Water Balance - Science topic

Mr. Serban Danielescu ,

Thank you for sharing the links.

Regards

"Researchers are hunting for new ways to strip salt from water as the world’s freshwaters are becoming more salty and industries are producing more briny waste. Current methods are often energy-intensive or create problematic waste. Some scientists are using electricity to pull salt from water through specialized membranes. Others are working with a solvent that traps water — but not salt. With battery-makers clamouring for lithium-rich salts, future desalination companies could even turn a profit selling salts while offering clean water as a free byproduct..."

In my opinion, Normalizing each component will solve problem!

In MODFLOW 5 and Groundwater Vistas, when you are simulating groundwater flow in a model, "pumping data" is typically counted as a positive value because it represents the removal or extraction of groundwater from the system. Groundwater pumping is often a significant factor in groundwater modeling because it reflects the withdrawal of water from the aquifer for various purposes such as municipal water supply, industrial use, or agricultural irrigation.

Here's why pumping data is counted as positive:

kindly check the reference. Tripathi MP, Raghuwanshi NS, Rao GP (2006) Efect of watershed subdivision on simulation of water balance components. Hydrol

Process 20(5):1137–1156. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ hyp. 5927

Oui je suis d'accord avec toi Monsieur on souf le bilan massique et la bilan énergétique

You will need at least precipitation and runoff data. Also, water storage may depend on precipitation (usually snow stays long) and plant cover. The topic is interesting, but I do not think you may do this task having only satellite data. The plant cover index will hugely impact the water store ability of the basin. If there are glaciers, then water storage of the basin will be higher

You can download the free AWA manual, software, data sheets etc. here

Attached is a component analysis spreadsheet model with built-in instructions

Dear Hadi Hamaaziz Muhammed and dear Rafael Anleu I pm'ed you

Best,

Angelos

Dear Prof Jamel Chahed

Appreciated you, for Very vital and interesting discussion, as far as the all evidences have showed that climate change would have adverse impact on world water resources and food production!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Considering water balance, the quantity and timing of flow may be affected, and evaporation from the ponded water likely to increase. Shallow ponds would evaporate more than deep ones. Deep ponds hold or detain more water. Ponds may have variable leakage rates to groundwater, some of which may emerge downstream. Ponds may be used for irrigation, increasing evapotranspiration rates. Ponds may or may not have downstream discharges, so some sections of streams could dry up, affecting aquatic life. Deep ponds with near bottom discharges may have cooling effect on downstream section, but oxygenation sometimes a problem. Ponds capturing heavy sediment loading may loose capacity with time, and the clean water releases can contribute to downstream erosion. It’s best to evaluate on a case by case basis, and using models that have not been validated to specific area as compared to actually collecting water balance data can cause some major inadequacies in estimates.

Hello Dear, please check these articles:

In General, spreadsheets have powerful graphing capabilities Kajal Kumar Mandal

I don't think it's reasonable for this value to be constant, because prices change from time to time, and the value is reflected in the price

That is a good question.

and consider the variations in the hydrogeologic environment

Firstly, you could have to determine the root depth of your crop, and the respective bulk density of the soil profiles. And then, you can determine the available water content as; AW=(F.C-PWP)*Depth*Bulk density.[for each layers ]. F

Kindly read this book

I think Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM) may have batter soil moisture simulation in fine resolution. And DHSVM model is easy to get.

need agriculture economy

Hi Ecem, the image shows the target equation 16, which I guess is to minimize residuals? subject to two constraints. First of all, the information provided does not fully define the constraints e.g. what is ni, what is h?

Nonetheless, assuming that the coefficients you are getting are REASONABLE, I would guess that the reason you do not get the exact same results have to do with the fitting method. I suggest you take a look at this

Hope it helps

Before the construction of tunnels, detailed geological and hydrogeological investigation is required. We need to determine the rock types in the area, nature of the topography, the water table, existing landforms and other buried materials such as oil pipeline, electric cables and water pipelines. The recharge and discharge mechanism of the aquifer systems, the inflow and outflow of water, the drainage systems, groundwater flow direction in area needs to be put into considerations.

Mathematical Modeling of Kidney Transport

By: Anita T. Layton

By: Aurélie Edwards

Very late answer :)

I believe there's a temporal mismatch between soil moisture and precip data.

Two suggestions:

1) you can send us the SM and P data to have a quick check

2) please note that an updated version of SM2RAIN algorithm is available in GITHUB: https://github.com/IRPIhydrology/sm2rain

I am at disposal for any question

not more than 4%.

