Water Treatment - Science topic

Total hardness (TH) remains relatively unchanged during water treatment because it is primarily caused by the presence of dissolved calcium and magnesium ions, which are not typically removed by conventional treatment methods like filtration or sedimentation. These processes focus more on removing physical impurities rather than dissolved minerals responsible for hardness.

On the other hand, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) decrease during treatment. TSS, consisting of particles that can be physically removed, is reduced by filtration and sedimentation processes. TDS, which includes dissolved substances such as salts and organic matter, can be lowered through methods like reverse osmosis or ion exchange, which are designed to target dissolved impurities. However, unless specific water softening techniques are applied, calcium and magnesium ions contributing to hardness are not significantly affected.

In continuation of my earlier posts

Wish to add that we need evolve screens

With sieve sizes, to pass or not to pass contaminant matter in water in flows.

Velocity of Flow is maintained at optimum level less Tham 1m per sec.

These criterias are used for filtering water in a few phases viz

Pre process filtration done to trap large matter

Primary process sized upto 25- 40mm

Secondary process upto 12,5mm in 3 sections

Tertiary process is aerobics..using plants termed as phytoR..

Can do in 3 phases

Last phase kept as floating bed with plants grasses creepers used for bio remedials..

Elephant grass used Is harvested and each crop is taken as agri fodder for cattle and goats feeds..

Last process is kept as Fine filters with polishing and finishing property

Aeration by admitting air by air compressor is done.

Finally processed water is held in tank as settling - curing and maturing 1vday process done..

In this mode geovtextiles of varities

Woven, knitted non woven, non braided arecused.

Pl use the processed watetvthro carbon filers also..

It's best used by communities.

.. Prof Ajit Seshadri

School of Maritime Studies

Vels University

Chennai I

INDIA

If your project is particularly large and complex, I recommend starting with CapdetWorks or WaterCAD to manage the multi-phase estimation and then using additional tools like Civil 3D for detailed design and modeling.

I might help you if you provide the details. You can message to me.

Dear all, I suggest using a series of liquids with close solubility parameters to that of water, and extrapolate to the value of pure water. You can also use the same approach with different water-salt solutions if the polymer is less soluble. The last suggestion is to slightly cure (crosslink by irradiation for example) the surface of the polymer and do fast measurements. My Regards

Emil Aliyev its a nice thoughtful question where yes you are absolutely correct about the activated carbon granules can accumulate dust and impurities over time, reducing their effectiveness. To dedust activated carbon granules, follow these steps:

first can be Sieving: Pass the granules through a mesh sieve or a fine-mesh strainer to remove any lumps and large particles.

Next it can be Air blowing: Gently blow compressed air through the granules to loosen and remove surface dust.

Similarly after airblowing it can be Vibration: Place the granules in a container and vibrate it gently using a vibrating screen or a plate vibrator to dislodge dust particles.

followed by Centrifugation: Spin the granules in a centrifuge to separate dust and impurities from the granules.

and this can also be removed by Rinsing with water: If the activated carbon is water-resistant, rinse it with distilled water to remove any remaining impurities.

and finally one has to look into the Drying: Dry the granules in a low-temperature oven (150°F - 200°F) or under sunlight to remove any moisture.

Coating a photocatalyst agent may or may not lead to a decrease in its efficiency, depending on various factors such as the nature of the coating material, the method of coating, and the specific application.

For surface charge analysis, you need to do the zeta potential analysis of your composite.

Check the adsorption and desorption properties of your absorbent. If the desorption capability is low that absorbent will not leave the adsorbed pollutant from its surface.

The link will give you the information, so yes.

50 mg/l nitrate seems high for the USA (ammonia is usually 40 mg/l or less as NH3-N) - check if they are quoting the concentration as NO3-N or as NO3. 50 mg/l as NO3 is c. 11.3 mg/l as NO3-N.

The treatment would firstly depend on intended reuse of the greywater. In apartment buildings, institutions and sport facilities the reuse scheme could be toilet flushing. For this use biofiltration are appropriate to ensure biofouling doesn't clog the cistern for the toilet and to make the water be smell and color free. For use in institutions or multi-family dwellings Danish authorities require UV-disinfection is used.

