Violence Prevention - Science topic

Last year we (Weltens et al) published a systematic review on aggression on closed wards . And Weltens published this year a study on agression in patiemnts and effect and influences by nurses. THese studies might be of help

I am interested. I sent you an email.

Yes, its impact may be there because societies are not same.

After all, local laws set the standard?

Please see the NEW article published in the BOOK ... here details

2.  Economic benefits of reducing achieving gap.

Hello,

Are these of any help?

Ó'hAdhmaill (2012) Community Development, Conflict and Power in the North of Ireland'. IN: Community Development, Chapter: 'Community Development, Conflict and Power in the North of Ireland', Publisher: Dublin: Gill and MacMillan., Editors: Jackson, A, O'Doherty, C, eds

Murtagh, B. (1999). Community and conflict in rural Ulster. Centre for the Study of Conflict, University of Ulster.

Very best wishes,

Mary

In India incidences of vandalism are quite common. To prevent this CCTV are installed in metro hospitals. A professional training to doctors and staff working in casualty / hospital is also required to handle stressed relatives. Relatives are under emotional crisis and tremendous pressure as their close-one is close to death so any rude behavior and argumentation with relatives lead to these beatings of hospital staff. 

Sadly enough, nothing!

In times of growing budget cuts these threats are absolutely no priority for hospital managers (in contast with the vision of disaster planners).

As always they will only prepare for those risks that happened, not for those to come. 

Luc

In answer to What is your evidence that the WAIS is unreliable?

My ID expert says:

The  WAIS-IV Manual  p113 notes that people with ASD typically have deficits in verbal and non-verbal communication and social deficits. Those with ASD who had pre-assessed IQs of less than 60 were excluded from their normative study, indicating that the test should not be used with these  people. They included only 16 people with ASD in their study.

Souliers.I, Dawson. M. Gernshacher. MA and Mottron. , (2011)'The Level and Nature of Autistic Intelligence II What about Asperger Syndrome?" PLoSone. Vol. 6. Issue 9  says

Taken together, the recent literature therefore suggests that the most commonly used test of intelligence - the Wechsler-IV - should not be considered  a useful tool for the assessment of the intelligence

level of people with ASD because scores are distorted by the fluctuating effects of ASD.

The Stanford-Binet comes closer to isolating

fluid reasoning and provide for a report on that aspect of intelligence in addition to crystallised reasoning reflected in the Verbal and Non-Verbal lQs

But the most useful tool to assess fluid reasoning or innate intern^— the Raven's Progressive Matrices and this tool will produce a much higher  estimate of general IQ than do the other tests.

My psychometric experts says in his conclusion.

"The research-based statements presented in paragraphs 1.1, 1.4, 2.14, and 2.17 clearly indicate no single IQ score can be taken as indicative of an individual possessing a clinical diagnosis or symptoms which also manifest themselves in particular kinds of intellectual deficit. Paragraph 2.17 is especially relevant here as it shows that the calculation of IQ scores in the lower tail of an ability distribution is not trustworthy. Therefore, attempting to put confidence intervals around any such score, where the interval estimates are based upon “error” derived from ‘normal’ range IQ scores is a meaningless operation, as the score itself in these lower ranges is no longer to be considered a veridical estimate of IQ, let alone any estimate of error which is applicable to such cases. As Silverman et al (2010) point out, no clinically-accepted estimates of ‘measurement’ error currently exist."

While perhaps not the most compelling text on the issue, the 1937 Book "How to win friends and influence people" by Dale Carnegie starts with the story of "Two gun" Crowley, a 1931 New York gangster, who Carnegie reports wrote a letter in which he said "under my coat is a weary heart, but a kind one - one that would do nobody any harm", and at the time of his execution, was to state "this is what I get for defending myself".

In his case, as with others, there may be a separate interpretation of legality versus morality, and while you may concede criminal guilt you may be able to rationalize the morality of your actions and feel innocent in that sense.  While you may be executed for murder you may feel justified in the action and innocent or the crime.  That sense of moral righteousness may be the sense of defence that you (the offender) need at the time of execution to feel that something is being "done" to you unfairly, versus you facing punishment.  Perhaps that very common sense of assigning blame to others or the transference of your problem to another person is the underlying reason.

However, I too am just speculating.    

Marianna, 

thanks for your reply and I have emailed you via my personal email as well.

I will be searching for resources.Thanks.

