Veterinary Parasitology - Science topic

You can use Stoll's method even though it can't be best or you can count directly on a glass slide

Use

" Laboratory findings (eg, complete blood count [CBC]) may be consistent with iron-deficiency anemia. A differential count may reveal eosinophilia (1000-4000 cells/µL). Serologic tests (eg, tests for A caninum) are usually available only in research laboratories." - https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218805-workup

Please check the thesis published in this area previously so that you can identify the researchable area. Similarly, you may conduct a literature survey through online databases. You may also visit the animal husbandry department website of your country so as to identify the field level problems i.e. animal diseases, etc., to finalise the topic.

Size and very neat and clear pictures are essential for identification of eggs in a corposcopy. Concerning identification of equine strongyles eggs, i will not bet too many using morphological keys you can find sometimes as the didn't have yet been correlated with accurate identifications, like by molecular biology

Hi , it looks like Bunostomum Phlebotomum egg but yours is little bit big or it can be belong to mecistocirrus digitatus. Try to culture the fecal sample to get the larvae. Good luck.

By fixed the tissue in fomalin 10% and dipping in parafen wax and cutting the tissue then sttaining with hematoxilien ioesen

I am agree with David Ian Gibson

Thank you

Thank you

Dear colleague

which equipment you need

On my opinion photo 1,2 and 5 are eggs of Platynosomum illiciens; no.3 and 4 are Spirometra eggs

Hi

it is specific question. out of my specialization. i will follow to know .

regards

First two images may be Aelurostrongylus abstrusus,

third one is Capillaria aerophila

with all best wishes

Afkar

In agreement with Hala Elwakil and Hairul Hafiz Mahsol, eggs of STH and Schistosomes could be subjected to mechanical and molecular distortion as a result of the extremely low temperature associated with freezing. Hence, they could only be useful for prevalence/ intensity studies.

Hi Dr. Issa  , see this links I hope help you

It´s pollen

SA Satayathum, EM Muchiri, JH Ouma… - The American journal of …, 2006‏ - ASTMH‏

Thanks, Dr. Marwa for your help.

Kind regards

Dr Hanan

this link may be help you www.funpecrp.com.br/gmr/year2011/vol10-2/pdf/gmr1043.pdf

silicone membranes

Rapid detection of soluble G.

duodenalis cyst antigens (BVT Co., Ltd,

Lion) is a qualitative test., which related to dog only

It depends on what you are looking for. For example,  you can find Strongyloides stercoralis  with a fine needle from a part of defreezed  intestine under the stero  microscope.

I agree with Andreas, it is a spore or a conidium of fungi or plants. With all those segments inside it doesn`t look like a parasite.

Parasitized by the Rhizocephalan Heterosaccus dollfusi ???

what is a best preservation protocol for Theileria equi ...??

I agree totally with Dr Ebert for detection of "rare" events.

On the other hand, if you work on common chicken parasites like Eimeria sp. your problem will probably to have a picture of the distribution of the intensity of infection (oocyte counts in faeces, for ex) rather than an estimation of the prevalence (often close to 100%). In such case sampling 40-50 chicken at a given time would probably allow a rather good estimation of the skewness / curtosis of the data and then guide the choice of suitable statistical methods.

It is difficult to be certain from these images, but it looks like a cephalopod spermatophore. These are occasionally found in the alimentary canal of marine fishes - and tend to baffle parasitologists.

DIG

Dear sir,

Different plants are used in different countries depending on availability. I am attaching two files which may help you.

morphological you can differentiate by observing  the thin smear stained with Romanowsky stain under the microscope also the clinical symptom is very important . Read a book known as Helminths, Arthropods and protozoa of Domesticated Animals (Monnig) 6th Edition E.J.L.Soulsby

There should be larva in the egg of Strongyloides sp. There seems to me that this "thing"  in the egg isn't larva.

Hi Mohammed

The egg of  Alaria has a big size(120 × 65 µm).  The egg of Troglotrema salmincola

(Nanophyetus schikhobalowi) is like it with 87 µm- 97µm X 38 µm- 55 µm size. It is limited to the geographic range in the United States, but has been reported from Russia. You Should see other characters.

