Science topic

Vaccination - Science topic

Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.
Questions related to Vaccination
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Could the side effects have become permanent?
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The "post-vac syndrome" affects quite many people.
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There are many benefits to vaccinating the population against HPV, such as reducing the incidence of CIN2+ related to vaccine genotypes. And those who receive the HPV vaccine will experience an advantage in the transformation of HPV genotypes. How will this HPV-related epidemiological feature change in the future? Perhaps it is related to the original HPV prevalence characteristics of the population in that region.
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Here are some references related to the impact of HPV vaccine on HPV prevalence characteristics:
Markowitz LE, Dunne EF, Saraiya M, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014;63(RR-05):1-30. PMID: 25167164.
Drolet M, Bénard É, Boily MC, et al. Population-level impact and herd effects following human papillomavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(5):565-580. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)71073-4
Simms KT, Steinberg J, Caruana M, et al. Impact of HPV vaccination on cervical screening in Victoria, Australia. Vaccine. 2017;35(43):5840-5846. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.037
Lei J, Ploner A, Elfström KM, et al. HPV vaccination and the risk of invasive cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(14):1340-1348. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1917338
Jit M, Brisson M, Portnoy A, et al. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination: the impact of nonavalent vaccine on HPV-related disease. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2015;14(8):1007-1019. doi: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1057405
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I have data from the our experimental model - where we analyze the immune response following BCG vaccination, and then the responses and clinical outcome following Mtb infection of our vaccinated models. Because we cannot experimentally follow the very same entity after evaulating the post-vaccination response also for the post vaccination plus post infection studies - we have such data from different batches. Is it possible to do correlation here between post vaccination responses of 5 replicates in one batch (in different vaccine candidates) versus 4-5 replicates in vaccination & infection from another batch? I ask this because we are not following up the same replicates for post vaccination and post infection measurements (as it is not experimentally feasible). If correlation is not the best method, are there other ways to analyze the patterns - such as strength of association between T cell response in BCG vaccinated models versus increased survival of BCG vaccinated models (both measurements are from different batches)? We have several groups like that, with a variety of parameters measured per group in different sets of experiments.
Thanks for your responses and help.
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To make it a bit simpler:
say you have treatments A and B, and your experiment is done in two batches 1 and 2.
If treatment A is analyzed in batch 1 and B in batch 2, then treatment and batch are perfectky confounded you you have no chance to distangle batch-effects from treatment effects.
If samples with treatment A are measured in batch 1 and 2, and also samples with treatment B are measured in both batches, then one can model the batch effect and reveal the treatment effect.
If you have treatments A+C in batch 1 and treatments B+C in batch 2, you might estimate the batch effect from treatment C and apply it to correct A and B as well (dangerous, if the batch effect also depends on the treatment, but better than nothing).
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How can you say that the blood obtained from those who have been vaccinated is not a risk?
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In blood donation, there is this term 'deferral period' wherein a donor is not allowed to donate blood at a specific range of time for reasons such as recent immunization, surgery, etc. According to the Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 'deferral' or 'waiting period' is required for the patient safety consideration. This is because blood from a recently vaccinated donor may contain an infective agent which although not harmful to the donor, but may theoretically pose a risk to patients who are immune-suppressed or immunocompromised.
Due to this deferral period, it is assured that the blood that is transfused to the recipient is assured in terms of quality and safety of the blood products. Additionally, there are further tests performed in the blood to screen for pathogenic agents that may put the recipient in increased risk or harm. In recent literatures, there are no evidence of transfusing recently immunized blood to patients as there are protocols for deferral on blood banks.
Timing of blood donation among donors who received covid-19 vaccines. (2021, March 16). Retrieved February 24, 2023, from https://www.psmid.org/timing-of-blood-donation-among-donors-who-received-covid-19-vaccines/
Zabeida, A., Lebel, M. H., Renaud, C., Cloutier, M., & Robitaille, N. (2019). Reevaluating immunization delays after red blood cell transfusion. Transfusion, 59(9), 2806-2811. doi:10.1111/trf.15433
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Hello, I have a study where we are measuring the time between full COVID-19 vaccination and infection with the virus.
I have 3 kinds of answers
A: participants with known vaccination time and infection time after vaccination
Time to infection is known
Event has occured during study period
B: participants with known vaccination time but didn't contract the virus during the study period
Time to infection is unknown
Event has not occured
C: Participants who got infected BEFORE vaccination
Time to infection is known (negative?)
