Wastewater Treatment - Science topic

Dear Suraiya Naznin ,

The Thomas model, Adam-Bohart model and Langmuir model are all adsorption model according to the target compound(s) that you want to adsorb (soluble organics, metal ions, ...).

However membranes are separators which are characterized by their cut-off particle/molecular size (micro, ultra, nano, RO). If you want to model membrane separation, you will first need to define and characterize the target compounds in the wastewater matrix with their respective concentrations and particle/molecular sizes, then select the proper membrane cut-off, and then model it using the characteristic of the selected membrane.

Very critical question I ever seen but interesting undoubtedly.

k_La is a very important design parameter for wastewater aeration. I have studied the energetic optimization and adaptive control of the dissolved oxygen concentration in aerobic fermenters by numerical simulation. The parameters of the usual K_La correlation were estimated on-line and at real-time through the recursive least squares algorithm with forgetting factor, most effectively when a small sinusoidal disturbance was imposed to the manipulated variables (stirring rate and/or air flow). The power dissipated by agitation was accessed by a torque meter (pilot plant). This investigation was reported at (MSc Thesis):

Yes it is ESBL pos.

Noor Ul Ain Consider how your material is supposed to work as a water treatment technology and how it is formulated now.

E.g. perhaps you made an ion exchanger type of sorbent. It will need some reaction time to sorbe metals so typically the final application is a column of the material with some minutes retention time. If your material are granular you can build a small column and simulate the retention time by controlling the flow.

If your material is a powder you can just make batch test with metals in water and separate the powder by filtering. Then you have some modeling to do to estimate how it would work in a filter.

Operational Time - OT :

Say the wwt plant as described by me earlier is made to operate 24x7 ie no stoppages whatsoever.

Even when a few pumps are to be stopped, troubles set right and progressed and standby pumps used Etc...

Continuously if the plant is on for say 20 days ie x 24 its OT is 480hrs Etc say 500Hrs..

May call for some routine maintenance work Etc

Say in Op for 2mths 60dys, 3 times 500 is 1500Hrs .. then 6mths 180dys 24 - 4320 Hrs.. like 5000hrs 1yr is 10,000hrs.

At all these times regularly maintainance practices are followed.

OT timings govern this need.

Well wishes

Prof Ajit Seshadri

Vels University Chennai India

The use of recycled water is encouraged in California. Wastewater must be treated to conform to secondary or tertiary treatment standards depending upon the type of use including the type of crop for agricultural uses. For specific information please refer to extensive information provided by the California Waterboards (https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/recycled_water/). Also, the California Water Code contains requirements for the use of wastewater (California Water Code section 13050).

Synthesis of chemicals / API / Drugs by continuous flow process using Flow Engineering / Flow Chemistry / Flow reactors / Technology. All the best ...

Usually wastewater is closer to neutral pH so we will find reduced nitrogen as ammonium, in which case the process appears to consume alkalinity and reduce pH:

