Voice Therapy - Science topic

Background: Voice actors are a group of professional voice users who have heavy vocal demands in their profession and, as a result, experience a high percentage of vocal complaints. This study aimed to assess the impact of tele-practice compared to in-person voice therapy on various voice characteristics in voice actors. Methods: A pilot clinical t...

Voice change is a common symptom in ENT, ranging from functional disorders to serious pathology. Delayed specialist assessment can lead to increased symptom burden and reduced quality of life. This audit evaluates the causes of voice change and the role of a dedicated voice clinic at Sligo University Hospital. Forty-three patients were assessed. Mo...

The etiology of dysphonia is diverse (De Bodt et al. 2015; Martins et al. 2016) and thus determines the primary treatment approach (i.e., the start in the manner of treatment and choice of method). Treatment options include conservative voice therapy (Speyer 2008; Ruotsalainen et al. 2008; Eastwood et al. 2015; Walton et al. 2017; da Cunha Pereira...

Objective Around 89% of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) present with speech and voice disorders, but only 3%–4% receive speech treatment. Using the NIH All of Us Research Program, this study aims to report the prevalence of dysphonia, the incidence of speech evaluations and treatments, and potential disparities in PD patients on a nationa...

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine transfeminine individuals' goals for gender-affirming voice care and what they consider success in gender-affirming voice therapy. Method Fifteen transfeminine individuals completed semistructured interviews prior to commencement of gender-affirming voice care. Interviews explored individuals' voice...

Purpose: to compare the clinical findings before and after voice therapy regarding vocal quality and laryngeal diagnosis of patients with dysphonia treated at the service. Methods: a retrospective cohort study with a convenience sample. Evaluation and treatment took place at a teaching voice therapy outpatient clinic assisting the Brazilian Public...

Purpose: to compare the clinical findings before and after voice therapy regarding vocal quality and laryngeal diagnosis of patients with dysphonia treated at the service. Methods: a retrospective cohort study with a convenience sample. Evaluation and treatment took place at a teaching voice therapy outpatient clinic assisting the Brazilian Public...

Spasmodic dysphonia is a laryngeal dystonia that can present as adductor, abductor, or mixed types, with or without tremor. The etiology is not understood fully. Comprehensive evaluation is required to establish the diagnosis. Treatments include voice therapy, medications, botulinum toxin injection, laryngeal surgery, deep brain stimulation, and ot...

Purpose This study aimed to determine the minimally detectable changes (MDCs) and minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs) of auditory-perceptual ratings of voice quality using the Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) scales (i.e., Overall Severity, Roughness, Breathiness, Strain). Method Participants (n = 63) include...

Purpose To assess the safety and immediate effect of photobiomodulation of low-level laser in vocally healthy women. Methods Experimental research in 36 vocally healthy women aged 18 to 45 years, with skin phototype I to III and body mass index below 25. Participants were randomized to form four groups: Group 1: placebo laser photobiomodulation fol...

Objective Acute unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) management differs across the United States. This study aims to characterize current trends in UVFP treatment at US tertiary care voice centers. Data Sources A survey was distributed to laryngologists at 51 tertiary care voice centers within the CoPE (Vocal Cord Paralysis Experience) Collabora...

Late Talker haben ein Risiko für langfristige Sprachdefizite. Interventionsmassnahmen innerhalb der sensiblen Phase des Spracherwerbs helfen Late Talkern, den sprachlichen Rückstand aufzuholen und Sekundärprobleme im schulischen und sozial-emotionalen Bereich zu vermeiden. Dieser Beitrag fasst das Erscheinungsbild und den Entwicklungsverlauf von La...

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury is a critical complication in thyroidectomy, with the severe sequelae of operation-related vocal cord palsies. The primary therapy following RLN injury includes voice therapy and surgical reintervention, both of which render subpar results paired with a long road to recovery. Despite the development of technic...

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and quality of life impact of voice feminization interventions in transgender women. Data Sources We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science for RCTs and retrospective studies published between 2008 and 2023 that quantitatively evaluated any voice feminization procedure. Review Methods Studies in Eng...