Z

I found many articles on PsycInfo using the terms suicide and Toxoplasma. Here are the most recent.

Toxoplasmosis titers and past suicide attempts among older adolescents initiating SSRI treatment.

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2016.1158677

By Coryell, William; Yolken, Robert; Butcher, Brandon; Burns, Trudy; Dindo, Lilian; Schlechte, Janet; Calarge, Chadi

Archives of Suicide Research, Vol 20(4), Oct 2016, 605-613.

Latent infection with toxoplasmosis is a prevalent condition that has been linked in animal studies to high-risk behaviors, and in humans, to suicide and suicide attempts. This analysis investigated a relationship between suicide attempt history and toxoplasmosis titers in a group of older adolescents who had recently begun treatment with an SSRI. Of 108 participants, 17 (15.7 %) had a lifetime history of at least one suicide attempt. All were given structured and unstructured diagnostic interviews and provided blood samples. Two individuals (11.9%) with a past suicide attempt, and two (2.1%) without this history, had toxoplasmosis titers ≥ 10 IU/ml (p = 0.166). Those with a past suicide attempt had mean toxoplasmosis titers that were significantly different (p = 0.018) from those of patients who lacked this history. An ROC analysis suggested a lower optimal threshold for distinguishing patients with and without suicide attempts (3.6 IU/ml) than that customarily used to identify seropositivity. Toxoplasmosis titers may quantify a proneness to suicidal behavior in younger individuals being treated with antidepressants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

Is Toxoplasma gondii infection related to brain and behavior impairments in humans? Evidence from a population-representative birth cohort.

By Sugden, Karen; Moffitt, Terrie E.; Pinto, Lauriane; Poulton, Richie; Williams, Benjamin S.; Caspi, Avshalom

PLoS ONE, Vol 11(2), Feb 17 , 2016, Article e0148435.

Background: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a protozoan parasite present in around a third of the human population. Infected individuals are commonly asymptomatic, though recent reports have suggested that infection might influence aspects of the host’s behavior. In particular, Toxoplasma infection has been linked to schizophrenia, suicide attempt, differences in aspects of personality and poorer neurocognitive performance. However, these studies are often conducted in clinical samples or convenience samples. Methods/Results: In a population-representative birth-cohort of individuals tested for presence of antibodies to T. gondii (N = 837) we investigated the association between infection and four facets of human behavior: neuropsychiatric disorder (schizophrenia and major depression), poor impulse control (suicidal behavior and criminality), personality, and neurocognitive performance. Suicide attempt was marginally more frequent among individuals with T. gondii seropositivity (p = .06). Seropositive individuals also performed worse on one out of 14 measures of neuropsychological function. Conclusion: On the whole, there was little evidence that T. gondii was related to increased risk of psychiatric disorder, poor impulse control, personality aberrations or neurocognitive impairment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

New findings: Depression, suicide, and Toxoplasma gondii infection.

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12129

By Hsu, Pao‐Chu; Groer, Maureen; Beckie, Theresa

Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, Vol 26(11), Nov 2014, 629-637.

Purpose: This article provides an overview of the evidence of a potential pathophysiological relationship between depression, suicide, and the Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection. It discusses the role of inflammatory processes in depressive illness and the infection theory of psychiatric disease. It also provides guidelines for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of depression for nurse practitioners (NPs). Data source: A narrative review was conducted of the literature from PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. References of identified articles were also reviewed. Conclusions: Seropositivity of the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, T. gondii is related to various mental health disorders including schizophrenia, suicide attempt, depression, and other neuropsychiatric diseases. Depressive symptoms have been linked to interferon-γ (IFN-γ ) blocking T. gondii growth by inducing indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activation and tryptophan depletion, which results in a decrease of serotonin production in the brain. Although exposure to T. gondii was considered unlikely to reactivate in immune-competent individuals, new findings report that this reactivation may be triggered by immune imbalance. Implications for practice: NPs caring for patients with psychiatric illness need to understand the potential mechanisms associated with depression and the T. gondii infection in order to provide effective screening, treatment, and disease prevention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

Toxoplasma gondii infection and suicide attempts: A case-control study in psychiatric outpatients.

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000037

By Alvarado-Esquivel, Cosme; Sánchez-Anguiano, Luis Francisco; Arnaud-Gil, Carlos Alberto; López-Longoria, Julio César; Molina-Espinoza, Luis Fernando; Estrada-Martínez, Sergio; Liesenfeld, Oliver; Hernández-Tinoco, Jesús; Sifuentes-Álvarez, Antonio; Salas-Martínez, Carlos

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol 201(11), Nov 2013, 948-952.