Nitritation: NH4+ + 1.5 O2 -> NO2- + 2H2O + 2H+

Anammox: NH4+ + NO2- -> N2 + 2H2O

Sum 2NH4+ + 1.5 O2 -> 3H2O + 2H+

Ali Haseli

If we assume that the BOD figure you provided is correct, then the BOD/COD ratio seems to indicate that about 28% of the COD would be recalcitrant to (aerobic) biodegradation resulting in about 72% biodegradable COD (bCOD). This relatively high recalcitrant fraction may be due to mineral oil and other soluble and solid organic compounds from industries. Although you didn't mention other characteristics of the water. Could you clarify which kind of characteristic contaminants, that would contribute most to organic wastewater load? Please also confirm the wastewater temperature range. If I assume that at least there are coarse solids (by screens), grit/sand (by trap), free fat, oil and grease (FOG), and settleable/floatable solids (by settler/DAF) could be removed and that the wastewater temperature would be at least 25°C, then a high-rate anaerobic digestion (HRAD) would be recommended as the main bio-treatment. In this HRAD stage will convert up to 99% of the biodegradable fraction of the COD (bCOD) after minimal pretreatment (as indicated) to biomethane using a process with the latest up-flow reactor(s). It would probably need 2 (two) reactors operating in parallel (pending further data and operating temperature). If necessary (depending on final effluent requirements), a polishing stage using (advanced) aerobic biotreatment such as (AS) could be added. The ratio of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) to bCOD would definitely be far too low for classic main aerobic bio-treatment but could be sufficient for an HRAD producing about 10 times less waste bio-sludge. The organic solids (without free oil) from the pretreatment could be digested by the waste biosludge from the HRAD stage and converted to biomethane as well as using classic or advanced anaerobic digestion (AD).

If you could you clarify another kind of characteristic contaminant that would contribute most to organic wastewater load and also confirm the wastewater temperature range? This will help to provide a better understanding of you challenge and probably the right possible recommendation can be made.

If you are using à UV visible spectrophotomer to read absorbance and calculate the concentration, it May also due to the turbidity caused by your absorbent that make the absorbance increase which Will lead to an increase of concentration. Try to activate your adsorbance with à chemical reagent like phosphoric acid, or use the centrifuge to separate the solid phase to liquid phase before analysing the sample after adsorption test.

Hi Noor Ul Ain

You can fix the adsorbent dose and the concentrations of Cr(VI) and Pb(II). You can measure the remaining concentrations of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) after certain time intervals, e.g. 10, 30, 60, 90, 120 min, and so on, until you achieve adsorption equilibrium.

For Cr(VI) you may seek help from the following article.

Wastewater sludge characterization and disposal.

Simply higher is better, colonization of media in MBBR system is important to ensure process effectivity and also to prevent microbes from wash out from the reactor.

Periodically CaO treatment followed, after water cleaning, by a 0,22 um filtration.

Dear Researcher TKK Han.

It's possible that in the reactions all compounds be it be organic or in organic may be fully in dissolved form and all matter in liquid form, no solids.

Also the rhizomes or the root system are so arranged that, all effluents do not flow out Etc. But get totally fixed in the root-zone areas.. and no solids flow out.

wll wshs

Prof Ajit Seshadri

The Vels University Chennai.

Standard BOD determination is based on depletion of DO over a 5-day period. Any method/equipment that allows you to measure DO would be OK. DO meters are commonly used in many laboratories for BOD determination. They save time and chemicals compared to the conventional titration method.

The most common cause of a foreign body ingestion is when a person unintentionally or unknowingly swallows an object which is either too large, sharp or toxic to pass through the digestive tract without causing potential harm

Digitalization has the potential to change the water industry for the better. It offers the potential to eliminate guesswork from the water treatment process. Improved connectivity via digital technology makes data more accessible, allowing users to monitor processes remotely and in real-time effectively.

1. Empowering employees. As change managers know, employee motivation and skills are critical for organizational transformations – including digital transformations – to succeed.

2. Engaging customers. ...

3. Optimize operations. ...

4. Services and products.

1. Generally, digitization falls into three categories:

2. The practical requirement to provide On Demand Digitization is obvious to anyone who has run a digitization program. ...

3. “Before we adopted the BC100 we were capturing around 10 plates per hour.

From your description the problem is not flocculation efficiency ("floating scum formed") but floc density (thus, no sedimentation). How about rough filtration? The bigger filter holles the better.

You can start with pasta strainer :-)

S

Waste water sludge management is a new method adopted in populated areas to cultivated periseable crop for human consumption. Waste water might contain organic substance which are of benefit for the plants growth. Make sure to use sanitizer in the process to avoid contamination.

Marzieh what is your outcome? Is anode the origin of corrosion and responsible for sludge production?

