Water Treatment - Science topic

Please elaborate further; the question is unclear.

Dear Dr tewari

Nanomaterials and techniques commonly employed in wastewater treatment include:

It's important to note that the effectiveness of a particular nanomaterial or technique depends on the specific pollutants present in the wastewater, as well as factors such as cost, scalability, and potential environmental impacts.

Ion exchange resins are a good solution. Gold-selective resins have a higher selectivity for gold over base metals than activated carbon. This allows higher gold loadings since resin capacity is not "wasted" on undesirable base metals. A further result of the reduced affinity of resins for base metals is that these metals can be preferentially eluted from the resin before gold and silver, thereby ensuring a cleaner eluate, higher cell­-house efficiency, and higher-purity bullion. Copper is the biggest problem due to the similarity between the gold-cyanide and copper-cyanide complexes. High concentrations of copper result in high cyanide consumption. Excess-free cyanide must be maintained to minimize the Cu(CN)2- complex formation and avoid significant copper loading onto the activated carbon. Measures such as selective mining or removal of copper via acid leach have been tried but are only effective to a point. Anglo Asia's Gedabek mine in Azerbaijan chose the gold-selective Dowex-Minix resin over activated carbn, due to the high copper content of the ore.

More at:

Adline Benila S

Since you are using nanoparticles to purify water, you need to analyze them in water.

used to develop a control strategy that accommodates a range of influent flow profiles and provides a consistent effluent flow. The digital twin was also used to track water quality through the PWF and WRP system where it was relevant for process control

Dear Jaloliddin, for practical use, there is a combined SW and HW system available called Mi-Vision (https://mi-vision.de/en/). It has proven to be very accurate in many practical plants.

Regards Dieter

Shweta Singh,

You may want to take a look at the link below.

I hope this helps.

Regards

Nice, and the question is?

The effect of pH on decolorization of water treatment is positive, meaning that higher pH values lead to higher efficiency of color removal. However, this may depend on the type of dye and the treatment method used. The effect of dye concentration on decolorization is negative, meaning that lower concentrations of dye result in higher efficiency of color removal.

There are multiple methods of water treatment by oxidation and almost every method results in decolorization.

Hope the following link would work:

Yes

I m very interested

Best regards

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Dr. Noureddine Ali Elboughdiri,

Associate Professor.

Head of Dept. of Chem. Eng.,

Dept. of Chem. Eng., College of Eng., Univ. of Hail, Hail, KSA

Mobile: ++966 549 571 015

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National School of Engineering Gabes, Gabes 6011, Tunisia

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J. C. Tarafdar Thank you for your answer.

I want to thank everyone for their contributions to my question. I have been able to grind the fibre into powder. The process used is called CRYOGENIC MILLING. The link below is an example of the cryogenic milling process:

Regards

Periodically CaO treatment followed, after water cleaning, by a 0,22 um filtration.

Isothiazolinone is not stable in presence of oxidizers and RO membranes will have shortened useful lives.

What do you mean "2 days after sampling" and microbial titers were per what volume ?

Biofouling

Thank you Bestani. I was under a time crunch so I found a way to purchase the article. I appreciate you getting back to me but I'm all set.

You can read:

and

Ac'est a travers la phytoepuration

Did you sign up for the course? It looks as if you have to do that to get the data for the exercise, and then you demonstrate that you use the code pointers to solve the problem, and finally discuss how you did with the tutors, and get a better code set if necessary.

You can use different initial concentrations, e.g. by diluting samples, as well as you can change the concentration of the adsorbent. Forget about time here, it has to be long enough to get closer to the equilibrium state

Neem (Azadirachta indica) is recognized as a medicinal plant well known for its antibacterial, antimalarial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. Neem (Azadirachta indica) plants parts shows antimicrobial role through inhibitory effect on microbial growth/potentiality of cell wall breakdown. Azadirachtin, a complex tetranortriterpenoid limonoid present in seeds, is the key constituent responsible for both antifeedant and toxic effects in insects.