Event has occured before "study beginning point"
Now my question regarding the coding is
A- Event:TRUE
Time to event: whatever it is
B- Event:False
Time to event: the entire duration of
study
C-Event:???
Time to event: ???
would that be correct?
how do I deal with data C?
Thanks in advance.
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David, if the plan is to use time-to-event (TTE) analysis, why would you exclude folks who have not experienced the event by the end of the study? As the following excerpt notes, it is incredibly common--more common that not, I think--to have such censoring in TTE analysis.
"One of the challenges specific to survival analysis is that only some individuals will have experienced the event by the end of the study, and therefore survival times will be unknown for a subset of the study group. This phenomenon is called censoring and may arise in the following ways: the study participant has not yet experienced the relevant outcome, such as relapse or death, by the close of the study; the study participant is lost to follow-up during the study period; or, the study participant experiences a different event that makes further follow-up impossible. Such censored interval times underestimate the true but unknown time to event. For most analytic approaches, censoring is assumed to be random or non-informative."
Khaled Tarek, the link for the Hosmer, Lemeshow & May textbook examples at the bottom of that page has not been updated with the new address for UCLA pages. Here is the correct address:
HTH.
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I have a question. Do prior immunity to a virus-like particle vaccine platform affects its immunogenicity for the next vaccination? For example, if we vaccinate an individual using a chimeric VLP consist of an antigen of interest fused into influenza M1 protein as the core, will it have a lower immune response if the individual were vaccinated with other VLP-based vaccine containing the same M1 protein? Will it happen as with the viral vector vaccine?
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The relationship betwween the efficacy of prior immunity and vaccine depends on titer of prior immuinty due to previous vaccination or infection ,if protective titer no need for vaccination ,if not protctive vaccine needed
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For the Covid Johnson vaccine, is one dose sufficient for a person already vaccinated (3 months after the vaccine) or is a second dose necessary for better protection?
Thanks in advance
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Colleaques ,the second dose decision belongs to manufactory company only because they know the protctive level of immunoglobulens .you need second dose or not please read well the manufactory directions
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There is scientific evidence of mRNA and vectorial vaccines' genotoxicity.
mRNA vaccines induce immunodepression increasing vulnerability to communicable and non-communicable diseases ( cancer) and have a high rate of serious adverse effects, including death. Many otherwise healthy young people have died
Scientific evidence is supported by epidemiological data that show an increase in the infection risk from VOC in vaccinated people and in oncologic patients.
Moreover, I suggest reading Christine Cotton's expertise about the mRNA vaccines' unreliability.
In Florida, there was an 83% increase in mortality in vaccinated people.
We proposed on Research gate an International Research Manifesto for the withdrawal of mRNA and vectorial vaccines. if you agree you could sign it for building an international pressure lobby and there is an open discussion on Researchgate about this topic.
Reference on Research Gate
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My openion about mRNA and vectorial AntiCovid vaccines that they play an important role in facing pandemic in the world so any withdrawal must be with more effective and cheaper one
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The literature reports that COVID-19 vaccination has altered the course of the pandemic and has saved millions of lives. The inadequate access to vaccines in the developing world and low-income countries has limited the impact of COVID-19 vaccinations reinforcing the need for global vaccine equity and coverage. The effectiveness, safety, cost and side effects by various vaccines has been questioned. A number of COVID-19 vaccines have been assessed in the first year of the COVID-19 epidemic. Researchers and companies may now support the best COVID-19 vaccine for the developing world and the global population.
RELEVANT REFERENCES:
A. Watson OJ, Barnsley G, Toor J, Hogan AB, Winskill P, Ghani AC. Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Sep;22(9):1293-1302.
B. David A Henry, Mark A Jones, Paulina Stehlik, Paul P Glasziou, Effectiveness of COVID‐19 vaccines: findings from real‐world studies, Medical Journal of Australia, 10.5694/mja2.51479, 216, 8, (431-431), (2022).
C. COVID-19 Infection and Anti-Aging Gene Inactivation. Acta Scientific Nutritional Health 4.5 (2020): 01-02.
D. COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease in the Global Chronic Disease Epidemic. J Clin Med Res. 2022;4(1):1-2.
