Walking - Science topic

This issue contains the following articles: • Institutional Data • Modern Patronage • Relevant Info • Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) • Pre- and Post-Intervention • Mechanics of Submitting a Grant Application • Walking the Straight and Narrow in the Grants Space • ‘Set Pieces’ in Grants • Capacity Expanding Grants: Building Out the ‘Ca...

Spinal subdural hematoma is a rare condition whereas intracranial chronic subdural hematoma is well-recognized and documented in clinical settings. Despite various theories that have been proposed, the exact pathogenesis of spinal subdural hematoma remains to be elucidated. Herein, we report a rare case of spinal subdural hematoma with a co-existin...

The focus of this paper lies in the definition of an important aspect of financial development, which is reflected on the alleviation of poverty, namely financial inclusion as one of the most important tools used at the international level. as one of the biggest obstacles to economic development and development policies is a problem of financing de...

Every day walking consists of frequent voluntary modifications in the gait pattern to negotiate obstacles. After spinal cord injury, stepping over an obstacle becomes challenging. Stepping over an obstacle requires sensorimotor transformations in several structures of the brain, including the parietal cortex, premotor cortex, and motor cortex. Sens...

Human Activity Recognition refers to the identification and analysis of the activities carried out by an individual or a group of individuals. This research introduces a highly effective system for recognizing human activities. The system utilizes data from wearable sensors and employs advanced deep learning algorithms. The proposed system utilizes...

Theme 1 Seeking Connection, Solitude. Subthemes: Alone, Simplicity, Silence, Reflection The pilgrims researched in this study chose Francigena because of its remote, rural location without excess tourism and were all solo walkers. Spending time alone enabled space for reflection to prioritise their own needs and possibly escape the constraints in l...

With the popularization and depth of the development of artificial intelligence in all walks of life, the field of art creation is also inspired by artificial intelligence. In this paper, artificial intelligence algorithms are embedded in the creation of oil paintings to assist the new era creation of oil paintings through the innovation of traditi...

This study investigates style shifting in second language (L2) acquisition by focusing on the impact of planning time on the accuracy of the past-tense morphology in narrative discourse. Grounded in theories of cognitive processing and variability in L2 performance, this study examines the acquisition experience of an intermediate L2 English learne...

Osseointegration (OI), or bone-anchoring, of a prosthesis is a transformative procedure for addressing issues of socket fit among individuals with lower limb loss. Mechanically, the removal of the socket interface substantially alters the transmission of load and the flow of energy through the prosthetic limb. Here, we compared the mechanical energ...

Objective Walk With Ease (WWE) is a six‐week arthritis‐appropriate evidence‐based physical activity program traditionally offered in a face‐to‐face format. Because many populations encounter participation barriers to in‐person programs, WWE was modified for telephone delivery (WWE‐T). The short‐ and long‐term effects of this program on physical act...

As environmental awareness increased due to the surge in greenhouse gases, green travel modes such as bicycles and walking have gradually became popular choices. However, the current traffic environment has many hidden problems that endanger the personal safety of traffic participants and hinder the development of green travel. Traditional methods,...

Introduction Dual-task (DT) ability is essential in sports, where athletes must perform motor and cognitive tasks simultaneously. Virtual reality (VR), with its enhanced performance and affordability, offers a valuable tool for training and assessing these abilities. This study aimed to develop VR scenarios to measure DT costs and compare DT abilit...

The limited availability of mobility data makes it challenging to model demand, especially its spatiotemporal variations. Simultaneously, traditional transport modeling tools often rely on less disaggregated approaches, leading to gaps in understanding. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces the spectral clustering method to uncover m...

Traditionally oversight role of the company’s board of directors is primarily focused on the business’s financial performance. Over a period, the corporate governance focus has expanded to include sustainability, technology, and its impact on business. Recently, the environmental, social, and governance themes have been added to the oversight horiz...

In recent years, with the aggravation of population aging and the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, the design of ageing-adapted architectural space for senior care institutions to improve the quality of senior care has become the focus of current research. Based on the Kano model and ERG demand hierarchy theory, the study firstl...