Objective With advancements in digital health technologies, telepractice has become crucial for providing accessible medical interventions. Cerebral palsy (CP) frequently results in comorbidities including dysarthria and dysphagia, leading to restrictions in activities. This study evaluates the efficacy of both in-person and telepractice-based inte...

La voz humana desempeña un papel fundamental en la expresión de género de las personas transgénero. La intervención desde la terapia del lenguaje (fonoaudiología o logopedia) ofrece un enfoque viable para feminizar o masculinizar la voz, ya sea como una opción independiente o en conjunto con tratamientos médicos. Sin embargo, estas técnicas son rel...

T a g g e d P Summary: Purpose. To assess the outcomes of three voice therapy treatment approaches with an emphasis on lowering speaking pitch. Transmasculine and cisgender individuals may desire to lower their speaking pitch, yet there has not been a method described in the literature to do this effectively using only behavioral techniques. Method...

Mechanotransduction is a crucial property in all organisms, modulating cellular behaviors in response to external mechanical stimuli. Given the high mobility of vocal folds, it is hypothesized that mechanotransduction significantly contributes to their tissue homeostasis. Recent studies have identified mechanosensitive proteins in vocal fold epithe...

Purpose The aim was to determine and compare the short-term effects of two intensive semi-occluded vocal tract (SOVT) programs, “straw phonation” (SP) and “resonant voice therapy” (RVT), on the phonation of children with vocal fold nodules. Method A pretest–posttest randomized controlled study design was used. Thirty children aged 6–12 years were...

Objectives: This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of Voice Therapy for Post- Thyroidectomy Syndrome (VT-PTS). The primary cause of PTS is the impairment of vertical movement in the larynx due to adhesion of the infrahyoid muscles or laryngeal-tracheal structures. Methods: The study included 12 participants (2 males and 10 females) diagn...

Introduction Benign vocal cord lesions are diagnosed by clinical examination with usually an office-based laryngoscopy examination. The severity of voice impairment can be assessed by severity scores such as the Voice Handicap Index (VHI). These lesions are usually treated by conservative methods such as voice rest/restriction and voice therapy. A...

Vocal cord nodules (VCNs) can be treated with a variety of therapeutic approaches, with controversy regarding the optimal management. This review provides an overview of the most commonly used management strategies and their outcomes to enhance decision making. We conducted a systematic literature search on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to inc...

Introduction. Auditory feedback allows individuals to monitor their vocal characteristics and adjust to maintain optimal voice quality. One type of auditory stimulation for conversational voice training/therapy is pure tone stimulation. This technique presents binaural auditory stimuli consisting of pure tones separated by half-step intervals to mo...

Zusammenfassung Ohne dass es zu stoppen wäre, durchdringt die digitale Transformation sämtliche Lebensbereiche und Arbeitswelten. Auch in der Medizin und Therapie verändert die Digitalisierung die Gesundheitsversorgung und schafft neue Möglichkeiten, Modelle und Perspektiven für Diagnostik, Therapie und Prävention. Im Vergleich zu den Bereichen Wi...

In this study, we examine the predictive factors influencing the outcomes of voice treatment in patients with voice-related disorders, using the voice handicap index (VHI) as a key assessment tool. By analyzing various personal habits and clinical variables, we identify the primary factors associated with changes when comparing VHI scores before an...

Patients with the common autoimmune thyroid disorder, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, may have atypical manifestations more than classical hypothyroidism. This case report describes a 38-year-old female patient with complex severe iron deficiency anemia, dysphagia, menorrhagia due to uterine fibroids, and Hypersensitivity to parenteral iron therapy, speci...

Objectives After modified Wendler glottoplasty (mWG), close follow‐up with laryngologist and speech‐language pathologist (SLP) is thought to be essential to achieve best outcomes. This study presents a case series of patients undergoing mWG at a single institution to identify factors associated with trends in post‐operative follow‐up. Methods Retr...

This article investigates the underlying causes of vocal fold and hypo dissolution and their pathological impact on the acoustic properties of the voice and respiratory function. It delineates the characteristic symptoms experienced by individuals with vocal fold dysfunction, highlighting the adverse effects on voice quality and communication chall...

