Water Analysis - Science topic

The regulations for produced water quality for reinjection purposes can vary depending on the country and region, but there are some common standards and guidelines typically followed to ensure that produced water is suitable for reinjection. Here’s an overview of standard regulations and considerations:

1. General Regulatory Framework

1.1 Environmental Protection Agencies: Regulatory standards for produced water quality are usually set by national or regional environmental protection agencies. For example:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): In the United States, the EPA regulates produced water under the Clean Water Act (CWA) and other related regulations.

European Environmental Agency: In Europe, various directives and regulations cover water quality standards, including those for reinjection.

1.2 Industry Standards: Industry organizations and standards bodies may also provide guidelines for produced water quality. For instance:

American Petroleum Institute (API): API provides guidelines and standards for water management in oil and gas operations.

2. Typical Quality Parameters

2.1 Physical and Chemical Parameters:

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): The concentration of dissolved salts should be monitored and kept within acceptable limits to prevent issues with scaling and corrosion.

pH: The pH level should be controlled to prevent corrosive or scaling conditions.

Oil and Grease Content: The concentration of oil and grease must be reduced to prevent fouling and environmental contamination.

Heavy Metals: Concentrations of heavy metals like lead, mercury, and arsenic should be monitored and reduced if necessary.

2.2 Biological Parameters:

Bacteria and Microorganisms: Levels of bacteria and other microorganisms should be controlled to prevent potential biofouling or other operational issues.

2.3 Radioactive Elements:

Radionuclides: In some regions, produced water may need to be tested for radioactive elements to ensure it does not pose a health or environmental risk.

3. Treatment and Conditioning

3.1 Pre-Treatment: Produced water often requires pre-treatment to remove impurities and meet quality standards before reinjection. Common treatments include:

Filtration: To remove particulate matter.

Oil-Water Separation: To remove free oil and grease.

Chemical Treatment: To remove contaminants like heavy metals and radionuclides.

3.2 Conditioning: Additional conditioning may be required to adjust the water's pH, reduce scaling potential, or stabilize the water for reinjection.

4. Monitoring and Reporting

4.1 Regular Monitoring: Continuous or regular monitoring of produced water quality is essential to ensure it meets regulatory standards. Monitoring parameters include TDS, pH, oil and grease, heavy metals, and microbiological content.

4.2 Reporting: Operators are typically required to report water quality data to regulatory agencies, demonstrating compliance with established standards.

5. Regulatory Compliance

5.1 Permitting: Operators may need permits for reinjecting produced water, which will specify the allowable quality parameters and treatment requirements.

5.2 Environmental Impact Assessments: In some jurisdictions, environmental impact assessments are required to evaluate the potential effects of produced water reinjection on local groundwater and ecosystems.

5.3 Documentation: Maintaining detailed records of water quality testing, treatment processes, and compliance with regulations is crucial for regulatory audits and inspections.

6. Local and Regional Variations

6.1 Regional Guidelines: Always refer to local regulations and guidelines, as standards for produced water quality can vary significantly between regions.

6.2 Updates and Changes: Regulations may change over time, so staying informed about updates to relevant environmental and water quality regulations is essential.

By adhering to these general guidelines and specific local regulations, operators can ensure that produced water is managed safely and effectively for reinjection purposes.

Did you measure carbonate concentration?

@ Chinedu, the attached file may be useful to you.

Iodometric Method for Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) = (Volume of iodine solution used x 0.025) / Volume of water sample

Iodometric Method for Ammonia Nitrogen

Ammonia nitrogen (mg/L) = (Volume of iodine solution used x N x 1.4) / Volume of water sample

Where N is the normality of the iodine solution.

Note: These protocols are provided as general guidelines and should be adapted based on the specific requirements and procedures of the laboratory.

The hydrogen bubbles formed in the cathode reaction give rise to a gas-lift effect, which enhances mass transport of reactants to the electrode surfaces. Chlorine formed on the anode is dissolved in the electrolyte and reacts to form chlorate through a number of reaction steps.

The electrolyte at the anode surface is acidic due to production of protons in the hydrolysis of chlorine as well as occurrence of the acidifying side reaction oxygen evolution. The cathode has an alkaline diffusion layer since hydrogen evolution increases pH. Furthermore, surface pH is highly dependent on current density, with a high current density increasing the pH gradients at the electrodes.

So, at potentials E 1,150 mV chlorine evolution was again the main reaction. When reactions proceed simultaneously, chlorine evolution will dominate if chloride ion concentration is high enough.

All parts of MMO anodes, anode chains and suspension devices must be made of material resistant against low pH values, high chloride content of water and high concentrations of chlorine gas. In addition, when chlorine gas evolution is a concern or long anode lives, iridium based MMO coating is required.