The document introduces a straightforward exercise protocol designed for adults of all fitness levels, accommodating tight schedules and diverse physical conditions. The routine emphasizes minimalistic requirements, such as small spaces and limited equipment, making it accessible for home settings. It incorporates activities to improve cardiovascul...

We all long for reconciliation when a relationship breaks down or deteriorates. However, although forgiveness is necessary for reconciliation, it is not enough. Forgiveness opens a space for the offended and the offender to embrace each other, but sometimes that embrace does not take place. The gift of forgiveness (Vladimir Jankélévitch) can only b...

Parks are a crucial element of urban landscapes. Understanding the role of the built environment in terms of park accessibility is vital for promoting travel equity and shaping public policies to improve access to urban parks. This study employs a geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI) approach to examine the impact of the built environment on...

Business, political, and other social structures create strong motivation to understand the attitudes, motivations, feelings, and emotions of a population of interest. Social media is a rich source of self-disclosed information by individuals from all walks of life about virtually every domain of the human experience, but the vast quantity of data...

Human thermal bioclimate of the Swiss-Austrian alpine region in the period 1991–2020 is simulated by using a clothing thermal resistance model. Clothing thermal resistance (rcl) is estimated for people that are either walking or standing. Climatic data are taken from the ERA5-Land dataset. The human anthropometric data used in the simulations corre...

We study a random walk on the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{sl}_2(\mathbf{F}_p)$ in which new elements are produced by randomly applying the adjoint operators corresponding to two generators. Focusing on the generic case where the generators are selected at random, we analyze both the limiting distribution of the random walk and the speed at which it conv...

Resumen Las variaciones cromáticas son raras en vertebrados, particularmente en mamíferos. El eritrismo, una condición caracterizada por la hiperpigmentación de feomelanina que confiere una coloración rojiza a las estructuras epidérmicas ha sido documentado en el oso hormiguero del norte (Tamandua mexicana) solo en Panamá. En un agroecosistema del...

Topologically nontrivial adiabatic loops of the orientation of a homogeneous external magnetic field drive the walking of paramagnetic colloidal bipeds above a deformed quasi-periodic magnetic square pattern. Depending on the...

Modeling movement in real-world tasks is a fundamental scientific goal. However, it is unclear whether existing models and their assumptions, overwhelmingly tested in laboratory-constrained settings, generalize to the real world. For example, data-driven models of foot placement control -- a crucial action for stable locomotion -- assume linear and...

Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) affect significant numbers of adults in the United States, with 11% diagnosed with diabetes and 10% with cardiovascular diseases. Walking plays a crucial role in reducing health risks, particularly obesity and diabetes. We aim to explore the association between neighborhood walkability and CMD measures in Texas, whil...

Background: Aging is associated with challenges like kinesiophobia and cognitive decline, which adversely affect the quality of life and increase fall risk in older adults. Retro-walking, a unique exercise involving backwards walking, has shown the potential to enhance balance and motor control. However, its impact on kinesiophobia and cognitive fu...

We compared population trends for rock ptarmigan Lagopus muta densities (2003‒2019) derived from walked transects and driven road transects in Mosfellsheiði and Slétta in southwest and northeast Iceland, respectively. The walked transects were laid out according to a random rule. Convenience‐based road transects could give biased population density...

Pre-exercise cooling may prevent exertional heat illness in horses. We hypothesized that pre-exercise cooling before warm-up in a hot environment would not affect performance but would mitigate reductions in body weight and increases in body temperature following exercise. Six trained Thoroughbred horses were studied using a randomized, crossover d...

Exoskeletons can assist human locomotion in real-life scenarios, but existing tools for decoding locomotion modes (LMs) focus on recognition rather than prediction, which can lead to delayed assistance. This study proposes a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network to predict five LMs (level-walking, ramp ascent/descent, stair ascent/descent) w...

Over the past three decades, wall-climbing robots have made significant progress in service missions, greatly expanding the scope of their applications. This paper proposes a new wall-climbing robot capable of climbing vertical walls, walking on ceilings, and adapting to various surfaces. The key feature of this new wall-climbing robot is its innov...

This work introduces a graph-phased Szegedy's quantum walk, which incorporates link phases and local arbitrary phase rotations (APR), unlocking new possibilities for quantum algorithm efficiency. We demonstrate how to adapt quantum circuits to these advancements, allowing phase patterns that ensure computational practicality. The graph-phased model...