A little bit outdated, but still good for estimating required reservoir volumes from monthly water budgets may be the sequent peak algorithm. A short summary of the sequent peak algorithm is in one of our public Python programming exercises:

There are standard methods for testing soils to consider. Usually soil samples are taken and put into a container of water so the soil is saturated from the bottom, about 24 hours. Unless there is a water table to saturate soils in the field, ability in reaching saturation may vary with the conditions. I remember we had a dry period and wildfire, then a substantial rain, about 3-5 inches. Water was pounded on the surface the next day, but the soil scientist found the soil totally dry about 12-18 inches below the surface. I also learned that an upper clay layer needs to be saturated before the lower sandy layer can effectively gain water and this is related to the tension with which clay holds water as compared to sands. Some soil layers have difficulty becoming saturated, such as well developed forest soils seldom exhibit runoff due to high infiltration and macropores from roots, etc. other soils as hydric soils are saturated frequent enough to exhibit hydric soil indicators due to frequency of high water table. Sampling the soil depth or horizon is probably the most reliable using standard methods to saturate and measure.

I would not use just the high reading in 6 month period, unless at least I reviewed nearby stream gauging stations and the rainfall during the 6 month produced at least a bankfull streamflow event, which occurs generally about every year, and the stream channel is at a level where flooding begins for stable channels that have not aggraded or degraded. I would want to be pretty sure there was a reasonable likelihood of saturation based on evidence like the streams were near or at flooding. The other option might be to set up so the area with the data sensors can be irrigated for long enough so the detectors stabilize after reaching their approximate maximum. Saturating from the surface can apparently leave some air spaces unfilled, but unless the area periodically has a high water table, the air spaces may not be filled easily to saturation by rainfall anyway.

Follow.

Hello, guys, I need resources for these types of questions. if anyone can help I would appreciate it.

Q: How much water resource is required for a person/year to keep better river quality?

Please calculate under following assumption; (2 significant figures)

- Water consumption per person per day: 250 L

- BOD value of treated water by biological wastewater treatment process: 20 mg/L

-BOD value for maintenance of biological ecosystem in the aquatic environment: 4 mg/L

I recommend the following article; You can use the WEAP water balance model.

I probably did not answer your questions. I have always preferred to use the USGS stream gauging data and along with local data I collected when needed. Being able to read the channel relative to bankful elevation is also helpful (more info at www.wildlandhydrology.com). I hope as professionals we can do better than a good guess, but I know with the past information that I have had access to (USGS, experimental hydrologic stations USFS, precip data network, well records, etc.) is likely more than most have to work with. Some of the earliest experimental watershed studies I believe were in Germany, since I saw your University location). In the USA, there are some unbelievably excellent works from many decades ago. In some ways, they seemed to invest more back then, than they do now. Many long term stations have been abandoned due to cost savings. I know very little about the Germany studies if that is the area of interest. Land use, soils, geology, topography, channel types, incipient conditions and hydrologic modifications are among the factors that need to be considered in hydrologic responses. I do note that the USGS flood frequency models typically have a 40% variation, so this level of uncertainty from data based models across physiographic areas or regions should be expected. By selecting the more localized stations to an area of interest, it is likely the variation can be reduced. Often the physiographic area or regional approach to prediction of flood frequency uses a regional skew, sometimes urban or land use adjustment coefficient, and does not normally make adjustment for rainfall intensity and frequency differences such as those in Technical Paper 40 (US Weather Bureau, NOAA). Based on my work in the Chattooga River, it appears that the high rainfall in this area has to be considered when applying regional or physiographic area equations for flood prediction. In the upper part of the Chattooga watershed, a 40% increase in the 100 year flood estimates appear to be justified, based on the rainfall frequency map when comparing this local area to the average rainfall of the many stations, and also based on storm response data actually collected and compared to other station data. In addition, past failure of road sections were due to culvert failure or erosion bipass. In some cases, leaf fall was also contributing to culvert plugging or diversion, and the engineers decides to just oversize replacement culverts. But in my response, I have not been very impressed with the few models I have tried. I have seen some results of individuals that suggest they have had good, even impressive results with Mike-She, SWAT, etc. I have not been very impressed in past trials from the SCS-CN method that I have tried or been exposed to. In a couple of instances, I found and somewhat impressed that the Rational Method was in the ballpark on small catchment estimates in comparing with results from the USGS equations. It seems important to validate model with data, or data based equations from vicinity of interest.

Hi James R Chastain, Jr , As Mohammad said, please provide the data link. Best.

The priority would be for the surface layers. If low hydraulic conductivity layers are expected in the subsurface layer, the importance of characterizing these strata would be increased.

