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Wastewater Treatment - Science topic

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Is wastewater treatment by stabilization pond more sensitive to temperature changes than the wetland method with subsurface flow? Does the Wetland method have a weaker performance than the stabilization pond at low temperatures? Please reply with reference
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Stabilization ponds are more sensitive to temperature changes than subsurface flow-constructed wetlands, often experiencing reduced performance in colder conditions. In contrast, wetlands can maintain operational efficiency at low temperatures, making them more resilient.
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For wastewater treatment applications, the membrane separation process must be subjected to external pressure. Which file (PDB, PSF, MINIMISATION, HEATING, EQUILIBRIATION, PRODUCTION) should I modify?
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you can deploy Copilot To apply external pressure in a NAMD simulation for the membrane separation process, you typically need to modify the configuration files related to the simulation setup. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to do it:
  1. Pressure Control Setup: You need to set up pressure control in your NAMD configuration file. This is usually done in the EQUILIBRATION and PRODUCTION phases of your simulation.
  2. Configuration File Modifications: EQUILIBRATION: Modify the equilibration configuration file to include pressure control parameters. You can use the Berendsen or Nosé-Hoover Langevin piston methods for pressure control. PRODUCTION: Similarly, ensure that the production configuration file includes the pressure control settings.
  3. Example Configuration: plaintext # Pressure control useGroupPressure yes useFlexibleCell yes useConstantArea no langevinPiston on langevinPistonTarget 1.01325 ;# Target pressure in bar langevinPistonPeriod 100.0 langevinPistonDecay 50.0 langevinPistonTemp 300.0
  4. Files to Modify: EQUILIBRATION: Add the pressure control parameters to your equilibration configuration file. PRODUCTION: Ensure the same parameters are included in your production configuration file.
  5. PDB and PSF Files: These files define the structure and topology of your system and generally do not need to be modified for pressure control. However, ensure they are correctly set up before running the simulation.
  6. MINIMIZATION and HEATING: These steps are usually performed under constant volume conditions, so pressure control is not typically applied here.
Educational Tips:
  • Understanding Pressure Control: Pressure control in molecular dynamics simulations helps mimic real-world conditions where external pressure influences the system.
  • Configuration Parameters: Familiarize yourself with the parameters used for pressure control, such as langevinPistonTarget, which sets the target pressure.
For more detailed information, you can refer to the NAMD User's Guide.
Good luck
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What is the impact of secondary reaction products formed from radical scavengers like tert-butanol, benzoic acid, [benzoate in alkalin media ], and nitrobenzene on the degradation rates of organic pollutants in alkaline media, and how do these products complicate the assessment of scavenger efficacy, particularly considering variations in pH that influence the stability and reactivity of these scavengers as both inhibitors and facilitators of degradation?
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As I wrote, there is no general answer to your question. The initial reaction rate is commonly calculated at conversions less than 10%. If you want to quantitavely describe the effect of co-oxidation, you should build the kinetic model and simulate the process. This is an extremely comlicated task.
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As geotextiles can be used in water treatment nowdays, how to choose the suitable type of the geotextile(woven, knitted, non woven or braided) that is used?
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In continuation of my earlier posts
Wish to add that we need evolve screens
With sieve sizes, to pass or not to pass contaminant matter in water in flows.
Velocity of Flow is maintained at optimum level less Tham 1m per sec.
These criterias are used for filtering water in a few phases viz
Pre process filtration done to trap large matter
Primary process sized upto 25- 40mm
Secondary process upto 12,5mm in 3 sections
Tertiary process is aerobics..using plants termed as phytoR..
Can do in 3 phases
Last phase kept as floating bed with plants grasses creepers used for bio remedials..
Elephant grass used Is harvested and each crop is taken as agri fodder for cattle and goats feeds..
Last process is kept as Fine filters with polishing and finishing property
Aeration by admitting air by air compressor is done.
Finally processed water is held in tank as settling - curing and maturing 1vday process done..
In this mode geovtextiles of varities
Woven, knitted non woven, non braided arecused.
Pl use the processed watetvthro carbon filers also..
It's best used by communities.
.. Prof Ajit Seshadri
School of Maritime Studies
Vels University
Chennai I
INDIA
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Process to remove microplastics.
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Quantification of microplastics in wastewater treatment involves several key steps, and the best method depends on the type, size, and concentration of microplastics, as well as available resources. Here are some widely used methods:
1. Microscopy (Optical or Electron)
-Optical Microscopy: This method is commonly used for visual identification and counting of microplastics larger than 20 µm. It’s ideal for size, shape, and color classification.
-Advantages: Simple, cost-effective.
- Limitations: Limited resolution, struggles with particles smaller than 20 µm.
-Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Provides high-resolution imaging and allows for detailed surface structure analysis of microplastics.
- Advantages: High resolution, precise morphology analysis.
- Limitations: Expensive, requires complex sample preparation.
2. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
- FTIR is used for identifying the chemical composition of microplastics based on their infrared spectrum. It’s useful for characterizing plastics and detecting particles as small as 20 µm.
- Advantages: High specificity for polymer identification.
- Limitations: Time-consuming, expensive equipment.
3. Raman Spectroscopy
- This method is similar to FTIR but is especially effective for identifying smaller microplastic particles (down to 1 µm).
- Advantages: Better for smaller particles, more detailed chemical identification.
- Limitations: Expensive, sensitive to fluorescent interference from organic matter.
4. Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Pyrolysis-GC-MS)
- This technique quantifies microplastics by breaking them down into their monomers through pyrolysis (heating) and then analyzing the resulting gases using GC-MS.
- Advantages: Quantifies and identifies different types of polymers, suitable for complex mixtures.
- Limitations: Destructive, requires advanced equipment.
5. Density Separation and Filtration
- Wastewater samples are often pre-treated through density separation (using a dense liquid like sodium chloride or zinc chloride solution) to isolate microplastics, followed by filtration. This step helps remove other debris.
- Advantages: Simple, enhances the concentration of microplastics.
- Limitations: Labor-intensive, prone to underestimating certain microplastics, like denser particles.
6. Flow Cytometry
- Used for detecting and quantifying particles based on their size and fluorescence. It is often combined with fluorescent dyes that attach to plastic polymers.
- Advantages: Fast, suitable for smaller microplastics.
- Limitations: Requires fluorescent labeling and can be complex to operate.
7. Automated Particle Counters (e.g., Coulter Counter)
- These devices count and measure particles by detecting changes in electrical resistance as particles pass through a small aperture.
- Advantages: High throughput, precise size quantification.
