Water Management - Science topic

Here are 2 options:

Direct wind - reverse osmosis

Solar distillation

e.g. https://news.mit.edu/2022/solar-desalination-system-inexpensive-0214

On Water Risks & Water Security. Dear Colleagues, With pleasure, I inform you that the Editor of our book "Besbes, M.; Chahed, J.; Hamdane, A. (2014). Sécurité hydrique de la Tunisie, Gérer l'eau en conditions de pénurie. Ed. L'Harmattan" authorized us to distribute the chapters for academic and teaching purposes. Chapters are available within the references of the present project: https://www.researchgate.net/project/SHT-Securite-Hydrique-de-la-Tunisie-Tunisias-Water-Security

Unfortunately, we do not have yet the right to share the updated English version of the book:

Besbes, M., Chahed, J., & Hamdane, A. (2019). National water security: Case study of an arid country: Tunisia. Springer International Publishing.

The National Security Conceptual Model has been generalized to arid and semi-arid countries and in particular to the Maghreb countries:

Besbes, M., Chahed, J., & Hamdane, A. (2019). Food and water management in Northwest Africa. The Oxford Handbook of Food, Water and Society, 426.

To be requested on: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Scientific_Watch_on_Water_Scarcity_IndicatorsPublisher: Allan, T., Bromwich, B., Keulertz, M., & Colman, A. (Eds.)

French version available on:

Related topics are discussed within the following threads: https://www.researchgate.net/post/National_Water_Security_in_Water-Scarce_Countries https://www.researchgate.net/post/Water_Footprint_Water_Colors_Blue_Water_Green_Water_Grey_Water_Virtual_Water https://www.researchgate.net/post/Scientific_Watch_on_Water_Scarcity_IndicatorsPublisher: Allan, T., Bromwich, B., Keulertz, M., & Colman, A. (Eds.)

Chilean example is rather good, where local communities take action to organiza water supply independently

It all depends on the country's economy i.e., whether it is a developing or a developed country. In the case of developing countries, the management mechanism is problematic and no substantial substructure exists to ameliorate the situation therefore the central government will have to resort to the last recourse, borrowing to import.

I have done some several project in this fields. i think also you have finish this project

The transition to a circular economy is not uniform and varies depending on a series of factors such as the degree of industrialization, the level of technological development, the availability of qualified human resources and access to financing, among others.

If you want to some basic ideas about that then you go for S k garg. And if you want to know deep knowledge about that then go for Metcalf and Eddy. It's clear all the concepts from basics to advance.

Incorporation of agronomic management practices so as to either use water efficiency or conserve water in the soil in the form of optimum moisture to support plant life... drought is a situation where annual seasonal rainfall is less than twice the mean deviation allowing excess evapotranspiration over absorption of water...Use of laser land levelling as precision agriculture device for proper water management, used to organic manure allowing more porosity with higher retentive power to hold water thereby good water productivity, use of mulch, sowing in ridges and furrow, use of drip irrigation device or any other precised water use technology, use of raised bed sowing allowing 50% less water use, contingent planning of crop sowing to avoid early and late season drought.. uncertainty of mansoon, erratic rainfall pattern with irregular distribution over an area is one of the most important constraints of Indian agriculture... selection of crops which resist water deficit may be choosen for the sowing.. Keeping the concept of "more crop per drop" in mind, life saving irrigation, microirrigation can be applied to avoid strains... collection, induction, storage and utilisation of water via water harvesting is a good option by making inter plots or tanks or intra plot water harvesting.. Storing water during excess rainfall and utilising it during peak periods of water deficit or stress, one may get remunerative returns by not compromising with yield loss..

Also check please the following very good link: https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/213.1-01RA-17421.pdf

interested idea

Water Security is one of the most (if not the most) nagging issues in water-scarce countries, particularly as it is exacerbated by Climate Change concerns. Perspectives for sustainable development in the arid region are given in the following discussions:

(2) Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change: "Temporal Paradox" versus "Chronology Protection Conjecture". (researchgate.net)

(2) On Water Scarcity Indicators (researchgate.net)

Dear colleagues, we currently have two projects written for the intelligent management of water resources, the first is about the development of automatic pluviographs with local and recyclable materials, and the second is about the management of natural resources, water and soil in the current context of climate change through the application of satellite technologies and artificial intelligence. These are recognized by our ministry of science, technology and environment for which this consolidation. Soon we hope to present a project for the realization of the water balance in a daily regime and in high spatial resolution, with the application of satellite hydrology and big data and artificial intelligence techniques. For the successful implementation of these projects, international collaboration is important, so if you are interested in collaborating to find financial support opportunities for these projects, we can start whenever you want.