Experience from Denmark is that system that omit laundry water from the reuse scheme are more stable as the washing water tend to inhibit biofiltration.

For the water, you can measure these parameters: pH, conductivity/salinity, basic nutrients (NPK)

soil: pH, conductivity/salinity, cation exchange capacity, sodium adsorption ratio, NPK, etc.

Plant: kindly refer to Titus's response

Use a commercial kit like Amplex Red or use a roGFP expressing transgenic line. for a small number of conditions a simple students t-test would suffice but you may want to use ANOVA if you have a large number of conditions.

Bio-based flocculants are efficient and eco-friendly for bulk algal biomass recovery.

Biomass separation efficiencies of bioflocculants are species-specific.

Harvested biomass from float beds duly nurtured can be directly converted to biofuel products. C H modulated

A few sp. bioflocculants have synergistic effects on the overall lipid yield, as needed they can be harvested

Bio-based flocculants for sustainable harvesting of micro - algae are done for both macro micro sp are sourced as convenient ..

What is bio flocculation?

What is a natural flocculant?

A bio- flocculant in biology needs are sourced as needed.

Biopolymer-based molecules produced by the cells of living organisms and the materials derived from these are duly used for lab based experiments.

Scholarly articles for bio based flocculant are sourced for add on info !

Bio-based flocculants for sustainable harvesting of - ‎Ogbonna sp

Is to be studied..

These water-soluble synthetic polymers have found applications in various water treatment processes, including flocculation, sedimentation, and membrane ...

As per recent Achievements in Polymer Bio-Based Flocculants ...

Polymer flocculants are used to promote solid–liquid separation processes in potable water and wastewater treatment.

‎Bio-Based Polysaccharide.

Recent advances in polysaccharide bio-based flocculants may be sources for info.. please

Polysaccharide bio-based flocculants are non-toxic, benign to the environment, fairly shear stable, and generally display effective removal ability for ...

New bio-flocculants for water utilities

Kemira may be sourced for adding info please

Close to my interests. What kind of collaboration do you seek?

Dear Virendra

Thank you for your clarifications.

Best regards.

Detergent waste is a serious threat to water,The detergents reducing the natural water quality, pH changes in soil and water, eutrophication, reducing light transmission, and increasing salinity in water sources. Many laundry detergents contain approximately 35 to 75% phosphate salts. Phosphates can cause a variety of water pollution problems. In wastewater treatment plants, detergents from residential wastewater are removed through a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Liquid laundry detergents can be made biodegradable and eco-friendly by including alkyl polyglucosides, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, and a thickener. Choose phosphate-free detergents, soaps, and household cleaners.

Please elaborate further; the question is unclear.

Dear Dr professor Khadija

Ensuring the long-term stability, durability, and eco-friendliness of nanomaterials in water treatment processes while minimizing associated risks requires a multi-faceted approach that involves careful material design, thorough testing, and responsible deployment. Here are some steps and considerations to address these challenges:

Dear Dr tewari

Nanomaterials and techniques commonly employed in wastewater treatment include:

It's important to note that the effectiveness of a particular nanomaterial or technique depends on the specific pollutants present in the wastewater, as well as factors such as cost, scalability, and potential environmental impacts.

Ion exchange resins are a good solution. Gold-selective resins have a higher selectivity for gold over base metals than activated carbon. This allows higher gold loadings since resin capacity is not "wasted" on undesirable base metals. A further result of the reduced affinity of resins for base metals is that these metals can be preferentially eluted from the resin before gold and silver, thereby ensuring a cleaner eluate, higher cell­-house efficiency, and higher-purity bullion. Copper is the biggest problem due to the similarity between the gold-cyanide and copper-cyanide complexes. High concentrations of copper result in high cyanide consumption. Excess-free cyanide must be maintained to minimize the Cu(CN)2- complex formation and avoid significant copper loading onto the activated carbon. Measures such as selective mining or removal of copper via acid leach have been tried but are only effective to a point. Anglo Asia's Gedabek mine in Azerbaijan chose the gold-selective Dowex-Minix resin over activated carbn, due to the high copper content of the ore.

