Science topic

War - Science topic

War is a hostile conflict between organized groups of people.
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All if the terms above have been employed, and, in many ways, Freud's understanding built out of culture, symbolism and biology rings at times with the greater resonance, bathed as it is in nihilism.
During the last century many wars were fought and each was bloody in the extreme, now we have two local conflicts that may both expand and overwhelm continents. One was started by territorial and cultural viewpoints, the other by one man (effectively) expressing unconsidered and ill-considered cultural impulses. With both Thanatos looms large, its/his smiling face casting glances over everyone and everything involved.
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Rather than leap coldly into the distinguishing features of violent death in massive conglomerations, perhaps we should first look at the symbolic references of territory, and the need to express violence against others.
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The conflict between Israel and Hamas is a complex and multifaceted issue with deep historical, political, religious, and socio-economic roots. Here are some detailed problems associated with this conflict:
1. Historical Context and Territorial Disputes
Problem:
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, of which the Israel-Hamas conflict is a part, has its roots in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when both Jews and Arabs vied for land in what was then the Ottoman Empire and later the British Mandate of Palestine.
Detail:
The creation of the State of Israel in 1948 and the subsequent Arab-Israeli wars led to significant displacement and territorial disputes.
Gaza Strip, where Hamas is based, has been a flashpoint. Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel occupied Gaza, and although Israel withdrew in 2005, the area has remained a focal point of conflict.
2. Ideological and Religious Differences
Problem:
The conflict between Israel and Hamas is also ideological, with deep religious undertones. Hamas, an Islamist militant group, does not recognize the State of Israel and has vowed its destruction.
Detail:
Hamas's charter calls for an Islamic state in all of historic Palestine.
This ideological opposition makes negotiations difficult as the fundamental goals of both parties are at odds.
3. Economic and Humanitarian Issues
Problem:
The ongoing conflict has led to severe economic and humanitarian crises, particularly in the Gaza Strip, which is under a blockade by Israel and Egypt.
Detail:
High unemployment rates, limited access to clean water and medical supplies, and inadequate living conditions are prevalent in Gaza.
Frequent military operations exacerbate the humanitarian situation, leading to civilian casualties and displacement.
4. Governance and Internal Palestinian Politics
Problem:
There is a significant political divide within the Palestinian territories themselves, primarily between Hamas (which controls Gaza) and Fatah (which controls the West Bank).
Detail:
This division weakens the overall Palestinian position and complicates peace efforts.
Internal Palestinian strife has led to instances of violence and further destabilization within the territories.
5. International Involvement and Diplomacy
Problem:
The conflict draws substantial international attention, with various countries and international organizations attempting to mediate, often with competing agendas.
Detail:
The U.S., historically a key ally of Israel, often finds itself at odds with other international players who call for more balanced approaches.
The United Nations has passed numerous resolutions calling for peace, many of which have not been fully implemented.
6. Cycles of Violence and Retaliation
Problem:
The conflict is characterized by periodic escalations of violence, often triggered by specific incidents, leading to military confrontations.
Detail:
Rocket attacks from Gaza and retaliatory airstrikes by Israel are cyclical, leading to destruction and loss of life on both sides.
Ceasefires are often temporary and fragile, breaking down and leading to renewed hostilities.
7. Impact on Civilians
Problem:
Civilians on both sides bear the brunt of the conflict, facing physical and psychological trauma.
Detail:
In Gaza, civilians face the constant threat of bombings, while Israelis, particularly those in border towns, live under the threat of rocket attacks.
Children, in particular, are heavily affected, growing up in an environment of fear and instability.
8. Barriers to Peace
Problem:
Numerous peace initiatives have failed over the years due to deep-seated mistrust and rigid positions on both sides.
Detail:
The peace process often stalls over key issues such as the status of Jerusalem, the right of return for Palestinian refugees, and the establishment of borders.
Both sides accuse the other of not being a genuine partner for peace.
Conclusion
The Israel-Hamas conflict is far from a single-issue problem but rather an intricate web of historical grievances, ideological clashes, political divisions, and humanitarian crises. Addressing it requires a nuanced understanding and multifaceted approach that considers the legitimate concerns and aspirations of all parties involved. Despite numerous attempts at resolution, finding a lasting peace remains an elusive and challenging goal.
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Very interesting article by Richard Haass, President Emeritus, Council on Foreign Relations, New York
Force without politics
"As much as they are military, wars are also political undertakings. It is possible to win a war on the battlefield and still lose it. This is exactly what happened to Israel in Gaza..."
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Call for Papers
Geopolitical Economy Stream
World Association for Political Economy (WAPE)
2-4 August 2020, Panteion University, Athens, Greece
Geopolitical Economy: globalization or imperialism? Development or war?
As conflicts and crises of every kind – from Ukraine and Gaza to the Korean Peninsula, from trade to technology – proliferate, few today doubt that the international order is undergoing seismic shifts and faces stark choices. In this context, inherited frameworks in the study of international relations – realism, liberalism, globalization, U.S. Hegemony – have neither anticipated nor explained these developments and the accelerating trend towards multipolarity or, as Hugo Chavez, referring to the diversity of economic forms in the more numerous poles of the world economy, called it, pluripolarity. The need for a new approach to understanding the international relations of our time is urgent.
Geopolitical economy is one such approach (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitical_economy). Rooted in the classical Marxist tradition, critical of many of its current avatars, putting the understanding of capitalism and its contradictions and of imperialism and anti-imperialism at its core, giving states their rightful due, alongside classes, as key actors shaping the modern capitalist world, drawing on classical political economy and other traditions critical of neoclassical economics, geopolitical economy aims to investigate the international relations of the capitalist world in a historical materialist manner.
At the 17th World Association for Political Economy conference in Athens, in keeping with its overall theme of ‘Political Economy versus Economics in a Turbulent Multipolar World’, we launch the Geopolitical Economy stream of WAPE with this call for papers.
We invite papers on the broad theme of ‘Geopolitical Economy: globalization or imperialism? Development or war?'. We especially encourage papers that engage with – both positively and critically – the existing geopolitical economy literature and develop its many themes on a variety of topics, including, but not limited to, the following:
• Understanding imperialism in an age of advancing pluripolarity
• The sources and resources of anti-imperialism
• Classical Marxist understandings of the international relations of capitalism
• The problems with existing paradigms, including ‘globalization’ and ‘U.S. Hegemony’
• The geopolitical economy of trade, investment, finance and technology
• War, Proxy Wars and Sanctions in our times
• The uses and misuses of international law
• The UN System, its history and contemporary problems
• New forms and organizations in international governance
• Shifting trade, investment, credit, migration and technology flows
Please send Abstracts to Pluripolarity@geopoliticaleconomy.org
•Deadline for abstract proposals: 29 April 2024
•Notice of acceptance: 20 May 2024
•Deadline for full paper: 1 July 2024
Contributions are not limited to those attending the WAPE conference in Athens; we encourage submissions from all interested scholars.
