Vaccination - Science topic

Vaccination is essential for preventing infectious diseases due to its ability to provide immunity, protect communities, and save lives. Here's why:

In order to control for effects of seasonal variation you need a minimum two year time frame overall for any comparison (i.e. able to compare spring vs spring, summer vs summer, fall vs fall, winter vs winter). A simple Fisher's Exact Test is ideal for small sample size but must be no smaller than 20, with a minimum of 5 in each cell (numerator/denominator) of the two proportions being compared (2022 vs 2023). Note this is a comparison of proportions of two years within one group RSV among the Unvaccinated, not RSV among Unvaccinated versus Vaccinated over two years. Comparing proportions with Fisher's Exact can clearly detect a variation that is significantly different than what would be expected by pure 50/50 random chance, BUT the comparison has to be set up properly for it to be a valid test of probability of expected versus actual observation of a theoretical effect. Another quite valuable method of comparison that can be used to narrow down the "when and how" of the occurrence of an effect (or not) is the Shewhart Chart (Statistical Process Control Chart - P Chart). If you have the granularity in the data of the calendar date of vaccination and calendar date of RSV occurrence, a weekly or monthly proportion of RSV and proportion of vaccination over the entire 104 week (24 month) two year time frame between Jan 2022 through Jan 2024 could be demonstrated and analyzed for "special cause variation" patterns across the two year time frame. If vaccination were to have a genuine clinically significant effect, a clear pattern of "special cause variation" (i.e. a significant at 2 sigma decreasing trend) pattern of variation in weekly or monthly proportion of RSV occurrence "signal" would be clearly visible in the sequential time series (weekly, monthly) graphic that occurs as a lag function post-vaccination in the overall two year time frame among the same socioeconomic geolocational demographic of the population at risk for RSV infections.

Great question and should show some interesting and actionable information as a project deliverable. Fisher's Exact for a p value and SPC p-charts for internal cross validation of reportable findings. Null hypothesis is that vaccination has no statistically significant (at 95% confidence) measurable clinical effect upon proportion of occurrence of RSV among the population at risk for RSV infection. Reject the Null if Fisher's Exact <0.05 95% confidence. Other methods would apply to a larger sample (N 2500 over two year time frame) such as Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) of RSV yes/no as the dependent variable with vaccination yes/no and month, or week number and other demographics (age, gender, etc.) and comorbid conditions as independent variable control factors. But that would be a much more elaborate process and would require a robust data set for analysis. CHAID (chi-square-automatic-interaction-detection) analysis can be done on much smaller samples than BLR and will show significant higher order interactions between independent variables in a different way than BLR will, and should also be considered as a predictive model of RSV infection prevalence, controlling for vaccination, as an additional method of internal cross validation of findings.

An additional benefit of having a larger sample is being able to calculate the model probability ("c-statistic") at the individual case-record level in order to compute and draw the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) curve, also known as "Signal to Noise Ratio" or Sensitivity vs Specificity Curve, and this curve can be plotted in the same diagram space and directly contrasted and compared between the generated BLR and CHAID models as even further internal cross validations of findings as a measure of agreement between different methods.

I hope this helps. A lot of stuff here, much of it right out of my lectures over the years to doctoral nursing students working on capstone or dissertation projects prior to graduation and during the post-graduation publication process in peer reviewed scientific journals.

Richard E. Gilder, MS RN-C

Bioinformatics Scientist

The Gilder Company

TTUHSC Adjunct Faculty

richard.gilder@ttuhsc.edu

Is it scientifically ethical to use your Government Position for harvesting and using COVID-19 data for your own only publications? No, it isn't, as pointed out by dear Ljubomir Jacić.

Regards

A new study has found that no cases of cervical cancer have been detected in young women who have been fully-vaccinated as part of the HPV immunisation programme.

The Public Health Scotland (PHS) research said the HPV (human papillomavirus virus) vaccine was "highly effective" in preventing the development of the cancer...