Hi Muthulingam  

I think if your sample size is substantial different, while it would be good to rarefy species richnss; the package "Vegan" is very convenient and suggest to use.

A R code for example

library(vegan)

data<-read.csv("myspelist.csv",header=T,row.names=1)

rere<-rarefy(data, xx, se = T, MARGIN = 1)

Best wishes!

Wumei

Yes, the tick has been found exceptionally on dogs on Madagascar, see Uilenberg, Hoogstraal, Klein: Les tiques (Ixoidea) de Madagascar et leur rôle vecteur. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Madagascar, 1979, numéro spécial, 153 pp. (See pp. 54-55.)

Take contact with Prof. Raymond Hamers, VUB, Brussels, Belgium.

Thanks a lot

'RLBes work well with us, Haven't it work on positive control(s)?

Hello Ahmed M. Abd EL-Hafiz,

Milk fever  is a condition of older, third to sixth lactation, high-producing dairy cows associated with Loss of blood calcium through milk within the first 2-3 days of lactation. This Metabolic disease has three progressive stages

-  Cows are able to stand but show signs of hypersensitivity and excitability.

- Cows may appear restless and bellowing.

- If calcium therapy is not instituted, cows will progress to stage two.

- Cows are unable to stand but can maintain sternal recumbency.

- Depression, anorexia, dry muzzle, abnormal body temperature, and cold extremities are seen.

- Cows often tuck their heads into their flanks or, if the head is extended, an S-shaped curve to the neck may be noted.

 Stage three

- Cows lose consciousness progressively to the point of coma.

The Prevention of this metabolic disease lays on Three things:-

1.       Managing cows at dry period by keeping them with low level of calcium so as to stimulate the calcium regulatory system from their bones. If we do this, they can mobilize their body calcium during calving when there is shortage.

2.      Since Milk fever is the result of low blood calcium level in the body during calving, providing high calcium level forages like Lucerne within the first weeks of lactation can be preventive mechanism.

3.      Lastly, Cows with high risk can be injected with vitamin D3 within 2-8 days prior to calving.

For more information, you can see the following links:-

Actually there are alot of articles regardng Milk fever

Dear Debabrata,

on attached pictures are bot-fly larvae. Morphological identification of bot-flies could be performed on adult flies obtained from environment or on third stage larvae recovered from a host. For more details see Veterinary Parasitology written by Taylor, M.A., Coop, R.L., Wall, R.L. or Veterinary Ectoparasites - Biology, Pathology and Control written by Wall, R.L. and Shearer, D. (attached).

A lot of success in identification.

Jaroslav

I don't think anybody can identify them on the basis of these pictures, certainly not as long as no multiplying forms are shown. And even then, one would need molecular tools.

There is a good possibility that you have some sort of inhibitor working.  Perhaps test your DNA extraction by also targeting a host gene.

Hi Cyrelle, you may find an answer in this paper: Dena Azam et al.

Temperature and the development and survival of infective Toxocara canis larvae, Parasitology Research (2012) 110:649–656

Maybe this would help!

The parasite Fallisia infects circulating leukocytes and thrombocytes.

The schizonts produces 18-64 merozoites and are larger than the gametocytes.

The gametocytes are normally oval in shape and have a prominent nucleus. The nucleus is elongate in the macrogametocytes and triangular in the microgametocytes. Thanks.

OK, Chao. Perhaps, if you are lucky, more might be known about intestinal coccidian species that have been recorded from "your" mongoose than is known concerning coccidia in some other mongoose species.

Dear Paweł,

In this case, it is important to consider that there are many species of nematode that are not parasites. Indeed, although almost 30,000 species have been described, of which about half are parasitic, the total number of nematode species has been estimated to be about 1 million. Anyway, whether the detail seen in the nematode in the third figure is a stylet, this suggests that the species is not parasite from the dog. All plant parasitic nematodes have a protrusible, hollow stylet, however not all stylet bearing nematodes are plant parasites. Thus, also consider the possibility of free-living nematodes: a world to be thoroughly studied!

Good luck in your investigation!