You can add a blue cover on the top of your slow sand tank. It will help reduce the photosynthesis rate.

Here is a list of common software and free alternatives

Illustrator => Inkscape, Scribus

Photoshop => gimp

Matlab => Python, R, GNU Octave

Anaconda, R studio, Jupyter notebook, Spyder

ArcGIS Pro and ArcGIS Online => QGIS, GRASS, uDig , GEODA, FOSS4G, Leaflet

PowerPoint => Google slides, LibreOffice, FreeOffice

Microsoft Word => LaTex, Google docs, LibreOffice, FreeOffice

Excel => Google sheets, LibreOffice, FreeOffice

Microsoft OS, Mac OS (and older computers) => Linux (Ubuntu, many others)

Others

GitHub, Arduino, Raspberry pi, Audacity, BRL-CAD, freecad, Dia, PDFCreator, Blender, Cinelerra, Bluefish, KeePass, 7-Zip, Psiphon, Clonezilla, VLC, Quanta Plus, NixNote, Overleaf, TeXstudio

Dear Nirankar Singh,

One sample is not enough to represent the water sample that you are analyzing, Remember that composition of water (both physical and chemical) varies at different sampling point/location in the water body. It is advisable to take at least 3 samples, and even replicate the samples to be sure of your results.

Even the multivariate analysis (PCA, HCA, etc) mentioned by Mostafa F. Mostafa can only be achieved when you have a substancial data to give precise variations in the water compositions.

Regds.

For practically illustrating some answers, Please would you drink this water?

Dear Dr Adam

Please kindly follow the attached and mentioned sites, Hope they can help you!

Due to different factors

I would recommend the US-EPA nutrient criteria for rivers and streams in the US

What should be the optimum vale of nitrogen (in ppm) in activated sludge system.

In our study, we compared various tree species for the suitability of it being used in a modular bioretention tree system in the tropics. Due to the space constrains, a tree species needs to be relatively fast-growing, yet small in size to be modular. In our study we found that Talipariti Tiliaceum combined with engineered soil were relatively successful in the removal of wastewater. The key attribute to this is the root formation of the trees being deep and also the uptake of heavy metals in the water treatment residue (which is found in the engineered soil blend).

We now recognize that certain essential environmental and public resources are provided by the wetlands. They include important fish, waterfowl and other wildlife habitats, clean waste water, and track the devastating force of floods and storms. They also offer a wide range of leisure activities, including fishing, hunting, photography and watching wildlife. Since these and many other functions and qualities of wetlands are becoming more well recognized, wetlands are becoming more and more regarded as productive, important and restored properties. Due to it many functions wetland called "The kidney of the earth"

we need to protect and beware for our wetland.

The elapsed transport time for a parcel of water on surface or underground, leave the interface of any inland drain/river or tidal inlets of the sea to a specific point within the lagoon.

Luisa María Vera , i am asking the same question as yours. i need to measure H2O2 concentration in acidified water.. have you found the answer you were aksed??? i am so glad if you would like to share here...thanks

Both the methods has its advantages and disadvantages. Overall, MFT is better as it is more rapid (approx 18-24hrs), less labour intensive, higher precision count, etc. But MPN is also good in some areas like recovery of stressed or damaged microbes during the process which increases the count precision.

depending on the nature of the soil, you can find a lot; or little fluoride.

You can use successive white sand filters with different grain sizes starting with larger grain sizes and ending with smallest grain size.

Best wishes

1- For chloride ion determination , the potentiometric methods is suitable.

2- For sulphate , it can be determined using turbidimetric method, which is fast , simple and senstive

Ankita Kulshreshtha and Robert Thomas Bachmann agree with both of you

For plotting of geochemical data, I have used DIAGRAMMES software.

It´s an open access software

http://www.lha.univ-avignon.fr/LHA-Logiciels.htm

The Tritium Laboratory at the University of Miami sells dead water at $30/Liter. Their testing has determined it to be below their detection limit of 0.1 TU. Contact them for more information: https://tritium.rsmas.miami.edu

There are some parameters that ought to tested for in the field, such as pH, temperature, conductance and turbidity with a freshly calibrated meter, having checked it's operating quality from in the lab prior to field visit, to obtain the most accurate results.

Results obtained from these tests will give a decent idea into the chemical and microbiological quality of the water body.

Other test such as for Nitrate and phosphate can be done using a Hach test kit for example even though the L.O.D. will be far different from a lab method.

I don't see the need for a mini lab in the field, however S.O.Ps in collection, handling, storage and transportation need to be employed.