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Covid_19 vaccine(COVAX) efficacy is measured in a controlled clinical trials and according to WHO publications that poweful new Covid_19 vaccine shows 90% efficacy ,so efficacy depends on manufactuary place,patient immunity(health status) autoimmune disease... etc.all these to gether determine safety,side effects ,for more detailed check the attached ref.about the comparison of Covid_19 vacvines
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How do you think COVID-19 countermeasures taken by states and governments comply with the human rights guarantees established by national Constatutions and the International Human Rights Treaties? Among those measures are :
-mandatory vaccination
-lockdown
-mandatory usage of masks
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On the issues of COVID-19 vaccination campaign was conducted that the public have to get vaccination in the Government Hospitals, Health Centers, and Emergency Centers but those were willing to take the vaccination according to their physiological conditions of the body.
People have considered if they are taking the tablets regarding cardiac, pressure, etc.
Here, the issue of Human Rights came to an individual's interest and decisions but there is no compulsive vaccines in any part of the world.
In Europe most of the elderly people have not recognized most of the mushrooms pharmaceuticals have been emerged during the Covid pandemic periods.
The confidence among the people determine the willingness and desire to take vaccine against COVID 19 transmission.
It is purely related to human rights issues than any other measures.
International Human Rights Treaties have helped the people who want to have vaccination in time or to reject if they are healthy against the virus diseases etc.
It is general recommendations to have vaccination for the community to save and protect by yourself. That's all .
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Can a dog treated with cyclosporine for complex atopic dermatitis be vaccinated normally? It is safe? induces the expected response? could develop the disease for which was vaccinated? How should the vaccination schedule be managed?
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The attache ref.showed complete informations
Vet record .2014 2_3
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Hypothetical case discussion. With vaccination coverage as high as 90% in many areas of India. Should an elderly who is unvaccinated till now had symptom of flu one year ago, be vaccinated .....or we can assume he has developed natural immunity. What are the side effects of COVID vaccine in Elderly?
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Hello everyone.
I am doing a research where I am collecting attitude changes on COVID vaccination after reading excerpts from two different news outlets (I chose Times and Fox). Since the same questionnaire is done two times for each participants, I figure that a paired t-test is probable here. However, the attitude to the source materials is also related to the political stance of the participants, so I need to include the interaction between their stance and the news they read in the analysis, and I am not sure how I do it. So right now I have:
IV1: which news outlet they read (coded 1 and 2)
IV2: what are their political stance (collected as a slider of 1-100)
DV1: their attitude towards COVID vaccine before reading the information
DV2: their attitude towards COVID vaccine after reading the information
How could I perform an paired t-test under these circumstances? Or do I need to use other methods?
Thank you in advance!
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Sorry outside of my field
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Under National Animal Disease Control Program , India we are vaccinating only 4-8 months old female calves. My question is why this narrow range ?
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Please have a look at this (old) paper:
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Hello,
I am currently formulating an optimization model that integrates vehicle routing problem and vaccine supply chain. The model includes delivering vaccines to vaccination centers and on-spot locations representing individuals requesting to be vaccinated at home. The objective function includes maximizing the amount of doses delivered to both customers but, since the number of doses demanded by vaccination centers is significantly larger than on spots'. the model will just focus on delivering to vaccination centers and ignore the other since its effect on the objective function value is negligible. I tried to solve this by multiplying the on spot's term by a factor representing the ratio between both demands to make them equally important to the model. but I kept getting biased results. So, I formulated 2 different objective functions where each objective maximizes one customer doses why having a constraint that forces the vehicles to deliver a specified percentage of the demand of the other customer.
my question is: can I consider this model as bi-objective and treat the objectives as conflicting ?since maximizing one of these objectives will be on the account of the other taking into account that both objectives have the same unit.
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Dear Yury
I guess that you can use the SIMUS method, that allows for using as many objectives as you want, it does not matter if some of them are contradictory.
This method is based on Linear Programming, but does not prouce optimal solutions (no MCDM method can do that either), as different from LP that can give you optimal results, but based on only one objective.
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Can children who have been vaccinated for hepatitis still get acute hepatitis? If yes, why did this happen?
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Hepatitis has many viral and non viral causes. Vaccination is given for HBV and HAV only from the viral causes. This will protect against HAV, HBV and HDV as well. But not protect against HEV and HCV. Also CMV, EBV, Yellow fever virus are examples of other viruses could cause hepatitis. There are also some non viral causes of Hepatitis as well which will not be prevented by vaccination.
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Literature suggesting hepatitis / liver injury following COVID vaccination. A latest peer reviewed article suggests SARS- CoV -2 vaccination (Pfizer)can elicit CD8 T-cell dominant Hepatitis (Autoimmune hepatitis).Details attached in document .Should such rare side effect be taken into consideration during vaccination?