Best regards,

Vitor

Matthew,

There is no simple answer to you specific question.  However, the general pattern of arthropods having different numbers of appendages at different developmental stages is widespread, and includes not only arachnid chelicerates, but also many crustaceans, myriapods, and others.  Insects also exhibit variation in appendage number across orders and across developmental stages.  However, with insects the variant appendages do not typically include the ambulatory appendages of the thorax, but rather other appendages of the abdomen.  There may be no particular advantage to this variation among acarines evolutionarily, but such developmental sequences may have arisen as simple patterns of ontogeny that were retained from ancestral taxa.  The entire phenomenon of variation in appendage number and function among diverse arthropods is known as "serial homology", and is related to the basically metameric nature of the arthropod body, coupled with tagmosis during embryonic and postembryonic development leading to different body regions by fusion of original embryonic metameres, each primitively with a single pair of appendages.  I discuss this briefly in my book that I have linked below.

For axenização, desencistamento and cultivation techniques perform: after checking the viability of the cysts isolated, using eosin 0.125%, axenização start the process in order to become free samples associated bacterial flora and fungi. The cysts are treated initially with a solution of HCl 1-2%, for two days at 4 ° C, or directly with amikacin (100 mg / ml) and nystatin (10.000UI / ml). Then wash with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2, making up new assessment of viability with eosin 0.125%. For induction of desencistamento, using the Bingham & technique Meyer (1979) and the technique of Feely et al. (1991). In Bingham & Meyer technique, the cysts are subjected initially to an soluçãode HCl at pH 0.5, pH 2.0 and pH 4.5 at 37 ° C for 5, 10 and 15 min., Respectively under stirring in ratio of one part of cysts solution with nine parts of HCl solution. Then, centrifuging the material at 2500 rpm / 5 min., Disregarding all HCl solution, and resuspend the pellet in PBS (pH 7.2). Lavadar material three times with PBS (pH 7.2) to a total elimination of HCl. For desencistamento using the technique of Feely et al. (1991), by adding a potassium phosphate buffer solution to a solution of 0.1M sodium bicarbonate 0.3M, to obtain a pH of 7.5, and this means induction by incubating the cysts in 15ml centrifuge tube at 37 ° C for 5 min. After centrifuging at 3277rpm for five minutes, rinse in 15 ml of pH 7.0 potassium phosphate buffer, concentrating again by centrifugation 5 min. to 3277rpm, resuspending in 1 to 2 ml desolução saline (0.85%) and incubating at 37 ° C for subsequent determination of desencistamento rates of 5.15 and 30 minutes. Sowing pellet in screw-capped tubes (120 x 16 mm) containing 12ml of medium TYI-S-33 modified Keister, DB (1983) plus de1mg / ml of ofloxacin and 100 IU / ml nystatin, and maintain in an oven bacteriological, to 35.5 - 37 C, in an inclined position. Examine tubes daily, inverted microscope with 100X, for the presence of trophozoites. Positive that trophozoites adhere to the wall present, should be placed in the ice bath for 15 min., Inverted several times to the detachment of trophozoites aseptically doing, the ringing to a tube containing fresh medium. In tubes where there are few trophozoites, instead of the chime, perform replacement of the medium, ie asubstituição the old medium by fresh medium.

I don't have to keep it viable. I just need to know a method to prove its in there. Could differential centrifugation be a good option?

Okay thanks Rakesh! 

Try playing with this:

Num=20

SD=5

REPS <- 10000

TT <- matrix(1:REPS)

for(i in 1:REPS)

{

  y <- rnorm(Num,mean=30,sd=SD)+4.5

  z <- rnorm(Num,mean=30,sd=SD)

   TT[i] <- t.test(y-z)$p.value

}

mean(TT)

Num is the sample size, in this case 20 to match your experiment. SD is the standard deviation of the sample. I have set it at 5, but you can change it and see what happens. REPS is the number of times I run the simulation. The variable TT holds the p-values of a t-test to look at the differences in means. I have added 4.5 to the random draw of 20 values from a normal distribution with a mean of 30. The result is that it is barely not significant most of the time. If I increase the value to 4.6 it will become significant most of the time at the 0.05 level. So with this simple code you can replace my values with better guesses. I used 30 to keep all the values above zero (if SD is too large you might have to increase the mean).