Selected papers may be published in Pluripolarity: Journal of Geopolitical Economy, a new journal being established by stream organisers, Radhika Desai (Radhika.Desai@umanitoba.ca and Efe Can Gürcan (e.gurcan@lse.ac.uk).
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Nice
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NEIN
Here are my DEMANDS.
Meanwhile I am going to OCHESTRATE THE WWW.
THINK I AM JUST SILLY DELUDED OLD ASIAN NOBODY,
LET ME SHOW YOU,
HOW DEFEAT FEELS 3RD TIME ROUND.
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Ich werde EUCH ALLE SEHEN, ENTWEDER vor DEUTSCHEN oder VRC-GERICHTEN.
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Star Wars as a Comedy of Humours:
As an over-the-top melodrama, Star Wars is a parody of science fiction, as well as a “Comedy of Humours.” The exaggerated characters are sanguine, bilious or phlegmatic, i.e. named after the “humours” that long-ago physicians viewed as the liquids of the body, which when out-of-balance would cause unique traits to develop. Star Wars is also a “Romance,” in which the characters are placed into one of two categories—either the dark side, or the light side. Because these “humours characters” are so exaggerated, they can also be classified as “Eccentrics,” and in some cases, even as “Grotesques” as seen in the following slide where one “normal” woman stands out simply because she is so ordinary.
Names are the only part of a language that speakers can invent for themselves. The creators of Star Wars were so good at inventing names that we come away feeling we have figured out a foreign language (or several foreign languages) when we toss around such character names as, Boba Fett, Adi Gallia, Hu Yang, and Gardulla the Hutt, along with such place names as Naboo City and Coruscant.
Some of the invented names follow authentic patterns of English word development, as with Darth Vader for “Dark Father,” and Luke Skywalker, where “Skywalker” describes Luke’s job, and Luke relates to words meaning “light” (as in Latin luc and luk) and in Greek leukis meaning “white”). However, most of the created names are just suggestive of an English meaning which in a subliminal fashion helps the audience connect the name to either the characters’ appearance or actions.
For example, our familiarity with the concept of “chewing tobacco” may trigger an almost subconscious mental association to Chewbacca’sbrown, hairy fur, while his species name of Wookie, might trigger us to think of “Whoops!” In contrast, Ewoks are short, violent cannibals, which look like Teddy bears but act like savages. Some names are obviously created as descriptors as with Hevy who during the Clone Wars carries the “heavy guns.” Other names are just Jabba the Hutt “jabbers” as he smokes marijuana from a hookah and speaks a strange language that requires sub-titles. We can understand his names of people and places, but even they are pronounced in a strange fashion. He is a cruel mountain of lava, who makes Princess Leia his Slave Dancer and freezes Han Solo in carbonite. easy to say and to remember as with Yoda. And, surely viewers are waiting for Jar Jar Binks to “blink his eyes.” In spite of their prominence, he’s always bumping into things.
When numbers and letters are used together in a name, we know that machines are being personified. For example, C-3PO is a tall, shiny android who walks stiffly and gingerly, while speaking with a British accent. R2-D2 is a squat metallic grey android who rolls as he squeaks and whistles. Ironically English speakers can make sense out of these squeaks and whistles. BB-8 is an “astromech droid,” the newest name for androids. His domed head stays in place, while his body is a round ball that can roll in any direction. In Android naming, a hyphen separates the “first name” from the “last name.” Thus we have C-3PO, R2-D2 and BB-8.
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Cindy: You're absolutely right. I think that the racial hierarchy is to show that there are drees of goodness and badness. It's much more nuanced that just good vs. evil.
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توضيح المشكلات النفسية في ظل الحروب والكوارث
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The psychological impact of wars and disasters is profound and wide-ranging, affecting both individuals and communities. The most prominent psychological problems arising in these contexts include:
1. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
PTSD is one of the most common mental health issues in the aftermath of wars and disasters. Individuals exposed to life-threatening events often experience flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance, and emotional numbness. Studies show that 30-40% of individuals exposed to extreme trauma in conflict zones develop PTSD (Santiago et al., 2013).
2. Depression
Wars and disasters often lead to feelings of hopelessness, loss, and grief, contributing to major depressive disorder (MDD). Depression can manifest as persistent sadness, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and feelings of worthlessness. Both war survivors and disaster victims are at heightened risk of depression, particularly if they have experienced personal loss or injury (Murthy & Lakshminarayana, 2006).
3. Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic attacks, and social anxiety can arise from the instability and uncertainty of war and disaster settings. The constant threat to safety leads to excessive worry, difficulty concentrating, and irritability, which can persist even after the immediate danger has passed (Neria et al., 2011).
4. Adjustment Disorders
After disasters, many individuals face challenges adapting to new environments, loss of homes, or separation from loved ones. This leads to adjustment disorders characterized by difficulty coping with changes, emotional distress, and disrupted functioning in daily life (Bryant et al., 2017).
5. Substance Abuse
The psychological burden of war and disaster can drive individuals toward substance abuse as a coping mechanism. Increased alcohol and drug use often serves as a temporary escape from psychological pain but can lead to long-term health issues and further exacerbate mental health problems (Gupta et al., 2019).
6. Psychosomatic Disorders
In the context of wars and disasters, psychosomatic symptoms like headaches, gastrointestinal issues, and chronic pain often arise due to the body’s reaction to prolonged psychological stress. These physical symptoms are often not linked to medical conditions but are a manifestation of underlying emotional distress (Katon et al., 2007).
References:
  • Santiago, P. N., et al. (2013). A systematic review of PTSD prevalence in disaster survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(5), 573-582.
  • Murthy, R. S., & Lakshminarayana, R. (2006). Mental health consequences of war: A brief review of research findings. World Psychiatry, 5(1), 25-30.
  • Neria, Y., et al. (2011). Mental health and disasters. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bryant, R. A., et al. (2017). Acute and chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: A network approach. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 78(7), 887-893.
