Science topic

Veterans - Science topic

Veterans are former members of the armed services.
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Any ideas on how to launch a survey that would capture the military experience from veterans?
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You can try the VA, VFW, American Legion, or ask veterans you know to take the survey and pass it on/ snowball it to other veterans etc.
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I have seen many veterans who have been exposed to severe shock waves from artillery fire. Their MRI of the brain are showing some "non-specific" changes, but there history is very typical of prolonged post-concussive syndrome and even CTE. There are tens of thousands of veterans with this condition. They are not being properly diagnosed and treated. As far as I am aware of, besides an MRI study done at Walter Reed Hospital there are no other studies using more sensitive tests, such as SPECT or PET. 
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While working on my study on the history of Finnish associations of War Veterans I wanted to do some international comparing but noticed that only few (if any) scientific studies on organisations such as Der Stahlhelm, Kyffhäuserbund, NS-Kriegsopferversorgung etc. seem to exist. Could anyone help me with some ideas where to look for qualified studies on these topics?
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Ursäkta jag skrev namnet fel frörsta gången.
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I am currently working on a project about the war veteran organisations in Finland. Once completed, this research will offer a complete view on the voluntary veterans' organisations in Finland. In the project, I often use the definition "War generation" which defines the group of people who have experienced the battles as their own "key experience", and thus form a generation which is defined by this experience. Can anyone recommend any good studies on generations as a tool for history/sociology studies?
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Neil Howel and William Strauss's studies of generations in the United States of America are well known.
Another possible bibliography could be:
KERTZER D. E. (1983): "Generation as a Sociological Problem". Annual Review of Sociology, 9.
LARROSA, J. (ed.) (2007): On Generations. On Coexistence between Generations. Barcelona: Fundació Viure i Conviure.
MARÍAS, J. (1968): «Generations». International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. 6.
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I am looking for recent research (last 5-10 years) that examines the associations between subjective self-reported cognitive complaints (as well as neurobehavioral symptoms or PCS) and objective performance on tests of cognitive functioning. I would be interested in research in all populations, but specifically in combat Veterans or military Service Members.
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There was a recent study that suggested that subjective difficulties with executive functioning were related more strongly to affective distress than objective EF on testing in veterans. See below:
Shwartz, S. K., Roper, B. L., Arentsen, T. J., Crouse, E. M., & Adler, M. C. (2020). The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function®-Adult Version is Related to Emotional Distress, Not Executive Dysfunction, in a Veteran Sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 35(6), 701-716.
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Anyone doing research on female military veterans regarding their struggles in transition from military life?
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Lisa Browne-Banic Dear kindly reveiw this research paper
Female Student Veteran’s Transition to College Doug Michaels Eastern Illinois University
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I am conducting a study examining the effects of childhood experiences on military service members and veterans with deployment experiences.
I have developed a questionnaire through Qualtrics (see the link below). However, I am struggling to get participants. I have focused on Reddit and social media platforms. Does anyone have suggestions for other ways to access military service members and veterans?
Thank you!
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If you have funds then Prolific.co is a great place to recruit. If your university has a license you might also check out Volunteer Science. Finally, if you have an undergraduate research pool at your university you might create a study with 18+ and military veteran as prerequisites. Of course all of these depend on what your IRB says is allowed. Best of luck!
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Have you some experiences with tree care and special treatment to protect biotops of rare species dependent on old/veteran trees in European conditions?
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Following papers: by Peter G Spooner and by Hubert Gulinck and F Pauwels might be of your interest too. Old trees are very important habitat and desire protection from state authorities.
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Hello, I requested the article " Identity constellations: An intersectional analysis of female student veterans" and I received the article entitled "Identity Collisions: An intersectional analysis of students' experiences in the McNair Scholars Program." Both articles were written by the author. The email I received from her had a different article than I requested attached. I was wondering if a new request could be sent. Thank You, Catherine Dudley D
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Of course you can ask the author again!
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Recently, collective bullying by a veteran teacher was conducted for a young teacher in Kobe in Japan. This is a big problem, and every time I watch TV and Internet news, I feel sad. In Tokyo, the recruitment ratio for elementary school teachers is 1.1 times, and it is expected to drop further. I am worried that the Japanese education system will be destroyed by the Deterioration of teacher quality. Such a problem will influence Japan and other countries in the near future. I hope any comment which is useful for children.