More at:

Adline Benila S

Since you are using nanoparticles to purify water, you need to analyze them in water.

used to develop a control strategy that accommodates a range of influent flow profiles and provides a consistent effluent flow. The digital twin was also used to track water quality through the PWF and WRP system where it was relevant for process control

Dear Jaloliddin, for practical use, there is a combined SW and HW system available called Mi-Vision (https://mi-vision.de/en/). It has proven to be very accurate in many practical plants.

Regards Dieter

Shweta Singh,

You may want to take a look at the link below.

I hope this helps.

Regards

Nice, and the question is?

The effect of pH on decolorization of water treatment is positive, meaning that higher pH values lead to higher efficiency of color removal. However, this may depend on the type of dye and the treatment method used. The effect of dye concentration on decolorization is negative, meaning that lower concentrations of dye result in higher efficiency of color removal.

There are multiple methods of water treatment by oxidation and almost every method results in decolorization.

Hope the following link would work:

Yes

I m very interested

Best regards

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Dr. Noureddine Ali Elboughdiri,

Associate Professor.

Head of Dept. of Chem. Eng.,

Dept. of Chem. Eng., College of Eng., Univ. of Hail, Hail, KSA

Mobile: ++966 549 571 015

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National School of Engineering Gabes, Gabes 6011, Tunisia

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J. C. Tarafdar Thank you for your answer.

I want to thank everyone for their contributions to my question. I have been able to grind the fibre into powder. The process used is called CRYOGENIC MILLING. The link below is an example of the cryogenic milling process:

Regards

Periodically CaO treatment followed, after water cleaning, by a 0,22 um filtration.

Isothiazolinone is not stable in presence of oxidizers and RO membranes will have shortened useful lives.

What do you mean "2 days after sampling" and microbial titers were per what volume ?

Biofouling

Thank you Bestani. I was under a time crunch so I found a way to purchase the article. I appreciate you getting back to me but I'm all set.

You can read:

and

Ac'est a travers la phytoepuration

Did you sign up for the course? It looks as if you have to do that to get the data for the exercise, and then you demonstrate that you use the code pointers to solve the problem, and finally discuss how you did with the tutors, and get a better code set if necessary.

You can use different initial concentrations, e.g. by diluting samples, as well as you can change the concentration of the adsorbent. Forget about time here, it has to be long enough to get closer to the equilibrium state

Neem (Azadirachta indica) is recognized as a medicinal plant well known for its antibacterial, antimalarial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. Neem (Azadirachta indica) plants parts shows antimicrobial role through inhibitory effect on microbial growth/potentiality of cell wall breakdown. Azadirachtin, a complex tetranortriterpenoid limonoid present in seeds, is the key constituent responsible for both antifeedant and toxic effects in insects.

Aqueous neem leaf and seed extracts, neem oil and Bioblitz (EC formulation) against golden apple snail in the laboratory. Leaf and seed extracts are the most toxic causing 100% snail mortality at 100 ppm after 48 hours. Aqueous neem seed and leaves extract is tested against golden apple snails in the field . Treatment with concentration 20, 90 and 100 kg/ha of neem seeds are the most effective aqueous extract which inhibited feeding of the golden apple snails.

The toxicity of leaf crude extracts from neem tree and garlic (Allium sativum L.) on mortality rate of golden apple snails at concentrations of 50, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/l. High concentration of neem tree leaf extract (1000 mg/l) killed 95.83% of golden apple snail in 95 hours and high concentration of garlic (1000 mg/l) killed 91.66% of golden apple snail in 96 hours.

Sri Hari depends on the salinity levels of the water if itwsw above 2.5 levels saline then go for marine or fresh algae is always a option

It is rather PbO₂ that is used in water treatment, more precisely in electrochemical methods. Electrochemical methods are a promising alternative for the treatment of wastewaters containing organic pollutants. The main advantages of these processes include environmental compatibility, versatility, energy efficiency, safety, selectivity, amenability to automation and cost-effectiveness. Particular attention has been placed on the anodic oxidation, based on the electro generation of hydroxyl radicals directly at the anode surface from water discharge. It has been generally observed that the nature of the electrode material strongly influences the efficiency of the anodic oxidation process. While for classical anode materials (eg: Pt, C or IrO 2) the oxygen transfer reactions are slow and characterized by low faradic yields and current loss due to O 2 evolution, the use of anodes with high oxygen overpotential, like lead dioxide (PbO 2) gold boron-doped diamond (BDD), favours the degradation and enhances the current efficiency. PbO 2 has been extensively used to decompose organic contaminants owing to its high electrical conductivity, high oxygen overpotential and chemical inertness and low cost compared with other anodic materials. The use of high-performance anodic materials like PbO 2 electrodes can achieve high efficiency and lower the operating cost.