Objective Muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) is a functional voice condition that causes irregular and imbalanced laryngeal and paralaryngeal muscle activation. Our study aimed to examine the acoustic characteristics of patients with MTD and reveal the differences between genders. Methods The study retrospectively reviewed the acoustic examination fin...

Introduction Semi-occluded vocal tract exercises (SOVTEs) are widely used as a therapeutic tool to create flow resistance in the upper airway. The current study was a randomized controlled clinical trial to establish the efficacy of two SOVTE protocols, flow-resistant tube (FRT) and Lessac-Madsen Resonant Voice Therapy (LMRVT). Exploratory investig...

Komorbiditäten zwischen sprachlichen und externalisierenden sowie internalisierenden Auffälligkeiten sind international gut belegt. Unklar bleiben u. a. die spezifischen Zusammenhänge zwischen Subkomponenten wie rezeptiven und produktiven Fähigkeiten und Symptomen einzelner Störungsbilder wie Aufmerksamkeitsdefizitstörungen oder Störungen des Sozia...

Objectives: Observation of vocal fold vibration during semi-occluded vocal tract exercises (SOVTE) can help in understanding voice production due to semi-occlusion. This study aimed to investigate the differences in vocal fold vibration characteristics among various types of SOVTE. This study may provide valuable evidence to support more specific a...

Purpose Floating ball voice therapy (FBVT) is a voice-controlled virtual environment based on a common treatment component across multiple evidence-based therapies: improved vocal efficiency (target) via practicing voicing with modified resonance and airflow (ingredient). This study preliminarily tested FBVT's effects on outcomes and the potential...

Background: Patients with oral cancer have very common complaints of change in voice. This research is designed to study the effect of oral cancer and its treatment on the various domains of voice like functional, physical, and emotional along with parameters of voice like pitch, loudness and quality. Method: This study included total 48 participan...

Das Verständnis gesprochener Sprache ist für den Erwerb der Bildungssprache und den Schulerfolg essenziell (Glück & Spreer, 2015). Dessen Förderung ist im Kernlehrplan der Grundschule (MSB, 2012) und in der Sprachtherapie verankert. Die Lernverlaufsdiagnostik ist ein lernwirksamer Ansatz in Schulen und ermöglicht eine unmittelbare Evaluation des Le...

Objective Benign phonotraumatic lesions of the vocal folds (BVFLs) are typically seen in younger female patients with high vocal loads. Hemorrhagic polyps (HPs) do not fit the classic paradigm of most BVFLs, as they tend to occur in an older population, have a male predominance, and report to result from a vocal accident. We present one of the larg...

Background Unilateral vocal fold pseudocysts have been hypothesized to result from vocal fold paresis, but no explanation has been proposed for bilateral lesions. This study compares patients with unilateral to those with bilateral pseudocysts for insights into pathogenesis. Methods Adults with unilateral and bilateral pseudocysts evaluated betwee...

This study aimed to examine the impact of the timing of voice therapy on vocal outcomes in patients post-surgery for benign vocal fold lesions.The study prospectively assessed 20 patients undergoing phonomicrosurgery for benign vocal fold lesions. Participants were categorized into early voice therapy (within 7 days), late voice therapy (after 7 da...

Unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) is a common condition that may have varying economical and personal consequences for those afflicted by it. Patients often have dysphonia as a primary concern and may also experience aspiration in certain cases. This research aimed to assess the voice and swallowing results after injection laryngoplasty and me...

Objective Measuring patient motivation for voice therapy is an important component of determining prognosis and estimating compliance. Voice stimulability testing is assumed to influence the patient's motivation by improving their perception of the sound and/or feel of the voice. The purpose of this study was to validate a Voice Therapy Motivation...

Introduction Unilateral vocal fold paralysis (ULVP) is characterized by the complete immobility of a single vocal fold which can cause significant health challenges, including voice impairment, difficulty swallowing, and a high risk of aspiration due to glottic incompetency. The aim of this study is to systematically review the effectiveness of lar...

Background Although psychological factors have been implicated in patients with functional dysphonia (FD), conventional voice therapy (CVT) typically targets the aberrant voice symptoms exclusively. Yet, CVT is not always successful, and in view of the significant adverse quality of life impact combined with the financial burden on the healthcare s...