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Moral injury has been researched quite extensively in military and veteran populations but much less so in other occupations. I am interested in any research particularly in relation to first responders that may be underway.
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Thanks Paul
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A compelling question at the end was , What are the difference between a Veteran and  inner city child in a war zone- at 56:40min. Cheers, Paul
Here is the webinar VA Healing Environments and Research: Connection, Reflection, Introspection, Trust and Acceptance presented on July 11th for the Center for Health Design.
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We designed the Patriots Casa at Texas A+M_ San Antonio. We do not take credit for the skin a local architect did it. However, the interior space is ours. Originally it was the first stand alone Student Veteran Center in the US. Unfortunately it became a student union. One of the spaces is a training / therapeutic center for civilian psychologists who work with Veterans. Adjacent to this was a Veteran Lounge. On the first floor was a series of community spaces. A memorial room was placed between the entry hall (a gallery/reception hall ) and the ceremonial room. Cheers.
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I am doing research on this topic.
Veterans from WWII, Korea, Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan and Syria are included. Has anyone done similar research> If yes, what methods did you use
Maureen Didion
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I have updated the title of my research project to - Inter- Generational Correlation Between Combat Veterans and Trauma.
Still waiting for approval from the IRB at the University. Maureen Didion
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In a decision Thursday, a VA committee declined to cover the drug (ESKETAMINE) for all beneficiaries, instead restricting the nasal spray to patients who have not responded to other treatments and requiring an authorization process before it can be prescribed.
The decision came just one week after Trump gave an unconventional endorsement of the treatment. During an Oval Office event on June 12, 2019, he predicted to Veterans Affairs Secretary Robert Wilkie that Johnson & Johnson would be “very generous” in pricing the treatment.
“And if you like,” Trump said, “I’ll help you negotiate.”
A VA spokesperson said in a statement that drug was approved on a “non-formulary” basis, likening it to “prior authorization” that many private insurers mandate before permitting the use of potentially risky or expensive treatments.
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In my reading pharmaceutical industry ethical values peaked around the year 1995. Monetary considerations are the overriding value there after. President must keep aloof on matters regarding drugs or drug companies.
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Looking for any major systematic reviews of the use of virtual reality to treatment military veterans. Thanks
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Thanks you Glynis and Nexhmedin. Much appreciated!
Brad
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Interesting work
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Fluoxetine is the known medication for PTSD
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Which validated self-administerede questionnaires could you recommend to measure psychosocial functioning among veterans seeking treatment by a psychologist? The questionnaire should be able to examine and detect the effect of treatment on psychosocial functioning e.g. among clients with severe PTSD where the symptom severity does not diminish although it is obvious that the clients improve in their contact to their spouse, children, friends and family - and are able to participate in social activities. The assessment is meant to be before treatment initiation and after treatment termination (after e.g. 10/20 times)? I am aware of WHODAS 2.0, recommend by WHO, however I do not find that it suits younger clinets (WHODAS also includes questions about mobility). I do hope you have some suggestings.
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What kind of self-administered questionnaire are there: https://adaa.org/screening-posttraumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd
PTSD scale can be downloaded from the link. You can use BDI, BAI and other available scales. here is my paper you can get an idea from:
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Am planning research on moral injury but am having difficulties getting ethics approval out of fear that war crimes might be disclosed in the interview process. Any information or strategies appreciated.
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In geopolitics and international trade policies, developing nations are treated as if they were just a trivial appendage. Yet, the rest of the world is inseparably interconnected with them. The surviving WWII veterans still living across Africa, for example, are evidence of the extent to which global events can affect developing nations. The recent recession also provides another reminder.
- What are the implications of the US-China, US-EU trade wars for developing economies?
- Which proactive measures should governments in developing economies take before any nasty awakening?
Intra-African trade, BRICS power...anyone? Your thoughts are more than welcome.