I agree with @Titus Sobisch, lyophilization often yields agglomerates that are hard to break down. But if you're determined to work with the ones you've already lyophilized, I suggest trying dispersing them using probe sonication, at low concentrations (wouldn't go higher than 1mg/ml). This usually gives much better results than bath sonicator. Watch out for the overheating, use low amplitudes and consider sonicating on ice.

If you don't have access to the probe sonicator, you can also try gentle mincing the particles with the mortar before bath sonication. But this might also damage the particles if they're too soft, so you have to be careful. If you suspect that your particles might break, I would avoid that.

The DO values obtained in Late rite mines in Odisha more than 20 at places at 27deg. centigrade by titrimetric method.

Yes

TOC

Recommend A. G. Piyal Aravinna answer

Pseudomonas aerugiunosa is a very poor control for a non-coliform, because it is not even a member of the same family any more (of course, it non-coliform then, but is also very far apart in all other properties form coliforms!). Therefore, you should look for non-pathogenic species within the Enterobacteriaceae, A possible choice may be Shimwellia blattae (formerly Escherichia blattae), which should be non-coliform (no lactose degradation according to Bergey's Manual). For positive controls, there are many non-pathogenic strains of E. coli available (e.g. the original strain K12).

Dear Benabidi,

AAS, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, is the instrument that you can use it to the determination of some metals such as silver and sodium in sea water and another liquid sample.

Another instrument that I can suggest to you is ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectroscopy). This analytical machine is better than AAS because it is too precision for metal concentration determination (you can find out the benefits of ICP-OES and comparison between them in the book: Principles of Instrumental Analysis - Skoog and West)

However, I attached two papers for you about AAS and sample preparation in water.

Best Regards, Homayoon.

Agree with Nafees.Just additional thoughts: In case of large crowds (millions) like in Kumbh, stirring of sediment by large crowds and high turbidity could be a major problem. With the mela running many days (55 days), impacts could be high and cumulative. People not using urinals and toilets before entering into the water could add to Coliform contaminants. In addition, personal care products (lotions or skin products) can also be added to the water body. Washing of Unintentional throwing of Pujan Samagri (Pooja materials) could pollute water contributing to solid waste. These contaminants and organic waste increase BOD in the river with substantial impacts on the usability of water. For example, a 2003 study show increase of BOD resulting from organic pollution was at 7.4 Mg/L (with 2 Mg/L being a limit).

I suggest parameters like Turbidity, BOD, DO, temperature, pH, TSS, conductivity, Nutrients, DOC, etc. Worth testing upstream and downstream of the site, but also before, during, and after the event.

As Yohan Mahagamage explained there are several standard methods available. Basically your can perform those in laboratory (with minimum cost).

Abdulwakil Olawale Saba, based on the standard methods (above mentioned), analytical equipment and methods developed by some companies. Those methods are fairly easy to perform (in case you are looking for an easy method with less labour work (to perform by person with less analytical skills).

For example,

Colorimetry method is easy since all the analyst needs to do is digest the samples and let the instrument do the work. For these reasons, colorimetry is the most common method to measure COD. See the following link for more information. (there are other manufactures than this).

http://blog.hannainst.com/cod-testing

https://www.hach.com/codguide

for BOD also, some manufacturers have developed equipment to assist the researcher. (there are some options you can get values (based on the accuracy you nee) within shorter periods than 5 day (as in normal test).

Amila

Well,

the attached pdf may help.

Sincerely

Hi Chris,

I recommend measuring total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) instead of dissolved forms, as being more integrative of the nutrient balance and retention than just dissolved forms. You can select methods from “APHA, AWWA, WPCF, 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, twenty first ed. Washington DC.”. Basically, a digestion (acid or alkaline, depending on your target) must be performed to hydrolyze all N and P into dissolved forms, then the resulting hydrolyzed form (nitrate or ammonium for TN, orthophosphate for TP) is measured spectrophotometrically after reaction with the adequate reagents using the standardized procedures also collected in APHA (2005).

thank you Mr.Benedict Ngang for your good information

The quantification of grey water generation was calculated in terms of average values of hourly, monthly, daily, and annual basis. The average value of observed grey water generation was recorded to be 86.76 (l/person/day (lpd)) liters per capita per day. However, this value was around 64% of that recommended by the Indian Standards (IS: 1172-1963), i.e., water consumption requirement of 135 lpd. Generally, 75% to 85% of wastewater discharge is considered sewage water which includes black and grey water, but in the present case, the lack water is allowed to go into the septic tanks of eac house, hostel, and college because the University campus has no sewage treatment facility. The grey water quality was found to have a clear cut seasonal variation. The annual data of grey water quality was found to significantly lower the degree of pollutants when compared to the permissible limit of discharge. The grey water organic load on the average and maximum low rate basis was calculated in different seasons of the year. The maximum loading due to average and maximum flow rate was recorded to be significantly higher in the summer season, i.e., 33.31 and 83.34 kg/day, respectively. However, in the winter season, the minimum loading was found to be 24.05 and 52.0 kg/day, respectively, due to the higher organic loading; in the summer season, the maximum loading was due to more consumption of water in the household.