The association of Toxoplasma gondii infection with suicide attempts has been scarcely evaluated. Two hundred eighty-three psychiatric outpatients (156 patients with history of suicide attempt and 127 control patients without history of suicide attempt) were examined with enzyme-linked immunoassays for Toxoplasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies. Seroprevalences of Toxoplasma IgG and IgM in the cases and the controls were similar: 7 (4.5%) and 3 (1.9%) vs. 10 (7.9%) and 3 (2.4%) ( p = 0.23 and p = 0.55), respectively. In contrast, the Toxoplasma IgG levels higher than 150 IU/ml were more frequently observed in the cases than in the controls (100% vs. 50%, respectively; p = 0.04). The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection increased with age and with the number of suicide attempts. Toxoplasma seropositivity was associated with reflex impairment, national trips, and snake meat consumption. Our results suggest that although seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection is not associated with suicide attempts, a high anti-Toxoplasma antibody level is, therefore warranting further research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

There is at least one case of a lawyer husband who is the abuser in the recent book Not To People Like Us: Hidden Abuse In Upscale Marriages Paperback – August 16, 2001 by Susan Weitzman (Author)

How is it possible for a highly educated woman with a career and resources of her own to stay in a marriage with an abusive husband? How can a man be considered a pillar of his community and regularly give his wife a black eye? The very nature of these questions proves how convinced we are that domestic violence is restricted to the lower classes. Now Susan Weitzman explores a heretofore overlooked population of battered wives-the upper-educated and upper-income women who rarely report abuse and remain trapped by their own silence.

I know that in prisons for Youth in Germany are a lot of consumers of extremely violent medias, espaciallly in PC Games, horrorfilms and so on. On the other site it is fact that extremly violent medias are an important factor for becoming delinquent. Therefor I would recomment to take as one of impotant variables he consumption of media violence in prison.

I wish You good luck for Your important step

Dr. Rudolf H. Weiß

Media- and Intelligence Psychology

According to the World Health Organization, workplace violence is “the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation”.

The POPAS is one of the most complete scale to assess WV, with15 forms of violence (e.g., verbal aggression, threatening verbal aggression, mild violence against self, severe physical violence).

Preventing workplace violence require multiple actions such as developping a written policy, improving workplace design, training employees to recognize and deal with patients aggression.

Underreporting violence is a global problem, even in our Westnern organizations. Workers may be scared to report, they may think it won't change anything or they can normalize their victimization.

Sending you several links for more info.

It is very possible that I did not correctly understand the question so I have to beg pardon if my following words are falling the real signification of the question. If it would means the possibility to acquire  informations to be used in a research or in a medical anamnestic investigation by a third person, even he/she could have a very intimate relationship as in case of a sexual partner, where in any case the full reciprocal knowledge is not necessarily so sure, the received informations always deal reported data, whose exactness would depend on  a real true communication to the referring partner and on his/her real full understanding of what communicated, and consequently informations of doubtful usefulness in the two above hypothesized conditions. With all my  humble apologies in case of my rough misunderstanding.   

thank you! I will send it to them.

Anna-Lee

Dear Mr. Bob,

Seasons Greetings.

Social media is scientific endevour to connect people instantly irrespective of geographical boundaries. But people must be educated to use such platform. There are several misuse of social media and cyber connectivity but it is fault with the user not of the facility.

There may not be ready made solution to the problem but in my view educational institutions, parents, family members, NGOs and society at large must come forward to educate young ones right from childhood so that they may learn ethics and discipline of using social media. Education is the vector for self-restraint.

There may be so much to right but keeping brevity, I close my argument.

All the best...

Regards..