- Limitations: Does not differentiate between plastic and non-plastic particles.
Recommended Approach:
A combination of methods is often the most effective strategy for quantifying microplastics in wastewater:
- Microscopy + FTIR or Raman Spectroscopy: For identifying and classifying particles.
- Density Separation + Pyrolysis-GC-MS: For quantifying the total amount of microplastics and identifying the polymer types.
The choice of method should balance precision, cost, and the specific goals of your study.
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Some of the book chapters mentioned below are still available due to some researchers backing off at the last moment if any researcher(s) is willing please mail to mustafwibinqamar@gmail.com
Since we are at the verge of submission to the publication house so it will not get late
Biomethane production from the anaerobic digestion of wastewaters
Biohydrogen: A green fuel for sustainable energy
Carbon Sequestration and Wastewater Treatment: An Approach to Reduce Carbon Footprint
Technoeconomic Analysis of Green Technologies in the Treatment of Wastewaters
Thanks a lot
Sincerely
Dr Imran
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Imran Ahmad i am available on +91 8317585217 (my whatsapp number)
please share more details can join hands with you
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I am interested to know the behavior of dyes toward light. Specifically, Blue dyes re-emit the spectrum, especially from the green zone (known as principal in LED lamps, and blue dyes are known to absorb green light), to a range <400 nm (UVA)?
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In general a given dye will absorb some wavelengths of light, and if they emit light (via fluorescence, phosphorescence, or in the case of LEDs a current of electricity), they do so at a longer wavelength. There are exceptions to this (e.g. upconversion processes), but generally the emission is at a longer wavelength. The difference between the maximum of absorbance (of the first excited state) and the maximum of emission is called the Stokes shift, and it can be a few nm to over 100 nm.
So you could see a dye absorb blue light in the range of say 420-500 nm. It would appear some shade of yellow to red, since those wavelengths would not be absorbed. If it subsequently emitted light, we would expect it to be maybe 490-550 nm.
You can use this tool to look at the excitation and emission spectra of many dyes. Hope that helps!
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Hydraulic retention time (HRT) is the average time a certain amount of wastewater stays in a holding tank before exiting the tank. But then what is the operating time?
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Kumari Uma Mahto YES HRT and Operating time are related - Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and Operating Time are two related but distinct concepts in wastewater treatment reactors:
Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT):
HRT refers to the average time that wastewater spends in the reactor. It's calculated by dividing the reactor volume by the influent flow rate. HRT represents the time available for physical, chemical, and biological processes to occur within the reactor.
HRT = Reactor Volume (m³) / Influent Flow Rate (m³/day)
Operating Time:
Operating Time, also known as Reactor Residence Time, refers to the actual time that the reactor is in operation. It's the clock time that the reactor is treating wastewater, including periods of continuous flow, batch operations, or intermittent flow.
Operating Time = Total Time - Down Time
Key differences:
- HRT focuses on the wastewater's time in the reactor, while Operating Time focuses on the reactor's operational duration.
- HRT is a measure of treatment efficiency, while Operating Time is a measure of reactor utilization.
- HRT is typically shorter than Operating Time, as the reactor may be in operation for longer periods than the wastewater is present.
Understanding both HRT and Operating Time is crucial for optimizing wastewater treatment reactor design, operation, and performance.
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What roles do microorganisms play in Earth's ecosystems, and why is their role so important and role of microorganisms in secondary wastewater treatment?
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Rk Naresh when we want to add about the microorganisms and Earths ecosystem I can only say that microorganisms are often invisible to the naked eye, are the unsung heroes of our planet. They play an indispensable role in maintaining the balance of Earth's ecosystems and few of the key roles of microorganism can be listed down as:
  • The Decomposition: They break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem. This process is essential for soil fertility and nutrient availability for plants.
  • The Nutrient cycling: Microorganisms convert elements like nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur into forms usable by plants, ensuring the continuous flow of nutrients through the ecosystem.
  • For Primary production: Photosynthetic microorganisms, such as algae and cyanobacteria, form the base of many aquatic food chains, providing energy for higher organisms.
  • As a Climate regulation: Microorganisms contribute to climate regulation through processes like carbon sequestration and methane production.
  • Has a Symbiotic relationships: Many organisms form beneficial partnerships with microorganisms, such as bacteria in the human gut aiding digestion.
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Decentralized systems in resource-limited settings often struggle with efficiency, sustainability, and adaptability to local conditions. Could biomimetic and bio-inspired approaches offer transformative solutions? What are the potential mechanisms, materials, or biological processes that could be harnessed to create self-sustaining, low-energy treatment systems?
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Dear Dr T IO,
Most importantly HRT in Dewats process is important..It is needed to be maintained at 6-8-10 days.
The 1st phase of process deals with physical impurities of coarse fine ans super fine factors.
Next we assess and chemically make the effluent as far as possible as neutral. If its acidic or Alkaline its dealt with.
Then a bit of aeration is done and effluent is bio rectified.
All effluent is needed to be addressed biologically. Aeration is done for increasing dissolved O2 level...w wshs..
Prof Ajit Seshadri
Vels University
Chennai India
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1.The topic I am going to research is "Advanced Gray Wastewater Treatment Output from the Biological Process by Iron-assisted surface adsorption and UV/H2O2". I think this method has been used a lot for sewage. What is your suggestion for Q2 rank article innovation?
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Yes, it is the best topic for you, without UV disinfection, effluent can retain a mass of hazardous pathogens that could infect the natural water, causing potentially serious environmental health issues. UV light deactivates pathogens so that they cannot survive in clean water, meaning they cannot replicate and infect future waterways. Greywater treatment by UVC/H(2) O(2) is the best technology to the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD). It can be reduced COD 223-250 to 20-25 ppm. Most of the contaminants can be removed by oxidation since only 13-15 % COD is removed by settlement. The main advantage of using UV/H2O2 for water and wastewater systems resides in the fact that UV radiation can work simultaneously as a disinfectant, by physically inactivating microorganisms, and helping in the photolysis of peroxide, breaking it into the highly reactive hydroxyl radical species. It combines a deep theoretical basis with a chemical engineering approach for both theoretical and practical applications of the UV/H2O2 oxidation process. At the longer wavelengths, the gas phase absorptivities are significantly larger than the corresponding values in condensed phase.
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How can advanced wastewater treatment processes be integrated with real-time monitoring and adaptive control systems to enhance the removal efficiency of micropollutants and pathogens, while also optimizing energy consumption and minimizing the production of secondary pollutants?
