Thanks professor for your references. The maximum wavelength for IR rays that I could find from the references is 25000 nm=0.025 mm. So, I shall wait. Thanks again.

The matter is anything in our universe that occupies space and has mass. The mass is the measurement of the matter. On the other hand, energy is defined as the ability to do work or the ability to transfer heat. Examples of matter and energy are book and light energy respectively. Food webs can be used to reveal different patterns of energy transfer in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Patterns of energy flow through different ecosystems may differ markedly in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Food webs can be used to reveal these differences. Normally, food webs consist of a number of food chains meshed together. Each food chain is a descriptive diagram including a series of arrows, each pointing from one species to another, representing the flow of food energy from one feeding group of organisms to another. The wave function for a material particle is often called a matter wave. The relationship between momentum and wavelength for matter waves is given by p = h/λ, and the relationship energy and frequency is E = hf. So energy and matter is really the same thing. Completely interchangeable and finally, although energy and mass are related through special relativity, mass and space are related through general relativity.

Memory and deep learning are related but distinct concepts. Memory refers to the ability to store and retrieve information, while deep learning is a subfield of machine learning focused on training artificial neural networks. Deep learning can enhance memory processes by providing meaningful and context-rich learning experiences, but it does not directly mimic human memory. Deep learning algorithms excel in pattern recognition and prediction, which can aid tasks related to memory, but memory itself involves encoding, storage, and retrieval processes.

Hello, thank you for your question. Airy phase is a phenomenon that occurs when the group velocity of seismic surface waves reaches a minimum at a certain period. The Airy phase has a large amplitude and a long duration because it is a stationary phase that accumulates energy from nearby periods.

The amplitude of Airy phase does depend on the sharpness of the group velocity minimum, as well as on other factors such as the source spectrum, the attenuation, and the noise level. [1] The sharper the minimum, the more energy is concentrated in the Airy phase and the higher its amplitude. However, if the minimum is too sharp, it may also cause interference effects that reduce the amplitude of the Airy phase [1].

The sharpness of the group velocity minimum is related to the gradient of the group velocity curve around the minimum. The gradient can be expressed as |dU/dT|, where U is the group velocity and T is the period. The larger |dU/dT|, the sharper the minimum and the higher the amplitude of Airy phase.

1. Surface Waves | SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-10475-7_143-1.

I think it can do, because group velocity can depend on frequency, so a long pulse containing low frequencies may travel at a slower speed than a short pulse containing high frequencies. this woukd be scaling the frequency of a signal, which would move it along the dispersion curve, which could change the group velocity. I don't think reducing the bandwidth of a pulse at the same frequency, to make it longer, would change its speed, though.

It s possible this might happen in a non-linear medium.

ِDear André Michaud;

You may send this previous dialogue again, I think the sentences are a little messed up.

thank you

Speed of light(c) = wavelength(𝜆) * frequency (f). if f =0, then c = 0. No light ... it's dark. Therefore, f must be between zero and infinity.

The lower curve does not contain any noticeable frequencies, so it results in a flat spectrum. The upper curve contains a superimposed damped oscillation that appears as an additional peak in the FFT. Both components can be separated by high-pass / low-pass or notch filters.

Not specifically electrons. The double slit or similar experiment works with many other particles.

Its a generic quantum property of elementary particles.

Dear Alexandr,

Why don't you contact the geophysicists of SPEC.

Sincerely, László

Уважаемый Александр!

Почему бы вам не обратиться к геофизикам SPEC.

Искренне, Ласло

Has anyone noticed that QM indistinguishable particles are just entangled distinguishable particles?

In that case, if I’m right that entanglement = correlation (I am 😊 ), we could study classical indistinguishable particles as a special case of correlation between them. We also could study classical EPR & Bell experiments & settle the matter (of whether entanglement = Bertlmann’s socks/correlation) once and for all……………

Namaste

Stuart Boehmer

Energy can only travel in the waveguide in the permitted waveguide modes. If there is only one mode permitted, the energy must travel in that mode, or not at all. If the incident energy does not match that mode in angle or distribution, then some will be reflected. There will be modes that can be added together to match the incident field, but they will be non-propagating (evanescent) and result in energy being stored near the generation point. They look like series and/or parallel inductance and/or capacitance. This reactance corresponds to the mismatch in impedance that results in the reflection. If many propagating modes are possible, then the energy is spread among the modes that can be combined to give the closest approximation to the incident wave. Look up mode conversion in waveguides to see how this can be calculated.

Developing portable quantum computers will require advances in miniaturizing and integrating quantum hardware, improving qubit coherence times, and increasing the efficiency of quantum error correction techniques. Progress in these areas will bring us closer to realizing the potential of practical, portable quantum computers.

You can take a look at this published article and the exciting prospects of Solar Energy deployement due to its abundancy, reliability, and low cost of installation. It has been motivated as an alternate source of energy in oil consuming regions such as the GCC with policies and regulations implemented.