Check first the Standard Methods for Water and Wastewater analysis....then chosee.

Hi My Dear:

From my work in hydrocarbons ,you can use the hexane for many reasons: low cost, high affinity with hydrocarbons especially when increase the contact time between them in room degree and the easy to evaporation and this point is very important according to use the rotary evaporator to maintain the evaporation point for hydrocarbons

Thank you

this link is useful

ttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/.../3527600418.bi10895e000...

regards

In the aeration basin microorganisms agglomerate in the form of flocs and develop using pollution as a substrate necessary for the production of vital energy and the synthesis of new living cells. Part of the pollutants that are not biologically degraded can be adsorbed and incorporated into the sludge flocs (BROUZES, 1973).

Many microorganisms with very different growth rates are associated with this degradation process: bacteria, algae, fungi and protozoa are usually found. Bacteria, however, remain the most involved microorganisms, they transform organic matter by means of their metabolism into microbial biomass, This process of microbial degradation can be broken down into several phases. A transport phase that brings the pollutants (soluble and insoluble) from the breast of the liquid to the surface of the bacteria. A diffusion phase during which the soluble substrate diffuses easily through the membrane, while insoluble materials (particles, colloids and large molecules) are first adsorbed on the surface of the bacterium and then hydrolyzed by exo-enzymes , before being in turn assimilated. Finally, the phase of metabolization of pollutants that takes place within the cell. This stage, much slower than the previous ones, is divided into three parts:

1) assimilation (or anabolism) which is the use of pollutants for the synthesis of new cells;

2) respiration (or catabolism) which allows the combustion of substrates to release the energy necessary for microorganisms to perform their vital functions;

3) endogenous respiration where microorganisms use their own material as a substrate.

In the aerobic system microorganisms consume the organic waste as substrate and convert them into water and carbon di oxide.

This is a complex question and can be used in many different ways for evaluating water parameters. It can be used for instance to find surrogates and as a result reduce the amount of money spent for laboratory analysis....By finding surrogates you can also evaluate for instance treatment performance with a reduced number of variables to analyze. Another interesting possibilities of using r is the potential of designing a treatment system with focus on one parameter that at the same time can remove/reduce other parameters that have good correlation.

An important aspect for you to evaluate is the significance of your r....You can find sometimes high correlation coefficients but without being significant (p>0.05) and then this results will not be as useful as it would be if p<0.05.

Hi All

Suppose I want to make a 500mls of Phenol:Chloroform:Isoamylalcohol of the ratio 24:24:1, how do I go about with phenol in crystal form?

Thanks

hello

ASTM D859 - 16 Standard Test Method for Silica

regards

hello

I recommend НАСН products to measure water pollutants

regards

Thank you Farid on the suggestion.  Does the activated carbon able to remove high range of COD?

HI Hesham.. Is it possible to perform in the lab?

I recommend to use Persteril 35% acidum peraceticum. It is very effective desinfectant and, what is important, it is degraded by oxygen very quickly.

Best regards

Vit 

The closed reflux method we use magnetic stirrer to stir the samples for 10 minutes, then pipiette 2 ml of the sample and add into the reagent vials. Heated for 2 hours at 150 degree celcius, and read the COD reading using the colorimeter. Still got difference with open reflux method. 

In cases of water after purification,it is recomended to add a little KCl to ha ve the real value of pH.----

Looking foreword - thank you very much

Malte

Actually your article states some connection between aluminium in occurring in the brain and neurological disorders. "Many scientific articles are available,covering various aspects aluminum toxicity like the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson dementia, Alzheimer’s disease)." These conditions are caused by other physiological disorders and not related to drinking aluminium contaminated water.

If a hospital use water with very high aluminium concentrations for dialysis it can cause "dialysis encephalopathy" which is mentioned in your paper and in patients poisoned with aluminium in this manner some neurological effects similar to Alzheimer's occur.

Agreements with  Peter Apps

Good question

However, please keep in mind that for the BOD test, the field DO value is not needed.  Instead, you want to know the DO (usually after bringing it to 20 C and aerating the dilution water or even the sample to get it above 8 mg/L) immediately before sealing the BOD bottle for the 5 day incubation period. Best of luck with your work!