You can use a debate to engage students on the topic but choose as aspect that can be argued for and against women such as the laws regarding the perpetrators. I have found this intervention is very successful in raising students awareness on a topical issue of interest to them. The following conference paper gives an illustrated example of how to set up the debate asynchronously online, which I hope is helpful for you:  

Best regards,

Debra

I worked on an inpatient forensic setting where they used the Aggressive Incident Scale (AIS) to track inpatient aggression. It is a very useful scale for monitoring aggression and improving communication about aggressive incidents among team members. It is part of the HARM, which is a risk assessment tool that can be used in forensic and civil psychiatric settings. https://books.google.ca/books/about/Companion_Guide_to_the_Aggressive_Incide.html?id=GcaAZwEACAAJ

A recent article establishes the concurrent validity of the AIS http://asm.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/07/13/1073191116653828.abstract

Can you explain a little more of your thesis? i.e. Do you consider a person who is on the spectrum more inclined towards violence as an adult, or are you referring to family violence as a result of parenting a child(children) who is/are on the spectrum? I would be interested to know more.  

Yes the opportunity theory. Jan J.M. van Dijk and I wrote about this. The most advanced researcher is Marcus Felson

Empathy and mercy are social learning behaviors (Bandura, 1977) when your behavioral antecedents are devoid of them there are no models...no mercy =no mercy

If anyone links Islam or Muslims to terrorism, then my advice to him/her is to broaden his/her vision beyond the "tool" and to search for the "real" mastermind of global terrorism. One cannot blame a "knife" for killing someone; the "person" ,who used this deadly weapon, is to blame & punish. Few questions may help: Who has an interest in destablizing Europe? Who works hard on preventing a meaningful United Europe ? Who targeted Arabic & Muslim countries with invasions & internal troubles? Who established these terrorist gangs & financed them? Who has done lot of work to defame Islam & to portray a negative image of it by huge media machines and by exploiting some philosophical "oriental" mercenaries ? ... 

Have some suggestions....mostly from the Journal for Specialists in Group Work...

Valerie Roy on RG:  Roy, V., Lindsay, J., & Dallaire, L. (2013). Mixed-Gender Co-Facilitation in Therapeutic Groups for Men Who Have Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence: Group Members' Perspectives. Journal For Specialists In Group Work, 38(1), 3-29. doi:10.1080/01933922.2012.732981

Waldo, M., Kerne, P., & Kerne, V. (2007). Therapeutic factors in guidance versus counseling sessions of domestic violence groups. Journal For Specialists In Group Work, 32(4), 346-361 16p.

Not research but could be interesting:

On RG, I think...Pender, Rebecca. L. (2012). ASGW Best Practice Guidelines: An Evaluation of the Duluth Model. Journal For Specialists In Group Work, 37(3), 218-231 14p. doi:10.1080/01933922.2011.632813

Possibly good for Chapter 2 of dissertation:  Jeremy Linton...Linton, J. M., Bischof, G. H., & McDonnell, K. A. (2005). Solution-Oriented Treatment Groups for Assaultive behavior. Journal For Specialists In Group Work, 30(1), 5-21. doi:10.1080/01933920590908624

Hi Irwin

Screening tools are different from risk assessment tools.

If you are looking for a screening tool to identify potential risk of domestic violence for victims of such violence then Jacqueline Campbell's Dangerous Assessment (DA) Scale is probably the way to go.  It has twenty items for risk assessment but five of these items can be used to pretty accurately screen for domestic violence risk. Women's own appraisals of risk are also useful but should be used with care.  You might want to read Bowen, Erica (2011) An overview of partner violence risk assessment and the potential role of female risk appraisals. Aggression and Violence Behavior, 16 214-226, which has details of these instruments.  Practitioners should always ask about strangulation, choking, anyone putting their hands around the neck of the patient and squeezing, because nonlethal strangulation is such a high risk for future lethality. Coercive control is an important part of domestic violence and may be missed by these scales. 

If you are perpetrators risk then the ODARA has reasonably good predicative validity, but requires information from victims and police records (because perpetrators lie) so may not be such use in clinical settings. Information about this scale is in Hilton, NZ et al (2010) Risk Assessment for Domestically Violent Men.. American Psychological Association: Washington DC.Washington DC

Hi Andrés,

I will not answer your question directly but I hope these additional elements will be of help to you.

I would say that you have to be very careful in the interpretation of the scores. Many debates have taken place about these scales, particularly through the fight engaged between Murray A. Straus and Michael P. Johnson since the mid 1990s. May I refer you to an article I published: “Interroger les femmes et les hommes au sujet des violences conjugales en France et aux États-Unis : entre mesures statistiques et interprétations sociologiques », in Nouvelles questions féministes in 2013 (vol. 32, n° 1)? The main arguments of the debate are summed up in this text which may encourage you to be very prudent in interpreting the difference between conflict and interpersonal violence (IV). The symmetrical questioning (the respondent being questioned as an author and as a victim) that you can find in the CTS (and CTS2) raises very serious methodological issues, as the comparison with many other surveys on IV have been showing for the last fifteen years.

