Science topic
Virtues - Science topic
Character traits that are considered to be morally praiseworthy. (Bioethics Thesaurus)
Questions related to Virtues
The concept of fasting and intermittent fasting has spiritual roots. However sceintific literature suggsts fasting helps in healing the body by virtue of autophagy and helps in clearing infections , dead cells etc. Further discussion on topic is requested
In most cases survey research involves covering a wide geographic bound and/or a large number of population study. And due to the high cost and considerable time of coverage provision is made for the use of samples in the study.
To guide appropriate sample selection, a good understanding of the principles of sampling techniques and sampling procedures becomes crucial.
Basically there are two methods of sampling, which are the probability and non-probability methods.
The probability method has four sampling techniques - simple random, systematic, stratified and cluster.
The non-probability method numerous sampling techniques, among which are purposive, quota, snowballing, convenient etc.
The emerging questions are: What are these sampling methods or techniques designed for? To sample study population or study location?
A careful study of these sampling techniques and procedures reveals that they are designed MAINLY FOR SAMPLING OF STUDY POPULATION or the set of people to be studied.
THE SAMPLING TECHNIQUES ARE NEVER DESIGNED FOR SAMPLING OF STUDY LOCATION,
NO MATTER HOW LARGE THE GEOGRAPHIC SPREAD OR BOUND IS, there is NO PROVISION FOR SAMPLING AREAS AS STUDY LOCATION
By default, an area or a social system becomes a study location by virtue of the existence of the social phenomenon to be studied in the area.
Where it is invariably impossible to cover the entire geographic bound, it is not the locations (such as communities, counties, local government areas, or states) to be sampled but the people that make up the study population across the locations.
CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE provides the right procedure for this.
If you are to conduct a survey study on post traumatic effects of COVID-19 in Nigeria or the US, how will handle the geographic spread of the study? Let's have your take!
hashtag#SocialScienceResearchHints hashtag#Survey hashtag#Studylocation hashtag#SamplingTechniques hashtag#SamplingProcedures hashtag#ClusterSamplingTechnique
According to epistemic virtue theory, a purpose-driven mindset, diligence, cognitive resilience, and related personality traits are considered intellectual values. These psycho-moral virtues, as existential weights, fill the emptiness of a nihilistic life, bringing an empowering sense of joy, inner strength, and unwavering determination. In your perspective, what are intellectual values?
Suppose there is a phosphate group with P attached to 4 groups-
-O-R, -O-R', -O, =O (Last two differs by the bond type: single and double bond)
The P is sp3 hybridised and would be chiral if all 4 groups attached to it are different. Are -O (single bond) and =O (double bond) considered to be different groups by virtue of their difference in bond type?
Doctoral Research on the topic of Happiness and Virtue in Ancient Philosophy
using book 1 and 2 of Nicomachean Ethics, do u think virtue is essential to happiness?
Can emotional intelligence be considered a form of moral virtue, and if so, how does it contribute to ethical decision-making and virtuous behavior?
Other than the widely discussed trolley problem,
The following is based on the words of the man, the historical Buddha; nothing typically thought of as religion is involved. I believe you may find it helpful.
"[ When one ] has clearly seen with correct wisdom as it really is, this dependent origination and these dependently arisen phenomenon, it is impossible that he will run back to the past thinking: 'Did I exist in the past? What was I in the past? How was I in the past?' OR that he will run forward into the future, thinking: 'Will I exist in the future? Will I not exist in the future? What will I be in the future? How will I be in the future? Having been what, what will I become in the future?' OR that he will now be inwardly confused about the present thus: 'Do I exist? Do I not exist? What am I? How am I? This being -- where has it come from, and where will it go?' ..."
"... the Dhamma [(the Way)] has ... been well-expounded ..., elucidated, disclosed, revealed, stripped of patchwork, this is enough for ... [one ] who has gone forth out of faith to arouse his energy thus: 'Willingly, let only my skin, sinews, and bones remain, and let the flesh and blood dry up in my body, but I will not relax my energy so long as I have not attained what can be attained by manly strength, by manly energy, by manly exertion'..."
"... Considering your own good, ..., it is enough to strive for the goal with diligence; considering the good of others, it is enough to strive for the goal with diligence; considering the good of both, it is enough to strive for the goal with diligence."
"Do not think about past, future, or present existence. To be fortunate upon death: You have, in life, through intentional actions earned merit (& generated & changed/created kamma). And, thus to be so fortunate, in life: you have engaged in what you have to do ..."