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The US-China, US-EU trade wars have direct and indirect consequences that negatively affect the economies of developing countries. Inflation as well as the cost of living is steadily rising in these countries whose quality of life represented in the domains of health, education and GDP per capita is deteriorating (for example, Turkey, Iran and Egypt among other countries). The governments of the developing countries are facing a serious threat. A country like Iran that tries to be economically independent faces grave sanctions. BRICS and Intra-African trade might succeed in fixing some domestic issues, but need to work hard at the global level.
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Beyond a few relatively vague pieces from the press, I have come up empty. Some surveys of veterans (especially in criminal justice contexts) ask, but I would like to have some idea of national numbers for comparative purposes. I am sure the DoD must track, but it does not seem readily available. Any suggestions on government or peer reviewed sources would be appreciated. Thanks.
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The Army historical branch in the library connected to the United States Army War College at Carlisle barracks is an outstanding source for historical data. The issue of discharge status has been area of interest related to the United States military since the American Revolution. Today, discharge status carries only greater importance than ever before because of the benefits related to discharge status and/or disability claims. It is very common to see significant efforts made to upgrade discharges for those reasons
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Are there organizations that will partner with a non-profit in providing mental health - life coaching and animal assisted services for veterans that have terminal brain cancer?
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Thank you Paul. I did find where they have multiple US locations. The availability to assist depends on where you live, and Indiana is not accepting new applications. They did offer wonderful resources that I am still checking out. I appreciate your response!
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Giving an in-service on Trauma-informed care for staff working in shelters for the homeless (with focus on veterans)
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Hi Fionnula,
Now that I'm close to completing my DNP project I went back and reviewed your poster. I like the to-the-point bullets. You really covered everything in a concise manner. Clear and easy to read. Mine seems so busy in comparison. I will attach for your review.
Marilyn
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Combat Veterans and PTSD.
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Hello Sharma,
Let me know if what I am doing peaks your interest. I am working on patented technology to be transferred to my company and a co-developed in Germany to begin commercialization. www.trugenomix.com
Look forward to hearing from you.
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I have come across an account by a Japanese veteran of WW2. He wrote fondly of his friendship he struck with the people of Namale village, New Britian Island. His writing does not really say much about what they villagers thought of him. I am interested in finding out what they thought of a friend is/was. I suspect the veteran's understanding of a friend may have some overlap and differences. I am aware of James Carrier's work on friendship in Melanesia. My university does not have a book that has Carrier's chapter. But if you know of any work that followed his, I would be really interested.
Thank you for your time.
Ryota
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Hello Roberto,
Thanks a lot for your response. The last bit seems most useful. I need some basic training in anthropology as I am crossing over many disciplines!
Ryota
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Please provide information on culturally competent services available for American Indian and Alaska veterans that would help reduce health care disparity
Thank you Olivia Jaiman
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Good question.  I think it will take some researching.  You may want to start with the Indian Health Service (IHS).  Perhaps an inquiry with Dr. Yvette Roubideaux's office? http://www.hhs.gov/about/foa/opdivs/ihs.html  Or perhaps an IHS Director in your region?  Another resource might be the Tribal Epi Center in your region: https://www.ihs.gov/Epi/index.cfm?module=epi_tec_tecs.  
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Women Veterans with a PTSD diagnosis as a result of MST.
Thank you
Tammy
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Here is volume one.  If you need more information, just ask, I am happy to share.  
Best,
Chelli
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Developing an article on a therapy program that helps couples that include a veteran with PTSD, have better relationships.
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While I haven't worked with veterans who have PTSD, I've found that when one partner has PTSD from traumatic events such as sexual assault, domestic violence, etc., facilitating conversation around needs and boundaries is particularly helpful. This includes what Jonathan suggested re: education on triggers and how to respond when the person has been triggered. In practice, this has included questions like "what do you need me to do when you are triggered?" and "what boundaries can we set to make sure I don't trigger you?". Boundary-setting also involves making sure that the partner who does not have PTSD doesn't end up feeling continuously responsible for their partner's lack of progress/recovery, which I've seen happen a few times.
Actively including the partner in the recovery process is helpful too; particularly for people who tend to dissociate a lot or who may not be aware of how much their PTSD affects their day-to-day life, having input and support from their partner can be really helpful. I've seen manuals (couldn't find the source, sorry!) that suggested that both partners track stressors and responses to triggers together so that they can get a more holistic image of what seems to be most important to focus on - this can also help highlight places where the partners have different priorities (eg. Partner with PTSD is mainly concerned about being unable to sleep next to someone while partner without PTSD is more concerned about how their partner responds when their children hug them unexpectedly.)