Hello

I realize my old question and this topic is still interesting to some researchers, thus I want to inform you:

In June 2015, we bought a "machine" for colorimetric water analysis, the chemicals for various elements/nutrients and the sandards for calibrating are sold from the same company. The machine costs around 50,000 Euro. We can test a lot in more or less short time... So far, we are satisfied. If somebody needs the machines or companies name, send me a message...

All the best,

Stefan

Rishabh, in the England and Wales the water quality monitoring sampling frequency is set by the Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations. They describe the required sample frequencies for different water quality parameters and when this should be amended. For example, in the case of regulatory sample failures against the prescribed standards.

John

If you measure dissolved Cr without digestion maybe you have some kind of positive interference in your matrix. Try to digest the sample after filtration (and take care of blanks)

Maybe that the gas is not pure or of non-quality required

Dear Dr

TCU= 1 Mg/l (Pt (Chloro-pelatinate))+0.5 Mg/l CO (element).

1 Mg/l Pt-CO= 1 HAZEN

I hope i could response to your question.

Good luck

Interesting question..First hand information on the issue says , these parameters are  inter-linked to each other...

Hi Jeremy.  Look for information on Cergy, FR; Blagnac, FR; Formiguere, FR; Colombes, FR; Lagny, FR.  These are all BioStyr, but there are many Biofor units too.

check these links

Hi Benjamin,

Yes, the relative solubilities are similar.  I'm just throwing up ideas.

How do the solubilities change relatively with temperature and how close to the solubility product limit are you achieving?  Remember too that total ionic strength will affect solubility in these relatively concentrated solutions. 

Can you allow the reaction to proceed in an evaporation basin?   How may atmospheric CO2 limit that process? 

Regards, Paul

yes it is , when i was working with surface water it dependency was estimated in regression . i suppose you can do the same for your water

Please refer : SJ Randtke,   Journal of American Water Works Association ,1988. Detailed study available on line with cross references.

Dear Prof Virendra Kumar Saxena,

Thank you very much for your response.  Your recommendation regarding the paper of "S.C.Byers and others 1978" describes about TOC determination for soils. Do you have other reference with TOC analysis for water samples?

Lithium carbonate or magnesium carbonate are the closest matches. I think you will find the easiest to dose is magnesium oxide (MgO) which dissolves well and convert to hydrogencarbonate in water in contact with air.

Dear Eng Tahir

please follow the link:

Best regards

Parisa Ziarati

Chrome is hexavalent in both salts so they oxidise the same. Chromate turns into dichromate in acidic solution. As the COD procedure use sulfuric acid K₂CrO₄ will turn into dichromate in the procedure. Therefor I think it is possible to replace potassium chromate (K₂CrO₄)  for Potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) in the determination of chemical oxygen demand.

Please refer : 

Director,  National Institute of Ocenography, Panjim, Goa.

If you are doing analysis you will need a reference sample (known composition) so you can check the quality of your results.   Look up the WEPAL sample exchange and purchase a previously tested sample from their stock, or likewise from Global Proficiency.  There are other providers but you will find that meterials of certified composition, CRMs, are very expensive.

Thanks for providing information, Furthermore, some strips are available into the market to check the content of formalin,

So, Is that product is reliable? and By which principle the strip can detect the formalin?

Dear Sir. Concerning your issue about the quantification of elemental mercury in potassium permanganate solution using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. A new, reliable, surfactant-sensitized method is described for the spectrophotometric determination of total and dissolved inorganic mercury at trace levels. The method is based on the ternary complex formation of Hg(II) with 2-(2-thiazolylazo)-p-cresol and a cationic surfactant, cetylpyridinium chloride, at pH 9.5. The detection and quantification limits of the method with surfactant were 6 and 19 μg L−1 , while those of the method without surfactant were 22 and 67 μg L−1 , respectively. The method obeys Beer’s law at up to approximately 10 mg L −1 Hg(II) in an aqueous surfactant medium. The relative errors and relative standard deviations of the method were 2.2% and 3.2%, while those of the direct method were 11% and 4.4% (1.0 mg L −1 , n = 10), respectively. The accuracy and reliability were examined by the recoveries of spiked solutions at 3 and 5 mg L−1 for the determination of mercury in tap water, drinking water, dental unit wastewater, and artificially prepared model water samples. It was found that the results were very good and comparable for both the present method and the modified dithizone method, which was used as an independent reference method. Speciation studies for binary mixtures containing Hg(I) plus Hg(II) ions at known concentration ratios were also conducted. I think the following below links may help you in your analysis:

Thanks