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Gaurav H Tandon Advanced wastewater treatment can get better at removing tiny pollutants and germs by using real-time monitoring and adaptive control systems. These systems can adjust treatment processes on the fly, making them more efficient. For example, they can cut energy use by up to 30% and reduce secondary pollutants by over 20%, all while improving overall water quality.
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I am seeking your advice regarding the use of a 50L photosynthesis reactor for wastewater treatment. I intend to supply pure CO2 but am uncertain about the appropriate CO2 flow rate (L/min) for the reactor. How to determine this value based on reactor volume?
If you have any references or recommendations, please provide the titles. Your guidance would be greatly appreciated!
Thank you very much!
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Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce sugars from which other organic compounds can be constructed, and oxygen is produced as a by-product. Within the plant cell, the water is oxidized, meaning it loses electrons, while the carbon dioxide is reduced, meaning it gains electrons.
1. Uptake of CO2 can be measured with the means of an IRGA (Infra-Red Gas Analyzer) which can compare the CO2concentration in gas passing into a chamber surrounding a leaf/plant and the CO2leaving the chamber.
2. It can be determining through the use of the chemical indicator; phenol red. Phenol red is a pH indicator that changes color from red to yellow in the presence of carbon dioxide.
3. The chemical sodium hydroxide is placed in the bag with the plant to absorb the carbon dioxide. The plant is left for 24 hours and the leaves are tested for starch using iodine. The leaves will show that no starch has been made as no photosynthesis occurred without carbon dioxide.
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How can thin film technologies be integrated with existing wastewater treatment infrastructure to enhance overall performance without significant alterations to the current systems?
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Integrating thin film technologies into existing wastewater treatment infrastructure offers a versatile approach to enhancing performance without requiring extensive modifications. These technologies, such as thin film composite membranes for filtration, coatings to improve membrane efficiency and longevity, and sensors for real-time monitoring, optimize treatment processes effectively. Photocatalytic thin films like titanium dioxide enable advanced oxidation processes, while energy harvesting films supplement power needs sustainably. Modular and smart grid integration further facilitate seamless adoption, allowing facilities to improve efficiency and sustainability without major disruptions.
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What is it's difference between lsoda method in R vs. ODE23 or 45 solver in MATLAB.(especially in wastewater treatment and biochemical processes)
I am currently engaged in the development of a sophisticated biochemical model for wastewater treatment, which encompasses approximately 20 equations and reactions. As part of this endeavor, I intend to implement the model's code using a programming language equipped with capabilities for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Could you please advise on the most suitable programming environment for this purpose?
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### Isoda Method in R:
- **Nature**: The Isoda method is a numerical technique for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It's not as widely known or used as some other methods.
- **Implementation**: Implemented specifically in R, it's often tailored for certain types of problems or datasets where it might have advantages.
- **Specificity**: Typically, it might be a more specialized method with fewer general-use cases compared to more common solvers.
### ODE23 and ODE45 in MATLAB:
- **Nature**: Both ODE23 and ODE45 are explicit Runge-Kutta methods for solving ODEs, but they differ in their order of accuracy and step size control.
- **ODE23**: Based on a 2nd and 3rd order Runge-Kutta pair. It's designed for moderate accuracy with a balance between computational effort and error control.
- **ODE45**: Based on a 4th and 5th order Runge-Kutta pair. It's more accurate and usually used for problems where higher precision is needed.
- **Implementation**: These solvers are highly optimized and widely used in MATLAB for a variety of scientific and engineering problems.
- **General Use**: They are versatile and generally applicable to a wide range of ODEs, providing reliable and efficient solutions.
### Key Differences:
- **Popularity and Use**: ODE23 and ODE45 are more commonly used and recognized in the scientific community.
- **Accuracy and Efficiency**: ODE23 and ODE45 provide a balance between accuracy and computational efficiency, with ODE45 offering higher accuracy.
- **Specialization**: The Isoda method might be more specialized or tailored to specific types of problems.
In summary, if you're dealing with general ODE problems and using MATLAB, ODE23 and ODE45 are typically the go-to choices for their reliability and efficiency. The Isoda method in R might be used for more niche applications or specific datasets where it has been shown to perform well.
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How do different thin film deposition techniques (e.g., chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, spin coating) affect the efficiency and durability of thin films used in wastewater treatment?
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Thin films belong to 2D nanostructures. Nanostructures have a large specific surface area that comes into contact with water. The larger the specific surface area, the greater the adsorption of pollutant molecules on it. In addition, of course, the adsorption properties of films and their durability depend on the synthesis method. There is no theory to predict these properties and therefore an experiment related to the chemical nature of the film and the synthesis method is necessary.
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Researcher actively in the environmental engineering and sciences field for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment using technology through Constructed wetland for low cost and sustainable implications in developing countries.
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Dear Researcher Dr MB ( of AMU )
Having been implementing Dewats type wwt plants from 5kl to 40-50kl per day capacity.
As usual it has 2 stage anaerobic septic tanks with varied filters 150mm to 15mm stone filters
Done in upfront mode, 1st and 2nd tanks have Lids made 300mm below gl.
Atop the tanks, rcc covers are done with grass growm on 1,5m by1,5m panels. Where Manholes are placed, would have easy dismantle covers Etc
3rd stage could have phto R done on float beds with duckweed or elephant grass sp.
This is cultivated and cropping done for fodder- feed Etc
On last stage could have extended aeration by way of fountains and spray if waters Etc.
With Best wishes
Ajit Seshadri
Sr Faculty HOD School of Maritime Studies Vels University Chennai India.
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Modeling of different operating parameters for contamination removal by AOPs
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A set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic (and sometimes inorganic) materials in water and waste water by oxidation through reactions with hydroxyl radicals (·OH). Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) combine ozone (O3), ultraviolet (UV), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and/or catalyst to offer a powerful water treatment solution for the reduction (removal) of residual organic compounds as measured by COD, BOD or TOC. All AOPs are designed to produce hydroxyl radicals.
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Your opinion and expertise answers on the above question is needed?
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We use Perforated aluminum electrode in article form chromium III ions and COD removal in Pulse EC system.
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In the realm of wastewater management, decentralized systems are emerging as game-changers, offering solutions to both environmental pollution and water scarcity. Join us as we delve into the potential of decentralized wastewater treatment systems to promote water reuse and safeguard our precious water resources for future generations.
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Dear Researcher Dr. PD
It's most ideal to have Decentralized waste water system having waste water coming in multiple stream of flows in residential homes Etc.