After quickly skimming them, the following may be useful?
The Development of a Couple-Based Treatment for PTSD in Returning Veterans. Sautter, Frederic J. ; Armelie, Aaron P. ; Glynn, Shirley M. ; Wielt, Dustin B. Roberts, Michael C. (editor) ; Barnett, Jeffrey E. (editor) ; Sherman, Michelle D. (editor). Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 2011, Vol.42(1), pp.63-69.
Key Elements in Couples Therapy With Veterans With Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Sherman, Michelle D. ; Zanotti, Dona K. ; Jones, Dan E. Kenkel, Mary Beth (editor). Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 2005, Vol.36(6), pp.626-633
Key Factors Involved in Engaging Significant Others in the Treatment of Vietnam Veterans With PTSD. Sherman, Michelle D. ; Blevins, Dean ; Kirchner, Joann ; Ridener, Lauren ; Jackson, Troy Roberts, Michael C. (editor). Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 2008, Vol.39(4), pp.443-450
An Educational Group Therapy Program for Female Partners of Veterans Diagnosed with PTSD. Sones, Heather; Thorp, Steven (advisor). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing ; 2014
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Lagging in recruitment but want to recruit local non-veteran subjects who may benefit.  Do you need to have a separate consent form/HIPAA form or are they the same?
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VHA Handbook 1200.05 lists requirements for recruiting non-Veterans. IRB must review the justification and provide specific approval for recruitment of non-Veterans. ICD and HIPAA could remain the same.
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I am currently researching veterans' help-seeking behaviors and attitudes and would like to communicate with anyone who has worked with ex-Forces people.
Regards,
Ian
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Hi Ian,
I am ex-forces (Army), am living with the effects of cPTSD, and am an independent ex-forces researcher. We can chat if you like.......
Richard
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I am currently undertaking three studies of military communities and have a fourth planned on veterans returning to education. If anyone is currently undertaking this kind of research, or is interested in a collaborative project (UK and international) then please can you contact me.
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I am currently looking at how the demographics of our student veteran population change from semester to semester.  These two documents show my numbers for fall 2015 and spring 2016
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I am working on my dissertation and I am having some trouble getting articles that are with in the last 5 years for the most current research. Any help would be greatly appreciated!
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No. I am trying to get a hold of her!
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I am interested in rigorous research and empirical studies identifying the resiliency factors that mitigate susceptibility to PTSD.  In other words, assuming exposure to comparable experiences and stressors during combat, what characteristics or traits appear to be correlated with resiliency and the ability to avoid PTSD?  Or alternatively, what characteristics or traits appear to be correlated with PTSD symptoms?
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What factors account for variability in PTSD given comparable trauma exposure during military deployment? This is like asking to identify the factors that account for all variability in human behavior. The question is fascinating and the answer will never end. Other responses have touched on some great studies that touch on elements of the question, most notably analyses of the Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Survey and other studies of risk and resilience published by the Kings at the National Center for PTSD, Casey Taft, John Fairbanks, and a recent study by Polusny, Erbes, et al. in the 2011 Psychological Medicine (687-698) and Ozer et al., 2003 Psych Bulletin (52-73).and Karen Seal's study published in the Am Jnl of Pub Health, 2008, 1651-1658. The broader answer to the question lies in the individual's family and genetic history and their previous experiences with both support and adversity, as well as their own idiosyncratic way of connecting with potential sources of support. 
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I am looking for grey literature, non-published technical reports, or even anecdotal data.  Thanks! 
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While marijuana might reduce symptoms, it is not a treatment for PTSD.  Therapy is a treatment for PTSD. Anyone who advocates for the use of Marijuana or MDMA does not take into account the changes in brain chemistry brought on by chronic use.  The VA does not recommend the use of Benzodiazepines for the same reason.  Of course people would report improvement, they feel temporary relief.  I would want to know if their PTSD got better, worse or stayed the same in the long run.