“ [He who] understands as they really are the gratification, the danger, and the escape in the case of the 5 faculties [(the 'senses')], then he is called a stream-enterer, no longer bound to the nether world.”
"... [He is] “liberated by non-clinging”, “one whose taints are destroyed”, “one who has done what had to be done ... reached his goal.” “... utterly destroyed the fetters of existence, [become] one completely liberated "
"Through dispassion [his mind] is liberated. When it is liberated there comes the knowledge: 'It's liberated.' He understands: 'Destroying birth, the holy life has been lived, what had to be done has been done, there is no more for this state of being.'"
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" (1)–(2) the purpose and benefit of wholesome virtuous behavior is non-regret; (3) the purpose and benefit of non-regret is joy; (4) the purpose and benefit of joy is rapture; (5) the purpose and benefit of rapture is tranquility; (6) the purpose and benefit of tranquility is pleasure; (7) the purpose and benefit of pleasure is concentration; (8) the purpose and benefit of concentration is the knowledge and vision of things as they really are; (9) the purpose and benefit of the knowledge and vision of things as they really are is disenchantment and dispassion; and (10) the purpose and benefit of disenchantment and dispassion is the knowledge and vision of liberation. Thus,..., wholesome virtuous behavior progressively leads to the foremost.”
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“Ignorance is the forerunner in the entry upon unwholesome states, with shamelessness and fearlessness of wrongdoing following along.”
“For an unwise person immersed in ignorance, wrong view springs up. For one of wrong view, wrong intention springs up. For one of wrong intention, wrong speech speech springs up.”
“... wrong speech, wrong action ... wrong action, wrong livelihood ... wrong livelihood, wrong effort ,... wrong effort, wrong mindfulness, ... wrong mindfulness, wrong concentration.”
“... There is feeling with wrong view as a condition, also feeling with right view as condition ... feeling with wrong concentration as condition and feeling with right concentration as condition. There is feeling with desire as condition, also feeling with thought as condition, also feeling with perception as condition.
... when desire has subsided, and perception has subsided, there is also feeling with that as condition. There is effort for the as-yet-unattained; when that stage has been reached, there is also feeling with that as condition.”
“... true knowledge is the forerunner in the entry upon wholesome states, with a sense of shame and fear of wrongdoing following along ... true knowledge, right view; right view, right intention; ..., right speech; ..., right action; ..., right livelihood; ... , right effort; ..., right mindfulness; ..., right concentration.”
" [(One in training on the Path)] generates desire for the non-arising of unarisen evil, unwholesome states; he makes an effort, arouses energy, applies his mind, and strives. He generates desire for the abandoning of evil, arisen unwholesome states. ... He generates desire for the arising of wholesome states. He generates desire for the maintenance of arisen wholesome states, for their non-decay, increase, expansion,and fulfillment by development; he makes an effort, aroused energy, applies his mind and strives.”
“ ... whatever wholesome states there are, they are rooted in diligence, converge upon diligence, and diligence is declared to be chief among them..”
“Whatever strenuous deeds are done, [they] are all done based upon the earth, established upon the earth, so too, based upon virtue, established upon virtue.”
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For a comprehensive (and realistic/naturalistic and rational) summary of all the words of the historical Buddha (the Pali Canon), see: https://mynichecomp.com .
Should we start using “The appropriate role in the appropriate place at the right time” or “NEW” instead of “The right person in the right place at the right time.?” by Thomas B. Holman?
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The saying “the right person in the right place at the right time.” is considered the biggest deception in all scientific, humanitarian, and religious fields worldwide.
I suggest replacing it with “the appropriate role in the appropriate place at the right time.” not only for the person but also for legal parties, such as organizations, countries, political parties, writers, researchers, high positions, innovators, politicians, famous people, thinkers, philosophers, clerics, and professional roles.
Consider this saying and its application against all divine and artificial laws. How?
And why?
An application of God’s law on earth, one of the essential roles of man (human rights) in life is to apply what God has revealed to His prophets and messengers of laws and rulings that are applicable in every time and place, and among his tasks is also to ensure their application and care by establishing borders, spreading virtues, and commanding Virtue and forbidding evil.
The laws (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) contributed to establishing awareness of human freedom and his right to a free and dignified life, and liberating him from all restrictions, as these laws of one source made man the orbit of the universe and the source of honor in his human capacity.