  • Gupta, H., et al. (2019). Substance abuse in post-conflict zones: A review. Addiction Research & Theory, 27(5), 384-392.
  • Katon, W., et al. (2007). Psychosomatic medicine and primary care: An integrative approach. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(3), 1051-1058.
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شرح آثار الحروب على الأطفال من الناحية النفسية والقيمية
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Thank you so much..
Great scientific summary
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Star Trek: A Study in Ethnic Diversity:
In 1964, Gene Roddenberry wrote a proposal for a science-fiction series. The proposal was influenced both by Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels and by the popularity of TV Westerns. Roddenberry’s series was to be both a morality tale and an adventure story, and it was to be named Wagon Train to the Stars. The name was later changed to Star Trek based on the earlier pioneer “trekkers.” Star Trek fans are now called Trekkies, or Trekkers. The original Star Trek featured the galactic adventures of Captain James T. Kirk and the crew of the starship Enterpriseas they explored the “United Federation of Planets” during the 23rdcentury.
Star Trek was designed to take on such controversies as war and peace, personal loyalty, authoritarianism, imperialism, class warfare, racism, religion, human rights sexism, and the intergalactic role of economics and technology. William Shatner said that science fiction is like religion in that it tries to explain the inexplicable. In Star Trek, technology and diversity are valued rather than feared, and people work together for the greater good.
Incongruity and Incongruity-Resolution is one of the most recurring themes in humor theory. All of the Alien species in Star Trekare almost human, but not quite. They might have antlers, or pig snouts, or furrowed foreheads, or big brains, or they might even be part human and part machine. And they might be green, or blue with white hair, or have other deviations from human appearances. And the behaviors of Aliens, like their appearances, are both human and non human. They are incongruous (non-human), but their incongruity is close enough to being human that we can easily identify with them. Star Trek Aliens are like “funny” humans. But their “funniness” should not hide the fact that they can be super-logical, super-objective, super-sexual or super-dangerous. Even these hyperbolic attributes can be a bit humorous.
Star Trek is about boldly going where no one has ever gone before, but it is also about how humans ineract with the various ethnic identities that they meet in outer space. Andorians have antennas, blue skin, and white hair. (Cy)Borgs are part machine and part human. They have a “hive” mentality. Susanna Thompson is the (Cy)Borg Queen. Species 8472 communicate telepathically. The Borgs want to assimilate them, but they are immune to the Borg’s attempts to do so. The Cardassians believe in expansion of the Federation. Gul Dukak is a Cardassian. Armin Shimerman is a Ferengi named Quark. Sofia Boutella is a Jayla. Abd Deep Roy is a Keenser.
The Klingons are belligerent warriors, but one Klingon is member of the crew of the Starship Enterprise. His name is Worf. Krall was the captain of the Starship Franklin. When it crashed into a planet, Krall and his crew felt that they were abandoned by the Federation. The green-skinned Orion humanoid women seem to be slaves, but in truth, their dancing girations have a powerful influence over human males. The Romulans are a splinter group that broke off from the Vulcans. Unlike the other Vulcans, the Romulans refuse to suppress their emotions. Kirstie Allie plays a Vulcan named Saavic in Star Wars. Leonard Nemoy plays Spock, a Vulcan member of the crew of the Starship Enterprise. He knows the Vulcan nerve pinch, and the Vulcan finger signal, He also has the Vulcan ears. His motto is, “Live long and prosper.”
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Antonio: Thanks for your insightful response. I agree.
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  1. The Bengal Famine of 1943 is often attributed to the brown spot disease of rice, which severely impacted crop yields. But can we overlook the role of World War II in worsening the crisis? Could the war’s disruption of trade routes, diversion of resources, and strain on the British colonial administration have deepened the food shortages? With military demands taking priority, wasn’t a significant portion of rice stockpiled for the war effort, reducing what was available to civilians? While the brown spot disease was a clear agricultural factor, doesn’t the broader context of the war suggest it also played a major role in the famine’s severity?
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You are right. The massive conflict drained resources for the war effort. A series of military operations in Indian Ocean waters between 1940 and 1945 disrupted transport routes. World War II diverted attention from the problem of the Bengal Famine of 1943 to the inferior rail.
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I think it suggests that while individuals may have varied preferences, they often share common aversions and basic, universal requirements like safety, food, and well-being. It highlights the balance between personal taste and shared human needs.
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In times of war, laws are silent.
This is a common saying in the legal field. Yet, for now, the notion of ecocide is only mentioned in the Rome Statute of the ICC in case of conflicts.
How does that make sense when current conflicts tend to demonstrate that international laws are ignored? Even human rights.
Is pushing for the extension and adoption of this notion during peace time even realistic when the context is showing a cruel lack of considerations for basic human rights?
Please let me know what you think
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Mentioning 'ecocide' solely in the context of conflicts seems rather pointless. Since all consideration. for human rights is abrogated in practice in armed conflict the whole notion seems futile.
Ecocide as a concept seems a trifle morally pretentious where human life is under direct threat. All armed conflicts damage the environment and this is even prohibited in the Old Testament of the Bible.
“When you besiege a city for a long time, making war against it in order to take it, you shall not destroy its trees by wielding an axe against them. You may eat from them, but you shall not cut them down. Are the trees in the field human, that they should be besieged by you? Only the trees that you know are not trees for food you may destroy and cut down, that you may build siege-works against the city that makes war with you, until it falls”
Deuteronomy 20:19–20
I have attached one of my old lectures for reference.
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Is realism teory the main actor in wars today
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Realism, a dominant theory in international relations, has faced several criticisms over the years. Here are some of the main critiques according to the opinion of several experts:
  1. Overemphasis on Conflict and Power: Critics argue that realism focuses too much on conflict, power struggles, and military capabilities, neglecting the potential for cooperation and peaceful dispute resolution.
  2. Neglect of Non-State Actors: Realism traditionally emphasizes the role of states as the primary actors in international relations, often overlooking the influence of non-state actors such as international organizations, multinational corporations, and non-governmental organizations.
  3. Static View of International Relations: Realism is often criticized for its static view of international relations, assuming that the anarchic nature of the international system and the self-interest of states are unchanging. This perspective can ignore the dynamic and evolving nature of global politics.
  4. Ethical and Normative Concerns: Realists are often seen as dismissive of ethical and normative considerations, focusing instead on pragmatic and strategic interests. Critics argue that this approach can justify unethical behavior in the name of national interest.