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At my work we examine the experiences and lessons learned from deployment in international military missions. We are going to start examining air force personnel. But I have searched in vain after studies dealing with what possible environment, situations or tasks that air force pilots (fighters, bombers) potentially may be afraid of, after they have been deployed in international military mission.
We know from deployed army soldiers that they after home coming may e.g. be afraid to move outside firm paved road (grass, gravel etc.) due do possible mine threat. Is there anyone who knows what air force pilots (fighters, bombers) may be afraid of after home coming? Or do you have knowledge of researchers that I should contact?
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If you have information on armored vehicle crews and their post-deployment reactions, that's probably a good place to look for possible leads. Same for military truck drivers. In general, sitting stationary inside a moving vehicle could lead to a sense of heightened visibility to others. Being more visible on or above the battlefield typically is not considered a good outcome, but it often is unavoidable.
For some aircrew, confined spaces may be an issue. Some crew members on the B-52 bomber serve in a windowless space, and during combat missions, they are aware of the anti-aircraft cannon fire and missiles fired at their plane. For fighter pilots, who typically have greater visibility when flying missions, they could feel anxious in any situation that feels threatening and is accompanied by restricted visibility.
In transport aircraft crew, many of their missions occur at night to minimize the risk of taking enemy fire. Having been in the cockpit of a C-17 flying into Afghanistan, I can definitely say there is a feeling of vulnerability, something like "get me off this slow-moving plane so I can move around on the ground." My response may be unique to Army veterans (who are more comfortable on the ground), but if aircrew share that reaction, then they could feel anxious in (comparatively) slow moving vehicles, maybe even public transportation, when the situation could be a hazardous one (e.g. a slow moving crowded bus in an unfamiliar neighborhood).
Your question mentioned air force pilots, but don't overlook the Army and Navy helicopter pilots and their flight crews. 
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This is a project of the Mental Health Consortium Verde Valley in Arizona. We need advice and experience from others so we do not re-invent the wheel. Survey instruments, publications, process descriptions, data points ... We know the VA resources are seen as inadequate and many Vets report they have stopped going the many miles to get services. The goal is to identify and prioritize needs to try to encourage collaboration and program development in the area.
Any help will be welcomed as we gear up to do this.
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Thank you
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I’ve run into a problem with a research project that I’m completing.  Previous research has demonstrated a curvilinear relationship between PTG and stress responses, with the relationship resembling an inverted U-shape (e.g., McCaslin et al., 2009; Taku et al., 2015).  The same finding has been found with previous research comparing the relationship of PTG and depression (e.g., Kleim & Ehlers, 2009).  I am working with data from a sample of veterans treated for PTSD in a residential setting, and I’m comparing PTG with depression.  My analysis also produced a curvilinear relationship, but with a U-shape (not inverted-U).   This is very different from previous research.  I have noticed that mean scores for depression are much higher than in previous studies (M  for BDI-II = about 24- moderate depression).  The mean PTGI score is about 55.  I’m not sure what to make of this, and am wondering if I should just scrap my project as it is quite different from findings of previous studies.  Does anyone have a possible explanation as to why the curvilinear relationship might be so different?  Thanks.   
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Interesting patterns, indeed. I wouldn't scrap the project. One issue might be the presence of influential cases that are potentially exerting a strong 'pulling' upward of the curve at the upper end. Also, while I'm less familiar with the PTG literature, it might be that some individuals who experience "growth" also experience a kind of clarity about the realities of their experiences--past and present. I think the findings are fascinating and are worth putting out there for peer review. It might get others to think about the conceptual meaning and implications of "growth" and perhaps the measure itself. Good luck with it. Fascinating project. 
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I have observed that former military personnel function at different speed of action than that of persons functioning in everyday society; their entire pace of daily functioning seems to be dramatically faster than that of civilians. These former military individuals are attempting to reintegrate into society and tend to find doing so difficult. If you know of any research regarding this topic or researchers I could contact please let me know. I have my own theories as to why this may be manifesting. That said, your comments are welcome.
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There is an article that concludes "greater combat intensity is associated with enhanced reaction times irrespective of the time since [the veteran's] return." It is in Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2009, 66(9): 996-1004. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.109   "Association of time since deployment, combat intensity, and posttraumatic stress symptoms with neuropsychological outcomes following Iraq war deployment."