The differentation of infected from vaccinated depend on animal health satus infected with clinical signs ,carrier vaccinated ,kind of vaccine used .then serological (titer) of antibodies then isolations of virus and mapping to compare with vaccine strain and wild one.

covid triggers autoimmune reaction (such as vitiligo) in a small % of cases.

The fist thing to know the vaccine strain used dose ,titer ,effect of booster dose,then study immunological status of vaccinated person before vaccind and after vaccination,need for booster dose or not the select your aim

In my view, I think the more research needs to be done on the strain of Measles virus given in the vaccine dose. Because almost the same, though not as high number of morbidity and few mortality cases where recorded in my country Nigeria. I feel that the most probable reasons should be that after one confirms that the Measles vaccine strains are potent, then look at the storage chain and means of transportation to vaccination sites. Then possibly the issue of being really immunized after being vaccinated will then be looked at from the immunological standpoints

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Interpretation of the Avidityof ELISA according to manufactory prochure of the ELISA machine

To Dr Joseph Westaby

As I am not pathologist I don't know how you can differentiate which one is due to mRNA vaccine and which one is not morphologically with standard pathologist microscopy. As a clinician in order to detect I consider that you must probably use electron-microscopy for fibrocytes' morphologic evaluation !? Also I ask you why so much young people are dying out of blue after covid19 pandemy ? Obviously there must be reason for almost 25-30 million excess deaths !

Autopsy-based histopathological characterization of myocarditis after anti-SARS-CoV-2-vaccination (find below)

"While the incidence of sudden death from myocarditis in older adults is unknown, roughly 1-9% of deceased patients are found to have evidence of cardiac inflammation. However, in young adults, nearly 20% of sudden death cases are linked to myocarditis." Ref: https://www.myocarditisfoundation.org/research-and-grants/faqs/sudden-death-and-myocarditis/#:~:text=While%20the%20incidence%20of%20sudden,cases%20are%20linked%20to%20myocarditis.

https://www.aedusa.com/knowledge/the-connection-between-covid-19-myocarditis-and-sudden-cardiac-arrest/#:~:text=When%20the%20heart%20muscle%20suffers,sudden%20cardiac%20arrest%20(SCA).

Dear Dr. Rodney P Jones

On immunization, the initial detection typically is done by the innate immune system; although, B-cells may also perform this function. This detection process begins when the immune system recognizes epitopes on antigens.

Multiple components of the innate immune system will then respond to this challenge. These components of innate immunity will opsonize or bind to the agent and aid in its engulfment by antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages or monocytes. These antigen-presenting cells will then process the antigens from the pathogenic agent and insert the processed antigen along with the MHC protein onto the surface on the antigen-presenting cell.

If it is a viral antigen, the antigen will be bound with MHC I protein and presented by the antigen-presenting cell to a CD8 cell which will likely trigger cell-mediated immunity. If it is a bacterial or parasitic antigen, the antigen will be bound with MHC II protein and presented by the antigen-presenting cell to a CD4 cell which will likely trigger antibody-mediated immunity. These are a few events that may take place initially.

Now, there are many factors that can determine how antibodies are produced by the body after a vaccine is administrated. These factors include the patient’s age, sex, genetics, and comorbidities.

For example, infants who receive the measles vaccine before the age of 9 months have significantly lower levels of antibodies, as well as much lower antibody avidity as compared to patients who received the vaccine between the ages of 9 and 12 months.

The patient’s sex can also affect vaccine response. Females, for example, have been found to have higher antibody responses to dengue, Hepatitis A and B, inactivated polio vaccine, rabies and smallpox vaccines, whereas males appear to produce higher concentrations of antibodies after receiving vaccines against tetanus, diphtheria, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23), PCV7 and meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV-C).

There are behavioral factors that include exercise, alcohol consumption both chronic and acute psychological stress, sleep duration, nutritional status, as well as consumption of micronutrients like vitamins A, D, and E which can affect the ability of antibody production following vaccine administration. Smoking has been shown to reduce antibody production following the administration of the Hepatitis B vaccine. Comparatively, although antibody production levels are not affected by smoking after immunization for the human papillomavirus (HPV), antibody avidity can be affected.