Flows are as follows viz
- Waste water from wash uses after bath, wash face Etc
- Effluent from Kitchen uses, cooking process
Vessels or containers used in cooking process
- wash water from laundry ie clothes and others wash water.
All the above are mild ly soiled and need less efforts.
The main wash water is from toilets, which is more polluted and is called Sewage water.
Water is used for flushing of urinals and Fecal Sludge from toilets Etc.
This write up details the effluent called Sewage from Toilets called as Sewage
And
The other waters other than Sewage called as Sullage.
Both are dealt with separately and the processed water is used for secondary uses in the site itself for various uses.
If needed Sewage water is processed and made compliant as per Pollution Board norms and allowed to be discharged into Municipal Sewerage system for further conveyance or into natural discharges into water bodies Etc
... to be continued ...
With best wishes
Prof Ajit Seshadri
Vels University
Chennai India
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I am removing the Pb(II) from wastewater using copper nanoparticles. I have done FITIR and XRD analysis after the adsorption of Pb and there is clear change in the peaks in both FTIR and XRD.
In XRD 2 theta at 32.9 degree indicates formation of Pb-OH. Whereas the typical peaks of Cu2O diminished. What reaction could possibly has occurred? I am unable to conclude. Kindly guide me.
Also there's clear difference in the peaks some have shifted and doublet turned to single.
I will be grateful for your help.
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I would suggest
Cu2O + Pb(2+) + H2O --->2Cu+ + Pb(OH)2 (my recollection is that Pb(OH)2 is less soluble than Cu2O/CuOH)
2Cu+ + 1/2O2 + H2O ---> 2Cu(2+) + 2OH- ---> Cu(2+) + Cu(OH)2 (oxygen in water does play a role)
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I utilize a photosynthesis reactor for wastewater treatment. Within the reactor, I collect biomass and aim to establish its molecular equation of biomass, such as CxHyNzPtKi.... I would greatly appreciate any advice, techniques, or relevant papers you could provide on this matter.
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Hey there Que Ho! I'm glad you're interested in optimizing your wastewater treatment process. Establishing the molecular equation of biomass can be quite beneficial for understanding its composition and potential applications.
One common technique for determining the molecular formula of biomass is elemental analysis. This involves measuring the percentages of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen (CHNSO) present in the biomass sample. From these percentages, you Que Ho can calculate the empirical formula of the biomass.
To get started, you'll Que Ho need access to an elemental analyzer, which can accurately measure the elemental composition of the biomass. Once you have the percentages of each element, you Que Ho can use them to calculate the empirical formula.
Here's a basic outline of the process:
1. Collect a representative sample of your biomass.
2. Prepare the sample for elemental analysis according to the analyzer's specifications.
3. Analyze the sample using the elemental analyzer to determine the percentages of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen.
4. Calculate the empirical formula based on the elemental percentages obtained.
Keep in mind that elemental analysis provides the empirical formula, which gives you Que Ho the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in the molecule. For a more precise molecular formula, additional techniques such as mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy may be required.
Interesting articles to read:
As for relevant papers, I recommend looking into research articles on biomass characterization and elemental analysis techniques. You Que Ho might find papers discussing specific methodologies or case studies related to biomass composition analysis.
Feel free to reach out if you Que Ho need more detailed guidance or have any other questions. Happy experimenting!
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Hello everyone,
I have a question regarding the utilization of photocatalysts in water treatment.
Will coating the photocatalyst agent lead to a decrease in its efficiency?
Thank you!
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Coating a photocatalyst agent may or may not lead to a decrease in its efficiency, depending on various factors such as the nature of the coating material, the method of coating, and the specific application.
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Which type of microorganisms is involved in the degradation of organic matter in wastewater treatment and role of microbes in environmental conservation?
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Thanks Uddhav
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Dear researchers,
Treated greywater is a valuable resource for water efficiency and reuse, benefiting both water supply and wastewater systems. But it's quite tough to find a method that is both economical and convenient. According to your perspective, which is the best method?
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The treatment would firstly depend on intended reuse of the greywater. In apartment buildings, institutions and sport facilities the reuse scheme could be toilet flushing. For this use biofiltration are appropriate to ensure biofouling doesn't clog the cistern for the toilet and to make the water be smell and color free. For use in institutions or multi-family dwellings Danish authorities require UV-disinfection is used.
Experience from Denmark is that system that omit laundry water from the reuse scheme are more stable as the washing water tend to inhibit biofiltration.
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Hi
I have done the removal of heavy metals from the aqueous solutions through batch experiments. I observed that with increasing the concentration adsorbent (g) the % removal of heavy metal has increased almost 100% but the adsorption capacity (mg/g) has decreased. Are these two entities are inversely related to each other? While optimizing the experiments which factor should be considered more important % removal or adsorption capacity w.r.t. manuscript as well?
Thanks for your response in advance.
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Adsorption capacity is inversely proportional to the adsorbent dose added. so when you add more doses the adsorption capacity will decrease. percentage removal only dependent on the change in initial and final concentrations of the adsorbate.
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in wastewater treatment
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In Bio flocculation r temperature at temperature between 20-25˚C stable is stable temperature.If the water temperature increases bio flocs lose their floatability and sink to the bottom in the form of sludge. A number of microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, algae, fungi, and actinomycetes) are considered producers of bio flocculants .In this study, the effects of low temperature on coagulation kinetics and floc surface morphology the showed that low temperature slowed the coagulation process, as reflected by a decrease in the aggregation rate and rate constant.
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I need resources that explain ways to combine membrane separation and electrochemical technologies for wastewater treatment. Explain fully including advantages and disadvantages, reactions and how to combine.
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does the limited nutrient on the secondary treated effluent has an impact on microalgal biomass productivity and is this directly linked to biodiesel production? could it be feasible for a commercial scale? all of your answers/ suggestions would be appreciated.
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1) The proportion of available N, P and K do not necessarily meet the needs of the algae
2) Important microelements may be missing from the wastewater
3) The penetration of light in an algal suspension is only a few cm-s, so the configuration of the photoreactor is quite a challange
4) Algal strains selected for high lipid production are rather sensitive to microbial infection
5) You need a cheap method to harvest the algae, and to extract the lipids from the algae, otherwise the price of the biodiesel will not be competitive.
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In the treatment of high salinity oilfield wastewater, we have much higher TOC removal than COD removal.