Regards

Look at the water demand and the use of conventional treatment methods of diversion, coagulation and flocculation, filtration and chlorination before supplying.

With the aid of the following topics, you can start

1- Introduction about the importance of fresh water

20 Environmental Aspects

3- Natural Water Resources

- Study model (Experimental, Analytical, or Numerical)

4- Water Polution

5- Sea water Desalination

6- Water treatment

7- Environmental Protection

8- Results

9- Discussion

10- Conclusion

The chitosan is a biopolymer that is considered an eco-friendly and efficient alternative of biological origin. Chitosan has become an actor in water treatment. Its use in coagulation/flocculation, adsorption and chitosan-assisted ultrafiltration processes.

By its properties of non-toxicity and biodegradability, chitosan can represent an effective substitute for mineral salts and synthetic polymers for the removal of turbidity in the treatment of drinking water but has the defect of increasing the TOC of the treated water.

Materials of biological origin such as chitosan appear to provide alternative and innovative solutions. This amino polysaccharide has great potential in water treatment due to its biological nature, its origin (obtained mainly from waste from the fishing industry), its non-toxicity, its polycationic character which distinguishes it from other polysaccharides and natural polymers, and its technological versatility. This biopolymer has indeed aroused growing interest since the 2000s to recover and eliminate contaminants present in industrial effluents due to its wide range of applications.

Regards

I did have this concern as well. Most people give this the same equations,

[SUM(anions) - SUM(cations)] / [SUM(anions) + SUM(cations)] in meq/L

But I feel it doesn't make any sense for me.

Fortunately, I found this link

Hello Eng. Sajad

I highly recommend the production of bacterial nanocellulose and its commercially production.

Tamjid Us Sakib depends on the type of technology selection and project

microlage is preferred in case of biological and if you have space and time with low cost investment however if you go via chemical route there are many like activated carbon, haaluminum sulphate or few other sales can also be used

Akito I Sema There are many methods of water purifcaiton depends on the technology selection and water quality to be tested before and after which is very important however few of the technologies which we can list are as follows:

Coagulation or also known as Floculation

Sedimentation is also one of the technology which is used for filtering water

pH Correction is mostly used by various low cost technologies

Common filternation methods based on the tds/cod/bod to be adjusted

Sludge drying is also one of the common method

There are following drawbacks in using nano technology at WW treatment plants:

1. aggregation of nanoparticles in WW

2. Water contamination by leaching of nano composites

3. Human toxicity due to skin exposure of nano particles

4. Difficulties in disposing nano wastes after WW treatment

Good question. Now superpulsator are in use they are clarifier that combines the principles of a sludge blanket and solids contact system into a single, high-rate, clarification unit. Capable of removing turbidity, color, TOC and other constituents in both municipal and industrial water applications.

You should contact to local wastewater treatment company in your area to ask for the data. They are normally willing to share it with you

Good luck!

K

Aluminium salts will react with phosphate salts to form relatively insoluble poly aluminium phosphate complexes, usually in the mole ratio of one to one. Other substances present in the lake water will also react with the aluminium. Coagulant doses cannot be calculated but must be determined experimentally by simple jar tests. This calculation will provide you with a starting point to undertake jar tests to determine the optimum dose for that particular water.

As far as I know, crude oils contain different organic compounds and can be considered hazardous waste. So, the answer should be no

Regards,

K

People have strong opposing views against solar desalination due to following reasons:

For more clarifications, feel free to contact me @shuraik10@gmail.com

Many thanks Shakeel!

You can check the paper below for more details:

Regards,

K

this article can be useful:

The flow diagram

Dear Khikeya, very nice question!

Due to Algal capacity to remove heavy metals, as well as some toxic organic compounds, therefore, it does not lead to secondary pollution. Please kindly read the attached file , it may be very helpful !

Sawhtunhtun Naung https://www.water-pollution.org.uk/prevent-water-pollution/

Please go through this articles.