  5. Failure to Predict Major Changes: Realism has been criticized for its inability to predict significant changes in the international system, such as the end of the Cold War. Critics argue that its focus on power and conflict limits its explanatory power in understanding transformative events.
These critiques highlight the limitations of realism and have led to the development of alternative theories in international relations, such as liberalism, constructivism, and critical theory, which offer different perspectives on global politics.
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The best way to create a whole generation of terrorists is to warn them (and not kill them as they did in the old days not too long ago) before dropping bombs on their homes and workplace. And then people wonder why the unemployment rate is so high in Gaza. Who is in charge over there?
It can’t be Netanyahu who at The Hague would say truthfully, “I had nothing to do with the genocide, Hamas made me do it.”
And Hamas would reply truthfully at The Hague: “I had nothing to do with the genocide, Israel made me do it.”
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You can create a whole generation of terrorists by having poor education schools, civilian illicit drug use and sales, multiple sex partnered females and males in exchange for money, or illicit drugs. Identity fraud and bank fraud crimes, real estate crimes, homeless breeding.
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The number of people suffering acute food insecurity increased from 135 million in 2019 to 345 million in 82 countries by June 2022, as the war in Ukraine, supply chain disruptions, and the continued economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic pushed food prices to all-time highs.
Global food insecurity had already been rising, due in large part to climate phenomena. Global warming is influencing weather patterns, causing heat waves, heavy rainfall, and droughts. Rising food commodity prices in 2021 were a major factor in pushing approximately 30 million additional people in low-income countries toward food insecurity.
At the same time, the way that food is often produced today is a big part of the problem. It’s recently been estimated that the global food system is responsible for about a third of greenhouse gas emissions—second only to the energy sector; it is the number one source of methane and biodiversity loss.
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Thank you for raising this issue, I believe AI can support and help in preventing environmental issues related to global warming and potential for shortage in many directions starting from adopting AI applications for crop monitoring, which can detect pest infestations, monitor crop, plants, and trees health or event to detect water stress at early stages to allow farmers or the representative stakeholders to take the corrective actions of decisions at the right time. Moreover, there might be a need for applications that is able to analyze weather patterns and soil conditions and historical data to predict or forecast the yield to better plan resources by optimizing the use of water, fertilizer and pesticides to minimize the food waste at farming stage and reduce the associated environmental impacts.
When it comes to the supply chains, AI can support in demand forecasting based on the different factors such as population growth, climate conditions, dynamic prices, market trends and conditions to prevent overproduction or shortages (this paper might be interesting in this domain https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clpl.2023.100034). Furthermore, AI can support in optimizing the logistics and distribution operations and activities. Such as route optimization, supply chain network design (refer to this paper: https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114463). This can lead to prevent waste generation due to the long transportation time. Adding to it, the factors that might increase the waste while transporting food from one stage to another in the supply chain such as the packaging material as highlighted here: https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912644. Innovation in food supply chains is a plus such as transforming from linear supply chains to circular supply chains to adopt applicable and suitable circular economy strategies as included here: doi.org/10.1016/j.rcradv.2023.200199.
AI can also support in adopting alternative farming strategies such as controlling vertical farms to maximize yield and reduce the yield gap. From another point of view, the adaptive farming practices so that farmers can adapt to changing climate conditions by for example recommending crops varieties, planting and irrigation times and optimizing the irrigation water. Additionally, digitalizing food supply chain by implementing decision support tool can help in analyzing huge amounts of data to provide insight for policy and decision making process and simulating the different scenarios including climate change, conflicts to support the decisionmakers to plan for potential food crisis. Also, providing training for the different stakeholders can provide with personalized advice and training to improve their ability to adapt to changing conditions and adopt sustainability practices. and finally, consumer awareness is an important factor here, where AI can help to raise awareness about sustainability issues of the different food products to encourage consumers to shift toward more sustainable options.
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In my postgraduate classes at the University, and in our 360-degree FORUMS especially the Speakers' Corner, the issues surrounding the current CLASH OF TITANS: USA VS CHINA were raised for open trade debates. it is clearly apparent that BOTH superpowers could not see themselves engaged in such a futile trade war which will provide no sustainable solution to both sides at the end of the thin red line. What is a workable solution that could resolve the fundamental differences? And how smaller countries could in fact devise a STRATEGIC PLAN for a FINAL SOLUTION for the benefit of mankind as a whole?
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It refers to the intense geopolitical and economic rivalry between the two nations. It encompasses competition in trade, technology, military power, and global influence, impacting international relations and global markets.
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Can marketing stop the war ?
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Yes and No. A concept of Market Power was first introduced in (1): researchgate.net/publication/285625730 as attractiveness of an entrepreneurial offer in the market economy. It was extended recently to the concept of the Social Driving Force by Danov (AKA Zhdanov) in (2): researchgate.net/publication/379874316 and (3): arXiv:2406.08432 to act in other areas of the social life in democratic administrative systems, which may be also called as Market Political Systems. The War can be stopped by Marketing if at least one of its two major sides is a democratic society. Then any of the society’s competing political sides or poles can use its antiwar program to come to the power. For example, the current war between the R.F. and U.S. known as the Russian-Ukrainian War would most likely be over if republicans come to power because the U.S. is a democratic country. Marketing could not stop the WW2 because both major adversaries were dictatorships.
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Now the war enters the second year and no end is seen
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Medical students must be resilient and they must be helping hand and should assist the injured people and soldiers of war.This will provide them practical knowledge which is foremost then online studies
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There are many types of symbolic judgements. For example, when an Israeli pilot flattens the home of a Palestinian family (even if they are forewarned), it is natural for them to experience shock at having lost their home, even if it is made of sticks and stones. In a like manner, when I destroy the beginning construction of a wasp nest in my backyard, it is very natural for the builder, the Queen, to be in a state of ‘disbelief’ after returning to the destruction, as she rapidly makes associations as to what may have happened. Once the Queen decides that I was the perpetrator, she will lock onto me (and not my neighbor) to deliver her stings with no regrets (Miller, Sheehan et al. 2019). That animals (such as monkeys) cannot make associations to judge events ‘symbolically’ (e.g., see van Kerkoerle, Vanduffel et al. 2024) is nonsense. Humans continue to convince themselves that they are a superior species vis-à-vis symbolic cognition (e.g., Harari 2015), while their planet collapses beneath their feet (Hansen et al. 1981).