Also, vaccine itself can determine how the patient’s immune system will respond following its administration. For instance, the vaccine schedule, site of administration, route, needle size, time of day, whether any other vaccines are administered concurrently, as well as whether the patient is also taking other drugs at the time of the immunization.

I have attached a few articles for your reference which my be helpful.

Hope this helps!

Regards,

Malcolm Nobre

No feeling of any side effects after two years of Covid-19 vaccintions but improve the performance the daily requirements.

The duration for which IgM antibodies last after vaccination against COVID-19 can vary from person to person. IgM antibodies are typically the first type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection or vaccination. However, their presence tends to be temporary, usually persisting for a few weeks to a couple of months.

For COVID-19 vaccination, most vaccines primarily induce the production of IgG antibodies, which provide longer-lasting immunity compared to IgM antibodies. IgM antibodies, if present after COVID-19 vaccination, are often transient and gradually wane over time.

It's important to note that the specific duration of IgM antibody presence after COVID-19 vaccination may depend on factors such as the individual's immune response, the vaccine type, and the specific characteristics of the vaccine formulation. Ongoing research is being conducted to better understand the duration and dynamics of antibody responses following COVID-19 vaccination.

It's worth mentioning that while IgM antibodies may decline, the immune system's memory B cells and T cells continue to play a crucial role in maintaining long-term immunity against COVID-19. These cells can recognize the virus and mount a rapid immune response upon re-exposure, even in the absence of detectable levels of IgM antibodies.

To determine the duration of immunity and the need for booster shots, researchers and health authorities are closely monitoring vaccinated individuals and conducting studies to evaluate antibody responses and immune memory over extended periods of time.

If you have specific concerns about your antibody response after COVID-19 vaccination, it is recommended to consult with healthcare professionals or refer to guidance from reputable health organizations.

Not only is the vaccine unlikely to help as your links indicate, but now researchers are explicitly linking the concerning rise in non-COVID excess deaths to the jab: https://okaythennews.substack.com/p/german-researchers-explicitly-link

Dear Abdulla,

I have found several articles that are related to the topic you are interested in. Here they are for your reference. Enjoy your reading!

1. Emerging Immune Biomarkers for Prognosing the Outcome of COVID-19 Patients

2. Comparative Immunological Analysis of Vaccinated Versus Recovered COVID-19 Patients

3. Molecular Comparison of Recovered and Vaccinated COVID-19 Patients

4. Transcriptomic Profiling of Recovered and Vaccinated COVID-19 Patients: Insights from a Comparative Analysis

5. Comparison of Immune-Related Genes of Recovered and Vaccinated COVID-19 Patients

6. Altered Innate Immune and Inflammatory Responses in Response to Vaccine Versus Natural Infection of COVID-19

7. Serological and Molecular Evaluation of Vaccinated and Recovered SARS-CoV-2 Patients

8. A Comprehensive Comparison of Vaccinated versus Recovered COVID-19 Patients

9. Comparative Immunological Evaluation of Vaccinated and Naturally Recovered COVID-19 Patients

10. Differential Analysis of Immuno-molecular Parameters Between Vaccinated and Naturally Recovered SARS-CoV-2 Patients

Best regards, Saif

In the case of clinical cases vaccination not advise because it act as stress beside silent infection in contact animals give immune response better than vaccine

The following study about impact of Covid_19 vaccine and Ferritin.The relations between Ferritin levels and Covid-19 published in American Journal of public Health ,PAHO

The XBB.1.16 variant that is making news in India recently (late March to early April, 2023) has only two new mutations in the spike protein, relative to XBB.1.5 subvariant of Omicron.

It is difficulty to say yes or no. The answer have to be disease severity specific and/or patient specific

To make it a bit simpler:

say you have treatments A and B, and your experiment is done in two batches 1 and 2.