People often perceive quantum mechanics as an ad hoc collection of ideas because it is a highly complex and abstract field that challenges our everyday intuitions. It is true that the field has multiple interpretations, and this can lead to confusion and the perception that physicists and mathematicians are still "guessing" about its principles. However, this is not a reflection of a lack of understanding, but rather an indication of the rich and deep nature of the subject.

There are several reasons why people might have this perception:

Counterintuitive concepts: Quantum mechanics deals with phenomena at the atomic and subatomic levels, where the behavior of particles can be very different from what we observe in the macroscopic world. Concepts like wave-particle duality, superposition, and entanglement can be hard to grasp and often seem bizarre.

Multiple interpretations: As you mentioned, there are several interpretations of quantum mechanics, such as the Copenhagen interpretation, the Many-Worlds interpretation, and the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation, among others. Each offers a different perspective on the nature of reality and the behavior of quantum systems, but none are universally accepted as the "correct" interpretation. This can lead to the impression that the field is uncertain and speculative.

Mathematical complexity: Quantum mechanics is built on sophisticated mathematical tools and models, which can be challenging even for those with a strong background in mathematics. This complexity can make it difficult for non-experts to appreciate the rigor and coherence of the field.

Ongoing research: Despite its remarkable successes, quantum mechanics is not yet a complete theory. Researchers continue to investigate open questions and explore new ideas to better understand the quantum realm. This ongoing research can give the impression that the field is still a work in progress.

So, while quantum mechanics is indeed a complex and multifaceted field with multiple interpretations, it is not a random ad hoc collection of ideas. Rather, it is a well-established and highly successful branch of physics that has provided us with profound insights into the fundamental nature of the universe. Its ongoing development and open questions are a testament to the richness and depth of the subject, as well as the dedication of the scientific community in seeking a deeper understanding of the quantum world.

Regards,

Leonard Hall Hi Len. I just wanted to pick up on one point that I think is really significant in these models. You mentioned the idea of a source and sink in the field.

It is the word “field” that is the concern. There has been a tendency to talk about fields as real physical entities which are fundamental in nature. The standard model does this a lot.

This is an important point so I am going to give it some time. Since around 1920 there has been a tendency to think of light as an excitation of the magnetic field and therefore give the electromagnetic field a real physical existence. You could describe it as a quantum field rather than a classical field.

Now you can see why in the opening slide of the unification of physics video I talk about the LIGO experiment. The observation results of a distant neutron star merger show that gravitational waves and electromagnetic waves travel at exactly the same speed even over expanding space.

This must mean that electromagnetic waves are waves in the medium of space not waves in the electromagnetic field.

This point is crucial but it means that the only fundamental thing is the medium of space and all fields are classical meaning that they have an underlying cause.

Richard

I just realized that I answered the wrong question. I thought about the harm from microwave ovens to the human body due to microwave radiation. However, the question was about damage from food cooked in a microwave oven. I think that microwave oven does not provide any harm to food and, consequently, to the human body. There may be very rare cases when food has very little water only in some parts of it. In this case, may be possible burning of these small parts. It will create burned protein and these small pieces may be cancerogenic.

Do you mean that if the number of cycles per second changes, does the number of cycles a metre have to change?

If that is what you mean the answer is yes, if the velocity stays the same. The wave has to travel one wavelength in the time it takes for one cycle, the period. This means that the velocity is wavelength/period = cycles per second/cycles per metre.

Hi,

Thank you very much for the reply and suggestions. The code NLAT is suitable for mass number less than or equal to 2. I am looking for a code to be used for masses greater than 2.

Thank You

With Best Regards

Vishal

Agnieszka Matylda Schlichtinger has omitted to mention that the human body also emits detectable amounts of THz, mm, and microwave radiation due to its temperature, as well as lower frequency electromagnetic signals.

I mean a bona fide Classical barrier exhibiting a usual classical turning point,

where a potential barrier is higher than the kinetic energy of some trapped particle. What, are you pretending Q tunneling does not exist?

Well, I admit that the speed is not that well defined, uncertainty principle.

You cannot inject your classical ideas very much in this.

The solutions by Schrodinger's equation would 3 a wave functions zero in the gap. The gap surface therefore would be reflectors for the solution on each side of the gap. On each side of the gap it would take the form B(t,x,y,z)-B(t,,x,y,-z) where z is normal to gap wall, and B is a function.

However, once more, the statement about a particle being in two places at once is wrong.

That a particle has a non-zero probability of being somewhere doesn’t mean it’s at more than one place at once. It’s astonishing how this nonsense persists.

Yes Mr eduardo. I have to redesign with 2 ports as many papers I have seen recently.

Thanks alot for your response.

Dear Christian G. Wolf ,

Thank you very much for your support!

"I can send you a link about how RG became the wonderful place to start open discussions on every topic in science possible."...I opened this dialog...for discussions....I like constructive criticism...and I noticed that it is practiced on RG....with some exceptions...

"The least thing we all need here is some personality war on how clever you think you are and how much you know - or not - and in the form you did."

I didn't start a "personality war", and I hope that my answers can't be interpreted like that...if it is, I apologize....

I admit, I can be wrong, but I don't attack the person...

Thank you once again!

Respectfully,

Adrian.