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Despite the fact that there is NOT a single term for terrorism as far as the action is concerned, the severe majority agrees that the purpose or a terrorist action is to create the emotion of fear (terror) in the "target audience". On the contrary, almost every animal (besides human) behaviour is based on the instict of survival, either passively (e.g. self-defence against threats) or actively (e.g. hunt for food). Thus, there is a big difference between human an (other than human) animal behaviour regarding terrorism, as the latter has no intention of creating the emotion of fear (terror).
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While everything under monotheistic religions does not indicate hatred towards others, still much of it does. The problem here for me is that other and often older literature does not contain these fierce, deeply destructive and deeply affective ideas. Hatred is elemental in Hebrew books, but it cannot be found in Gilgamesh. Homer reflects competition not ethnic or religious hatred. Although hatred appears in the Aeneid, it is not impossible,that with its concentration on territory and war, it was influenced by narratives from priestly Hebrew society in which such sentiments abound.
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Your question Stanley Wilkin of whether monotheistic religions created hatred is a complex one. Based on most provided texts, it is apparent that tensions and conflicts did arise due to differences in beliefs and practices, particularly around topics of idolatry. However, these conflicts do not necessarily mean that monotheistic religions inherently created hatred. Many monotheistic religions also teach principles of love, tolerance, and peace. These conflicts could be more accurately attributable to human interpretation and misuse of religious teachings, rather than the religions themselves. It is important to interpret any religious text within its historical and cultural context.
While there may be thematic similarities between the Aeneid and narratives from Hebrew society regarding territory and war, it is impossible to say definitively that the Aeneid was influenced by these Hebrew narratives without further evidence. The Aeneid, written by the Roman poet Virgil, draws heavily from earlier Greek and Roman literary traditions and mythology. Although the Romans did have contact with various Middle Eastern cultures, there is no clear historical record showing that Virgil was directly influenced by Hebrew stories or religious thought. Any similarities could be coincidental or could stem from broader cultural influences or universal human themes.
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After World War, we have seen the formation of the United Nations. The sovereign body for peacekeeping but with regards to the Russia-Ukraine war it is visible that the UN seems to be ineffective due to VITO power In the hands of Russia and Ukraine is backed by the EU and USA and its allies. In my point of view, UN seems to be ineffective in the resolution of the war.
Thanks.
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The essence of efficiency is the effective use of authority. The UN uses existing powers effectively. However, the UN does not have sufficient independent powers.
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The expression "Je t'aime, moi non plus: I love you, neither do I", popularized by the song by Serge Gainsbourg and Jane Birkin in 1969, refers to tumultuous and contradictory relationships that can be strong, intense, see passionate, but, at the same time, imbued with uncertainties, doubts, and ambiguities that underlie real difficulties likely to make the relations complex unstable or even unhealthy. So "Je t'aime moi non plus" can somehow be applied to describe the Europe-Africa relations steeped in a common history that is not always brilliant and, in another register, to Europe-USA-ASIA relations where the Ego, the Culture, and the Will to Power sometimes lead to conflicting competitive situations.
It is therefore a very open subject on which I would like us to rub our points of view, ideas, and visions in order to promote serene and useful exchanges.
Map: Distribution Of Global GDP By Region. Source: https://i.redd.it/69vq5y55ks141.png
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Your phrase, "USA<-->Europe<-->Africa : Je t'aime, moi non plus!" suggests a complicated relationship between these continents, with a mix of love and indifference.
It could be interpreted as:
- A commentary on the complex historical, cultural, and political ties between these regions
- A reflection of the push-and-pull dynamics of globalization, trade, and migration
- A nod to the contradictions of international relations, where cooperation and conflict coexist
Well played!
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Yes, people may not always be fully rational, but they tend to act within limits of rationality when they are aware of their disincentives and constraints, adjusting their behavior to balance between rationality and irrationality.
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Dear researchers,
I am working on the conceptual metaphor POLITICS IS WAR and would be grateful if you could suggest some mininarratives of a war scenario in political discourse.
Best regards,
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Justin Patrick Thank you for your suggestion.
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Puton has long stated he is in a war against the West, originally expressed in Cyber Warfare, which China conditionally supports: Modi of India, an apprentice tyrant, has long expressed prejudice against and defiance of the West, for the cessation of its hegemony, and at times, as recently, demonstrated his support of Putin.
African soldiers from countries often prejudiced against the West are now fighting in Ukraine, which they portray as an outlier of NATO following Putin's dire, mythical claims. Finally, Iran, Hamas, Hezbollah and North Korea.
Shouldn't we help Ukraine more?
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From certain points of view, it can be understood that way. From Russia's point of view, it can be understood that way.
But India also maintains good relations with the West. The relationship between the United States and India is one of the most strategic and important relations of the 21st century. Since 2014, strategic cooperation between the two nations has deepened, and India has been declared the United States' "principal defense partner."
India and France share long-standing cultural, commercial and economic ties. The strategic partnership between India and France, signed in 1998, has gained significant momentum over time and has now evolved into an even closer multilateral relationship, encompassing various areas of cooperation. ...
For China, the West is a great rival, but at the same time the EU and the US are important trading partners for Beijing.
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A revolutionary phenotype is another species being delegated to reproducing its maker's kind. Then the delegated reproducer MAY eventually overthrow their before mentioned creator. Examples MAY be RNA overthrowing their maker proteins. Then DNA overthrowing their maker RNA. We avoid them by NOT delegating our reproduction to another species ,and or machine, and, more generally, using the precautionary principle. Simpler surgeries are less risky than the more complex ones.
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I agree with you
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There are many people today living in the regions in the world where wars destroyed everything and access to education for children is almost non existent or very limited. Having current advances in the field of AI, eLearning, and Humanoid Robotics, will hopefully contribute to the betterment of mankind, in particular children who are victims of wars and need access to education.
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In a situation of deep economic, social, war, climatic, natural and other crises, in areas devastated after a climatic or other cataclysm, in areas characterized by destroyed or never built infrastructure of public institutions, poorly developed transport communication infrastructure, in areas characterized by a low level of civilization and/or economic development, in areas characterized by low population levels, lack of urban agglomerations, etc., building an efficient public education system is greatly hampered. In such a situation, children and young people's access to education is usually very limited. If the Internet is available, e.g. via satellite links, and at least makeshift schools have Internet-connected devices, then ICT and Industry 4.0/5.0 can be of great help in building any system of public education in areas in crisis and/or characterized by underdeveloped necessary infrastructure of public institutions. Above all, the possibility of building a remote education system based on web-based video conferencing platforms will be of great help in this regard. Besides, the new technologies of Industry 4.0/5.0, i.e. generative artificial intelligence, Internet of things, cloud computing, machine learning, deep learning, humanoid robotics, digital twins, Big Data, Data Science, multi-criteria simulation models, etc., can make it possible to develop online educational platforms in which a teacher who implements the educational process remotely online will be assisted by the aforementioned technologies.