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it is possible to have considerable higher TOC removal than COD removal in wastewater treatment. This could occur if a treatment plant is specifically designed to target organic compounds and achieve high COD removal, effectively removing a substantial portion of the TOC as a byproduct
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Hello my dear friends,
I am looking for a disinfection method with 4-6 log10 pathogen reduction, which does not require much energy, chemicals and finances. I am going to use it for decentralized wastewater treatment in developing countries. My main treatment stage would be constructed wetland (maybe hybrid CWs). I konw that Chlorine, Ozone, UV, microfiltration or reverse osmosis have high efficiencies. But becuase they are cost intensive and need expert operators, I cannot consider them as the a realizable method for my design. I would apprecite it, if someone could help me.
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If you have a slow flow rate you can do low-cost UV lamps with good results. See our paper at
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How can constructed wetlands be used as wastewater treatment
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The question premise is wrong
constructed wetlands are a great way for small-scale wastewater treatment, say up to a few hundred people.
But if you want to treat the results of thousands or more (say a town or a city) it will be unpractical.
Constructed wetlands take space and time and are not necessarily cheap to build, it depends on the location, land cost, slopes etc. They are also slow compared to activated sludge facilities.
So, it depends on the context!
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Twenty years ago I operated a biofilter for wastewater treatment. I set layers like this (Pic_004_b):
Superficial layer: earth with live earthworm (Eisenia foetida).
Layer 1: sawdust
Layer 2: gravel diam 3/8"
Layer 3: gravel diam 1/2"
The remove BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand in five days) efficiency was 79.6 %, but chemical oxygen demand (COD) for both influent and effluent was the same.
Then I suspected was lignin from wood. Can someone confirm o reject it? and why?
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Acid washed lignin samples can not affect the COD determination in waste water.
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Do bacteria reproduce in microbial fuel cell reactors while generating electricity? If yes, how fast and how soon are the reactors getting full, especially as applied to wastewater treatment.
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Hi Dr., I like your question, and I would love to answer and support you on your research, but I would appreciate it if you could click RECOMMEND for my 6 research papers under my AUTHORSHIP below is my short answer to your question. Click the RECOMMEND word under each of my research papers and follow me. In return for your kind support, I provide you with the answer to your question :
Specifically regarding bacterial replication kinetics under optimum conditions, published experimental data consistently report doubling periods of just a few hours for many electrochemically-active microbial species.
Extrapolating such exponential growth trajectories mathematically illustrates how initial inocula on the scale of hundreds of cells could plausibly yield populations in the millions after only a few days' operation, even at modest chemical reaction rates.
This has considerable implications for long-term reactor design and management. Without sufficient operating volume or efflux mechanisms to accommodate such prolific biomass accumulation, rapid chamber occlusion and attendant perturbations to fluid flow would seem inevitable.
However, with well-designed hydrodynamics to forestall mass transfer limitations, the inherent advantages of microbial fuel cell processes are amplified. Sustained exponential population expansion serves to maximize catalytic surface area and reaction throughput over time, theoretically scaling power output in a highly favorable manner.
In view of wastewater treatment applications, the self-replicative abilities of exoelectrogenic bacteria may confer additional benefits. As organic loading is converted to electrical current, carbon conversion efficiency increases while pathogenic contaminants are simultaneously biodegraded.
In summary, while unchecked bacterial overgrowth poses technical challenges, harnessing the intrinsic population kinetics of electrochemically-active microbes appears key to optimizing microbial fuel cell performance at both the laboratory and industrial scales
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Referido al contexto de tratamiento de aguas residuales, quiero saber el comportamiento de la macrófita y toda la teoría que engloba para eliminar del agua compuestos nitrogenados.
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La fitodepuración del nitrógeno mediante el uso de la lenteja de agua (Lemna spp.) se fundamenta en su capacidad para remover y transformar compuestos nitrogenados presentes en el agua residual. La lenteja de agua es una planta acuática flotante que pertenece al género Lemna, y algunas especies de este género son especialmente eficientes en la absorción de nutrientes, incluyendo el nitrógeno.
El proceso de fitodepuración del nitrógeno utilizando la lenteja de agua se basa en los siguientes mecanismos:
  1. Absorción de Nitratos y Amonio: La lenteja de agua tiene la capacidad de absorber nitratos (NO3-) y amonio (NH4+) presentes en el agua. Estos compuestos nitrogenados son esenciales para el crecimiento de la planta y son capturados por las raíces y los tejidos de la lenteja.
  2. Transformación a Biomasa: El nitrógeno capturado por la lenteja de agua se utiliza para el crecimiento y desarrollo de la planta. A medida que la lenteja se desarrolla, el nitrógeno es almacenado en su biomasa.
  3. Reducción de Concentraciones de Nitrógeno en el Agua: Al extraer nitrógeno del agua residual, la lenteja de agua disminuye las concentraciones de nitratos y amonio presentes en el medio acuático. Esto contribuye a la reducción de la carga de nutrientes en el agua y ayuda a prevenir problemas de eutrofización y deterioro de la calidad del agua.
  4. Retención y Sedimentación: Además de absorber nitrógeno, la lenteja de agua también forma densas colonias flotantes que pueden retener otras partículas suspendidas y sedimentos en el agua, lo que contribuye a la clarificación del medio.
La fitodepuración con lentejas de agua es una forma natural y sostenible de eliminar el nitrógeno presente en las aguas residuales. Es particularmente útil en sistemas acuáticos donde se requiere reducir la carga de nutrientes para mantener el equilibrio ecológico. Sin embargo, es importante tener en cuenta que la eficiencia de la fitodepuración puede variar según las condiciones ambientales, el tipo de lenteja de agua utilizada y el estado del agua residual. Por lo tanto, se recomienda realizar estudios y pruebas a escala piloto para evaluar la efectividad de este método de tratamiento en situaciones específicas.
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What microorganisms are used in wastewater treatment and role of microbes in sewage and wastewater treatment systems?
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Dr Mohd Ariff Ahmad Nazri thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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Which cyanobacterial strains have demonstrated the most potential for efficiently and effectively removing heavy metals, organic pollutants and nutrients from industrial wastewater, and how well do they thrive under different environmental conditions in wastewater treatment systems?
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I sugget you consult the book, " Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wasrewater". The latest edition is available on line as of January 2023. The book is jointly published by the "American Public Healthe Association" and the American Water Works Association".
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Dear Researchers
Greetings from India
This is to kindly inform you that the book proposals sent by me and Dr. Nadeem, and Dr. Norhayati are fortunately accepted by CRC Press (Taylor & Francis) and IWA, respectively. Green technologies and nature-based solutions for wastewater treatment and energy production are very dynamic and sustainable topics. Since the titles and the subsequent TOC (attached) are in accordance with your expertise. Therefore, on behalf of the editors, I request that you kindly contribute book chapters for the same. The chapters can be your research studies, case studies, or review studies.