That is why the roles you play or represent are significant. Forget your personality anywhere: in your home. In faiths and all fields, roles are part of the system.
Unfortunately, most human beings have mastered evil roles in various ways through their actions, and we will show those roles and their performers through tradition, history, science, and knowledge.
Good roles are not well-known by most people. We will do our best to draw them and clarify their application from the sources of heavenly sciences and doctrines and the reasons for our failure to know them, not for criticism but for treatment and return to good roles and away from devilish and evil roles.
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We will reveal the evil roles and show how to perform the good roles with examples and evidence, and we will allow you to participate in many discussions, dialogues, and live broadcasts, God willing.
Next Questions?
[1]
Why “the appropriate role in the appropriate place at the right time.”?
[2]
How to apply the “NEW” saying per each concept?
[3]
Suggestion: Looking forward to generating a group on LinkedIn and Platforms on many social media. What do you think?
i was looking at Virtue approach, Common good approach
Hello
I am looking for a translation of the 24 character strengths and virtues as defined by the VIA-IS in Ukranian language
Best regards
T. Hendriks
In some countries, capital profits are exempted by virtue of a presumption from the tax legislator, bearing in mind that the income tax law does not provide for their exemption. Is it permissible to bypass the law and rely on the presumption of the legislator?
Regarding the advances in this theory which stresses the practice of environmental virtues and flourishing, how can it offer workable solutions in case of ethical dilemmas (such as the necessity to build a dam to save people's lives and the necessity to keep biodiversity in the targeted bioregion)?
Dear Abdelhafid Jabri,
The level of environmental ethics depends on society-wide pro-environmental awareness. The formation of society-wide pro-environmental awareness is an important factor in the formation of people's habits in the field of nature protection, protection of the planet's climate and biosphere, protection of the biodiversity of natural ecosystems. If the business and political spheres slow down the processes of pro-environmental transformation of the economy, including pro-environmental transformation of the energy sector, development of renewable and emission-free sources of energy, then the key role in this issue, including in the issue of shaping the general social pro-environmental awareness is played by non-governmental organisations, grassroots social movements, science institutions and environmentally conscious citizens. Therefore, due to the accelerating process of global warming, the importance of NGOs, grassroots social movements in shaping ethical, pro-environmental attitudes of citizens is steadily increasing. Environmental ethics is a concept closely related to the issue of the environmental social responsibility of economic entities, including companies, businesses, corporations, etc., whose activities affect the environment and the planet's climate in specific, including often negative, ways. This happens when certain economic entities, noticing the increase of general social awareness of customers in order to improve their image, add pro-environmental issues, sustainable development, green economy, implementation of eco-innovations etc. to their company mission and development strategy. Then, in advertising campaigns, they present their product and service offerings and their corporate mission as green, sustainable, pro-environmental, closed loop economy, etc. If this is factually correct, then the specific economic entity is acting in an environmentally ethical manner and complying with the principles of social environmental responsibility. In view of the above, the issue of the general social environmental awareness of citizens and the social environmental responsibility of businesses and institutions are important factors in the smooth implementation of a pro-environmental transformation of the economy in order to build a sustainable, green, zero-carbon, zero-growth economy and a closed loop economy. How quickly and efficiently this pro-environmental transformation of the economy is carried out, on the other hand, is a key determinant of the possibility of slowing down the progressive process of global warming and reducing the scale of any future climate catastrophe.
Best regards,
Dariusz
Philosophers of science typically recognize two kinds of values in scientific practice: (1) epistemic (or theoretical, or cognitive) virtues, like accuracy, testability, empirical support, etc, and (2) ethical (or social, or regulative) norms, like justice, egalitarianism, openness, etc. Of course, the strict separation of these categories is open to disagreement.
Are there values or norms (of either kind) that are unique to mathematics? Rigour (or provability) is one possibility; computability is another. Can you think of others? Do values play the same kind of role in math as in the natural sciences?
I find VIA as an instrument is great! I would want to utilize it my surveys. In addition to that, I also want to measure Confucian virtues such as “harmony”. So I am looking for a validated instrument on the Confucian virtues. Please help!
Thank you!
Yan
Usually, literature is analysed by means of textual methods (textual analysis). As I am about to start analysing my selected novels for PhD using a philosophical theory, this question came to my mind.
Algorithm to Nourish Soul
Step 1: Prepare a list of soul objects of you. Select
a sample of your neighborhood of relations as
judgment set.