Background Physical functioning refers to the ability to perform daily living activities, namely basic activities, instrumental, and advanced activities. Poorer performance in these areas may indicate the potential presence of sarcopenia. Objectives To analyze the differences in physical function between older people with and without sarcopenia an...

This paper presents a bipedal model with asymmetric leg motion under a two-parameter pulse thrust, represented by an impulsive hybrid system. By exploring the successive and immediate transitions in motion states, a Poincaré map with explicit form is designed to reveal the dynamic characteristics of walking. The stability of periodic orbits during...

Indian gazelle (Gazella gazella bennetti) commonly known as Chinkara was observed at Dhorimanna of Barmer District, one of the districts of the Thar Desert, in Rajasthan to understand the diurnally activity pattern and time allocated to various activities, viz., grazing, walking, standing and rest. Gazelle showed two major activity namely grazing a...

Gait impairment, which is commonly observed in stroke survivors, underscores the imperative of rehabilitating walking function. Wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) can capture gait parameters in stroke patients, becoming a promising tool for objective and quantifiable gait assessment. Optimal sensor placement for stroke assessment that invol...

Introduction The ability to visually recognize the path ahead during walking is essential for adjusting gait patterns in an anticipatory manner to mitigate perturbations induced by tripping. In this study, we aimed to develop a walking task within a virtual reality (VR) environment, termed the VR multi-target stepping (VR-MTS) task, as a method to...

To promote vigorously the excellent traditional culture and virtues of the nation is a cultural response strategy adopted by most countries in the era of globalization. The purpose is to show the unique civilization to the world. In the promotion of the progress for world civilization, to strengthen its own cultural identity and enhance the cohesio...

The emerging generative artificial intelligence (generative AI) model, Stable Diffusion, is increasingly recognized as a promising tool for efficiently translating public preferences and ideas into spatial design representations. At the same time, deep learning techniques and crowdsourcing methods have enabled the large-scale collection of public w...

In a simple graph, a shunt is a symmetry which sends an edge to an incident edge (without fixing their shared vertex). The orbit of this edge under the shunt forms a consistent cycle. The important theorem of Biggs and Conway says that in a dart-transitive graph of valence q, there are exactly q-1 orbits of consistent cycles. These ideas have becom...

Background In recent years, functional electrical stimulation (FES) has become a common intervention for stroke survivors to correct foot drop and improve gait biomechanics. While the orthotic effects of adaptive FES systems were well-documented, the center of pressure (COP) symmetry has been largely neglected. Furthermore, the long-term therapeuti...

From the books I received this term, some titles immediately grabbed my attention. I begin with two in-depth studies of equally complex and intriguing aspects of Aristotle's philosophy. One is Fractured Goodness by Christopher Shields. In this book, the author invites us to rethink Aristotle's response to the Form of the Good. The monograph is a fo...

Christians are people redeemed by the blood of Jesus Christ and they profess him as their Lord and personal Saviour. Ordinarily, their lives should portray the life of Jesus Christ they claimed to profess, unfortunately, the result is contrary. There are churches almost everywhere in Nigeria, hardly to see a village without at least one church and...

This study investigates the metabolic changes induced by endurance exercise, specifically race walking, in a cohort of 19 athletes. Blood samples were collected at four time points: pre-exercise (REST), immediately post-exercise (STAT), 3 hours into recovery (REC3), and 22 hours post-exercise (REC22). A total of 859 metabolites were identified thro...

Empowerment in smart clothing, which incorporates advanced technologies, requires the integration of scientific and technological expertise with artistic and design principles. Little research has focused on this unique and innovative field of design until now, and that is about to change. The concept of 'wearables' cut across several fields. A glo...

Length of stay is an important metric for animal shelters, and studies have identified physical characteristics of dogs, and some behaviors, that predict length of stay. Although many shelters include leash walks when introducing dogs to potential adopters, it is unknown whether behaviors during harnessing and walking influence length of stay. Duri...

In daily life, we walk naturally by considering our physical characteristics and formulating appropriate motor plans. However, the impact of changes in body image on walking movements during motor planning remains poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, we examined changes in walking behavior under different conditions where body image was alt...