Dear Rc Cf,

I think you can use different alternative software such as: HEC-2, HEC-RAS, Hydraflow… It also depends on the precision you want to achieve for your design.

Nomundari Erdene i do agree with the expert views above specially the ones shared by John Machell and Solvéré Lim

My personal favourite journal is the Journal of cleaner production and ESPR.

Chloride interference is an important problem of COD measurement for wastewaters containing low organic matter and high chloride concentrations. In case of chloride concentrations up to 2,000 mg/L, mercury sulphate addition at a ratio of 10:1 (HgSO(4):Cl(-)) can adequately mask the interference.

Hi Dr Muhammad Shoukat Hussain . Teflon is the best material for Sulfuric acid . See the link : https://sciencing.com/types-used-storing-acids-bases-8456845.html

In our study, we compared various tree species for the suitability of it being used in a modular bioretention tree system in the tropics. Due to the space constrains, a tree species needs to be relatively fast-growing, yet small in size to be modular. In our study we found that Talipariti Tiliaceum combined with engineered soil were relatively successful in the removal of wastewater. The key attribute to this is the root formation of the trees being deep and also the uptake of heavy metals in the water treatment residue (which is found in the engineered soil blend).

Most of the marine pollution comes from Land this was an estimation done when the marine pollution was studied by various departments and experts in the field.

This link shows the details of most serious pollutants and sources of pollution in the oceans

Hamid Boleydei hope so this will answer your question

stay connected

with warm regards

Srinivas Kasulla

There are still many unknowns in the world of water desalination, however, one thing is known for sure, the techniques of the past are not the solution to the world's water treatment problem. The primary method of reverse osmosis is the most effective but has its limitation. Reverse osmosis requires a high input of energy to produce clean water. In addition, the membranes used in reverse osmosis have glaring downsides. With a predisposition to failing due to fouling and a lack of self-maintenance, plants are forced to produce a high amount of membranes and shut down portions of the site in order to replace them. All processes have their flaws, but nanotechnology aids to remedy them. Nanotechnology streamlines the process of water desalinization, making it a viable option on the industrial level. The NAWADES project and NanoH2O have proved this with their research into new technologies for desalination.

Regards

Mohammad Hossein Abbaspour interesting question and there are many ways of quick and best ways to treat water and avoid polluted water but again it depends on the economics as well as the size of the plant or amount of water to be treated on a daily basis so one can come to a conclusion with the amount of water to be treated and for what purpose is also to make an economical feasibility option to select the best possible available technology.

Hi Remco Bakker , attached are some older comments with a spreadsheet on how to obtain the intensity versus angle data from Mastersizer 2000 data. Not tested, and not sure if this still works in current software.

The partnership must is from italy

It all depends on the research questions and then on the money/time available.

Is the research question about looking at the bacterial community structure (e.g. looking at differences in community composition between treatments), looking change in structure and diversity (i.e. looking at changes in structure but also identify the bacteria), looking activity/active microorganisms, looking at changes in relative abundance (e.g. changes over time of bacteria in activated sludge)...

Really this is the first question you need to answer before looking for methods, what is the question. There is no perfect method, it all depends what is the question you ask.

You can use fingerprinting methods (e.g. DGGE, T-RFLP, ARISA) if you are just interested in changes/differences in community structure between samples without interest into who is there. This is quick and relatively cheap but limited in term of outcome.

Now if you want to have a look on changes/differences in community structure and as well diversity (identification of OTU), you should use metataxonomic (also called metabarcoding, amplicon sequencing). You gain much better resolution than with fingerprinting but more expensive and need more skills to analyse the data. You gain data only on a specific genes, the obvious one being 16S.

Quantitative PCR was mentioned (also called real-time PCR), but this method is to asses the abundance of a specific gene. Even if it is the best method to assess microbial abundance you do not access to the community structure. However, you can look at any genes to determine their abundance. It is quick and fairly easy to run.

Then there are also metatranscriptomic looking at RNA rather than DN, so you are focusing on structure of the "active community".

Metagenomic could also be used to look all the genes/genomes present in your samples. The highest resolution you can get, but also one of the most expensive and difficult methods to analyse.

Again, the research questions should determine the methods than should be selected. It is important to be clear about what you want to answer.