With budget constraints, it might be a valid idea to prioritize field infiltration testing to calibrate empirical models, in addition to soil density and macroporosity.

An additional note: in certain oxisols, texture is not a determinant of infiltration capacity, but rather soil structure (granular), which results in high macroporosity. In these cases, even for clay soils but with granular texture, the infiltration capacity is high.

see my profile to get the publication related to the calibration.

Interesting........... Safe water and food both necessary for good health.

You can calculate the water budget base on storage capacity in aquifers as a specific yield of these aquifer, study infiltration, the relationship between rainfall and infiltration, surface runoff.....

The tool that is mainly used to estimate crop watre requirements is the Food and Arigultural Organization's CropWat. CropWat 8.0 is available to download from here: http://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/cropwat/en/

I I think the Budyko framework should evolve to a smaller time scale to expand its applicability. We developed the Budyko framework to the annual time scale in a more concise way.

For Vemband estuary cwrdm is already carried out water balance in collaboration with koyoto university japan

Dr Maryam Hafezparast , I have been using WEAP Model sice last 5 years and also delivered many lectures on it also workshops.

Pleas let me know, how I ca use WEAP for this purpose. Can you please further elaborate me so that I can follow your suggestions.

I did not how to use ANNs but over WEAP I have well command upto expert level.

Regards

Naveed.

Thanks Gabriel Vicente Gaona

I will try to apply toolbox suggest by you.

Thanks for your valuable guidance and links.

Hi Arnab,

Have a look on the following paper to give you a clear idea about how to calculate water balance.

El Chami D, El Moujabber M and Scardigno A; (2009). Regional water balance and economic assessment as tools for water management in coastal Lebanon. Water Resource Management, 23 (11): 2361-2378. (DOI: 10.1007/s11269-008-9385-y)

Hi Sandip,

When you apply an interpolation based on whatever method on raster data, the raster pixel size of your water balance model has to be small enough to obtain enough pixels in your Region of Interest (ROI). If not, interpolation will give you biased vector information of your water balance variables.

It is by the way possible to estimate Soil Moisture Content (SMC) with remote sensing. I figger that SMC is a better proxy for crop productivity estimation than precipitation.

Cheers,

Frank Veroustraete

Have a look, may be it'll be helpful to you..

Hi Eniola,

Regarding your first question, I agree with Proloy Deb that some literature search on GCMs analysed for Africa or parts of Africa will be very useful. Alternatively, you can download GCM data and compare relevant climate statistics obtained from GCM data with observed statistics. Regarding your second question, besides Sim-Clim you might have a look at the CORDEX website (http://www.cordex.org), specifically at the availability of RCM data for Region 4: Africa.

Good luck,

Martijn

Dear Eniola, you may need to read up about the different models before deciding on what best suits your research aim and scenario. I have attached a document that may guide your decision. Best wishes.

Dear Muhammad,

Regarding your questions:

1: The gravimetric water content should be multiplied with the bulk relative density (the ratio of the bulk density of the soil to the density of water; dimensionless) to obtain the volumetric water content.

2: The general formula for change in storage dS = S(t+dt)-S(t), where S is storage, t is time and dt is the time step.

3: The volumetric water content should be multiplied with the soil depth to obtain the storage in mm and hence also the change in storage in mm.

Good luck,

Martijn

Some versions of Thornthwaite & Mather (TM) monthly water balance have included DRO (direct runoff) calculation - paper in attachment. Authors of this paper and software suggested using 5% of precipitation as direct runoff, later this DRO is added to runoff that is generated from the surplus S). In software it is possible to adjust this percentage. I tried this software but I was not happy with results, or perhaps I did not understand the method.

I am not sure who first introduced direct runoff calculation into TM, perhaps Mather in:

but these papers cannot be found on net, so i cannot be sure!

Version from 1948, 1955, 1957 dont have direct runoff (I have this papers). Same problem is with AWPL (accumulated water potential loss), it is there in 1955/57 version, and than as Dingman, S.L. presented in his book Physical Hydrology there is no AWPL even he is referring to 1955, 57 version...all these TM model versions (Thornthwaite, 1948; Thornthwaite & Mather 1955/57; Mather 1978/79; Dingman, 2002, McCabe, Markstrom 2007) give different results...

The process will be dynamic with both preferential and chromatographic flow

ournal articles and conference papers (and links where available) are available under open access arrangements where possible. Otherwise please contact your institution’s library, the authors, or publishers to organise full access.

Suppose there is a method to estimate groundwater evaporation. What its importance?