Aqueous neem leaf and seed extracts, neem oil and Bioblitz (EC formulation) against golden apple snail in the laboratory. Leaf and seed extracts are the most toxic causing 100% snail mortality at 100 ppm after 48 hours. Aqueous neem seed and leaves extract is tested against golden apple snails in the field . Treatment with concentration 20, 90 and 100 kg/ha of neem seeds are the most effective aqueous extract which inhibited feeding of the golden apple snails.

The toxicity of leaf crude extracts from neem tree and garlic (Allium sativum L.) on mortality rate of golden apple snails at concentrations of 50, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/l. High concentration of neem tree leaf extract (1000 mg/l) killed 95.83% of golden apple snail in 95 hours and high concentration of garlic (1000 mg/l) killed 91.66% of golden apple snail in 96 hours.

Sri Hari depends on the salinity levels of the water if itwsw above 2.5 levels saline then go for marine or fresh algae is always a option

It is rather PbO₂ that is used in water treatment, more precisely in electrochemical methods. Electrochemical methods are a promising alternative for the treatment of wastewaters containing organic pollutants. The main advantages of these processes include environmental compatibility, versatility, energy efficiency, safety, selectivity, amenability to automation and cost-effectiveness. Particular attention has been placed on the anodic oxidation, based on the electro generation of hydroxyl radicals directly at the anode surface from water discharge. It has been generally observed that the nature of the electrode material strongly influences the efficiency of the anodic oxidation process. While for classical anode materials (eg: Pt, C or IrO 2) the oxygen transfer reactions are slow and characterized by low faradic yields and current loss due to O 2 evolution, the use of anodes with high oxygen overpotential, like lead dioxide (PbO 2) gold boron-doped diamond (BDD), favours the degradation and enhances the current efficiency. PbO 2 has been extensively used to decompose organic contaminants owing to its high electrical conductivity, high oxygen overpotential and chemical inertness and low cost compared with other anodic materials. The use of high-performance anodic materials like PbO 2 electrodes can achieve high efficiency and lower the operating cost.

Regards

Look at the water demand and the use of conventional treatment methods of diversion, coagulation and flocculation, filtration and chlorination before supplying.

With the aid of the following topics, you can start

1- Introduction about the importance of fresh water

20 Environmental Aspects

3- Natural Water Resources

- Study model (Experimental, Analytical, or Numerical)

4- Water Polution

5- Sea water Desalination

6- Water treatment

7- Environmental Protection

8- Results

9- Discussion

10- Conclusion

The chitosan is a biopolymer that is considered an eco-friendly and efficient alternative of biological origin. Chitosan has become an actor in water treatment. Its use in coagulation/flocculation, adsorption and chitosan-assisted ultrafiltration processes.

By its properties of non-toxicity and biodegradability, chitosan can represent an effective substitute for mineral salts and synthetic polymers for the removal of turbidity in the treatment of drinking water but has the defect of increasing the TOC of the treated water.

Materials of biological origin such as chitosan appear to provide alternative and innovative solutions. This amino polysaccharide has great potential in water treatment due to its biological nature, its origin (obtained mainly from waste from the fishing industry), its non-toxicity, its polycationic character which distinguishes it from other polysaccharides and natural polymers, and its technological versatility. This biopolymer has indeed aroused growing interest since the 2000s to recover and eliminate contaminants present in industrial effluents due to its wide range of applications.

Regards

I did have this concern as well. Most people give this the same equations,

[SUM(anions) - SUM(cations)] / [SUM(anions) + SUM(cations)] in meq/L

But I feel it doesn't make any sense for me.

Fortunately, I found this link

Hello Eng. Sajad

I highly recommend the production of bacterial nanocellulose and its commercially production.