If treatment A is analyzed in batch 1 and B in batch 2, then treatment and batch are perfectky confounded you you have no chance to distangle batch-effects from treatment effects.

If samples with treatment A are measured in batch 1 and 2, and also samples with treatment B are measured in both batches, then one can model the batch effect and reveal the treatment effect.

If you have treatments A+C in batch 1 and treatments B+C in batch 2, you might estimate the batch effect from treatment C and apply it to correct A and B as well (dangerous, if the batch effect also depends on the treatment, but better than nothing).

In blood donation, there is this term 'deferral period' wherein a donor is not allowed to donate blood at a specific range of time for reasons such as recent immunization, surgery, etc. According to the Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 'deferral' or 'waiting period' is required for the patient safety consideration. This is because blood from a recently vaccinated donor may contain an infective agent which although not harmful to the donor, but may theoretically pose a risk to patients who are immune-suppressed or immunocompromised.

Due to this deferral period, it is assured that the blood that is transfused to the recipient is assured in terms of quality and safety of the blood products. Additionally, there are further tests performed in the blood to screen for pathogenic agents that may put the recipient in increased risk or harm. In recent literatures, there are no evidence of transfusing recently immunized blood to patients as there are protocols for deferral on blood banks.

Timing of blood donation among donors who received covid-19 vaccines. (2021, March 16). Retrieved February 24, 2023, from https://www.psmid.org/timing-of-blood-donation-among-donors-who-received-covid-19-vaccines/

Zabeida, A., Lebel, M. H., Renaud, C., Cloutier, M., &amp; Robitaille, N. (2019). Reevaluating immunization delays after red blood cell transfusion. Transfusion, 59(9), 2806-2811. doi:10.1111/trf.15433

The relationship betwween the efficacy of prior immunity and vaccine depends on titer of prior immuinty due to previous vaccination or infection ,if protective titer no need for vaccination ,if not protctive vaccine needed

Colleaques ,the second dose decision belongs to manufactory company only because they know the protctive level of immunoglobulens .you need second dose or not please read well the manufactory directions

My openion about mRNA and vectorial AntiCovid vaccines that they play an important role in facing pandemic in the world so any withdrawal must be with more effective and cheaper one

Covid_19 vaccine(COVAX) efficacy is measured in a controlled clinical trials and according to WHO publications that poweful new Covid_19 vaccine shows 90% efficacy ,so efficacy depends on manufactuary place,patient immunity(health status) autoimmune disease... etc.all these to gether determine safety,side effects ,for more detailed check the attached ref.about the comparison of Covid_19 vacvines

https://Myacare.com>blog>comp

On the issues of COVID-19 vaccination campaign was conducted that the public have to get vaccination in the Government Hospitals, Health Centers, and Emergency Centers but those were willing to take the vaccination according to their physiological conditions of the body.

People have considered if they are taking the tablets regarding cardiac, pressure, etc.

Here, the issue of Human Rights came to an individual's interest and decisions but there is no compulsive vaccines in any part of the world.

In Europe most of the elderly people have not recognized most of the mushrooms pharmaceuticals have been emerged during the Covid pandemic periods.

The confidence among the people determine the willingness and desire to take vaccine against COVID 19 transmission.

It is purely related to human rights issues than any other measures.

International Human Rights Treaties have helped the people who want to have vaccination in time or to reject if they are healthy against the virus diseases etc.

It is general recommendations to have vaccination for the community to save and protect by yourself. That's all .

The attache ref.showed complete informations

Vet record .2014 2_3

Vaccination programm adapted in Elderly as well as remaining peoples. Side effect variable from vaccinated peoples according to health status,first shot ,second shot(booster).The most common reported side effect fatige,malaise,elevated heart rate,shortness of breath ,muscle and joint pain.

More detailed in the attached ref.

https//khn.org.news>articles

The vaccine used for cattle between 3-8 months of age is usually the B19 strain. It induces the formation of specific antibodies against LPS and may interfere with the serological diagnosis of brucellosis. The persistence of these antibodies is related to the age of vaccination. In vaccinated females over eight months of age, there is a high probability of producing antibodies that persist and interfere with the diagnosis of the disease after 24 months of age. When vaccination occurs up to 8 months of age, antibodies are rapidly reduced, with no interference in the test result of females over 24 months of age.