Kind regards.

In Kenya we have revised our laws to take care of sustainability of water resources in terms of management of water resources.

Dear Aklile,

Very interesting work. You can visit the link:

Due to different factors

They're being parsimonious which is as old as time

Some cities flood due the abundance of impermeable surfaces, roofs, compacted soils, etc. And the design of the city has open areas, where water could be transported, stored, used as wetlands, ponds, or possibly large more natural freshwater aquariums, etc. And permeable surfaces may infiltrate more water into soils. However, in cities with high building density including in the floodplain, with utilities embedded into the roads, a major reworking of the city might be needed. There May be opportunities to design in features to help better manage water or flooding, or retrofit structures by raising on piles, etc. Channelization and levees, dams, etc. as mentioned in Sponge City design can help, but best to have appropriate engineering and hydrology design, and even these best efforts can sometimes fail. Stream type, sediment sources, geology, flood zones, etc. need to be assessed. Urban areas within large basins would be more difficult as compared to smaller watersheds. I have mentioned before, especially in areas subject to cyclonic massive storms to consider using an envelop curve to plot the extreme flows of all gauging stations, and who is to know relative to climate change, whether this might be enough to address the potential for local severity. The practicality beyond the engineering, geology, geomorphology, hydrology, etc. also depends on costs and willingness of public to accept potentially some massive changes, and manage an urban area with more water, higher water table, potential for water quality issues, stability, etc. In the right circumstances, the Sponge City approach looks promising, but may not be the best approach for every circumstance, and that is why a review of conditions, limits, options May lead toward a properly funded and designed feasibility study.

Urea is rapidly hydrolyzed to ammonium (this process is completed in about 5 days), which can be potentially lost through ammonia volatilization. But if urea is placed at a depth (even 1-2 cm below the soil surface), losses of urea-N via ammonia volatilization are greatly reduced or are minimal. The application of urea before or after irrigation is linked with ammonia volatilization losses rather than the issues discussed above by different colleagues. In coarse-textured soils where water percolation rates are high, it is recommended to apply urea before the irrigation event as the percolating water carries urea to a depth in the soil and urea-N does not remain prone to losses via ammonia volatilization. But one should make sure that the time between urea application and irrigation is kept to a minimum. Urea lying on the dry soil before application of irrigation water can also be hydrolyzed to ammonium though to a limited extent. We need to keep in mind that that urea is very hygroscopic.

In heavy-textured soil, the best way to apply urea is to incorporate it into the soil at a depth. But when urea is to be topdressed while the crop is in the field, apply urea immediately after the irrigation water has percolated down the soil surface. Due to the heavy texture of the soil, water slowly keeps moving down and transports urea to a depth where it is safe from ammonia volatilization losses.

Kindly go through the attached publication of ours. It should make you more knowledgeable on this subject.

Depende del contexto y las condiciones para su aplicación.

Most of Urban areas share complex issues related to high population growth which will affect the increasing demand of water. The changing landscape of urban area tend to reduce the "green space" and water springs. Water supply would be rely on other regions (mostly rural areas). I think researching urban water governance should consider the concept of "rural urban linkage"

Krishnan Umachandran I agree with him. Very good answer.

I am totally in agreement with opinions stated by colleagues

Subhash Babu

Sivaraj Paramasivam

Kafula Chisanga

Organic mulching has more benefits and advantages through its proper functioning in implementing a good cycle of returning more nutrients into the soil and a good turnover of soil microbial populations. During the years that I was studying in Germany I have seen that in everywhere they were using organic mulching in their gardens and agricultural fields.

Thank you Kleomenis Kalogeropoulos and William F. Hansen. I read this article , and it is very helpful.

all of them are important. only it doesn't matter when your management is private.

this could help you: https://www.elsevier.com/journals/agricultural-water-management/0378-3774/guide-for-authors

Construction of small dams, watershed management and so many technologies.

Hello,

Agricultural management and cropping patterns are also key to catchment hydrology and its modeling. You can have a look at our recent article:

cheers

https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/

https://www.icrisat.org/

Hi,

There are several examples of different hydrological models like SWAT used in real operations for water management and reservoir operations. You can see the following links for how SWAT is used for water resources management in different basins and reservoir operations across the world:

I hope it helps you!