Dr. Aghakhani,

Here in the United States we train nurses and doctors to identify domestic violence (e.g., suspicious injuries, bruising consistent with domestic violence, inconsistent story, controlling partner, multiple ER visits, etc.).  If they suspect domestic violence, they ask about it and refer her to the local shelter.  Some shelters/hospitals have case workers who meet with victims at the hospital to explore options and create a safety plan.  Beyond expressing concern and educating victims about their options, there isn’t much more that we can do.  In Texas, medical staff are not required to report domestic violence to the police or to shelters. So, in sum, I think preventing domestic violence in women discharged from the ER lies in training staff to identify and ask about violence, educating women about domestic violence, connecting them to the local shelter and other resources, and, when possible, developing a safety plan.   I hope this helps.

Lisa     

You might like to read

Hand, T., Chung, D., & Peter, M. (2009). The use of information and communication technologies to coerce and control in domestic violence and following separation: Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse, University of New South Wales.

Dear Lisa, I am grateful for the answer. I actually got much material from an association that campaign against it in Cameroon called RENATA. An association made up of girls who have been victims of "breast ironing" or still "breast flattening". Thanks so much

Hello Aretha

The Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) was a large-scale, interdisciplinary study of how families, schools, and neighborhoods affect child and adolescent development. It was designed to advance the understanding of the developmental pathways of both positive and negative human social behaviors. In particular, the project examined the causes and pathways of juvenile delinquency, adult crime, substance abuse, and violence. At the same time, the project provided a detailed look at the environments in which these social behaviors took place by collecting substantial amounts of data about urban Chicago, including its people, institutions, and resources (http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/PHDCN/studies/13589).

Longitudinal Cohort Study

One component of the PHDCN was the Longitudinal Cohort Study, which was a series of coordinated longitudinal studies that followed over 6,000 randomly selected children, adolescents, and young adults, and their primary caregivers over time to examine the changing circumstances of their lives, as well as the personal characteristics, that might lead them toward or away from a variety of antisocial behaviors. The age cohorts include birth (0), 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 years. Numerous measures were administered to respondents to gauge various aspects of human development, including individual differences, as well as family, peer, and school influences.

Exposure to Violence (Subject)

The data files contain information from the Exposure to Violence (ETV) protocol (Subject version). The PHDCN version of the ETV was adapted from the most widely used measure of exposure to violence, the Survey of Children's Exposure to Community Violence, which was designed to assess the frequency with which a child victimized by, witnessed, or heard about 20 different forms of violence and violence related activities in the community. The Subject version of the ETV instrument used in the PHDCN Longitudinal Cohort study was designed to assess the subject's experience of exposure to four different types of violent acts. These include: seeing someone shoved, kicked, or punched, seeing someone attacked with a knife, hearing a gunshot, and seeing someone shot. The purpose of the ETV protocol was to advance current understanding of the frequency, form, and consequences of child and adolescent exposure to violence.

One of my master students just finished his dissertation on bullying taking place in public secondary schools in Uruguay, and one of his results (qualitative approach) is precisely that peer mediation helps because students feel engaged in the implementation of the solutions, and sometimes are better than adults in finding the best ways to communicate to peers. Regards, Adriana.

Hi Kalpana:

Whatever the type of violence, this happens because the government and its laws permit. The origin of this problem lies in the word CASTE, and how it is perceived from childhood. 

Regards.

Some numbers....

En México se realizan desde hace años, pero el objetivo parece estar más encaminado al desarme ciudadano como tal, y no a la reducción de la violencia, ya que no se ha observado ninguna relación directa entre ciudadanos armados sin antecedentes penales y crimen organizado (por ejemplo). Y con estas medidas también logran mermar posibles surgimientos de movimientos sociales anti-violencia, como las llamadas "guardias comunitarias" o "autodefensas".

Saludos.

Hi Jim:

Thank you.  I will look into this and see what turns up.