Introduction Gait assessments in a clinical setting may not accurately reflect mobility in everyday life. To better understand gait during daily life, we compared measures that discriminated Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) from healthy control (HC) subjects in prescribed clinic tests and free, daily-life monitoring. Methods We recruited 9 people with FRD...

With the in-depth promotion of information technology in all walks of life, the reform of information technology teaching in criminal technology courses is an inevitable trend in education and teaching. This paper analyzes the teaching development of fingerprint identification technology in criminal technology courses, as well as the development of...

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system, leading to motor and cognitive impairment. These impairments become especially evident during dual-tasks, such as walking while performing a cognitive activity. Previous research has highlighted changes in gait-specific parameters during dua...

This study explores the challenges of energy transition within Amazonian diplomacy, focusing on policy gaps and political discourse. In light of these issues, we argue that the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization should establish mechanisms to help its members achieve universal access collaboratively. Our findings emphasize Brazil's central role...

Recent technological advances have accelerated the production of high-quality genome assemblies within species, driving the growing use of pangenome graphs in genetic diversity analyses. These graphs reduce reference bias in read mapping and enhance variant discovery and genotyping from SNPs to Structural Variants (SVs). In pangenome graphs, varian...

The building structure must be in a state of excellent repair and adhere to technical feasibility standards in terms of safety, comfort, and compliance with regulations in order to effectively fulfillfulfil its intended purpose. Structural performance may be assessed by measuring deflections in beams, seeing fractures in slabs, and detecting vibrat...

By 2050, a quarter of the US population will be over the age of 65 with greater than a 40% risk of developing life-altering neuromusculoskeletal pathologies. The potential of wearables, such as Apple AirPods and hearing aids, to provide personalized preventative and predictive health monitoring outside of the clinic is nascent, but large quantities...

We provide a mathematical framework for identifying the shortest path in a maze using a Grover walk, which becomes non-unitary by introducing absorbing holes. In this study, we define the maze as a network with vertices connected by unweighted edges. Our analysis of the stationary state of the truncated Grover walk on finite graphs, where we strate...

Terrestrial quadrupeds actively stabilize dorsal-side-up orientation of the body in space due to activity of the postural control system. Supraspinal influences, including those from the reticular formation, play a crucial role in the operation of this system. However, the role of specific molecularly identified populations of reticular neurons in...

Background Latino populations remain vastly underrepresented in clinical and translational research. This study aims to characterize the most common sources of successful participant engagement within our sample. Methods Between February 2022 and March 2023, research staff systematically recorded how participants learned about an ongoing study (wh...

Although the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) network is identified as a central circuit for decision-making, the dynamic interplay of multiple control pathways within this network in shaping decision trajectories remains poorly understood. Here we develop and apply a novel computational framework --- CLAW (Circuit Logic Assessed via Walks) --...

This study presents an emotion-aware navigation framework -- EmoBipedNav -- using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for bipedal robots walking in socially interactive environments. The inherent locomotion constraints of bipedal robots challenge their safe maneuvering capabilities in dynamic environments. When combined with the intricacies of social...

Based on electromyography (EMG) recordings, EMG-EMG coherence method provides a practical approach to investigate neural mechanisms involved in locomotion. Although some studies indicated an influence of age and walking conditions on EMG-EMG coherence, no clear consensus emerged from the existing literature. The aim of this scoping review was to ma...

Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing worldwide, and mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and diabetes distress are common co-morbidities that negatively impact the quality of life, complications, and treatment outcomes of patients with DM. Objectives: In this study, we assessed the impact of dietary patt...

Background Freezing of gait (FoG) is a complex, frequent, and disabling motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Wearable technology has the potential to improve FoG assessment by providing objective, quantitative, and continuous monitoring. Objective This study aims to develop a robust FoG detection algorithm that can be embedded in a simple an...

For an $n$-vertex graph $G$, the walk matrix of $G$, denoted by $W(G)$, is the matrix $[e,A(G)e,\ldots,(A(G))^{n-1}e]$, where $A(G)$ is the adjacency matrix of $G$ and $e$ is the all-ones vector. For two integers $m$ and $\ell$ with $1\le \ell\le (m+1)/2$, let $G\circ P_m^{(\ell)}$ be the rooted product of $G$ and the path $P_m$ taking the $\ell$-t...