Tamjid Us Sakib depends on the type of technology selection and project

microlage is preferred in case of biological and if you have space and time with low cost investment however if you go via chemical route there are many like activated carbon, haaluminum sulphate or few other sales can also be used

Akito I Sema There are many methods of water purifcaiton depends on the technology selection and water quality to be tested before and after which is very important however few of the technologies which we can list are as follows:

Coagulation or also known as Floculation

Sedimentation is also one of the technology which is used for filtering water

pH Correction is mostly used by various low cost technologies

Common filternation methods based on the tds/cod/bod to be adjusted

Sludge drying is also one of the common method

There are following drawbacks in using nano technology at WW treatment plants:

1. aggregation of nanoparticles in WW

2. Water contamination by leaching of nano composites

3. Human toxicity due to skin exposure of nano particles

4. Difficulties in disposing nano wastes after WW treatment

Good question. Now superpulsator are in use they are clarifier that combines the principles of a sludge blanket and solids contact system into a single, high-rate, clarification unit. Capable of removing turbidity, color, TOC and other constituents in both municipal and industrial water applications.

You should contact to local wastewater treatment company in your area to ask for the data. They are normally willing to share it with you

Good luck!

K

Aluminium salts will react with phosphate salts to form relatively insoluble poly aluminium phosphate complexes, usually in the mole ratio of one to one. Other substances present in the lake water will also react with the aluminium. Coagulant doses cannot be calculated but must be determined experimentally by simple jar tests. This calculation will provide you with a starting point to undertake jar tests to determine the optimum dose for that particular water.

As far as I know, crude oils contain different organic compounds and can be considered hazardous waste. So, the answer should be no

Regards,

K

People have strong opposing views against solar desalination due to following reasons:

For more clarifications, feel free to contact me @shuraik10@gmail.com

Solar still efficiency = distillate × hfg/ Total solar intensity × glass area× time

Many thanks Shakeel!

You can create a hydrophobic surface on glass surfaces "microbeads" or most any silicate glass surface by application of a silane monolayer. Etching is not generally required - though an etch with NaOH does produce additional surface area for additional bonding of the silane. Examples of this include the application of (Rainex®) or Aquapel® hydrophobic coatings for windshields and other glasses. One only needs Si-OH bonds on the surface. I suggest you refer to a review article on "coupling agents" - The simplest type of material that wold provide a hydrophobic material would be, for instance,

3(R)Si(OH) R could be CH3

More complex systems can be found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siloxane

Email me or message me through Researchgate if you need more info.

this article can be useful:

The flow diagram

Dear Khikeya, very nice question!

Due to Algal capacity to remove heavy metals, as well as some toxic organic compounds, therefore, it does not lead to secondary pollution. Please kindly read the attached file , it may be very helpful !

Sawhtunhtun Naung https://www.water-pollution.org.uk/prevent-water-pollution/

Please go through this articles.

Dear Rc Cf,

I think you can use different alternative software such as: HEC-2, HEC-RAS, Hydraflow… It also depends on the precision you want to achieve for your design.

Nomundari Erdene i do agree with the expert views above specially the ones shared by John Machell and Solvéré Lim

My personal favourite journal is the Journal of cleaner production and ESPR.

Chloride interference is an important problem of COD measurement for wastewaters containing low organic matter and high chloride concentrations. In case of chloride concentrations up to 2,000 mg/L, mercury sulphate addition at a ratio of 10:1 (HgSO(4):Cl(-)) can adequately mask the interference.

Hi Dr Muhammad Shoukat Hussain . Teflon is the best material for Sulfuric acid . See the link : https://sciencing.com/types-used-storing-acids-bases-8456845.html

In our study, we compared various tree species for the suitability of it being used in a modular bioretention tree system in the tropics. Due to the space constrains, a tree species needs to be relatively fast-growing, yet small in size to be modular. In our study we found that Talipariti Tiliaceum combined with engineered soil were relatively successful in the removal of wastewater. The key attribute to this is the root formation of the trees being deep and also the uptake of heavy metals in the water treatment residue (which is found in the engineered soil blend).

Most of the marine pollution comes from Land this was an estimation done when the marine pollution was studied by various departments and experts in the field.