Apart from biological yield loss, economics should be used to answer your question. Acceptable yield reduction should be based on marginal costing and marginal value for optimality. Said that the acceptance of yield losses by farmers depends on their risk-taking and income levels and varies from farmer to farmer.

Hi,

It's vague to answer which one gone first between water and human since water represents the liquid states on earth which form about 70% of the earth's surface. Also, water can be recreated through the endless cycle.

But if we talk about fresh and safe use water compare to humans, with the excessive pressures from both natural and manmade, freshwater will finish first.

Let take a look at the reference from the Dublin principle in 1992 about:

So, as a finite and vulnerable resource, it's obviously seen to be more concerned than a human who can find a better way to protect themselves while the freshwater can not.

Please take a look at this useful link.

Hallo from Peru - you are describing actually the very same situation we are facing here. Almost all Utilities are municipal. Some 10 years ago the 6 members of the supervisory boards where apointed directly by the municipalities. Since then there where 2 steps forward, that didnt solve the problem at all, but helped:

(1) The supervisory board are now composed by 5 members: 2 from municipal governments, 1 from regional governments, 1 from the professional asociations and 1 by the civic society. That made it somewhat more difficult to change all the professional staff by unexperienced friends of the mayors. (2) The second step was, that for many positions in the utilities are now a minimum of experience and academic degrees are requiered.

Yes there is a grant, please look https://www.saia.sk/

Lets be realistic, not all hydrologists, watershed scientists, water managers, civil engineers, hydraulic engineers, geomorphologists, water statisticians, meteorologists and others involved with flood and drought designing and review are trained and experienced to same degree. Even with substantial stream and rainfall data over several to perhaps ten decades for some sites, we are hampered with data of sufficient record and in some instances as accuracy, such as for flood measurements, where extreme floods have to be estimated as monitoring site is damaged or lost. We are also hampered because the trend line of station records is often used, rather than recognizing the confidence limits of plus/minus 40% uncertainty. We may fail to adequately account that the 1% flood (100 year event) design installed in long term structures, has a 1% chance of exceedance each year, so when applying the trend line for a 50 year structure, we should expect at least a 50-50 chance of exceedance. If we wanted structures to accomodate flows woth only a 10 percent exceedance over 50 years, we would design for the 0.2% chance of exceedance, ot the 500 year flood. In critical situations, review of the envelop curve and probable maximum storm and event might help put the upper bound to extreme events, except that land use such as erbanization, impervious surfaces and hydrologic modifications as dams and channelization should also be considered. Dam failures can be significant additions to downstream flooding and damages, losses to life. And all this without even mentioning climate change.

With newer rechniques to refurbish old culverts and structures in place, perhaps overdesigning to accomodate long term maintenance is a consideration. The licensed and bonded civil engineer is often one responsible to consider all these elements, so one might ask are current levels of training and practice sufficient to address the desired results. If we cannot afford desired results, then we need to have educated responses such as lowering dams and ensure overflow protections in place to avoid failure, and emergency evacuation plans, restricting designs and retrifitting structures in floodzone, etc.

We are in constant need for more data, and especially when we talk about extremes. Societal costs relative to hydrological extremes are great in losses to life and property. To do better, we need to invest and educate more, insure adequate hydrology and associates input, and make more informed decisions.

Hi Magsud,

It is not very clear what you mean by water management. If you mean water management during fuel cell mode operation, then pump cannot used for that purpose, water pump is used for water circulation during electrolysis.

In fuel cell mode operation, operating conditions need to be considered to come up with the optimal design. Also, flow field design, hydrogen supply mode (re-circulation or dead-ended), air stoichiometry, and the gas diffusion layer properties (here you can introduce hydrophobicity) will affect the water management.

It needs to be more specific as it is specific to the URFC design and operating conditions.

Cheers

The following paper could help you out:

Intellectual history and current status of Integrated Water Resources Management: A global perspective

FG Mukhtarov - Adaptive and integrated water management, 2008 - Springer

You can find an answer from their structural differences. The macromolecule is more hydrophobic when its hydroxyl groups are substituted by the functional groups with a more longer carbon chain. They prevent water-penetration to the inner pores.

The determination of actions for the best use and management of water resources depends on several factors and scales. On a smaller scale for example, I adopted a cistern in my house to reuse water from the laundry and sinks to wash the outside of the house. This helps in the economic and environmental issue.

From the previous answers, a lot has been said regarding the potentials usefulness of dams, which is really good. I would like to adress in this answer, for the sake of discussion, some key points regarding why dams can be problematic to us.