I would like to invite you to join me in scientific cooperation on this issue,
Warm greetings
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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All good derives from bad. Disincentives are everything. Deduction is more rigorous than induction.
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L.D. Edmonds Indeed. I regard that as an implicit feature since the comparatives (more, less) can apply adverbially to the adjectives "good" and "bad".
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Searching through the large literature on conflict and peace studies, I find very little mentioning of psychological mechanisms behind bellicosity, radicalization, and escalation versus peacefulness.
In a recent paper, I have argued that a better integration of social psychology and evolutionary psychology into conflict studies can improve our understanding of the root causes of violent conflicts and contribute to more effective peacemaking.
This paper presents several psychological theories that may benefit conflict and peace research. See: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379929325
Your comments are welcome.
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Yes, conflict and peace studies can benefit significantly from a deeper understanding of psychology. Here's why:
  1. Understanding Human Behavior: Psychology delves into the complexities of human behavior, cognition, emotions, and motivations. In conflict situations, understanding these aspects can provide insights into why conflicts arise, how they escalate, and what drives individuals or groups to engage in violent or peaceful actions.
  2. Conflict Resolution: Psychology offers techniques and strategies for conflict resolution and mediation. By understanding the psychological factors contributing to conflicts, peace studies can develop more effective approaches to negotiate and resolve conflicts, promote reconciliation, and build sustainable peace.
  3. Trauma and Healing: Psychology plays a crucial role in addressing trauma and promoting healing in post-conflict societies. It helps in understanding the psychological impact of violence, displacement, and loss on individuals and communities, guiding interventions for psychological well-being and resilience building.
  4. Group Dynamics and Identity: Psychology studies group dynamics, social identity, and intergroup relations, which are central to understanding conflicts based on ethnicity, religion, nationality, or ideology. This understanding can inform strategies for fostering intergroup dialogue, promoting tolerance, and preventing conflicts rooted in identity differences.
  5. Behavioral Change and Peacebuilding: Psychology offers insights into behavioral change theories and techniques, which are essential for designing effective peacebuilding interventions. It helps in addressing issues like prejudice, discrimination, and radicalization by targeting attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that contribute to conflict.
Above all, integrating psychology into conflict and peace studies enhances the field's capacity to analyze, prevent, and transform conflicts by addressing the underlying psychological dynamics that influence human interactions and responses to conflict situations
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We hope that there will not be a war, but indicators indicate that there may be a war at any moment
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الغرب اقصد وليس العرب هي حرب مصالح لانها اساسا حروب من اجل مصادر الطاقه وتامين معابر امدادادتها من الشرق الاوسط الياوربا وقوي كبري تحارب فيها الغرب وامريكا يدعمون اسراىيل حتيروسيا والصين وايران والعرب من حهه ثانيه
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1a)"The epicanthic fold produces the eye shape characteristic of persons from central and eastern Asia; it is also seen in some Native American peoples and occasionally in Europeans (e.g., Scandinavians and Poles)"(Britannica 2023).
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "epicanthic fold". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/science/epicanthic-fold. Accessed 27 May 2024.
4) "A small minority of people in northern Sweden and Finland, known as Sami, have some connections with Siberian people.
I don’t think they look Chinese at all. Chinese people have their own unique phenotypes. If you are talking about their eyes, there is a connection with Siberian people, who have eyes that people usually will associate with looking East Asian. Most Scandinavians have eyes that are similar to the rest of Europe.
Convergent evolution is another factor, especially for people living in colder climates. It’s common" (Sam Jones). https://www.quora.com/Why-many-people-in-Scandinavia-look-Asian-Chinese
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Well according to the writer the scandivians looking like the europians could be a privilage for them
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Coaches must achieve a balance in the psychological state of their athletes; this may include relaxation techniques, deepening emotional intelligence, practicing meditation or requesting the support of a sports psychologist. To practice resilience and perseverance, to do so, you must carefully plan each training session and carry out a continuous evaluation of the physical and mental preparation of the athlete in your charge; To motivate the athlete, another of their tasks is to set a series of objectives with the person they train and design action plans to achieve them.
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The mankind is on the edge of resistance to peace. If you view news you will find that every day there are portions of the world where wars are happening and many innocent people are being killed. Aren't there any equipment, tools, technologies, instruments or inventions of the research that can cause peace to the world. After all when a human kills another human still the loss is on both the sides.
The response will be highly appreciated if possible and sharing this query with other researchers will be even more appreciable for a more peaceful world.
Regards,
Umair Shahzad
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Let me quote Carl Schmitt: «A new nomos of our planet is constantly being formed. Many see it as death and destruction. Some think they are experiencing the end of the world. In reality, we are experiencing only the end of the old relationship between the Earth and the Sea. Many see only senseless chaos where in reality new meaning paves the way for a commensurate order. And in the brutal clashes of old and new forces, appropriate measures arise and meaningful proportions are formed».
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The norse god ODIN dates back to the second century BC, and he was worshipped through to the 8th-11th century AD.
Attila the Hun died in AD 453, therefore ODIN could not possibly be based upon him.
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I think so because
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In general, instincts may contribute to some forms of tribal knowledge, such as basic survival instincts, but not all tribal knowledge can be reduced to instincts. The distinction lies in the source and nature of knowledge: instincts are innate biological tendencies, while prior knowledge is independent of sensory experience and can be known through reason alone.
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Hi, I'm sorry but I haven't seen the film. Best regards
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I think the act of reading a favorite book often involves a journey shaped by prior reading experiences. Whether consciously or subconsciously, readers bring their accumulated knowledge, perspectives, and literary preferences to each new book they encounter. This prior reading background serves as a foundation upon which their understanding and appreciation of the favorite book are built. It may involve exposure to similar genres, themes, or writing styles, which contribute to a deeper engagement with the text and enhance the reading experience. Moreover, prior reading experiences help readers develop critical thinking skills, literary analysis abilities, and a broader cultural awareness that enriches their interpretation of the favorite book. In this way, each book becomes a stepping stone in the reader's literary journey, with prior reading laying the groundwork for the discovery and enjoyment of new favorites.