Step 2: Classify the list in step 1 in to two spaces
Virtue Space and Vice Space
Step 3: Select the proper measure order to get
meaningful result and α = 0.6, β=0.1
Step 4: Use email/whatsapp/letter/etc commu-
nication to collect feedback and use the equation
of judgment [1] to find the Soul status of Virtue
Space and Vice Space at time T.
Step 5: Check whether the soul process shows
that you are in (i) R(β–Hell),(ii)not in R(β –Hell) ,
(iii)R(α –Heaven) or (iv) not in R(α –Heaven).
Step 6: If you are in R(α –Heaven) and not in
R(β –Hell) , α = α + 0.1, β= β - 0.01
Step 7: Improve your positive soul objects, con-
trol and reduce your negative soul objects.
Step 8: If α > 1 and β < 0 go to step 10.
Step 9: T= T+ (n days), n €N. Allow change in
sample of neighborhood of relations.Go to step 4.
Step 10: Stop
Reference : Attached
This question is inspired in the article of yesterday by John Horvat II https://www.returntoorder.org/2014/07/saint-thomas-say-immigration-2/?pkg=rtoe0886
In looking at the debate over immigration, it is almost automatically assumed that the Church’s position is one of unconditional charity toward those who enter the nation, legally or illegally.
However, is this the case? What does the Bible say about immigration? What do Church doctors and theologians say? Above all, what does the greatest of doctors, Saint Thomas Aquinas, say about immigration? Does his opinion offer some insights to the burning issues now shaking the nation and blurring the national borders?
Saint Thomas: “Man’s relations with foreigners are twofold: peaceful, and hostile: and in directing both kinds of relation the Law contained suitable precepts.”
Commentary: In making this affirmation, Saint Thomas affirms that not all immigrants are equal. Every nation has the right to decide which immigrants are beneficial, that is, “peaceful,” to the common good. As a matter of self-defense, the State can reject those criminal elements, traitors, enemies and others who it deems harmful or “hostile” to its citizens.
The second thing he affirms is that the manner of dealing with immigration is determined by law in the cases of both beneficial and “hostile” immigration. The State has the right and duty to apply its law.
Saint Thomas: “For the Jews were offered three opportunities of peaceful relations with foreigners. First, when foreigners passed through their land as travelers. Secondly, when they came to dwell in their land as newcomers. And in both these respects the Law made kind provision in its precepts: for it is written (Exodus 22:21): ’Thou shalt not molest a stranger [advenam]’; and again (Exodus 22:9): ’Thou shalt not molest a stranger [peregrino].’”
Commentary: Here Saint Thomas acknowledges the fact that others will want to come to visit or even stay in the land for some time. Such foreigners deserved to be treated with charity, respect and courtesy, which is due to any human of good will. In these cases, the law can and should protect foreigners from being badly treated or molested.
Saint Thomas: “Thirdly, when any foreigners wished to be admitted entirely to their fellowship and mode of worship. With regard to these a certain order was observed. For they were not at once admitted to citizenship: just as it was law with some nations that no one was deemed a citizen except after two or three generations, as the Philosopher says (Polit. iii, 1).”
Commentary: Saint Thomas recognizes that there will be those who will want to stay and become citizens of the lands they visit. However, he sets as the first condition for acceptance a desire to integrate fully into what would today be considered the culture and life of the nation.
A second condition is that the granting of citizenship would not be immediate. The integration process takes time. People need to adapt themselves to the nation. He quotes the philosopher Aristotle as saying this process was once deemed to take two or three generations. Saint Thomas himself does not give a time frame for this integration, but he does admit that it can take a long time.
Saint Thomas: “The reason for this was that if foreigners were allowed to meddle with the affairs of a nation as soon as they settled down in its midst, many dangers might occur, since the foreigners not yet having the common good firmly at heart might attempt something hurtful to the people.”
Commentary: The common sense of Saint Thomas is certainly not politically correct but it is logical. The theologian notes that living in a nation is a complex thing. It takes time to know the issues affecting the nation. Those familiar with the long history of their nation are in the best position to make the long-term decisions about its future. It is harmful and unjust to put the future of a place in the hands of those recently arrived, who, although through no fault of their own, have little idea of what is happening or has happened in the nation. Such a policy could lead to the destruction of the nation.
As an illustration of this point, Saint Thomas later notes that the Jewish people did not treat all nations equally since those nations closer to them were more quickly integrated into the population than those who were not as close. Some hostile peoples were not to be admitted at all into full fellowship due to their enmity toward the Jewish people.