If you and your research group are interested in contributing, then please contact mustafwibinqamar@gmail.com
If you are interested in any chapter, please confirm at the earliest.
I hope for your kind cooperation and support in this regard.
Thanking you
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Respected Sir
Can I can contribute a chapter on topic "Microalgal treatment of wastewaters: Suspended and Immobilized algal systems'.High regards and respects
Dr Nissar A Wani
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usually in power plant pH and Conductivity is main parameter to predict condition in BTG, can you provide ORP values for water sample in Power plant? in all the type of dosing system i.e. AVT(O), AVT(R), Oxygenated etc.
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Thanks a lot!
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I am researching the industrial wastewater treatment with a capacity of 16 m3/hr wastewater treatment plant.
Type of industry: Laundry
Mode of treatment: Primary clarifier, Aeration tank; secondary clarifier.
Please let me know how to develop MLSS in aeration tank during start-up of the plant using existing activated sludge from other industry as inoculum. Thank you in advance.
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Thank you for your appreciation. It's my pleasure to help you.
The other critical parameter in AS startup would be the specific activity of the microbes measured in aerobic systems as SOUR = OUR / MLVSS with OUR = oxygen uptake rate (measured with DO meter over time in stirred beaker) and MLVSS = volatile (organic) fraction of MLSS.
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I want to quantify the chromium in solution. I want to know whether atomic adsorption spectroscopy is better or UV vis spectrophotometer.
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Noor Ul Ain , Generally atomic adsorption spectroscopy will be better. You have better selectivity and lower quantification limit.
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Which microorganism is used in wastewater treatment and use of microorganisms and plants to remove or neutralize pollutants in soil or water?
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Environmental remediation deals with the removal of contaminants or pollution from soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water or cleaning up after an oil spill. Water disinfection refers to the process of removal, deactivation, and/or killing of pathogenic microorganisms in potable water. Phytoremediation basically refers to the use of plants and associated soil microbes to reduce the concentrations or toxic effects of contaminants in the environment. Phytoremediation is widely accepted as a cost-effective environmental restoration technology. Bioremediation is the process of using microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, and plants to break down, change, remove, immobilize, or detoxify various physical and chemical pollutants in the environment. Furthermore, anaerobic bacteria are an important element in the wastewater treatment processes. They are responsible for methane fermentation of sewage sludge, facilitating decomposition of macromolecular organic matter into simpler compounds. Aerobic, Anaerobic and Facultative Bacteria and bacteria account for 95% of the microorganisms in wastewater. They are single-celled microorganisms that are classified based on their response to oxygen.
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I have the initial and final concentration of wastewater and R% particularly. is there any mathematical modelling like Thomas model or Adam-Bohart model or Langmuir model etc. need to solve it? if anyone expert here let me know, thank you in advance.
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You can use the prominent adsorption isotherm models namely Adam-bohart, Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, Clark model which basically designed according to the continuous column adsorption experiments indeed.
You need some particular parameters which help to interpret your experimental data set undoubtedly.
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I have thickness of nano membrane filter, pour size of membrane filter and initial & final concentration of wastewater.
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This is still unbeaten/unsolved so far.
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Kindly suggest the names of the software used for Dynamic wastewater treatment modeling and energy analysis (for research purposes)?
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kLa is a very important design parameter for wastewater aeration. I have studied the energetic optimization and adaptive control of the dissolved oxygen concentration in aerobic fermenters by numerical simulation. The parameters of the usual KLa correlation were estimated on-line and at real-time through the recursive least squares algorithm with forgetting factor, most effectively when a small sinusoidal disturbance was imposed to the manipulated variables (stirring rate and/or air flow). The power dissipated by agitation was accessed by a torque meter (pilot plant). This investigation was reported at (MSc Thesis):
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The 0 mm inhibition zone was an E. coli isolate from an influent of Domestical WWTP (SBA)
the other one (SCA-2) that showed synergy between CTX - AMC and CAZ - AMC was an isolate from the effluent
how do i interpret the result of the influent E. coli? is it ESBL positive?
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Yes it is ESBL pos.
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I have prepared the material for the removal of heavy metals from the wastewater. Now, I want to test it over the filter. How can I coat the material on the filter? Either should I dip the filter into the prepared material or pour it on the filter paper?
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Noor Ul Ain Consider how your material is supposed to work as a water treatment technology and how it is formulated now.
E.g. perhaps you made an ion exchanger type of sorbent. It will need some reaction time to sorbe metals so typically the final application is a column of the material with some minutes retention time. If your material are granular you can build a small column and simulate the retention time by controlling the flow.
If your material is a powder you can just make batch test with metals in water and separate the powder by filtering. Then you have some modeling to do to estimate how it would work in a filter.
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The objectives of the current study are:
·        determination of groundwater quality and quantity changes associated with mine dewatering operations;
·        development of monitoring systems to provide early detection of changes in surface and groundwater quality;
·        harmonization of assessment methods and water pollution treatment technologies of waste water streams from oil shale processing;
·        development of mining waste water treatment technologies according to stricter environmental requirements;
·        creation of innovative solutions for possible reuse of mine waters.
The ERA-NET partner universities that we are calling for, should be located in Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Republic of Moldova, Norway, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Spain or in the Netherlands.
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Yes
I m very interested
Best regards
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Dr. Noureddine Ali Elboughdiri,
Associate Professor.
Head of Dept. of Chem. Eng.,
Dept. of Chem. Eng., College of Eng., Univ. of Hail, Hail, KSA
Mobile: ++966 549 571 015
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National School of Engineering Gabes, Gabes 6011, Tunisia
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Wastewater treatment costs are high due to the infrastructure accompanying the establishment, as well as the high cost of transportation.. Is it possible to benefit from wastewater to a new site in the maintenance of vegetative areas directly after being treated by mixing with sand only? Are there any risks?
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The use of recycled water is encouraged in California. Wastewater must be treated to conform to secondary or tertiary treatment standards depending upon the type of use including the type of crop for agricultural uses. For specific information please refer to extensive information provided by the California Waterboards (https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/recycled_water/). Also, the California Water Code contains requirements for the use of wastewater (California Water Code section 13050).
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In a membrane aerated bioreactor (MABR), designed for N-rich wastewater treatment through partial nitrification and ANAMMOX, if the ANAMMOX bacteria are able to produce alkalinity or not?