The following article reviews a book written by Arundhati Roy, Walking With the Comrades, published in 2011. It provides a good amount of insight into why an individual must read this book. After reading it, one will have a clear picture of how the state uses its machinery to help corporations and how local villages' resistance take place in an ong...

The literature on memory production in post-imperial tourism has put forward contradictory accounts. On the one hand, scholars have focused on how memory is used for tourism promotion to project new national identity narratives to audiences. On the other hand, scholar have also highlighted tensions and conflicts between new national memories and au...

Falls are one of the leading causes of severe injuries in older adults, making the identification of fall risk using modern technologies particularly important. Systematic studies aimed at determining the optimal combination of sensor placement and movement features have shown that gait speed, measured using sensors mounted on the shank, is the mos...

The human visual system processes scenes with remarkable speed, enabling the extraction of essential information to navigate our surroundings in a single glance. To elucidate how the brain transforms visual inputs into neural representations of navigationally relevant information, we collected electroencephalography (EEG) responses to diverse indoo...

We consider the combinatorial enumeration of random walks on graphs with emphasis on symmetric, vertex-transitive and bipartite generalized Petersen graphs containing up to 720 vertices. We enumerate self-returning and non-returning walks originating from each vertex of graphs using the matrix power algorithms. We formulate the vertex entropies, sc...

This project integrates self-training robots with IMU-based navigation, developed with ESP32 and ROS 2 off-board computation for adaptive locomotion enhancement. Gesture-based robots, the norm in the field, are not adaptive, especially on rough terrain. With reinforcement learning (RL) techniques such as Q-learning and an MPU-6050 IMU and HC-SR04 u...

Author’s Note Success is not about waiting for the perfect moment; it is about creating opportunities in the present and making the most of them. Too often, we let fear, self-doubt, and procrastination hold us back from reaching our true potential. We wait for the "right time," the "ideal circumstances," or a sign that we are ready—only to realize...

Objective Respiratory muscle dysfunction in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a big challenge for treatment and rehabilitation. To quantitatively assess diaphragm and chest wall dysfunction using dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Dyn-MRI) in patients with IPF. Methods Ninety-six patients with IPF and 50 gender- and age-matched...

In this study, a Transformer-based video generation technique is proposed for accurately modelling biomechanical movement patterns, and its performance is systematically evaluated in walking, running, throwing and other movement tasks. The experimental results show that Transformer outperforms traditional methods (RNN, CNN, GAN) in terms of motion...

John Waters' River City One [1] (Simon and Schuster) is a powerful entrée into what we hope is a long, fruitful and developing writing career. The story occupies the spaces in the lives of Veterans that is too often submerged within novels, film and popular media.

Background Pulmonary fibrosis is a severe, progressive form of interstitial lung disease associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Pulmonary hypertension often accompanies severe pulmonary fibrosis and is also associated with worse outcomes. Antifibrotic therapy and pulmonary vasodilator therapy have demonstrated clinical benefits in pulmo...

This paper presents an application of cosimulation technology, which involves the interaction between two simulations working in sync: Multibody Dynamics (MBD) and Finite Element Method (FEM), applied to a biomechanics case study. Various approaches in the literature address the modeling and simulation of complex systems, including the interaction...

Traditional economic theory suggests that when consumers decide whether to exert effort and travel to a remote store that is cheaper, the decision should compare the time and effort of travelling the relevant distance to the money that can be saved. Our research examined whether the unit of distance measurement, meters or miles, affects the actual...

The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS has proposed that human rights should be at the center of efforts to end the HIV pandemic and achieving equity in access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and HIV healthcare is essential. Here we present a geospatial and geostatistical modeling framework for conducting, at the national level, an equi...

Active lower-body exoskeleton devices can decrease the energy requirement of the human body by providing mechanical assistance to lower-body muscles. However, they also alter gait kinematics and kinetics, and it is not well understood whether such alterations are detrimental or beneficial to the human body. In this pilot study, we investigated the...