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I am working toward qualitative research and analysis connected with the construct of moral injury, specifically with regard to the experience of veterans. Any leads toward important journal articles and texts as well as refinements for research questions would be appreciated.
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Two other articles you might be interested in Brian are available on this site - Jacob Farnsworth has authored and co-authored 2 articles on moral injury:
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Can anyone advise me about questionnaires measuring combat exposure/experience among navy soldiers (on a ship)? I am aware of the Combat Exposure Scale (CES) which we have used among deployed (army) soldiers, but I have only seen that it has been used among navy soldiers in one publication.
Kind regards,
Anni Nielsen
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I advise you to contact Prof. Charles Figley .
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I'm looking at equine, music, construction [ala Habitat for Humanity but veteran-focused], ranching, etc. for non-traditional treatment or programs….but not CBT, EMDR, EFT, etc.. Thank you in advance for any help!
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Thank you, for your ideas! They're great, especially as the next stage in my research is fast approaching. Yes, I too, come from a military family. My natural father had severe PTSD-related symptoms, and now, to a much lesser extent, my son is displaying some of them as well. I wholeheartedly agree that this is a crucial area for research.
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There is a growing literature and much research underway on suicide among members of the military and veterans. There are also (in US at least) some grief support resources (e.g., VA, TAPS) specifically for those affected by such losses. However, it would seem that the heavy media attention focused on possible risk factors and triggers (i.e., PTSD, multiple deployments, combat exposure, marital issues, problems adjusting to civilian life, etc.) might bear on the grieving process of family members and others. To be sure these "survivors" may have much in common with others dealing with suicide loss, but the overarching "presence" of military training, experience, and values (code) would seem to play a role also.
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Dear Tony
Dr. Julie Cerel at the University of Kentucky has been doing work in this area.
Hapy Thanksgiving,Holly
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I am finding low growth hormone levels in OEF/OIF veterans with tbi./ptsd  that have been homeless. This population is very vulnerable because they feel lost around groups of people. Those with mild to moderate TBI are our most difficult challenge because there are no residential programs for this group that would combine both TBI and PTSD treatment programs to support integration. Out- patient treatment is not intense enough and difficult to keep the veteran engaged  they become frustrated with the system so they end up leaving housing and become homeless again. Any thoughts on low hormone level and emotional instability support poor decision making? Does motivational interaction even having any therapeutic affect on this population?
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Pituitary gland injury is possibly a chronic disorder caused concomitantly with other endocrine dysfunctions arising from exposure to extreme stress, especially over a long period.  A fascinating study of a soldier from WW1 (Private Eagerfield)  showed the victim presenting with War Hyperthyroidism, Hyperadrenalism, (General Adaptational Syndrome). Private Eagerfield exhibited a bizarre facial expression (immobility of the upper eyelid and downward rotation of the eye) indicating von Graefe's syndrome 
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I considered Bowlby's Theory on Adult Attachments for my doctoral research with partners of veterans with combat-related PTSD. I would like to know if anyone has current information please?
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It's a bit outside my specialization, but I know Chris Erbes, Melissa Polusny, Shannon Kehle, and Laura Meis are all currently doing research on elements of this question. One recent publication is linked below.
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I am updating my literature review to help direct the creation of qualitative research studies in this area.
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Yes, our group has published several articles that relate to this topic. See attached.
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Asessment of symptoms seems at times to not be a sufficient measure of improvement.
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At Emory University's Mood and Anxiety Program, we currently use the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) to diagnose PTSD, as well as to measure symptom severity and functional impairment. Although we do not use the CAPS specifically for war-related trauma patients (we focus on domestic and urban trauma), the scale can be generalized to any subset of individuals with PTSD. I've copied the original citation below, along with some later articles regarding the CAPS, in case you're interested.
Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995). The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. (PDF) Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 75-90.
Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2001). Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale: A review of the first ten years of research. (PDF) Depression and Anxiety Vol, 13(3), 132-156.
Weathers, F. W., Ruscio, A. M., & Keane, T. M. (1999). Psychometric properties of nine scoring rules for the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale. (PDF) Psychological Assessment, 11(2), 124-133.