Sorry outside of my field

Dear Yury

I guess that you can use the SIMUS method, that allows for using as many objectives as you want, it does not matter if some of them are contradictory.

This method is based on Linear Programming, but does not prouce optimal solutions (no MCDM method can do that either), as different from LP that can give you optimal results, but based on only one objective.

Hepatitis has many viral and non viral causes. Vaccination is given for HBV and HAV only from the viral causes. This will protect against HAV, HBV and HDV as well. But not protect against HEV and HCV. Also CMV, EBV, Yellow fever virus are examples of other viruses could cause hepatitis. There are also some non viral causes of Hepatitis as well which will not be prevented by vaccination.

COVID-19 vaccination can elicit a distinct T cell-dominant immune-mediated hepatitis

Every novel vaccine remaine a source of excitment until results appear ,for Covid_19 the main barrier is unexpected results which is nothing in comparing with the disease threats and death, circumstance of hospitalization.Finally the excitment diminished in front of results obtained

You can calculate odds ratio by regression methods but how will you compare as this does not seem a case control study design , u need to have control group for odds of exposure. The way you have written , you can just calculate duration of vaccination in different occupation and apply tests of association either Chi square or student t test based on your data type and further regression might or might not be needed depending on other variables you are considering.

Colleaque case may be autoimmune disease(allergy) complete case history ,clinical examination exclude each case

Also visit the following useful link.

No.

Please have a look at the following useful links.

Thanks!

Mostly the duration is still not known accurately however most of the studies suggest it to be somewhere between 6-9 months, and this depends on person to person, immunity system etc etc

Media and personal health culture is the main obsticle delaye sucessful vaccination programm.

I agree with colleaques ideas in addition to put in consedaration the adult history to autoimmune diseases and blood clotting dieases

In my opinion monoclonal antibodies will be good, safe and quick solution to overcome from covid 19 Suresh Kumar Govindarajan

Malaria is not prevalent in our community so there is no idea about

I have no doubt that it is not of natural origin.

FMD_CP by vaccine is the only effective and valuable method for controlling this disease.The vaccine must be strain variant which mean each strain in new outbreak should be isolated and included in vaccination program if not present

Dear Dr José Camilo Vázquez Caubet . I agree with Dr Michael Uebel .

Reacted poorly.

There are numerous examples of using SEIR model involving vaccination, see e.g. this google search:

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=seir+model+vaccination

and/or:

I can't say much about the other model you intend to include because I could not understand it well enough based on your description.

Dear Md. Ariful Haque Mamun, among the problems I have seen on you tube about a Jordanian 26 years old. He has been taken the two vaccin's shots but by error from two different vaccins. He started by loosing the ability to talk and end up by a total handicap. The following is the video, it is in Arabic, but easy to feel his problem. My Regards

Dear Ms. Nazario!

I help YOU - here below you find the resources I searched up:

1) Ceron, W., Gruszynski Sanseverino, G., de-Lima-Santos, MF. et al. COVID-19 fake news diffusion across Latin America. Soc. Netw. Anal. Min. 11, 47 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-021-00753-z Free access:

2) Tripodi, F. ReOpen demands as public health threat: a sociotechnical framework for understanding the stickiness of misinformation. Comput Math Organ Theory (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10588-021-09339-8 Open access:

3) Gu, C., Feng, Y. Influence of Public Engagement with Science on Scientific Information Literacy During the COVID‑19 Pandemic. Sci & Educ (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-021-00261-8 Open access:

4) Ashley Z. Ritter PhD, CRNP et al. (2021). Dear Pandemic: Nurses as key partners in fighting the COVID-19 infodemic, Public Health Nursing, July/August 2021, Free access:

Yours sincerely, Bulcsu Szekely

All kinds of vaccines make us worried about kids but facing disease relief this worring,e.g BCG vaccine given for newly born kid showed brellient results facing T.B.