This link shows the details of most serious pollutants and sources of pollution in the oceans

Hamid Boleydei hope so this will answer your question

stay connected

with warm regards

Srinivas Kasulla

There are still many unknowns in the world of water desalination, however, one thing is known for sure, the techniques of the past are not the solution to the world's water treatment problem. The primary method of reverse osmosis is the most effective but has its limitation. Reverse osmosis requires a high input of energy to produce clean water. In addition, the membranes used in reverse osmosis have glaring downsides. With a predisposition to failing due to fouling and a lack of self-maintenance, plants are forced to produce a high amount of membranes and shut down portions of the site in order to replace them. All processes have their flaws, but nanotechnology aids to remedy them. Nanotechnology streamlines the process of water desalinization, making it a viable option on the industrial level. The NAWADES project and NanoH2O have proved this with their research into new technologies for desalination.

Regards

Mohammad Hossein Abbaspour interesting question and there are many ways of quick and best ways to treat water and avoid polluted water but again it depends on the economics as well as the size of the plant or amount of water to be treated on a daily basis so one can come to a conclusion with the amount of water to be treated and for what purpose is also to make an economical feasibility option to select the best possible available technology.

Hi Remco Bakker , attached are some older comments with a spreadsheet on how to obtain the intensity versus angle data from Mastersizer 2000 data. Not tested, and not sure if this still works in current software.

The partnership must is from italy

It all depends on the research questions and then on the money/time available.

Is the research question about looking at the bacterial community structure (e.g. looking at differences in community composition between treatments), looking change in structure and diversity (i.e. looking at changes in structure but also identify the bacteria), looking activity/active microorganisms, looking at changes in relative abundance (e.g. changes over time of bacteria in activated sludge)...

Really this is the first question you need to answer before looking for methods, what is the question. There is no perfect method, it all depends what is the question you ask.

You can use fingerprinting methods (e.g. DGGE, T-RFLP, ARISA) if you are just interested in changes/differences in community structure between samples without interest into who is there. This is quick and relatively cheap but limited in term of outcome.

Now if you want to have a look on changes/differences in community structure and as well diversity (identification of OTU), you should use metataxonomic (also called metabarcoding, amplicon sequencing). You gain much better resolution than with fingerprinting but more expensive and need more skills to analyse the data. You gain data only on a specific genes, the obvious one being 16S.

Quantitative PCR was mentioned (also called real-time PCR), but this method is to asses the abundance of a specific gene. Even if it is the best method to assess microbial abundance you do not access to the community structure. However, you can look at any genes to determine their abundance. It is quick and fairly easy to run.

Then there are also metatranscriptomic looking at RNA rather than DN, so you are focusing on structure of the "active community".

Metagenomic could also be used to look all the genes/genomes present in your samples. The highest resolution you can get, but also one of the most expensive and difficult methods to analyse.

Again, the research questions should determine the methods than should be selected. It is important to be clear about what you want to answer.

Daniel Garcia when you want to compare three groups on excel then as guided by the experts I do agree with them and also there are many videos available on the youtube or other online video platforms

PES shows more finger-like pores than PSU, leading to higher affinity to water, higher liquid and solution (aqueous) fluxes, and greater flexibility of the PES membranes as compared to higher (non-polar) gas fluxes and mechanical resistance of PSU membranes. Hence, PES should be more suitable for separations involving the liquid state while PSU should be advantageous for gas separation and the application of higher pressures.

You can check the paper below for more information:

Regards,

K

Dear, Sandeep Kumar

The best treatment for steam boiler inlet feedwater and the best chemical for water treatment depends on the characteristics of the water to be used and the operating properties and characteristics of the steam boiler materials. To make a correct selection, you must have more information about the water to be processed and the characteristics of the steam head.

Iman Jafari, You need to be more specific about what reactors you mean and what their role is. It is often the case that one reactor is running and the other is not, due to regeneration of the catalytic bed which has been deactivated.. The same is the case with adsorbers. There must always be two, one of which is working and the other is where the adsorbent is regenerated.