It appears that during the past decades, wild river streams (ones that run free from headwaters to confluence) have nearly been wiped and then replaced by river dams. Fact is, dams disrupt natural systems and subsequently thwart the work of rivers. They block fish runs, seasonal flood patterns, affecting redistribution of nutrients (like marine nitrogen delivered by salmon to feed the inlands).

Dams encourage unsustainable growth, displace people, often indigenous people

Very often, dams are built through grants of institutions and rarely benefit the local people. Most of the generated hydropower (if any) is delivered to big cities, not the rural villages displaced by the dams.

Even from a design perspective, it appears dams are made to fail. A huge reservoir surfaces mean terrible annual evaporation losses. Silting is unavoidable. Even the largest reservoirs silt up. When they collapse, it is nightmarish.

Some researchers point out dams are not the solution to our energy crisis. Solar and wind can provide far more reliable, long-term energy than hydropower with far fewer environmental costs.

Water Mnagemmet techniques either applied to crops or settlment is the need of the hour. The water scarcity on both sides drinking as well as the agricultural use is getting worsed day by day which draw attention of researchers to develop innovative technologies for judicious use of available water. It may include growing of less water requiring crops, application of drip irritation systems and using lazer leveling in the fields to ensure the evenly distributed water. Secondly wastage of water should be stopped. Water supply needs to meterd if necessary to curb water wastage. The water saved can be provided to the areas where it required or may be stored for future use through the water shed management..... Ctc....

Well,

The above mentioned answer came in the context of the question,

Now, and according to the explanation.

The methodologies mentioned in your clarification of the question are required.

Regards

PLC = Programmable Logic Controller, it can be a small standalone microprocessor based controller or a complex networked architecture of controller. Used for process control or automation in a small to medium setup.

DCS = Distributed Control System, A bigger system to do what a PLC can do, for more complex and mission critical operations. With an architecture that is 'distributed' in its resources and processing capabilities. This term was initially used to refer to the systems that were designed to continue to function controlling other areas of the process, when one part of the system fails. However, the demarcation of PLC and DCS is becoming less distinct with modern PLC generations in use.

IoT = A relatively small- single function device that can operate in a networked system, exchanging data/commands with a bigger system (ideally without using cables) and delivering information that in turn is used for digital applications such as Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, or Machine Learning.

Thank you very much. These are really helpful and informative!

Following

Please take a look at the following RG links.

I think you can use SDI index for ground water managent or you can use SPI for prediction drought in specific area...

Irrigation management using sensors and micro-controllers.

Various names have been given to approaches and water management tools to the point of overlap and confusion at times of what is included or excluded from each approach. Building a dam, introducing beavers, capturing rainfall from home roofs, etc. Various laws and political approaches through time, such as Crown Law, riparian rights, prior appropriation, etc. Certainly less attention has been given to groundwater than surface water management. Land use and water yield studies have at times been popular to help determine effects of forest, grassland, urbanization, etc. Hydrologic modifications such as channelization, drainage, inter basin water transfer, etc. have also been locally popular at various times in history. Instream flow methodologies to address aquatic habitats. However, seldom has there been compressive attempts to address the potential issues of scale, ownership, value, political, economic and cultural dependence and importance that may be present. Water Management is mostly controlled by the laws and regulations of each country, partly based on common law. Beyond that, water management if present is based within states, communities, land ownerships, and sometimes cooperative agreements. Water data Is often critical to help determine water availability and help identify scarcity or conservation issues. Some cultures have been very resourceful in developing and using water for local benefit, such as Machu Picchu on a mountain top, and moving water from scarcity to areas of need or for storage. Various authors have coined names from their point of view or approach which may fit circumstances or aid in communication. Because the circumstances are so varied across the world, best management practices and water management planning is unlikely to be the same for each situation, culture, community, ownership, habitat, etc. Developing water management plans, much like urban, forest, agricultural or other land and plans has much to consider, and perhaps these various named approaches fit, or may aid communication, and perhaps not. I would assume there are some unidentifiable or unnamed approaches and tools that will be developed or modified, compromised, etc. to address specific circumstances. Important is the continuing need of watershed management assessment and planning as one of the basic elements of life and at times forces of nature.

It depends on which country do you want to go and which unversity do you intrested in!