Background: The need for telepractice and digital treatment has increased due to issues this revision.regarding medical access and the COVID-19 pandemic. However, in many countries, telepractice is rarely performed. The purpose of this pilot study was to describe the detailed process of telepractice in patients with hyperfunctional voice disorder a...

Purpose Volume injected for glottic insufficiency is paramount in achieving desired outcome. Factors that determine the required volume have not been thoroughly investigated and may correlate with outcome. The first objective of this investigation was to evaluate the association between injectable volume and various parameters, including lifestyle...

When hearing a voice, humans tend to make a variety of attributions to the speaker. These include extra-linguistic aspects like age and gender, and para-linguistic aspects like mood or personality, and studies suggest that these attributions are quick, reliable and have real-life consequences by shaping social behaviour. Gender has received conside...

Abductor vocal cord paralysis (AVCP) is a disabling disorder that affects the voice and the quality of life of a patient, and hence, there is importance in providing a detailed knowledge of its aetiology and management. In this review article, we offer an implicational definition of AVCP and a discussion of its background, viewed as potentially aff...

Objectives Bilateral recurrent nerve damage still represents one of the main complications following thyroid surgery, even though the nerve intraoperative monitoring has allowed the decrease of this injury. This observational retrospective study aims to define the onset modalities and the recovery time of different clinical conditions that may occu...

Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo é realizar uma revisão integrativa da literatura brasileira sobre os recursos que vêm sendo utilizados na terapia vocal nos últimos cinco anos. Método: foram utilizadas as bases de dados SciELO, LILACS e MEDLINE para realizar o levantamento de artigos científicos realizados por autores brasileiros e produzidos no B...

Objectives To assess the efficacy and long‐term durability of the enhanced technique of Type II Vocal Fold Shortening and Retrodisplacement of the Anterior Commissure (VFSRAC) for voice feminization compared with the preceding Type I method. Methods A retrospective analysis encompassed 506 patients drawn from a cohort of 1025 MtF transgender women...

INTRODUCTION: Voice disorders, or dysphonia, are prevalent conditions impacting individuals' lives. Novafon Local Vibration Voice Therapy (NLVVT) is an emerging intervention using vibrational stimulation for voice rehabilitation. This systematic review evaluates NLVVT's efficacy in improving voice quality, neuromuscular control, and self-reported o...

La laringitis se caracteriza por una inflamación del epitelio de la laringe, dividiéndose en dos tipos de laringitis las cuales son diferenciadas por el tiempo de evolución, la aguda se caracteriza por ser autolimitada a diferencia de la crónica la misma que dura más de tres semanas y se debe a múltiples causas laríngeas y extralariangueas como el...

Objetivo. Evaluar la sensibilidad al cambio del Índice de Desventaja Vocal (versión Argentina del Voice Handicap Index) de 30 ítems (IDV-30) y su versión abreviada (IDV-10). Metodología. Se administraron el IDV-30 e IDV-10 a sujetos con disfonía de variada etiología antes (“PRE”) y después (“POST”) de recibir terapia vocal. Se utilizaron muestras i...

Purpose This clinical tutorial will present the concept of applying auditory-perceptual prompts (implicit instruction) typically used in voice therapy to the anatomy and physiology of the voice production system (explicit instruction) via the Estill Voice Model (EVM) and the Rehabilitation Treatment Specification System (RTSS). Methods EVM offers...

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the vocal changes in adults experiencing subjective vocal fatigue through a three-week intervention employing a semi-occluded ventilation mask (SOVM), which is a type of semi-occluded vocal tract exercise (SOVTE), and Korean speech materials. Methods: We implemented a three-week intervention program using...

Zweck/Ziel Unabhängig von den individuellen sprachlichen Voraussetzungen stellt der Wechsel von einer Bildungsinstitution in die andere für die Persönlichkeitsentwicklung von Kindern eine Herausforderung dar. Ein Aspekt, der entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Gestaltung des Überganges und dessen Gelingen hat, ist die Kooperation zwischen Kindertagesst...