Pl respond and furnish some clarity in the matter for expanding the knowledge base

Aarif Shah, If the COD analysis is the standard one with chromate in acid I think the standard balanced reaction will be: C₈H₉NO₂ + 9O₂ +H⁺ -> 8CO₂ + 4H₂O + NH_4⁺

The combusting reaction suggested by Kai Bester:

C₈H₉NO₂ + 11O₂ -> 8CO₂ + 2½H₂O + NO₃^- + H⁺ in my opinion overestimate the COD as typically chromic acid is not able to oxidize N(-III) in the standard analysis^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand}.

Iman Alharsha lowering the BOD or TSS i can say that the link shared here with answers to an extent and I liked the document as well where it clearly shows about how the or the 10 tips about reducing BOD or TSS

Md. Zillur Rahaman Shaikh , θ = temperature coefficient. Which has a constant value to its respective temperature in BOD determination

Well it depends on the potential that we applied. Positive potential gives oxidation reaction and negative potential gives reduction potential. If working electrode is in oxidation state then counter/ auxiliary electrode get reduced. It also depends on chemical behaviour of the electrolyte and assays that you studied.

Microalgae secrete external phosphatases. This may explain the increase in orthophosphate. Not my subject, but see: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5826342/

You can reduce MLSS by reducing RAS flowrate.

I agree with Vit, in open ponds, there is CO2 whereas in closed at the beginning they will use organic carbon, but if there is light they produce oxygen and co2 in the dark phase o photosynthesis, so you will have mixed metabolism. Microalgae are supposed to remove nitrogen and phosphorous from wastewater, but they can also remove carbon depending on growth conditions.

Due to chemical reactions and more so from particulates from the reaction.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of inorganic–organic hybrid porous crystalline materials consisting of metal ions or metal clusters linked with organic ligands via coordination bonds to form one-, two-, or three-dimensional networks.

@Shuraik Kader is right

Converting COD to regular COD concentrations can be seen in the link am sharing and apart from this easy way would be edivining the number by 1000 as to converting COD from m/l to o2/l and this is a very simple technique of conversion of the overall COD from mg/l to go2/l as this involves the oxygen as well

https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article-abstract/11/4/838/20801/A-simplified-method-for-estimating-chemical-oxygen?redirectedFrom=fulltext

IWA worldwide, mostly scientific, IWA WYP for young researchers

WEF in US, mostly technological

Jacob de Feijter, thanks for your interest in collaborating on this topic. The task has already begun and correspondence among collaborators is taking place via email. You may contact me at kilbane@iit.edu and we welcome your involvement.

Generally, there are two techniques for nanocatalyst synthesis: top-down and bottom- up. In the first method, the bulk material is broken down into smaller nanosized particle s.Various metallic nanoparticles are composed of top-down methods such as etching, sputtering, and laser ablation.

There are following drawbacks in using nano technology at WW treatment plants:

1. aggregation of nanoparticles in WW

2. Water contamination by leaching of nano composites

3. Human toxicity due to skin exposure of nano particles

4. Difficulties in disposing nano wastes after WW treatment

I am persuading an algae method for water purification. It can economize the the costs, plus, the method is more organic than other ways of rectifying wastewater.

Good question. Now superpulsator are in use they are clarifier that combines the principles of a sludge blanket and solids contact system into a single, high-rate, clarification unit. Capable of removing turbidity, color, TOC and other constituents in both municipal and industrial water applications.

For graphical abstracts, I recommend you the top software, PowerPoint, Inkscape, and Adobe Illustrators. You can also improve your graphical abstract by using other free online software:

2. Biorender (https://biorender.com/)

3. Mid the graph (https://mindthegraph.com/)

Graphene based adsorbents for remediation of noxious pollutants from wastewater is used.Adsorption is one of the most efficient techniques for removing all most all types of pollutants i.e. inorganics and organics.After using in the wastewater purification as adsorbents of different toxic species (e.g., heavy metal ions and organic compounds), the spent graphene-based materials should be separated from the medium, regenerated, and then recycled. The separation of these materials is a boring process due to their small size. It depends on the nature of materials. Different techniques have been employed to effectively separate graphene-based materials from wastewater, among which the most substantial are centrifugation, cross-flow filtration, field-flow fractionation, and electric field (Ali et al., 2018c; Kim et al., 2006; Moeser et al., 2004. The recyclability of spent graphene-based materials is the other emergent problem.