The real question here is with 20 lambs, is the expected difference sufficiently large that you expect to see a significant difference? Alternative, given that you don't find a difference, does it matter to you that you are unable to detect a real difference this large? The more realistic the numbers you can supply to this program the more likely it will accurately reflect the probable outcome. You can also work it backwards -- having collected the data and failing to find a significant difference, you can put in the real sample mean and standard deviation and approximate the smallest difference that you could have detected. Just be careful that you don't end up simulating a negative number of nematodes.

Dear Efrain,

These structures are too large to be a egg of Taeniidae.

Do not rule out the possibility of it to be a vegetal structure.

Best regards,

Hudson

I recommend that you appraoch Dr Marie-Jeanne Perrot-Minnot (mjperrot@u-bourgogne.fr) who has recently done significant molecular work on this species.

Dear Efrain

I recommend you to use the service of Diagnostic Assistance of the CDC for Parasites. This is very useful. I have used it before.

Please check this link: http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/contact.html

There, is also the information required to send the images for diagnosis.

Finally, please if you consider this answer appropriate, please upvote it using the green up arrow click. Thanks.

Dear Gerald

I recommend you to use the service of Diagnostic Assistance of the CDC for Parasites. This is very useful. I have used it before.

Please check this link: http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/contact.html

There, is also the information required to send the images for diagnosis.

Finally, please if you consider this answer appropriate, please upvote it using the green up arrow click. Thanks.

Keys to the cestoda and trematoda (in djvu format)

The first egg does look like an ascarid egg.   Dioctophyma renale eggs are found in the urine, so if this sample was collected in a way that avoided urine contamination, D. renale eggs would be unlikely. Also, in my limited experience, D. renale eggs are a bit more pointed at the ends, unlike this oval egg.   The second egg may be a trematode or pseudophyllidian tapeworm egg.  You could concentrate the eggs out of the feces and place them in a thin layer of distilled water (so they are exposed to oxygen) and incubate them for a while and see what type of larvae develops inside (ciliated = trematode; 6 hooks = tapeworm).  Also, keep in mind that the otter is eating organisms that will have their own parasites, so if you are only finding one or two eggs of a particular type, they may be from a food item and are not actually parasitizing the otter.

Start with a mesh-type material such as cheese cloth. Cut into a pattern that can have 4 to 6 "corners". Use a tube-type glue that is often used to paste tags onto cattle at sale auctions. Put glue on each corner of cloth. Press the cloth against wool around rectum and vulva. Urine will pass through and fecal pellets will be trapped inside material. To remove, use scissors to cut corners free from glue spots. The glue and residual cloth will eventually fall away. We used similar approaches with another material to collect urine samples.

Stanislav Simin

           Thank you so much for the advice. am planning to validate according to my conditions so ur information was more beneficial to me

Dear David Conn

I think this may be explained by several factors, namely increase of wild carnivore populations, higher intertransmissibility between wild and domestic carnivores, high degree of ingestion of small vertebrates (paratenic hosts) by both, misdiagnosis in faecal exams (lack of knowledge on this kind of cestode eggs) in carnivores and lack of attention in differential diagnosis regarding small animal peritonitis (see attached file on this issue written by american colleagues). Besides and still regarding domestic carnivores, the only drugs 100% effective against these cestodes are praziquantel and epsiprantel. Therefore, a thorough coprological exam (to assess infection and the degree of endemicity of the area) and a regular deworming with those products it's essential for a good control.

In what concerns the human part, the higher contact with these cestode eggs shed in carnivore faecal samples in the wild (namely during outdoor activities or while grabbing wild berries), may contribute a great deal to this scenario.

Finally, these cestodes are commonly neglected in practice, but this has to change due to their zoonotic potential and consequences on animal health.