Thank you for valuable comments.

We did not made researchs in this area

Dear Hailemariam Meaza,

I agree with Dr. Keblouti. You should perform hydrological to your ungauged River basins. Indeed you are going to need a variety of data, amongst which data of soil characteristics, topographical data, morphological data, hydrological group of soil, hydraulic parameters for streams etc., depending on the hydrologic model-software you choose to use.

However, I would like to add that it is essential to perform some discharge measurements (preferably on rain days) to validate your model. Depending on the purpose of your research, they do not need to be too many; just enough to know that your model simulates your basin efficiently.

Individual discharge measurements can be carried out manually, by means of a propeller device, for the determination of the flow velocity, after determining the dimensions of the cross-section. You should always keep in mind that the measurement of water discharge, in such conventional manner, under flood conditions is practically not feasible.

Good luck with your research!

Kostas Kaffas

Well, Supposing same condition of climate factors, you can use the application of Gumbel statistical method to predict the percentile success chance (%)of any variable used in water balance for future estimation.

thanks

EUMETSAT has products, where evapotranspiration (ET) is calculated. For example, I use one of these to integrate ET values at daly, 10-day or month periods. Example is on the pictures.

Drawback of the product is a fact, that algorithm does not take into account ice evaporation.

Please shed a bit more on the design, are the pipe vertical and perforated and to what depth, do you have water in the pipe? what devices do you have for soil water measurements. 

Dear Dr. Alvaro:

I have finished the calculation of the SPEI in one of my previous study. My question is the implement of the calculation of sensitivity coefficient of the SPEI in response to a meteorological factor (such as temperature). The non-dimensional relative sensitivity coefficients S for temperature(T) is S=(∂SPEI/∂T) T/SPEI.

But the calculation of the SPEI giving high frequency of 0 values for precipitation and water balances will extensively result in 1÷0 problems. This make the calculation of the sensitivity coefficient of SPEI impossible.

I would appreciate if anybody could help me with some advice.

Thanks!

The water balance is often done on water year to keep soil moisture changes small when done at low flow, low water table season.  Many points already made are appropriate.  The equation as you prefer is P (input) = Q + ET + soil moisture change + deep seepage (all outputs).  As mentioned, just about every factor, even if measured to some degree, is an estimate.  If the geology is tight, soil moisture change is small or accounted for, then the ET estimate can be made, but also difficult as specific to vegetation types, etc.  In some conditions, even condensation on plant surfaces can be a difficult to measure or account for input.  In some ecosystems, ET is the greatest output.  In karst systems with underground springs entering, it is possible for water input  to come from outside of hydrologic boundary, or water outputs to appear elsewhere.  If you tend to have loosing streams, water is removed from stream to replenish groundwater or aquifer.  In some channel types with coarse substrates, hyporheic flow will often go unmeasured when measuring Streamflow Q.  So considering the conditions of each water balance period, recognizing geology, soils, location of raingauges with respect to watershed, elevation, quality of measurements or estimates, all enter into a water balance analysis and help to ensure that the uncertainties are considered and addressed when possible.  Besides the hydrology, consulting with geology, soils, climate and plant specialists or information will help, especially if P-Q does not equal or come close to ET estimate.  If you did a water balance from Oct 1 to Sept 31, for each year, check for possibility of differences in soil moisture, with streamflow and recent rainfall as surrogates or indicators that there is likely a difference in soil and water table storage.  

Dear Dion: From your message I think that your calculations are ok. Answering to your question "how do I combine my time series into this formula?", the procedure is as follows:

1) You have time series of D, isn´t it?

2) You should calculate F(x) being the xi = Di, that is, apply the log-logistic distribution with your time series.

3) p (i) = 1 - F(x), then you will have the probability of exceedance for your D time series and following the log-logistic distribution.

4) w(i)=sqrt(-2*log(p(i)) (valid for p(i) lower than 0.5)

5) By applying the formula suggested by Vicente-Serrano (SPEI web page) you will have a good estimation of the SPEI. 

I hope these suggestions are useful for your study. If you have any question, please do not hesitate to contact me.

Also, I suggest you to read the attached work for the calculation of the 3-month SPEI for large regions. Some outputs could also be useful for you. Finally, in two weeks aprox. we will have an accepted paper related to this topic, and we will be happy to share it. 

Regards, Alvaro Sordo-Ward

You might be able to impute missing values, for example using the mice package.

Irrigation Modeling in Forage Sorghum and Silage Corn Hybrids Production in Florida and Jordan - Experimental Findings (Part 2)

This research done in Florida in a simple scientific way.