So too much important to understand advantages and disadvantages of the processes.

Dear Divya Jose thanks for sharing this very interesting technical question with the RG community. Personally I'm not an expert in this field, but I just came across the following potentially useful review article which should help you in your analysis:

This review has been published Open Access so that it is freely available as public full text (please see attached pdf file).

I hope this helps. Good luck with your work and best wishes!

Many thanks Shakeel!

Taymaz, Bircan Haspulat, Volkan Eskizeybek, and Handan Kamış. "A novel polyaniline/NiO nanocomposite as a UV and visible-light photocatalyst for complete degradation of the model dyes and the real textile wastewater." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 6 (2021): 6700-6718.

Also kindly see the following useful RG:

"Wastewater: Sludge Removal & the Chemicals Used"

📷Wastewater treatment involves several key components: physical treatment (i.e. screening and filtering processes), biological treatment (i.e. oxidation ponds and lagoons), and chemicals. The chemicals required for water treatment must be used more aggressively and in larger quantities for wastewater than municipal drinking water. As such, safe, proper storage for wastewater treatment chemicals is critical.

There are five basic steps for the wastewater treatment process, each of which involves a set of common chemicals. The steps are as follows: removal of solid particles, neutralization, odor control, disinfection, and sludge treatment and removal. The following details sludge removal and the chemicals used in the process.

Wastewater treatment produces sludge in both on-site (i.e. septic tank) and off-site (i.e. activated sludge) systems. As wastewater treatment takes solids out of the wastewater, it is inevitable that there will be sludge remaining. Sludge characteristics can vary significantly from fairly fresh fecal materials, which contain large quantities of pathogens, to fecal matter that has decomposed over the course of the year, which contains much fewer pathogens, as many of them have already died off. The treatment required for the sludge is highly dependent on the specific characteristics.

Before sludge goes through its final disposal, it must be treated to bring down the volume and stabilize the organic materials. Stabilized sludge does not have a harsh smell and can be handled without risk of safety hazards. With a smaller volume, the costs for storing, pumping, and disposing of the sludge are less.

📷

There are various options for treating sludge including stabilization, thickening, dewatering, drying, and incineration. The costs for treating sludge and removing sludge from wastewater are roughly the same. Typically a polymer chemical is used for the volume reduction process known as dewatering. Polymers are slippery chemicals, which means that there is always a risk of slipping or falling due to spills and leaks. Polymers can also be environmental stress crack agents.

Dewatering decreases sludge liquid volume as much as 90 percent. Digested sludge is put through large centrifuges that work in the same fashion as a washing machine spin cycle. The spinning centrifuge produces a force that separates the majority of the water from the sludge solid, creating a biosolid substance. Then the water pulled from the spinning is sent back to the plant for reprocessing. Adding polymer chemical to the substance improves the consistency, creating a firmer product that is easier to manage. The biosolid cake consists of between 25 and 27 percent solid material.

A cross-linked polyethylene vertical tank design with an IMFO® system is optimal for sludge control polymers and offers simple, stress-free cleaning because the tank drains at the true bottom. The tank's cross-linked construction enables increased expansion and contraction while keeping structural integrity, decreasing the risk of tank failure. Heat pads and insulation can assist with keeping chemicals at the proper temperature, substantially decreasing the possibility of separation and settling. A mixing system can also be installed to reduce the incidence of chemical separation.

If you are using chemicals for sludge removal in wastewater treatment, we have solutions to address your chemical storage needs.

Download our comprehensive guide on chemical storage for wastewater treatment for full details.