Mercedes

Thank you Robert Louden and Dr J-F for such helpful responses!

sir Girman it is a very good study.being the Gyanecologist I have come across the many cases of the sexual violence in all ages,but sir you rightly pointed that most of the violence is with the children below 18 years of age.hospital data is a good resourse for collecting the data but it could be the tip of iceberg.awareness of the society is must.the government records gives the number of cases even more. am on the committee of sexual rehabilitation and relief scheme which is practicing in our country.any more help you will need for publishing the study reports, sir I will extend my possible help.i think sir you are doing good thing it will help in the policy making also.thank you.

some other articles that might be helpful:

Renner, L. M., & Whitney, S. D. (2012). Risk factors for unidirectional and bidirectional intimate partner violence among young adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(1), 40-52. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.07.007

Lamers-Winkelman, F., Willemen, A. M., & Visser, M. (2012). Adverse Childhood Experiences of referred children exposed to Intimate Partner Violence: Consequences for their wellbeing. Child abuse & neglect, 36(2), 166-179.

Butler, J. C. (2013). Authoritarianism and fear responses to pictures: The role of social differences. International Journal of Psychology, 48(1), 18-24. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.698392

Feldman, S. (2003). Enforcing social conformity: A theory of authoritarianism. Political Psychology, 24(1), 41-74. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00316

Stenner, K. (2005). The authoritarian dynamic. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Askeland, R., Evang, A., & Heir, T. (2011). Association of violence against partner and former victim experiences: A sample of clients voluntarily attending therapy. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26:6, 1095-1110. 10.1177/0886260510368152

Skuja, K. & Halford, K. W. (2004). Repeating the errors of our parents? Parental violence in men’s family of origin and conflict management in dating couples. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19:6, 623-638.

Sunday, S., Kline, M., Labruna, V., Pelcovitz, D., Salzinger, S., & Kaplan, S. (2011). The role of adolescent physical abuse in adult intimate partner violence. Journal of interpersonal violence, 26(18), 3773-3789.

Dackis, M. N., Rogosch, F. A., Oshri, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2012). The role of limbic system irritability in linking history of childhood maltreatment and psychiatric outcomes in low-income, high-risk women: Moderation by FK506 binding protein 5 haplotype. Development and Psychopathology, 24:4, 1237-1252.

Hamby, S., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., & Ormrod, R. (2010). The overlap of witnessing partner violence with child maltreatment and other victimizations in a nationally representative survey of youth. Child abuse & neglect, 34(10), 734-741. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.03.001

Wareham, J., Boots, D., & Chavez, J. (2009). A test of social learning and intergenerational transmission among batterers. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(2), 163-173. 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2009.02.011

Roberts, A., McLaughlin, K., Conron, K., & Koenen, K. (2011). Adulthood stressors, history of childhood adversity, and risk of perpetration of intimate partner violence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40(2), 128-138. 10.1016/j.amepre. 2010.10.016

Major, B., & O'Brien, L. T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 56, 393-421. 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137

English, D., Lambert, S. F., Evans, M. K., & Zonderman, A. B. (2014). Neighborhood Racial Composition, Racial Discrimination, and Depressive Symptoms in African Americans. American journal of community psychology, 1-10. 10.1007/s10464-014-9666-y

Gibbons, F. X., Kingsbury, J. H., Weng, C. Y., Gerrard, M., Cutrona, C., Wills, T. A., & Stock, M. (2014). Effects of perceived racial discrimination on health status and health behavior: A differential mediation hypothesis. Health Psychology, 33(1), 11. 10.1037/a0033857

Manner is a difficult question. It needs all collation of all circumstantial evidence, along with the postmortem examination findings (thus scene, eye witness and participants in the case's evidence, etc. all play a key role). An even bigger contributor in determining the manner is if the victim was able to make a dying declaration about her circumstances of death.

I would think the one situation where all things come together in a decent system of death investigation and death investigators is the US Medical Examiners' system, but I have qualms about their interpretation of the manner of death automatically transcribed on all death certifications - where the ME's manner may be at variance with what the courts find out later!

Dear Frisca,

In some cultural settings living in a rural area vs. living in urbanised places has been found to be a risk factor for violence against women. I mentioned "in some cultures because this risk factor has not been always adequately investigated. So there are relatively few studies that actually have controlled for this variable whilst conducting statistical analyses, rather than making assumptions that living "in the countryside" is a risk factor for violence against women without empirical evidence. You can review our comprehensive review on Partner Abuse Worldwide. I am attaching this research paper.