Best regards

Luis Manuel Madeira de Carvalho

Associate Professor of Veterinary Parasitology and Parasitice Diseases

I think the PhD dissertation by Sandra Appelt "Paléomicrobiologie des coprolithes" (in English) might be of interest to you:

Read the journal article "Growing Acanthamoeba out of medieval coprolite reveals a new endosymbiont" in the Chapter IV. Ameba were grown from cysts preserved in a human fecal sample from the 14th-15th century.

This fragment of the Introduction seem to be the answer you seek:

I think it does not meen that the organisms grown from your wolf scats are necessarily parasites but in theory it seems quite possible that they had laid dormant since 2000.

Dear Andrew,

you could use the technique described in Manual of Veterinary Parasitological Laboratory Techniques (MAFF, 1986).

Please find it attached. 

Best regards!

Stanislav

Thanks to all. Unfortunately, cysticerci of T. pisiformis I'm looking for are in dead hares, in peritoneum and not in muscle. Fortunately they are easily visible without a microscope (at least when they are mature) but unfortunately sparse in the peritoneum and often attached one another so it should be quite difficult to count them with a standardized method.

Dear Jennifer

I strongly agree with Stanislav, since I use lactophenol since the 80s for horse strongyles identification and it works fine.

Some tips for a good and safe use:

- Whenever possible, avoid a long direct contact of your finger tips with the liquid. Of course that does not happen much, but with dificult specimens, you must take a longer time to identify them and while manipulating the nematode(s), you must clean more often your fingers with lab tissues.

- Use a lab with good ventilation, because the scent at the beginning is nice, but can be annoying if you work continuouly for 3-4 h.

- For larger and thicker specimens, like Strongylus, Triodontophorus or even Poteriostomum, some times you must need to leave the strongyles some hours in a petri dish with lactophenol and only after that you are able to see the internal structures. On the other hand, don't leave tiny cyathostomins, like Cylicostephanus longibursatus or C. minutus, too much time in lactophenol (more than 24 h) , because otherwise they will be too much cleared and you will loose the necessary contrast.

- To save time, organize strongyles by size in a Petri dish and then mount 10-20 at same time, for a faster identification.

- Stored nematodes in ethanol 70% can be easily cleared with lactophenol. After identifying the specimen with lactophenol (that we also call lactophenol of Amman), the nematode can return again to ethanol 70%.

In conclusion, using lactophenol it's easy, namely for working  on horse strongyles identification. I am sending a PDF with the Top 10 Cyathostomins of a study performed with lactophenol, so that you can see how cleared they are.

Best regards

Luis M. Madeira de Carvalho

 I work with horse strongyles since 1987 and I have never seen L3 with 24-26 cells. I believe this can be a modification, or some specific morphotype, perhaps from Triodontophorus sp. The shape and organization of cells are pretty much the ones from this genus.

In Cyathostomum s.l. I found L3 with 6,7,8 and 9 cells. so I would not be surprised that could happen with other genera. I hope it can help your research.

Luis Carvalho

This is super easy to do. You can use a regular dissection microscope and dissect the beetles (usually Tenebrio molitor for H. diminuta) in a watch glass with Tyrode's solution.  Remove the thorax and a small portion of the posterior abdomen.  You can then take a Pasteur pipette and flush out the cavity with the Tyrode's solution, and that will bring out most of the cysticercoids.  You can then use a rodent oral gavage syringe to pipette up the required number of cysticercoids and clean Tyrode's solution to equal 100 microliters. Then anesthetize your rats and administer via oral gavage.  Let me know if this helps.

dear may link below assisst

Dear colleague , if you need the summary of my thesis 'exprimental Babesia bigemina infection in calves' issued 1980 by me, with best regards

The best person I know of who could answer this question is Professor Gareth Bath, who developed the FAMACHA system.

Hi Emily,

Many species are cold-adapted and cannot support high temperatures.

In fact, that's the case of Ostertagia gruehneri, a common parasite of reindeer and caribou across much of the hosts' range in Arctic, subarctic and boreal regions.

You may find papers on this and the cold-adaptation by checking for publications of Bryanne Hoar and Susan Kutz from my lab at the University of Calgary.

Cheers,

Gui  Verocai

PS: It was great to meet you in Denver!