El término “presbifonía” se refiere a la sintomatología generada por cambios fisiológicos del sistema de producción vocal en personas mayores saludables. Existen diversos enfoques terapéuticos para su abordaje, sin embargo, no existe suficiente investigación que permita documentarlos y, a partir de ellos, conocer las técnicas disponibles y eficaces...

Background Up to 75% of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) experience voice and speech impairments, such as breathy phonation and low speech volume, which worsen over time and negatively impact the quality of life. However, given their increasingly limited mobility, face-to-face speech therapy is often inaccessible. Mobile health (mHealth) apps o...

Dysphonia is a prevalent condition that can impact individuals across all age groups. It occurs when normal voice quality is altered, caused by structural and/or functional issues. Evaluation and assessment from clinicians are warranted if dysphonia persists for more than four weeks and/or is coupled with risk factors or other concerning clinical m...

Das Verständnis gesprochener Sprache ist für den Erwerb der Bildungssprache und den Schulerfolg essenziell (Glück & Spreer, 2015). Dessen Förderung ist sowohl im Kernlehrplan der Grundschule (MSB, 2012) und in der Sprachtherapie verankert. Die Lernverlaufsdiagnostik ist ein lernwirksamer Ansatz in Grund- und Förderschulen und ermöglicht eine unmitt...

Background Management of benign vocal fold lesions (BVFLs) is variable with individuals receiving surgery, voice therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Some evidence suggests that the best outcomes may be achieved when patients are offered pre- and post-operative voice therapy in addition to phonosurgery, but what constitutes pre- and post-...

Purpose Literature suggests a dependency of the acoustic metrics, smoothed cepstral peak prominence (CPPS) and harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR), on human voice loudness and fundamental frequency (F0). Even though this has been explained with different oscillatory patterns of the vocal folds, so far, it has not been specifically investigated. In the p...

Purpose Systematically improving voice therapy outcomes is challenging as the clinician actions (i.e., active ingredients) responsible for improved patient functioning (i.e., targets) are relatively unknown. The theory-driven Rehabilitation Treatment Specification System (RTSS) and standard, voice-specific terminology based on the RTSS (RTSS-Voice)...

Abductor laryngeal dystonia (ABLD) is a rare neurological voice disorder which results in sporadic opening of the vocal folds during speech. Etiology is unknown, and to date there is no identified effective behavioral treatment for it. It is hypothesized that LSVT LOUD®, which was developed to treat dysphonia secondary to Parkinson's disease, may h...

Hypokinetic dysarthria in Parkinson's Disease (HD-PD) deteriorates patients' quality of life by impeding communication and social engagement. Existing treatments like levodopa drugs and deep brain stimulation (DBS) can improve motor symptoms but fall short in addressing speech-related impairments; effective speech therapies tend not to mandate the...

Objective Despite gender-affirming laryngological services (GALS; eg, voice therapy or surgery) being available nationwide, there is a discrepancy between the number of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people with vocal incongruence and those who pursue services. Primary care is an important setting for accessing gender-affirming care, includin...

Objective. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of voice therapy combined with standard anti-reflux therapy in reducing symptoms and signs of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). Methods. A randomised clinical trial was conducted. Fifty-two patients with LPR diagnosed by 24 h multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring were randomly a...

In recent years, there have been international references to the vocal approach for the specific group of transgender individuals, although the Latin American literature is still very timid on this matter. The purpose of this article is to identify the current norms, statistics, and vocal approach towards transgender individuals in Chile and Argent...

Purpose Voice is a cultural construct directly linked to identity. Given the degree of cultural diversity that exists, clinicians cannot be expected to comprehend the intricacies of every culture in their patient population. This observation emphasizes the necessity of a universal approach. Research suggests that self-determination theory (SDT) can...

Objective To identify characteristics associated with successful electrolarynx (EL) use after total laryngectomy (TL). Methods Records of 196 adults who underwent TL from 03/15/2012 to 03/15/2022 at the University of Washington and Puget Sound Veterans Affairs were reviewed. Characteristics included age, Charlson Comorbidity Index, social support,...

Zusammenfassung Einleitung/Hintergrund DC_TRAIN_APHASIA ist eine multizentrische, randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie, die seit November 2019 unter Federführung der Universitätsmedizin Greifswald durchgeführt wird (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03930121). Die Studie untersucht, ob adjuvante transkranielle Gleichstromstimulation („transcranial di...