Hope this is helps

I've been thinking about this question and realized that there is an underlying assumption that anger is driving IPV. Here is a section from a paper of mine that might be helpful:

However, the role of anger and how it is triggered within IPV relationships is not clearly established. While IPV offenders did report higher levels of anger and hostility than did non-violent men (Norlander & Eckhardt, 2005), the majority of IPV offenders (65% to 80%) do not present with anger-related problems (Eckhardt, Samper, & Murphy, 2008; Murphy, Taft, & Eckhardt, 2007). Those IPV offenders with anger-related problems experienced higher rates of re-arrest, IPV post-treatment abuse, and program attrition than did men without anger problems (Eckhardt et al., 2008; Murphy et al., 2007). While anger appears to be an appropriate construct to address with some IPV offenders, doing so as an embedded component of the Duluth module has not been effective (Babcock et al, 2004; Stover et al., 2009).

This was nice of you to respond. Sometimes I've found it helpful to simply start developing and implementing based on the best material one has access to. Waiting for funding often leads to inaction. I personally believe in God, hence I trust that when one actively engages in change and implementation results can follow thoughtful action and this can lead to surprising opportunities and access. A couple of articles I found quite interesting:

Margutti, P. (2011). Teachers’ reproaches and managing discipline in the classroom: When teachers tell students what they do ‘wrong’

Djigic, G., Stojiljkovic, S. (2011). Classroom management styles, classroom climate and school achievement

Loukas, A., LRoalson, L. & aHerrera, D. (2010). School Connectedness Buffers the Effects of Negative Family Relations and Poor Effortful Control on Early Adolescent Conduct Problems

Marguttia, P. & Piirainen-Marsh A. (2011). The interactional management of discipline and morality in the classroom: An introduction

there are some good meditation techniques for stress reduction that have been done with children and asthma. These can also be done in the classroom. Additionally: Deep diaphragmatic breathing exercises, with a focus on the breath, can trigger the relaxation response. Progressive muscle relaxation techniques, where you alternately contract and then relax each muscle group moving progressively from head to toe, will elicit the beneficial effects of the relaxation response.

You might also contact International Association for Human Values. They teach meditation courses in schools.

Defusing confrontation, empathy, non-violent responses - verbal, body language etc, good will, guts, salespersonship to maintain a focus on learning.

Hi. First thing to do is look at the state law on domestic violence: is there a mandated arrest law? If so, then the responding officers are legally bound to arrest his partner if her actions left marks or resulted in other injuries. So, if he is bruised, chiped tooth, broken bones etc. then they are legally required to arrest her. If they have a preferred arrest law, then she should also still be arrested. If there is no mandatory or preferred arrest law, and he has been marked and called the police and there is no response then he should document this and continue calling and documenting. (In all cases of non-response he should take pictures and document time of call, time of response, what the officers told him, did they speak to partner, etc). Then go to file a complain with the police community review board as well as the chief of police. Something else to be aware of, while some states do not have mandatory or preferred arrest laws for DV, it is not unusual for the county to have them. So, check there as well.

Here is link to the state laws as of 2007 www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/domviol/docs/Domestic_Violence_Arrest_Policies_by_State_11_07.authcheckdam.pdf

I have research the area of IPV for 18 months. The current paradigm goes beyond criminal justice education. The traditional IPV theory positions that women are incapable of eliciting fear in men, so when women engage in acts of IPV there should not be consequences. This theory is the basis of the treatment model that has been legislated or established by state guidelines in 90% of states. Traditional IPV advocates work to support women victims of IPV and they are the "experts" that legislators and criminal justice system relies on. What we need are advocates for male IPV offenders in general as well as male IPV victims. Individuals need to be well armed with data from research that counters traditional IPV theory and begin educating Public Defenders as they are the only ones I have found at this point who can support change in the current system. There is a family violence prevention group through the America Public Health Assoc. that is becoming involved in this issue. There is also a Mens Health group that you can get involved with to support this issue.

yes one of the author Saima Hirani has tested if micro finance could help women to empower and leading to the reduction of the violence against women. Other then that I have not found any Pakistani index publication. However, many other countries have tested many interventions. it help. I am in the phase of preparing quasi experimental clinical trials whereby I would like to test if screening, followed by counselling and community based health education is effective for the reduction of violence against women. I am exploring funding to be able to implement this quasi experiential study design.

We can never share too much information, if it supports the prevention of violence. You will find however, many of us, to achieve measurable outcomes, need to narrow our focus, mine is Violence Against Women and Children, Gender and Domestic Violence. Good Luck