For Covid_19 promised results prooven after vaccination childrens ,for newly born one i prefare to wait until more and more investigations

HI Dr Mohamed Samy Abousenna

I hope the following link could help: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/type-iii-hypersensitivity

Vaccination has already started in India since January 2021.

Health workers were followed by people above 65 years followed by people above 45 years followed by other people above 18 years.

Even though there were significant numbers of vaccinated, but this does not mean everything is fine. We need more to reactive the everyday life and enhance the economic sectors. Herd immunity is far from now globally.

The very basic aspect to combat ﹰCorona is ﹰHerd immunity . Vaccination may fail very often if natural immunity can be developed to increase the reproduction number it will be better .

Tdap and D Tap both protect against three diseases Tetanus,Diphtheria and Petrussis(Whooping cough)

D Tap contain full dose of diphrheria,Tetanus and Whooping cough vaccine.

T dap contain a full dose Tetanus vaccine and a lower dose of diphtheria and whooping cough vaccine.

T d contain Tetanus and Diphtheris vaccines

CDC Recommended vaccination schedules for protection according to age and health status.

Anyone with a solution for this?

Dear Kaouthar Driss,

I think these recent articles may actually interest you:

Best wishes,

Sabri

Autherative Covid_19 vaccine pill enters Clinical trials research professionals news in dfferent localities among them Israel,India for more details see the attached reference:

https:// www .research professional newa.com>

I have had both jabs and will continue with booster shots when required.

Have a look at this useful link for insights.

Please also go through the following RG links.

I am still waiting for my 1st dose, so I will recommend this post.

The spike protein degraded in body within72 hrs and act as immunogen only for promoting immunolgical system to form antibodies againest spike protein(virulent part of virus or part of virus responsible for invasion and infection)

J.D. Franco-Navarro And I also remember that people with blood type A are doing the worst with Covid. Makes me wonder, whether they had the worst post vaxination symptoms, too.

Thank you for the answer!

I'm not very happy with your fit line. Have you examined the residuals? It changes from underprediction to overprediction to underprediction again. There is more going on here than a simple monotonic relationship.

It's almost as if the left 20% of the plot shows one downward trend in one kind of state, while the rest shows the same thing but for a different kind of state.

I'm not convinced you have this at a point where a summary statistic is helpful. I tend to go for Kendall's tau-b because it has some kind of interpretation, while Spearman's rho has none. Tau-b is based on the proportion of observation pairs that show a positive correlation. More specifically, it is that proportion doubled (to scale it over a range of 2) minus one (to get it to lie between ±1).

Please have a look:

Message claiming ‘all vaccinated people will die within two years’ by French virologist and Nobel Prize winner Luc Montagnier is FAKE.

Malcolm Nobre Thank you very much for your insight Malcolm! If we culture the DCs like this, and we see a response only with those cultured with the pulsed DCs, and not with the whole tumor, could we say that the cells are naive and haven't been activated? So there is vaccination did not work?

Some other recent research using the theory of planned behavior might be of help for interpreting the results, for example:

Cordina M, Lauri MA, Lauri J. Attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination, vaccine hesitancy and intention to take the vaccine. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2021Mar.21 [cited 2021Jun.6];19(1):2317. Available from: https://pharmacypractice.org/journal/index.php/pp/article/view/2317

Yes to an extent it will be protected and overall it has been found that the effects of the virus were reduced and the ill adverse effects were reduced a lot

Quality of data is more important than tons of quantity. It is definitely more important in retrospective studies than in prospective.

However, doing something (even a case report about a new aspect of COVID-19 ) is better than doing nothing.

Dear Harry Gabe Parsaoran please have a look at the following potentially useful articles which might help you in your analysis:

and

Both articles have been posted as public full texts on RG. Thus they can be freely downloaded as pdf files. I hope they are useful for you.

Covid 19 vaccine are not give protection 100%