Walking along trails in natural areas is a rewarding experience, but visitors need proper assistance to enhance their enjoyment, maximize learning, and ensure safety. Over the years, various signage techniques have been introduced, but today, the widespread use of smartphones offers new opportunities for visitor support. In this paper, we outline k...

This article investigates the impact of nature-based learning activities, such as nature walks, gardening, and scavenger hunts, on English language acquisition in primary school students. Through these activities, students gain valuable language skills in vocabulary, comprehension, and descriptive language, alongside developing environmental awaren...

Introduction: Since 2020 our lives have been marked by the Covid-19 pandemic. In line with the strict adherence to epidemiological measures, distance learning was introduced. Aim: The paper aims to establish the importance that students attach to the role of exercise and sports and to determine the types of physical activities they practiced during...

People worldwide carry loads balanced atop the head (head load carriage, HLC), but data on how skill development affects HLC biomechanics is limited. We previously reported on HLC kinematics among 10 inexperienced women who adapted to HLC by increasing hip and knee flexion, especially after a short period of practice, potentially reducing the load’...

We study the asymptotic behavior of Lévy walks with rests, a generalization of classical wait-first and jump-first Lévy walks that incorporates additional resting periods. Our analysis focuses on the functional convergence of these processes in the Skorokhod J 1 topology. To achieve this, we first investigate the asymptotic properties of the modifi...

This paper explores the effectiveness of using ordinal pattern probabilities to evaluate antipersistency in the sign decomposition of long-range anti-correlated Gaussian fluctuations. It is numerically shown that ordinal patterns are able to effectively measure both persistent and antipersistent dynamics by analyzing the sign decomposition derived...

Abstract Walkability and street connectivity is an essential aspect for assessing urban sustainability in terms of making a city livable. Dhaka city is the home to all sorts of businesses and, opportunities. It is the city of millions, where numerous business centers and offices have mushroomed over the years. There are increased concerns that rapi...

This chapter presents my journey from being a prison officer to teaching within Higher Education (HE) and provides an insight into my progression from landings to lecture theatres. Having completed a PhD within applied criminology on desistance and peer support in prison and community settings, I feel it is important to enrich students and potentia...

Before the advent of Western medicine, traditional medicine served as the primary means of relief for the indigenous population in Nigeria. Following the introduction of Western biomedicine by missionaries and subsequently by the

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by mobility impairments that limit physical activity and reduce quality of life. While traditional clinical measures and participant-reported outcomes provide valuable insights, they often fall short of fully capturing the complexities of real-world mobility. This study ev...

This paper presents the story of two Canadian sappers Lorne Long and Maurice Francis Flynn, who were stationed in England in February of 1941. In the true spirit of a hard days’ night, these sappers went pub crawling, got drunk, and decided to grab a rifle and shoot up the nearby town. When their bunkmate overheard the conversation, he reported it...

Objective The Getting Older Adults Outdoors (GO-OUT) randomized trial showed that a 10-week outdoor walk group (OWG) program was not superior to 10 weekly phone reminders in increasing physical and mental health; however, OWG attendance varied. This study examined whether dose-response relationships existed between OWG attendance and improvement in...

Objectives: To provide a review of studies on prediction equations for the distance walked in the Incremental Shuttle Walking Test (ISWT) and Modified Shuttle Test (MST) in healthy children and adolescents and the methodology used. Materials and methods: Literature review carried out in the databases MEDLINE (US National Library of Medicine), SciEL...

The ability to represent locations across multiple dimensions of space is a core function of cognitive maps. While the influence of boundary-dependent environmental geometry on spatial representations has been extensively studied in 2D spaces, less is known about the role of boundaries for volumetric spatial memory. Research in humans and other ani...

Walking prevents disease and keeps older adults healthy. Studying the walking decision factors of ageing people is an imperative step in understanding and promoting their behaviour. The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and the prototype willingness model (PWM) are two well-known frameworks that deal with reasoned and social reaction processes in d...

Shooting exercises in Indonesia typically use simple bulls-eye targets on wooden boards with sand backstops, requiring manual setup and score calculation. This setup is inefficient, especially for long-range shooting, as operators must walk far to retrieve targets, and bullets embedded in sand are hard to recycle. This project developed an advanced...