Saint Thomas: “Nevertheless it was possible by dispensation for a man to be admitted to citizenship on account of some act of virtue: thus it is related (Judith 14:6) that Achior, the captain of the children of Ammon, ‘was joined to the people of Israel, with all the succession of his kindred.’”
Commentary: That is to say, the rules were not rigid. There were exceptions that were granted based on the circumstances. However, such exceptions were not arbitrary but always had in mind the common good. The example of Achior describes the citizenship bestowed upon the captain and his children for the good services rendered to the nation.
* * *
These are some of the thoughts of Saint Thomas Aquinas on the matter of immigration based on biblical principles. It is clear that immigration must have two things in mind: the first is the nation’s unity; and the second is the common good.
Immigration should have as its goal integration, not disintegration or segregation. The immigrant should not only desire to assume the benefits but the responsibilities of joining into the full fellowship of the nation. By becoming a citizen, a person becomes part of a broad family over the long term and not a shareholder in a joint stock company seeking only short-term self-interest.
Secondly, Saint Thomas teaches that immigration must have in mind the common good; it cannot destroy or overwhelm a nation.
This explains why so many Americans experience uneasiness caused by massive and disproportional immigration. Such policy artificially introduces a situation that destroys common points of unity and overwhelms the ability of a society to absorb new elements organically into a unified culture. The common good is no longer considered.
A proportional immigration has always been a healthy development in a society since it injects new life and qualities into a social body. But when it loses that proportion and undermines the purpose of the State, it threatens the well-being of the nation.
When this happens, the nation would do well to follow the advice of Saint Thomas Aquinas and biblical principles. The nation must practice justice and charity towards all, including foreigners, but it must above all safeguard the common good and its unity, without which no country can long endure.
Currently writing a paper on the Euthyphro Dilemma, discussing the origins of morality, metaethical and normative positions without God, and then revisiting the ED for Virtue Ethics. Could it be the case that the virtuous act is virtuous because the virtuous agent does it, or does the virtuous agent do it because it is virtuous? Really appreciate anyone's insight! Many thanks.
Is it reason, intelligence, superior nature, rights, or something else?
Even tigers and lions kill just to survive. Lions kill other lions' cubs just because of "the egoistic gen". However, we kill - yearly (!) - hundreds and hundreds million of animals just for our food (and we most likely are successors of fruits-eating animals, as, e.g., also Pan paniscus are) and for mere entertainment (so called "hunting" - the same predators' "virtue" ) and simply disgusting pleasure (furs). We are keeping them in frightening conditions in meantime. (As if they were not living soul persons just as we all are?) And we kill them for nothing in millions just under suspection of slightest endangering for our own health:
In early November, the Danish government announced a plan to slaughter 15 million mink due to emerging fears of the COVID-19 mutation, which could be transmitted from these animals to humans. At a press conference held on November 4, Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen announced that twelve people had contracted the mutant virus and added that mink are "considered a threat to public health".
15 mln vs. 12 - isn't it a clear evidence of presumption of Homo sapiens sapiens
to be actually the most predatory (and beyond compare measure EXTRAORDINARY) of species of whole the Multiverse, therefore?
Photo from:
Dania. Władze wybiły norki. Teraz ich truchła wychodzą z ziemi (wprost.pl)
Hi all,
I am interested in collecting the positive psychology scales and questionnaires established in physical activity, exercise and sport settings. I mean here by positive psychology subjective experience variables (i.e., flourishing, well-being, happiness, courage, gratitude, passion, ...etc.) or strengths and virtues.
Thanks for your help.
All my best
Marei
Aristotle, the great Greek philosopher, says virtue is the middle ground of two vices!
But if it is, then there must be twice the virtues, vices
At all times someone argues againist another on virtues and evils in ethics, then what parts of ethics are there? Actually the virtues and evils of mankind is controlled by some rullers, or by rationality of mankind? Who is the Creator?
Is it ever possible to deduce the attributes of a thing by virtue of it being a member of a group, when those attributes are not actually part of the definition of the group?
Consider this conditional syllogism:
1. All horses are red.
2. Jenny is a horse.
Therefore, Jenny is red.