Download Our Wastewater Treatment Guide

Photo Credit: Peter Craven via Flickr cc

September 24, 2014

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Please kindly read the attached article as we are using the Agricultural and Food waste .Bio-technologies in food production obligated effectively through application in the reclamation of wasteland by the deployment of microorganisms and plants to degrade toxic compounds; genetic modification in food, non-food crops; weed and pest control methods; minimized the consumption of energy and water in production processes to result in improved value-added activities and thus enhanced productivity.

I agree with all of the previous answers. However, I want to make a few additions.

One of the perspectives to be taken into account is the adsorption capacity. The adsorbent used must have sufficient adsorption capacity to hold or remove unwanted materials or particles from the raw water in order to be acceptable to drink. In general, the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent is one of the main selection criteria.

Noor Ul Ain i came across the similar type of question on Research Gate and felt like sharing with you and hope so this might help you as well

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Greetings_How_adsorption_capacity_of_an_adsorbent_is_related_to_its_Removal_Effeciency#:~:text=adsorption%20capacity%20(%20mg%2Fgm),containing%20solute%20(%20adsorb%20ate)%20.

Dear Prof Timothy, I am very keen on doing it, but unfortunately due to my country ....it can not be open or download for me, my mail: ziarati.p@iaups.ac.ir

or you can send it by message form in Research Gate!

Many thanks for your nice topic!!!!

Dear Mousumi,

please read these two papers to answer your question:

and this one https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/294805918.pdf

In general, the advantages and disadvantages of batch and fixed-bed systems in bio/chemical engineering and wastewater treatment are readily comparable with each other and the physical principles are (mostly) similar.

Kind regards,

Michael

Have a look at Guernsey Airport, it was upgraded around 2013 by a company I worked for. Part of the design included considering residue from the fire-fighting chemicals that were occasionally washed down the drainage system during tests etc... So there should be some information about washing down air-frames.

Here's a starter: https://waterprojectsonline.com/wp-content/uploads/case_studies/2013/Guernsey-Airport-Groundwater-Improvement-2013.pdf?looking=case-study

The same companies involved have portfolios around the same time for other locations in the world. Quite a few were island projects with combined military and commercial airfields that involved dealing with WWTP projects tied into the site.

The Fe electrodes released ferrous (Fe2+) ions during electrolysis that could react with the HO− produced in the cathode to form Fe2+hydroxo complexes with hydroxide ions and polymeric species. Based on the Pourbaix diagram, complexes of Fe(OH)n were formed, and the majority were Fe(OH)2+ and Fe(OH)2+ for pH conditions ranging between 5 and 10.

Higher efficiencies using aluminium electrodes in EC technique were reached in 5–9 pH range which is close to the optimal pH for AI(OH)3(s) solid formation. The flocs of Al(OH)3(s) have large surface areas, which are useful for a rapid adsorption of soluble organic compounds and trapping of colloidal particles.

The effect of temperature may be explained by considering conductivity. Water conductivity increased at high temperature, leading to an increase in removal efficiency up to 25 and 30°C. On the other hand, further increase in temperature more than 30°C destabilized the dye adsorption on hydroxide and, thus, decreased removal efficiency.

Dear Jerry Wenyi Wang, in general neutral polyelectrolytes have less sensitivity to hardness, but floculation efficiency is much less compared to charged polymers. So, obviously a compromise should be reached with copolymers. Please refer to the following documents. My Regards

Janitha Udayanga already the experts have nailed it and i do agree with the comments of Prakash Pimparkar and Amir Fakhrul Islam Abdullah

sounds really interesting when it is with SBBR type

Simon Sakhel waste water cost evaluation tools are available online and one can easily understand this based on the rough estimates as I personally took help twice and found it to be quite reliable but depends on + - 15% variations which you have to consider on the plus side and make your assumptions.