. American Journal of Environmental Sciences ,

Journal of Cleaner Production ,

Science of the Total Environment ,

Journal of Environmental Management ,

Waste Management ,

Water Resources Management

Well,

Can benefit from the attached pdf. Water Quality And Pollution Control Handbook, Compiled by James E. Hairston, Extension Water Quality Scientist Assisted by Leigh Stribling, Technical Writer.

Sincerely

Dear Dariusz,

I think we should categorize the water according to the purpose. For drinking purposes it will need more concern about the quality of water but for the agriculture or some industrial activities no need more purified water. If industries can re-use water what they release to the treatment plants, the usage of water for the production can reduce.

Bio-remediation and phytoremediation techniques are the most economical and environmental friendly methods for wastewater purification. For the drinking the usage of activated carbon for the removal of heavy metals and some toxins in water is recommended.

Yohan Mahagamage

Whether it is because of so called climate change or not (it is debatable), but there is gradual reduction in the availability of surface and groundwater per person. There are many other factors such as increasing population and related increase in urbanization/industrialization/agricultural activities, etc; deforestation; etc. All these factors are not only reducing the per head availability of water, but they are also deteriorating the quality of water, there by creating health problems. It is high time we recognize these factors and start acting on the conservation and management of surface and groundwater for the future needs.

Dr Maryam Hafezparast , I have been using WEAP Model sice last 5 years and also delivered many lectures on it also workshops.

Pleas let me know, how I ca use WEAP for this purpose. Can you please further elaborate me so that I can follow your suggestions.

I did not how to use ANNs but over WEAP I have well command upto expert level.

Regards

Naveed.

Artificial Neural Network or MUDFLOW can be used to resolve the problem

The quantification of grey water generation was calculated in terms of average values of hourly, monthly, daily, and annual basis. The average value of observed

grey water generation was recorded to be 86.76 (l/person/day (lpd)) liters per capita per day. However, this value was around 64% of that recommended by the Indian Standards (IS: 1172-1963), i.e., water consumption requirement of 135 lpd. Generally, 75% to 85% of wastewater discharge is considered sewage water which includes black and grey water, but in the present case, the lack water is allowed to go into the septic tanks of eac house, hostel, and college because the University campus has no sewage treatment facility.

The grey water quality was found to have a clear cut seasonal variation. The annual data of grey water quality was found to significantly lower the degree of pollutants when compared to the permissible limit of discharge. The grey water organic load on the average and maximum low rate basis was calculated in different seasons of the year. The maximum loading due to average and maximum flow rate was recorded to be significantly higher in the summer season, i.e., 33.31 and 83.34 kg/day, respectively. However, in the winter season, the minimum loading was found to be 24.05 and 52.0 kg/day, respectively, due to the higher organic loading; in the summer season, the maximum loading was due to more consumption of water in the household.

Hello, Look on the files that I have attached.

Good luck !

We just tested magnet protection on test belts in Peru and found them very effective against big neodym magnets - only some little submetering in the minimum flow.

Israel maybe a good example. That is where hundreds of Indian Farmers & Bureaucrats are rushing. The Indian scientists ofcourse have a more neutral view.

Dear Murielle: For an undergraduate, I am guessing this project is school/university related, either for a course, internship, finacial award? If so, I receoomend that you keep it smaller and manageable-- time and money is so much a necessity in research.

Perhaps you could do an exploratory research that would lead (and you recoomend based on your findings) to a larger project; maybe qualitative interviews re before and after. If data is available (depending on what is collected in that country) on economics, poverty, education, and employment (any one or combination of these) that you could analyze --before and after to show inequalities, as these are often used and are good indicators for inequality.

Good luck.

Please see this link http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/growth/water-management.

Share some more details of your planned area of work.

The main scietific methods for conducting a historical review research: Historical Research Methods include-- carry out field work for data, draw up a proposal, then the reaerch itself and in writing do interpretation/explanation, ensure objectivity, source criticism and referencing.

The links answers your question. I don't thing I should add further

Good afternoon!

I came across data on the water supply sector from Aswath Damodaran.

You are talking about the sellers of water and beverages, I mean public companies that contain water supply and sewerage networks

Thank you all for your input and the useful links.

Funding:

No, we are now altering overhead pressure to vary the flow rate.

Hello,

I am not sure whether it fits your needs, but this paper is about the Chinese domestic context. The discussion in China has largely revolved around the best practices adopted abroad, particularly in the European Union (EU), where the Water Framework Directive (WFD) has introduced an integrated management model based on the core concept of unity of the water cycle. May be the EU comparison can help your research:

regards