Look at the field or current patterns at the resonance frequency. Maybe it is the frequency at which the whole patch is resonant.

Numerical dissipation and dispersion, as you say, mainly happens for two reasons: (i) insuffiecient number of cells per wave height/length (ii) inappropriate turbulence model.

I do not have any experience with ICFD within LS-DYNA but you should definitely test the results with more cells in the free surface area. Check the courant number not to exceed at least 0.3 in the FS area. Regarding turbulence models, the best but not ideal "out of the box" model for wave propagation is realizable k-E. If you wish that your simulations are long, then you will need different, more stabile turb. model.

All the best and good luck,

Ivan

Howdy Borys Kapochkin,

My wife told me about the joy/sorrow event of an earthquake close to home there. Nature is unaware of kindness ~Tao Te Ching. You may enjoy learning while you experience sorrow: survivors in centuries to come will benefit from what you learn by study of the current events that are tragic for today's casualties .

I had been concerned about the emphasis that developed in this thread on pressure that does enhance evaporation, since it is only a small effect, while "that lucky old sun" is far more important in supplying energy for the molecular unrest. When you again have time for evaporation it will be good to feel the energy in the molecular unrest without undue emphasis on pressure. Just a thought for future discussion.

Happy Trails, with sympathy for unhappy experiences, Len

Интересно:

Геофизики боятся признать очевидный факт?

Или все согласны, что это мошенничество?

Yes, sonication can be used to break down the clumps of nanoparticles into single NP-solutions without forming clumps. Sonication creates rapid, high-energy sound waves that cause cavitation in liquid, resulting in a very effective form of homogenization. When done carefully and at the proper duration, sonication can break down larger particles into smaller particles, which reduces the size of the aggregates and prevents clumping of the nanoparticles.

Thank you Sir for the detailed explanation. It would be a great help if you could suggest some references regarding this matter to understand the band gap collapse.

I suppose that the interferometric signal is available as a train of equidistant samples. In such case, the most flexible and also precise method for the frequency analysis is the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), the most common algorithm is the fast Fourier transform (FFT). Its output is a discrete frequency spectrum ranging from 0 to the Nyquist frequency, i.e. the half of the sampling rate f_s (f_Nyquist = f_s/2). The frequency spectrum is discrete, the frequency steps have the magnitude of delta_f = 1/T, where T is the length of the acquired data set in seconds.

As Jim Prater wrote in his post, the acquired data set can be observed as a multiplication of the original data multiplied by a square window with a width equal to T. In the frequency domain, you will see a convolution of the original frequency spectrum and the Fourier transform of the square window. The latter one is the sinc function, i.e. a sharp frequency peak (a delta function) in the original spectrum will be converted to a sinc function. The width of such peak is about 2-3 x delta_f, this implies that just by looking at the spectral data, you can determine the signal frequency with a precision of delta_f.

If you have acquired just a few signal periods, the precision is not exciting. If the signal contains, for instance, 3 periods, the frequency spectrum will contain a peak with the maximum at the index of 3, i.e. the frequency is (3±0.5) x delta_f. People usually fit the sinc function to the spectral data and obtain the real frequency with a better precision than ±0.5 x delta_f. There is, however, a much more elegant method that can be used here, it is called zero filling. You simply append zeros to the original data and increase the length of the data set in this way before you run the FFT algorithm. It increases the frequency resolution and improves the precision significantly. The peak does not contain of a few points more so that one can easily find its maximum. One can even fit a parabolic function to the peak around its maximum to further enhance the resolution. What improvement can be reached in practice is dependent on the noise in the acquired signal. If the noise is weak, one can improve the frequency resolution by many orders of magnitude. To get the answer you want, one has to simulate it or use the real data and just look for the results.

There is one point more that has to be mentioned: The sinc function is not the best peak shape that one can imagine. It has a lot of side bands, i.e. a single peak in the original spectrum results in many peaks in the calculated data. The side bands can obscure real peaks in the original spectrum, but if just a single peak is expected, they should not matter much. To improve the peak shape if complex spectra have to be analyzed, dedicated apodization or window functions were developed. One multiplies the data with such function before the FFT is calculated, i.e. one replaces the default square window by another function. One of the best ones is the Blackman-Harris polynomial with 4 terms, its side bands are about 5 orders of magnitude weaker than the main peak, i.e. under normal conditions, they are below the noise floor and therefore, not more visible in the resulting spectrum. Since the apodization generally increases the peak width, it must be carefully chosen since it can decrease the frequency resolution or obscure double peaks.

There are also much simpler methods that can be used for frequency determination but they cannot reach the precision of the Fourier transform. One of the methods is often used by frequency counters, where the time points are analyzed where the signal crosses the zero line or another other level. One can fit a linear function to them and obtain the frequency from the line slope. Since such method uses just a few data points from the whole data set, it is much more sensitive to noise and cannot reach the precision of the FFT which uses all available data. The main drawback of the FFT analysis is its complexity, it requires a lot of computational power and data memory - especially if data sets containing millions of samples have to be converted. For shorter data sets, the required resources are usually not critical and the results are excellent.

Thank You Mohammad!!