Dear Olutoyin A Fashae,

You can take help of my recently published article in Environmental Earth Sciences on water balance study using SWAT model. If u need any further help, u r most welcome.

Dear professor Al-Khashman, it is encouraging learning of your views, thanks for the comment, do get from Mexico saludos,jjoel carrillor

Actually, you should consider upstream flow in the calculation the downstream discharge. Based on the main objective and the model that will be used.

There is no "best"!

Gisareg is discontinued because ArcView was discontinued

You can use the water balance equation to assess this. Try to list and quantify all the inputs into the systems. Similarly, list and quantify all outflows in the systems. This should equal to change in storage within the area. Each of the flows and stock could be assessed either through experiments or from past statistics. You need to define the time you are interested in. For annual budget, use accumulated values for the year. An example, rainfall, surface flow into the area, groundwater inflows, water added (irrigation) are some inflows. Outflows are evapotranspiration, discharge out of the area, groundwater outflow, withdrawal of water from the area. Storage could be surface storage, subsurface and groundwater storages.  

Hi Cva,

Fully understand that the balance in the storage is calculated based on the storage before, inflows and outflows. What I want to know is what variable consider as inflows and outflows in the Output.hru in SWAT. There are three variables that make me confused about water balance calculation in SWAT i.e. percolation out of soil storage, ground water recharge and revaporation. In my SWAT Output.hru, percolation is not equal to ground water recharge so that seems water is abandoned in the 'mysterious' vadose zone below the soil storage.

To make it clear and straightforward, do I have a correct SWAT WB equation?:

(1) Change in soil storage = (Precipitation + Revaporation) - Percolation - ET - Surface runoff - Lateral Flow

(2) Change in shallow aquifer = (Ground water recharge, not the Percolation) - Base flow - Revaporation - Recharge to deep aquifer

Imed, Pl have a look at thie paper, esp. the section on ''Estimation of evapotranspiration from groundwater' based on White (1932). Best,

Dr. Gaur, Unfortunately, you may be hitting the nail on the head, but as semi-retired, I may not be absolutely up to date.  Many researchgate questions seem to be about models to get them to function, rather than if they are applicable.  Modeling was a step in research after you developed a research plan, collected data, and tried to come up with relationships and understand watershed/stream functions.  The models of yesterday need a full review and update, perhaps rewrite or total revision.  As more and more hydrological data is collected and available, why are we not moving forward?  The problem may be as you say, many use what is available, crunch numbers in an office and do not conduct an appropriate degree of field review and data collection.  Today, we can get so much information from just GIS, and  research and stream gauging in general is perhaps getting underfunded.  Perhaps to some, hydrology is running models, maybe that is being taught too much.  And true, hydrology is not the easiest field to master, and the definition of a professional hydrologist may be blurred by the variability in expertise, as well as the complexity of water related subjects.  

Yes, hydrologists should be conducting field surveys, data collection, utilizing new technology especially LiDAR and high resolution aerial photos, testing and revising old models and developing new and improved ones.  There is nothing inherently wrong with high tech, but it should not replace attention to field data and developing that experience in being able to read the ground and stream conditions. Hydrology training should include some combination in existing models, data collection, analysis techniques and stream/watershed experience and field validation.  Hydrology studies are not necessarily quick, requiring long term funding and researcher committments.  Maybe there is a migration away, but many water issues affect life on this planet, so maybe the pendulum will swing back to better funding, long term committment, increased attention.

Regards, Bill

 you can estimate potential evapotranspiration (ET) from meteorological data (e.g., only air temperature with Thorntwaite or Blaney-Criddle eqs) and then SMAP soil moisture (SM) data for obtaining actual ET:

actual ET ~ potential ET * SM/porosity

Dear Canute,

Here is an example lup.dat file, for two land-use changes, one taking place on 1 1 1990 and the other on 1 1 2000 (i.e., 1 January). See the manual for the format of the data files themselves (what I've named Lup1990s,dat and Lup2000s.dat below). I included every hru in the data file, whether its hru_fr value changed or not:

1 1 1 1990 Lup1990s.dat

1 1 1 2000 Lup2000s.dat

For this to work, your model simulation must begin on or before 1 1 1990 -- otherwise it will ignore any land use change.

And -- note that for some reason, the second line also needed to start with a "1". I thought it should be a "2", but when I put that in, I got a floating point error. It took me several hours of trial and error to get these things figured out.

That's the limit of my experience -- things worked for me at this point. Hopefully one of these minor formatting issues is the source of your problem.

(answer by Jim Almendinger)