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If the person takes the time to make you feel inferior, the problem is with them. Self-love, self-respect, self-esteem are the most important source of our happiness, but when are missing they can be the worst threat to our own personallity, but nobody wants to face any of that. That said, they always want to run out of their own reality and try to compensate this weaknesses throwing on others their frustrations. it is easier - and satisfying - to point other`s faults instead of facing our own limitations
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Who knows?
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Creating a successful film or television show is a monumental task that begins long before the cameras start rolling. A well-executed script breakdown can mean the difference between a production that runs smoothly and one that’s plagued by costly oversights and last-minute scrambles. In essence, a script breakdown is a blueprint for the shoot, detailing every element needed, from cast and props to locations and special effects.
Regards,
Shafagat
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One doesn't need to be a philosopher, but understanding philosophical concepts relevant to their field, like epistemology or ethics, can enhance critical thinking and methodology in science, promoting more robust and ethical research practices.
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The vastness or sustainability of a belief system doesn't necessarily indicate its plausibility. Plausibility depends on evidence, logical coherence, and consistency with observable phenomena, rather than the popularity or longevity of a belief. While a belief system's widespread acceptance or enduring nature may influence perceptions, plausibility is determined by its ability to withstand critical scrutiny and align with empirical reality.
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The afterlife is discovred by the informations given by the messangers of allah that don't need any effort, but the extend current life needs expériences, and time.
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My best strategy is to make my body of work on metaphysics so big and rigorous that, people will ponder "how would he have done this without a doctorate?"
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There are also other anomalous cases I didn't mention in my response to Orlando M Lourenço that can be added as qualifications to my claim that empirical premises yield an empirical conclusion. For example, when the premises are contradictory or entail a contradiction. In classical logic that yields a valid argument no matter what the conclusion. Likewise, if the conclusion is a tautology or logical truth, the argument is valid no matter what the premises. Nonclassical logics such as relevance logics were developed in order to avoid such anomalies which many regard as unacceptable or counterintuitive.
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Showing ABSTRACT moral absolutes probably don’t exist, women evolved to try to fix men’s flaws. Very few women cite Prince Charming as the sexiest man. God maybe designed women to desire the men they could fix or, all females would wait until the second coming to reproduce. Many women are sexually attracted to serial killers.
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Bad boys are more lively. ..and sweet
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I am fine with agreeing to disagree. All opinions are considered.
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After life is the continuation of this world. Grasp today,and reap the fruits of life.
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no comments.
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Please talk about the topics you are familiar with or things which makes sense (recommendation) on this site as this is not a general social media.
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Micro aggression tends to be usually felt in our every day life.In literature, we can find many examples for it.I think that it is tackled mostly in modern novels and drama genres .
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Unfortunately you are conflating two completely different subject matters. Value judgements and fame and overlaying them with personal subjectivity.
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I don't see a question, but there is a relevant observation to be made: Dealing only with genetics any black or white males are closer than any male and female. By the way, the color pigeonhole society employs are simplistic to the point of stupidity. 'Whites' are pink, not white unless they happen to be albinos. 'Blacks' are almost always some shade of brown,and Asians have a remarkable range of color tones.
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Ware God Race Relations
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Perhaps what you are saying is true...but it is like medicine, its taste is bitter and its effectiveness is beneficial
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We see that the world is in disarray and there is no meaningful global cooperation. Nation states keep warring at an increasing rate with more intensity. None of our problems are solved and things just keep getting worse and they add new existential threats like artificial intelligence to the mix. How could anyone think that AI can be kept under control at such an environment bogs my mind. There is competition instead of collaboration, there is war, and there are no principles. UN is a total sham as can be seen once again in the example of Palestine/Israel. What good is a regulation then?
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Dear Ahmet let us build a network:
How to reinforce a network - based human intelligence supported with a new IA standard?
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Dear colleagues,
I am reaching out to seek your guidance. I have recently finalized an article containing an empirical study focusing on the unique challenges faced by Ukrainian psychologists during the initial days of the war. Could you kindly recommend any journals that might be interested in publishing my work?
Attached is an abstract of the article for your reference.
Warm regards,
Anastasiia Kuntsevska
"Amidst the Storm: Ukrainian Psychologists' Early War Experiences" explores the multifaceted challenges faced by psychologists providing crisis care in Ukraine during the initial stages of the conflict. Through a comprehensive theoretical framework, this study investigates five key components: Unique Crisis Situation, Providing Help Despite Own Needs, Pro-Bono Assistance (Volunteering), Vicarious Trauma, and Learning During the War.
The research reveals the profound impact of the war on Ukrainian psychologists, who found themselves navigating unprecedented levels of trauma and stress. Psychologists reported high levels of apathy, trauma symptoms mirroring those of their clients, and difficulties in maintaining regular sleep patterns. Furthermore, engagement in pro bono assistance heightened emotional involvement and shared life difficulties with clients, while also posing challenges in managing their own well-being.
Despite these challenges, psychologists demonstrated remarkable resilience and dedication, adapting their approaches to meet the urgent needs of those affected by the conflict. The study emphasizes the importance of specialized training and resources to support psychologists in their vital role during times of crisis. Online seminars emerged as a valuable source of support, providing practical guidance and fostering professional growth.
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I think some Journal Finder could provide some good options. You can paste your title and abstract and click "find journal".
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With the war in Ukrania,Sudan ,and Gaza ,there are differences between goverments and puplic ,community and peoples ,How can media affecting elections in America ,Russia and middle east,as their bias in united nation and the reality?
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Public Policy should be concerted with communities to solve a social need. According to Arroyave Alzate (2011), a public policy should be specific for:
1. Are defined for a specific social need.
2. Have a attention cycle.
3. Those are a function of capacity and the spirit of gobernors to perceive those social demands, it´s processing, it´s priorization and inclusion in the goverment agenda.
4. Specific results.
According to your question, the communities and social media can attract the goverment attention in order to impulse and rise a new policy to attend a actual social need.
Reference:
Arroyave Alzate, S. (2011). Las políticas públicas en Colombia: Insuficiencias y desafíos. FORUM Revista del Departamento de Ciencia Política, Universidad Nacional, Sede Medellín, 1(1), 95-111.
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Gas radiation intensity is a function of space: I=I (r). This is recognized in the textbook of heat transfer. Pushing forward two more steps will result in a temperature difference (this is the second type of perpetual motion machine). Please refer to the picture for details.