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Usually wastewater is closer to neutral pH so we will find reduced nitrogen as ammonium, in which case the process appears to consume alkalinity and reduce pH:
Nitritation: NH4+ + 1.5 O2 -> NO2- + 2H2O + 2H+
Anammox: NH4+ + NO2- -> N2 + 2H2O
Sum 2NH4+ + 1.5 O2 -> 3H2O + 2H+
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An industrial town produces 18,000 cubic meters of wastewater per day.
The contamination load of COD is 8300 mg/liter
And the amount of BOD contamination is 3,900 mg/liter.
The amount of nitrogen is 20 mg/l
The amount of phosphorus 5 mg/l
What type of process (reactors) do you recommend for treating this wastewater and why?
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If we assume that the BOD figure you provided is correct, then the BOD/COD ratio seems to indicate that about 28% of the COD would be recalcitrant to (aerobic) biodegradation resulting in about 72% biodegradable COD (bCOD). This relatively high recalcitrant fraction may be due to mineral oil and other soluble and solid organic compounds from industries. Although you didn't mention other characteristics of the water. Could you clarify which kind of characteristic contaminants, that would contribute most to organic wastewater load? Please also confirm the wastewater temperature range. If I assume that at least there are coarse solids (by screens), grit/sand (by trap), free fat, oil and grease (FOG), and settleable/floatable solids (by settler/DAF) could be removed and that the wastewater temperature would be at least 25°C, then a high-rate anaerobic digestion (HRAD) would be recommended as the main bio-treatment. In this HRAD stage will convert up to 99% of the biodegradable fraction of the COD (bCOD) after minimal pretreatment (as indicated) to biomethane using a process with the latest up-flow reactor(s). It would probably need 2 (two) reactors operating in parallel (pending further data and operating temperature). If necessary (depending on final effluent requirements), a polishing stage using (advanced) aerobic biotreatment such as (AS) could be added. The ratio of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) to bCOD would definitely be far too low for classic main aerobic bio-treatment but could be sufficient for an HRAD producing about 10 times less waste bio-sludge. The organic solids (without free oil) from the pretreatment could be digested by the waste biosludge from the HRAD stage and converted to biomethane as well as using classic or advanced anaerobic digestion (AD).
If you could you clarify another kind of characteristic contaminant that would contribute most to organic wastewater load and also confirm the wastewater temperature range? This will help to provide a better understanding of you challenge and probably the right possible recommendation can be made.
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I have done an adsorption test for B-removal of an initial concentration of (10ppm).
After adsorption, the results of B were higher that 10, (not much- the maximum was of 13ppm) but i still can't proceed with the calculations as the data are higher than 10.
I've attached the result file.
I hope any can clarify what is the best way to adjust the data/or how to deal with them..!!
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If you are using à UV visible spectrophotomer to read absorbance and calculate the concentration, it May also due to the turbidity caused by your absorbent that make the absorbance increase which Will lead to an increase of concentration. Try to activate your adsorbance with à chemical reagent like phosphoric acid, or use the centrifuge to separate the solid phase to liquid phase before analysing the sample after adsorption test.
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I have synthesized a nanocomposite membrane for heavy metals removal like Cr(VI) and Pb(II). I want to perform batch adsorption experiment. Kindly suggest me the appropriate time period for the adsorption of heavy metal using nanocomposite membrane.
Thank you for your time
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You can fix the adsorbent dose and the concentrations of Cr(VI) and Pb(II). You can measure the remaining concentrations of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) after certain time intervals, e.g. 10, 30, 60, 90, 120 min, and so on, until you achieve adsorption equilibrium.
For Cr(VI) you may seek help from the following article.
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anyone ?
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Wastewater sludge characterization and disposal.
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What percentage of microbial biofilm on a MBBR Chip is required for a industrial wastewater treatment plant?
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Simply higher is better, colonization of media in MBBR system is important to ensure process effectivity and also to prevent microbes from wash out from the reactor.
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In well water yellow or red iron bacteria is a problem. What do you recommend as a per-treatment prior to RO?
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Periodically CaO treatment followed, after water cleaning, by a 0,22 um filtration.
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Hello dear friends,
I've recently started studying about wastewater treatment and would like to write a research proposal about sludge recycling as fertilizer. So, I was wondering whether it is possible to treat wastewater with no sludge production or not. Please kindly answer my question. Thank you very much.
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May be fixed bed column adsorption/biosorption/chemisorption help you with nanocomposite adsorbent.
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I am working with wastewater treatment......
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Standard BOD determination is based on depletion of DO over a 5-day period. Any method/equipment that allows you to measure DO would be OK. DO meters are commonly used in many laboratories for BOD determination. They save time and chemicals compared to the conventional titration method.
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It seems to be transmitted by rodents. As we know, sewer mains are habitat for rats which frequent cities. Thus, there is a question of transmission prior to the raw sewage reaching the wastewater treatment plant. Thus, there is a question of the pox virus surviving the treatment process. It has been proposed that SARS-CoV-2 can be picked up by fecal bacteria as lysogens, is the Monkeypox able to also do this? If rats (rodents) can carry this, is there any chance of also carrying both Monkeypox and SARS-CoV-2 and a reassortment?
Dr Edo McGowan
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The most common cause of a foreign body ingestion is when a person unintentionally or unknowingly swallows an object which is either too large, sharp or toxic to pass through the digestive tract without causing potential harm
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Dear my connections,
I would like to learn more about how to make digitalization in water and wastewater treatment industry. What knowledge should I learn, any good courses or materials? Thank you!
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Digitalization has the potential to change the water industry for the better. It offers the potential to eliminate guesswork from the water treatment process. Improved connectivity via digital technology makes data more accessible, allowing users to monitor processes remotely and in real-time effectively.
The following Key Areas in Digital Transformation, According to Microsoft
1. Empowering employees. As change managers know, employee motivation and skills are critical for organizational transformations – including digital transformations – to succeed.
2. Engaging customers. ...
3. Optimize operations. ...
4. Services and products.
Types of Digitization: Programmatic, On Demand, Forensic
1. Generally, digitization falls into three categories:
2. The practical requirement to provide On Demand Digitization is obvious to anyone who has run a digitization program. ...
3. “Before we adopted the BC100 we were capturing around 10 plates per hour.
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Hi everyone, I'm working on application of Extracellular Polymeric Substance as coagulant / flocculant in wastewater treatment. After inoculated with EPS, floating scum formed which suspended solid did not sediment well. How can I sediment the scum effectively? should I combine my EPS with other chemical coagulant like FeSO4 or alum? or is there any method to add posiitive charge on EPS so that it can settle well? Thanks.