Purpose Rehabilitation intervention descriptions often do not explicitly identify active ingredients or how those ingredients lead to changes in patient functioning. The Rehabilitation Treatment Specification System (RTSS) provides guidance to identify the critical aspects of any rehabilitation therapy and supported the development of standardly na...

Background This work aims to compare between stretch-and-flow voice therapy and Smith accent method of voice therapy in treatment of hyperfunctional dysphonia in order to assess the benefit of using this new technique in its management. A randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Unit of Phoniatrics, Otorhinolaryngology Department, in the pe...

Thirty-one patients with adduction spasmodic dysphonia who had received no treatment or only voice therapy received an injection of lidocaine into their vocal cords on one side. After injection, their conversational voice was evaluated and their larynx was observed by laryngoscopy every 10-60 minutes. All patients were observed to have weakness of...

Zusammenfassung: Kognitive Kommunikationsstörungen (Cognitive Communication Disorders = CCDs) bezeichnen kommunikative Beeinträchtigungen, die v. a. die kommunikativ-pragmatischen Fähigkeiten betreffen und primär durch begleitende kognitive Störungen, z. B. der Gedächtnis-, Aufmerksamkeits-, und exekutiven Planungsfunktionen bedingt sind. Eine beso...

Benign vocal fold lesions (BVFLs) are acquired structural anomalies of the vocal folds, and these are primarily a result of vocal abuse or phonotrauma. Phonotraumatic lesions are not generally regarded as recurrent, provided that appropriate behavioral changes are made after resolution or surgical removal. Voice therapy plays a crucial role in this...

Objectives Post intubation phonatory insufficiency (PIPI) or posterior glottic diastasis describes posterior glottic insufficiency (PGI) caused by prolonged intubation causing medial arytenoid ulceration, mucosal scarring, and incomplete cricoarytenoid joint adduction. The purpose of this review is to showcase diagnostic findings, surgical rehabili...

Purpose The present study aimed at assessing the efficacy of remote voice therapy (telepractice) implemented with Shaker Medic Plus device in subjects with vocal fatigue. Method Thirty-six participants were initially enrolled in this study. Twenty-four participants with vocal fatigue were finally randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: (...

Purpose A clinical case of right posteromedial true vocal fold sulcus is presented with case history, auditory perceptual analysis and accompanying audio files and ratings, laryngoscopic files and ratings, and acoustic analysis, as well as impressions and plan for treatment. Method A single clinical case of right posteromedial true vocal fold sulc...

Die Diagnostik mehrsprachiger Kinder stellt die medizinisch-therapeutische Praxis vor besondere Herausforderungen; sie erfordert ein breites Repertoire an Verfahren und Methoden sowie eine detaillierte Anamnese. Standardisierte Testverfahren für Kinder mit Deutsch als Zweitsprache, die differenzierte Normen für Alter und Dauer des Kontakts zum Deut...

Background Following total laryngectomy, surgical voice restoration is considered the optimal modality for re-establishing communication via tracheoesophageal voice. Yet beyond the insertion of a voice prosthesis to elicit voice production, there is suboptimal clinical knowledge of how to rehabilitate the perceptual quality of tracheoesophageal voi...

Over the last three years, a variety of oscillatory positive expiratory pressure (OPEP) devices have been commonly used by voice therapist and trainers (e.g. Acapella Choice, Shaker Deluxe, Shaker Medic Plus, New Shaker), even if they were not originally created for voice-treatment purposes. OPEP are intended to be used by physiotherapists to mobil...

Summary: Objectives. Positive expiratory pressure (PEP) devices have become an additional therapeutic approach for treating voice disorders. Similar to water resistance therapy (WRT), phonation in a PEP device introduces a secondary source of vibration within the vocal tract. This investigation aimed to compare the effects of phonation using a PEP...

Background: In Europe, one in 700 children is currently born with a cleft palate and/or lip (CP±L), half of whom require speech therapy after their primary surgery. Aims: To conduct a systematic review of prospective original studies on the effectiveness of phonetic, phonological, or combined therapy approaches in children and adolescents (1;0-1...