I think the data may not be available for the entire world. However, its easy to get the data for some selected individual countries. As far as India is concerned, there are total of 224 Nos. of STPs based on CAS and only 7 Nos of STP are based on MBR technology. For India, the data on municipal STPs is available at "Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Government of India. 2015. Control of urban pollution Series (CUPS): Inventorization of Sewage Treatment Plants. https://nrcd.nic.in/writereaddata/FileUpload/NewItem_210_Inventorization_of_Sewage-Treatment_Plant.pdf"

Subasgar Kumareswaran i do agree with the comments of Moayyad Shawaqfah and perfect answer thanks

hope so the following link might be of help to you please have a look and comment and am sure this is what you were looing for as well

Thank you fot this interesting question

Thank

Awais Iqbal Bacterial decolorization is mostly dissimilatory, for instance azo dyes; is through breaking of the Azo N=N bond making the dye colorless. To lower the COD values you need assimilatory decolorization/mineralization where the dye is used as a carbon or nitrogen or both sources for growth. See

Where we use a consortium of bacteria to degrade the dye

Pros- nanoparticles have very high surface area for sorption

Cons- they need to be attached to solid supports in FBCR. On their own, frits at the end of columns need to be smaller in pore size to contain them and flow would be extremely impeded.

I agree with Panagiotis Kirmizakis. You can check the paper below for more details:

Regards,

K

Dear https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aarif-Shah-2 , Just ensure that DAD detector is working on VW ( Variable Wavelength ) priciple but UV detector is working on Lambert Beers law principle entirely different . You are again requested to calculate manually % RSD between two wavelengths ( not more than 2 % ) .Please go through the deatail - https://www.ssi.shimadzu.com/products/liquid-chromatography/knowledge-base/hplc-basics/uv-vs-pda-detectors.html

Further manual calculation of % RSD are suggested since two instruments are on defferent platform .

This USEPA article is very good on the basics of UV disinfection os wastewater:

https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/uv.pdf

hello Stephanie Greige

1. For whole microbial community analysis you can use the methods: DNA-DNA reassociation, G+C fractionation, whole genome sequencing, metagenomics, metaproteomic, proteogenomic, and metatranscriptomic.

2. For partial community analysis you can use methods as you mentioned:

a. Genetic fingerprinting techniques such as ARDRA, SSCP, T-RFLP, DGGE, RISA, LH-PCR, RAPD.

b. Clone library method

c. Q- PCR (real-time PCR)

d. FISH, dot-blot hybridization

e. Microbial lipid analysis

f. DNA microarrays

g. Microautoradiography and isotope array

h. Microautoradiography and isotope array

i. CARD-FISH, Raman-FISH, NanoSIMS

Check them out and find the suitable methods for your samples.

Hope it would help

Goodluck :)

Try 'AQUASIM'. A trial pack of the same is available with official website.

Please remind that coagulation-flocculation followed by solids removal (settling, floatation, filtration) removes mainly SOLID pollutants (including colloids) and that this consumes a lot of chemicals (and/or electrical power and iron/aluminium electrodes in case of electro-coagulation) resulting in a lot of chemical waste sludge. Hence this (electro-)chemical process is in most cases not really sustainable in terms of costs and environmental impact.

As to remove both SOLID and SOLUBLE organics and nutrients, (advanced) including heavy metals, biological treatment would be most sustainable and efficient. Since more than 40 years we convert industrial wastewaters with medium-high levels of organics to green energy by our high-rate anaerobic digestion providing up to 99% efficiency.

Le traitement dans l'eau usées est différent de traitement ds3la solution car dans l'eau usées il y a interraction de plusieurs composés

@ Arvin Hajipour,

Its better and easier to optimize the dose of coagulant by jar test apparatus.

For cell counting you can just add 1-2 drops of lugol solution to a 10 ml sample and store it.

For lipid determination, I recommend you to store your Microalgae pellet in the own extraction solvent with an antioxidant (BHT is commonly used) and inert (N gas) atmosphere in the freezer (-20-40ºC is OK)