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From your description the problem is not flocculation efficiency ("floating scum formed") but floc density (thus, no sedimentation). How about rough filtration? The bigger filter holles the better.
You can start with pasta strainer :-)
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Hello everyone!
I am currently seeking any PhD opportunities in the field of wastewater treatment. However, before reaching this step, I want to publish few papers (either journals or conferences) in this field. Is anyone interested to join and help me? We could benefit from each other and indeed this will add to our research experience :D
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I am interested
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What is the best (low cost and high efficient) method (Physical, Chemical, or Biological) of wastewater treatment to meet irrigation water quality ranges?
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S
Waste water sludge management is a new method adopted in populated areas to cultivated periseable crop for human consumption. Waste water might contain organic substance which are of benefit for the plants growth. Make sure to use sanitizer in the process to avoid contamination.
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Hi all,
I'm using a tubular magneli phase Ti4O7 as the anode and a mesh of SS that cover the anode as the cathode to remove some pollutants from the synthetic wastewater.
Based on my knowledge, the reactor should not be producing sludge with clean water. However, some sludge has been produced during the reaction, and it seems that is for corrosion. I double-checked that the electrodes and clips were completely submerged in the water, the applied current was less than that the manufacturer has suggested as the best current that the electrode can stand, the alligator clips were connected properly to the anode and cathode, and I even ran it with pure water and still, some sludge was produced as you can see in the attached photos.
Do you have any thoughts on how can I fix it and what would be the reason?
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Marzieh what is your outcome? Is anode the origin of corrosion and responsible for sludge production?
Pl respond and furnish some clarity in the matter for expanding the knowledge base
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What is the approximate COD value of 50 ppm aqueous Acetaminophen solution (C8H9NO2, Mol wt 151.163 g/mol)?
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Aarif Shah, If the COD analysis is the standard one with chromate in acid I think the standard balanced reaction will be: C8H9NO2 + 9O2 +H+ -> 8CO2 + 4H2O + NH4+
The combusting reaction suggested by Kai Bester:
C8H9NO2 + 11O2 -> 8CO2 + 2½H2O + NO3- + H+ in my opinion overestimate the COD as typically chromic acid is not able to oxidize N(-III) in the standard analysishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand.
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I am trying to use SWMM for wastewater treatment (BOD removal) by applying storage tanks in series. The volume of tanks was different. I used three scenarios (the first tank is bigger than the second, the first tank is smaller than the second and both tanks have the same volume) the first tank always performed better even when it is small or equal to the second tank. If there is someone who can help me to explain this behaviour? kindly help.
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Iman Alharsha lowering the BOD or TSS i can say that the link shared here with answers to an extent and I liked the document as well where it clearly shows about how the or the 10 tips about reducing BOD or TSS
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I what to determine BOD rate constant at temp. 30 degree C. For that I have to rate a constant for 30 degree C. I know the value of Theta 1.047 or 1.056 but what does Theta refer to? For e.g. K20 is BOD rate constant at 20 degree C similarly what is Theta in the same equation?
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Md. Zillur Rahaman Shaikh , θ = temperature coefficient. Which has a constant value to its respective temperature in BOD determination
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Mineralization of organic matter takes place either by direct or indirect oxidation in an electrochemical oxidation reactor. As per literatures both occurs at same time. How can we find which one is more dominant (direct / indirect) in a particular electrode. Can OER Potential estimation can help in determining this?
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Well it depends on the potential that we applied. Positive potential gives oxidation reaction and negative potential gives reduction potential. If working electrode is in oxidation state then counter/ auxiliary electrode get reduced. It also depends on chemical behaviour of the electrolyte and assays that you studied.
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What factors lead to Orthophosphate increase in microalgae-based wastewater treatment?
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Microalgae secrete external phosphatases. This may explain the increase in orthophosphate. Not my subject, but see: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5826342/
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Hello Everyone,
                         I am  trying to reduce MLSS of Aeration tank (vol= 27,500 KL) from 9000 ppm to 6000 ppm. For which we are wasting 250-300 KL/Day with concentration of 30,000 ppm MLSS (apprx. 7500-9000 kg of MLSS/Day) from almost 3 weeks, but still it reduced to only 8000 ppm.
we are also adding 4,800 KL of sewage (with SS conc. of 180 ppm) per day in aeration tank to maintain microbe population.
Following are the specifications.
1) influent SS= 200 ppm (with influent flow of 19,000 KL/Day)
2) RAS= 7500 KL/Day
3) WAS= 250-300 KL/Day
4) outlet SS= 230 ppm 
5) Aeration tank MLVSS= 5000 ppm 
Please help me to understand how this is working? 
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You can reduce MLSS by reducing RAS flowrate.
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What is the main mechanism of wastewater treatment through microalgae in open ponds and closed cultivation? How does it work when there is no oxygen and carbon dioxide in closed cultivation?
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I agree with Vit, in open ponds, there is CO2 whereas in closed at the beginning they will use organic carbon, but if there is light they produce oxygen and co2 in the dark phase o photosynthesis, so you will have mixed metabolism. Microalgae are supposed to remove nitrogen and phosphorous from wastewater, but they can also remove carbon depending on growth conditions.
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Types of wastewater: Biodiesel wastewater
EQ TSS: 900mg/L
EQ TDS: 1800 mg/L
After chemical dosing TSS: 7000mg/L
No overdose coagulant. Less/no metal precipitation process involved in the chemical treatment process.
Generally, after the coagulation and flocculation process, the TSS will be slightly higher than that at EQ. Is there any content that is unable to detect by TSS and TDS testing method but will occur as SS after chemical treatment?
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Due to chemical reactions and more so from particulates from the reaction.
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Could anybody suggest the stable organic-framework materials with Pd metal (as a central metal or in combination with different transition metals) and inner-sphere organic ligands (e.g., pyrazine, thiocyanate, acetate, azide and oxalate) for application of water and wastewater treatment?
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Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of inorganic–organic hybrid porous crystalline materials consisting of metal ions or metal clusters linked with organic ligands via coordination bonds to form one-, two-, or three-dimensional networks.
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To reduce the dimensionality of large datasets and find the correlation between the parameters. If the Inlet and outlet parameters are present should we include the inlet as well as outlet parameters or include them separately?
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I am venturing on microplastics or other contaminants that can be eliminated in water, wastewater or even sediments using electron beam technology.
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@Shuraik Kader is right