The second type of perpetual motion machine for gas radiation is the simplest, easy to implement, and commercialized. The wealth generated by the second type of perpetual motion machine can satisfy everyone's desires.
The current war of Russian aggression against Ukraine is trending towards a third world war. If scientists accept the second type of perpetual motion machine, they will find that the things being fought for in the war are no longer scarce, and the war will come to an end. I hope scientists can play their role.
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我觉得外星人来锣
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Yes, @Cornelia E. Nauen, your list of classical reasons for collapse is very true. As you wisely note, "... including what may be taken from others" and "... we might reflect on how more humility and restraint can make us all live well ...". These are the morals/ethics within Civilization that are ultimately behind possible Collapse or Thrival. Civilization is Man's first basic attempt at cooperating within our species, a several millenia first-attempt at establishing rules/ethics of a Co-op game. If the Earth-civilization is to Survive/Thrive, and "Not collapse", it will need to update its Rules of Civility, and establish a social fabric which makes adherence to such rules "wholey natural and mutually advantageous" to its diverse members.
Then, with survival ensured, our civilized humanity can move to a unified "HumanKind level of consciousness". This level will most likely not happen "over-night" -- yet, strangely, I somehow sense it may happen exactly that way -- once "WE" are ("Whole Earth" is) sufficiently ready!
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Of course I sometimes doubt the afterlife is eternal salvation for all, so, I live and deduce what it might be...
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Jeus can give man eternal life and redemption, according to the Scritpure.
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Whites(more specifically Northwestern Europeans) are the most privileged, least indigenous and most recessive, MAYBE all because they are the last derivative people.
Sources:
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could you pls explain it in a little more detail -- what exactly is meant by the last derivative?
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When I point unpleasant things out, people often respond by insulting me. So, under complete eugenics I would either have been killed and or castrated at this point.
If Nazis do gain control over the USA, I may be killed first because they really hate white looking people with disabilities and or subtle non white ancestry.
The more North Western European liberal nations become multiracial democracies, the more a select few elite North Western Europeans turn into the leadership base. Hence why so many politicians and other elites are North Western Europeans. Thus, the "Great Replacement" should really be named the "Great Filter" because it consolidates whiteness(state of being North Western European). North Western European liberals did not just coincidentally invent transhumanism and eugenics.
Work Cited
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Imagine you have a toy robot that cant do amazing things like remembering every song it ever hears or remember every fun day they've ever had. Now, imagine if we could give people special abilities? oh wait, we already have people like that. We recently rebranded again as autism or something, to be honest i prefer retard, the good ol days when people still clearly told you that things werte going wrong because youre retarded..... now after evry shitty interaction i have to try and calculate what percentage went bad cause of black face and how much is the tism tax.... Transhumanism is like a big idea where scientists and inventors try to find ways to help people do things they can't do right now, like a superhero upgrade! They might use cool gadgets, special medicine, or even tiny robots to make life better and help people do amazing things.
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Without AT LEAST limited free will, humans would NOT be able to measure parsimony.
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Occam's razor is related to free will in the same way that Truth is related to Reality (the “how it should be” is related to the “how it is”).
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The unwritten rule is "don't look suspicious. If people do look suspicious then they either get destroyed or subvert enough TO survive."
Sources:
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I don't think we can answer this question.
We don't know why the word "TO" is all uppercase.
We probably can think of novels, movies, stories, stage plays, children's book, where "Don';t look suspicious" is actually written. We need more detail about the conditions that it is "unwritten."
Subvert what?
"Get destroyed" sounds like a conflict between active antagonists and protagonists, but you've presented it in passive voice, so nobody can actually interpret what you mean.
Please rewrite and resubmit.
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With the war in Russia -ukrania,Gaza and what is being happened in many positions in the world ,is there any justice for human rights and to solve all international crises to prevent third world war,Are we moving to rights for poors,epidemics and nulcera threats ?
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Human rights are always sidelined in armed conflicts, regardless of the power involved in the conflict, even in the case of a forgotten war. The goals of the warring parties come first. For now, nuclear weapons are preventing World War three.
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I am ready. I’m an autistic antiracism educator.
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At first we need to know if you are capable of that or not and if you are capable of that you don't need anyone to recommendation . Anyway good luck..
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War with palestine terrorists not with normal mass 🕉✝️☪️👍🙏
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How about we clone Aaron Bushnell?
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What do you mean to clone him? Do you mean self-immolation? All of us?
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Heat transfer (gas radiation) does not support the second law of thermodynamics.
Please refer to the following text and pictures for details
Gas radiation and absorption occur throughout space, and gases at different locations absorb energy differently from remote radiation. The different amount of radiation absorbed by gases at different positions can lead to temperature differences. The second law of thermodynamics is invalid.
Do scientists have to wait until nuclear war breaks out to believe in the existence of perpetual motion machines?
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i assume this is genuine question you have raised;
leading with that,
The statement that gas radiation and absorption could invalidate the Second Law of Thermodynamics is a misunderstanding of how thermodynamics and heat transfer operate. The Second Law of Thermodynamics, in its simplest form, states that in any closed system, the entropy (a measure of disorder or randomness) tends to increase over time unless energy is put into the system to maintain or decrease entropy. This law is one of the fundamental principles underlying much of physics and engineering and is observed to hold true in countless experimentation.
Regarding the specific points raised:
1. Gas Radiation and Absorption
it true that gases at different locations can absorb radiation differently and this can lead to temperature differences across a system. However, this process does not violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The law does not imply that temperature differences cannot exist or that they cannot change; it primarily concerns the overall entropy of a closed system. In the context of gas radiation, the energy transfer through radiation leads to changes in temperature and can drive processes that increase the system's overall entropy.
2. Temperature Differences and Entropy
The creation of temperature differences through radiation absorption and emission is a part of how heat transfer operates in the universe. These processes, including conduction, convection, and radiation, are mechanisms for energy distribution and do not inherently contradict the Second Law. The entropy increase or decrease in a particular part of a system does not imply a violation of the law as long as the total entropy of the closed system, when considering all interactions, does not decrease.
3. Perpetual Motion Machines
The idea of a perpetual motion machine—a machine that can operate indefinitely without an energy source—is a concept that violates the First and/or Second Law of Thermodynamics. Despite extensive theoretical and experimental exploration, no such machine has been created or observed to exist. The Second Law, among other principles, indicates why perpetual motion machines are not feasible.
I did struggle to understan