About predicting the pH of Ca(OH)₂ aq. solutions (saturated or not) ― cf. my posts (§ III., IV, V.) at:

@ Arvin Hajipour,

Its better and easier to optimize the dose of coagulant by jar test apparatus.

Apart from been cheap, high removal rate, large specific surface area, easy to buy and operate, etc., activated Carbon in RO is mainly used to protect RO membranes from oxidants such as chlorine, while in wastewater is for adsorption of organic compounds, removal of colour and odour.

I agree with the accurate answer of Dr. Sandhya Jayasekara. She gave almost all the bacterial species that are transported in the water and may pose a public health concern, and I would like to add Aeromonas to them, it is also possible to be transmitted by water and Giardia parasite ... And indeed there is resistance against chlorine in addition to the danger of chlorine because it causes, after its interaction with the organic materials present in the water, from the production of chlorine byproduct, which is the most dangerous of which is trihalomethanes. Indeed, it is possible to treat water with UV radiation, which is an effective method against germs, and it is possible to use ozone then filtering with active biological carbon and then chlorine because here we have implied the purity of water from the remnants of organic materials by filtering and implying that even if a few microorganisms remain after treatment with ozone, it will not reproduce due to filtration of organic matter. Because if we left it unfiltered after the ozone treatment, the remaining micro-organisms might grow rapidly and may cause health problems.

Certainly there are often connections between a river and the water table in the floodplain or riparian area. Adjacent areas to lakes may also have connectivity. Regardless, this would still be considered shallow water table, and has potential for variances in quality from the surface or adjacent areas from runoff, animals or wildlife, septic systems or human activities. Or waste materials. Any use for drinking water should probably include some treatments as boiling, and perhaps testing if the sources have pollutants that are not easily filtered. A geologist or groundwater hydrologist may be able to evaluate a specific circumstance, and well drillers might also he helpful in testing rate of groundwater movement to well, with slower rates likely to have more filtration. Since a shallow water table is not a confined aquifer that has been tested for reliable quality, its reliability as a safe drinking water source without treatment and pretreatment and post treatment evaluation over time would not be recommended. River water as a source for drinking influx water can also have varying levels of pollution and quality, depending on land uses, urban and industry, etc. contributing to uncertainty.

You got very good and comprehensive answers. I want to add something, though. Keep in mind that haloforms, by definition, are neither free nor combined chlorine when we talk about breakpoint chemistry. So it is true that some of the chlorine as an atom will exist in bond with carbon, but it will not contribute to your residual chlorine measurement and have no effect (in practice) in disinfection. They are characterized by AOX and are important regarding toxicity.

I think reading about chlorine breakpoint chemistry might be a good help here.

The main problem with these biochar(absorbent) is regeneration and handling and disposal of such biochar after application(use).

These absorbent(biochar) are having high surface area, with higherer removal efficiency.

Reg

P.B.Bhagawati

India

I think because of different users, for example in wastewater treatment and agriculture. Most agricultural farms required different types of biochars.

Dear Dr Salah Uddin , thank you for useful paper. Now I see that meteorology also is promising field of research in experiments with infrasound application

They vary. To get full details of a data set use this link to fill in the request form

iTrust Dataset Request (google.com)

You can contact the support team here

iTrust Lab_SupportTeam - iTrust (sutd.edu.sg)

John

thank you very much ♥

Samuel Oluyomi Ayodele

Dear Sir,

It depends on type of clarifier (sedimentation tank, long-rectangular, square or cylinder settling basin). The very first parameters you need to concern are flowrate (productivity) and raw water turbility (for coagulant need, basin area and length).

I attached some documents hope these help you.

credit link:

Algae can be used in wastewater treatment for a range of purposes, some of which are used for the removal of coliform bacteria, reduction of both chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, removal of N and/or P, and also for the removal of heavy metals.