Can this ever be valid unless redness is part of the definition of ‘horse’? And if it is part of the definition, then the conclusion is merely a restatement of part of “Jenny is a horse.” If redness is not part of the definition, then the argument becomes either an inference or an equivocation. It seems to me that all groups exist only by definition, and its members can have no necessary attributes other than those we assign to them by definition. If we define a 'calcium atom' as an atom that has 20 protons, then we can’t “deduce” anything about any particular member of the group 'calcium atoms' other than that it has 20 protons. We can infer that it also has 20 electrons, but we can’t deduce it unless we also make the number of electrons part of the definition as well. But is a tautology really a deduction?
Please explain me. What are RMSD L.B. and RMSD U.B. ?
How to predict which is the better binding site for a ligand on a protein.
Please also explain me what is the virtue respective of delta G.
- In recent years, particular interest is given to halophytes as bioactive molecules tanks unexplored. Is halophytes plants have medicinal virtues?
A central aspect in precision medicine is the finding of biomarkers. But biomarkers can fall into very vague definition. High blood pressure, Low Hemoglobin and presence of PCA are specific biomarkers for hypertension, anemia and prostate cancer. High body is an alarming biomarker, but it can be a sign of many things, from a physiological reaction to the prelude of a fatal convulsion.
Thus some criteria must exist to discern about the virtues of a biomarker as a herald of a specific condition.
Thanks
Jose Luis Hernandez Caceres
Happiness based on virtues and natural law rather than egoistical happiness seems to leave a longer lasting happiness yet many people practice narcissistic happiness. What is your take on this issue?
This question will be used in my graduation thesis.
There are many virtues in spiritual thinking, which nevertheless serves a psychological purpose, but religious ideas and thinking occupy another area of cognitive processes that seems distinctive from both, and yet fulfills psychological needs, cognitive, and philosophical needs-that is provides a shared worldview.
What do you think is the best response that the hedonist can give to the problem? Is this response adequate?
Why or why wouldn't you find the psychological egoist's explanation plausible?
Why might someone believe that it is? What challenges does such a view face?
For a research study about virtues of medical professional. I ask your collaboration to a question of unique answer to elect. Click the link below. Thank you.
Para un estudio de investigación sobre virtudes del profesional médico, te pido tu colaboración a una pregunta de respuesta única a elegir. Pulsa el enlace o link debajo. Muchas gracias.
The Christian tradition has always emphasized prudence, courage, temperance, justice (the four classical virtues), faith, hope, and love (the three theological virtues).
Often the objections raised to claims of getting power from permanent magnets are accompanied by the argument “How one can get an output without an input?”. When it is said so normally we meant to say “see we are not giving it any input”. But isn’t it the same with hydroelectric power? The water had a potential energy by virtue of the gravitational force that pulls it. Likewise magnet is also pulled by another magnet. So if we had a fluid of tiny magnets being pulled by a large magnet, power can be produced from the kinetic energy of mass of magnetic fluid. Then the question that should be asked is: Is there sufficient magnetic energy stored in the system that can be converted into some other useful form?
I've been wondering since a few months ago what do you think is the most important virtue a scientific should have or develop to make impactant or good research? I supose there are a few critical features a scientific cannot rid off before, during and after they start making research for the very first time.
Thanks for answering.
I would like to have your views on individualism: what it means, how it shows, and where it comes from. Is it a virtue to be emulated or a vice to be shunned? Is it a healthy trait, or a malady? How does it affect relationships in faith-based communities and/or families? Your responses and contributions of supporting sources will be highly appreciated.
Is it based on utility, desert, virtue, liberty, or something else?
How can we differentiate virtues and values or are they same in meaning. Please provide some examples.
I am interested in measuring citizenship behavior of residents of a particular society (City or a country for that matter). In literature 'organization citizenship behavior- OCB has drawn much attention. I found 3 sub-scales of OCB to be 'helping others', 'sportsmanship' and 'civic virtue' widely validated in different cultural contexts. Can we extrapolate this scale to measure citizenship behavior of a large social group, not confined by organizational settings, for example residents of a town? Or is there any alternate measurement scale available to gauge the general citizenship behavior of citizens.
Please guide.
Thanks.
Salman.
I am working on a lecture on the plague and compassion. Historical evidence suggests that theme of the wholesale abandonment of the sick and dying in plague literature and art is not accurate. This opens up the question of how compassion can overcome extreme fear. It is easy to account for the desertion of loved ones because of fear. But how does one account for the many medical professionals of the time, religious, and loved ones who ministered to the sick and dying in the plague. Is compassion a learned and cultivated virtue or genetic trait? What influence does the social order or disorder have on its expression? Thanks for your thoughts. Ross