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COVID-19 vaccination can elicit a distinct T cell-dominant immune-mediated hepatitis
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I wrote this week's blog post with one of our PhD students, Christina Baker. Christina is conducting a study of school nurses to find out the most commonly reported barriers to COVID-19 vaccination for children. Many of them are linked to Intuitive-mind thinking rather than to Narrative logic: https://sites.google.com/view/two-minds/blog
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Every novel vaccine remaine a source of excitment until results appear ,for Covid_19 the main barrier is unexpected results which is nothing in comparing with the disease threats and death, circumstance of hospitalization.Finally the excitment diminished in front of results obtained
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We recorded the date of vaccination of people of different occupational background and want to analyse how occupation affected their first dose of vaccination. If there is any relation to a certain group who took or received the vaccination earlier than others.
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You can calculate odds ratio by regression methods but how will you compare as this does not seem a case control study design , u need to have control group for odds of exposure. The way you have written , you can just calculate duration of vaccination in different occupation and apply tests of association either Chi square or student t test based on your data type and further regression might or might not be needed depending on other variables you are considering.
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Hi dear friends,
The attached image is belong to a 12-year-old boy, who developed such complications on the surface of his body (two legs, back, face and abdomen). It was occurred about 3 days after the injection of Sinofarm vaccine, and is accompanied by severe itching. The boy is currently in hospital. The COVID-19 test was negative in this child, but it seems to have been a side effect of the vaccine.
Dear specialists, if you have experience or a solution for this treatment, I would be grateful for your valued comment.
Thanks in anticipated
Kindly regards
Jalil
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Colleaque case may be autoimmune disease(allergy) complete case history ,clinical examination exclude each case
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Could the fact that young people are generally less affected than seniors by complications linked to SARS-CoV-2 be explained in part by their vaccination coverage?
In Quebec, the "Act Hib" vaccine began to be given against invasive Haemophilus influenza type B infections in 1988.
The "Prevnar" vaccine was introduced in 2004 against invasive pneumococcal infections.
Do these vaccines help effectively protect people under the age of 16 and 36 from bacterial pneumonias associated with coronavirus?
If this hypothesis is plausible, should we not promptly offer this same vaccine protection to the elderly?
Les vaccins contre contre les infections invasives à Haemophilus influenza et à pneumocoques protègeraient-ils des complications reliées au SRAS-CoV-2 ?
Le fait que les jeunes gens soient généralement moins affectés que les ainés par les complications reliées au SRAS-CoV-2 pourrait-il s’expliquer en partie par leur couverture vaccinale ?
Au Québec, le vaccin "Act Hib" a commencé à être donné contre les infections invasives à Haemophilus influenza de type B en 1988.
Le vaccin "Prevnar" fut introduit pour sa part en 2004 contre les infections invasives à pneumocoques.
Est-ce que ces vaccins contribuent à protéger efficacement les personnes âgées de moins de 16 et 36 ans contre les pneumonies bactériennes associées au coronavirus ?
Si cette hypothèse est plausible, ne devrions-nous pas promptement offrir cette même protection vaccinale aux personnes âgées ?.
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Are antibodies generated through vaccination recognise all new variants of COVID_19?
Antibodies, Vaccination,New variants,COVID_19
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Recently number of vaccines has been developed for COVID-19. How long the immunity is expected to be lasted after vaccination.
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Mostly the duration is still not known accurately however most of the studies suggest it to be somewhere between 6-9 months, and this depends on person to person, immunity system etc etc
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I am trying to conduct a study on the reasons behind the reluctance of people to get vaccinated against the Covid 19 epidemic
What are the reasons or variables behind people's reluctance to take the vaccine?
What is the appropriate method also to do research of this kind?
What is the appropriate sample size for the study?
Thanks for all the help or discussion.
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Media and personal health culture is the main obsticle delaye sucessful vaccination programm.
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Is there any standard questionnaire Tool available to assess knowledge of adult vaccines?
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I agree with colleaques ideas in addition to put in consedaration the adult history to autoimmune diseases and blood clotting dieases
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Pulse Oximeter: A New Normal in Hospitals?
Pathology and an aspirational strategy of treating COVID-19: Well Understood? Or do we need to sacrifice few complicated unlucky cases, when vaccinating crores of people? Where are we heading towards?
Are we able to stave off of the COVID-19 virus successfully by ceasing its replication at an early stage? To what extent are we able to achieve the hyperactive immune response in each individual as the infection progresses?
Metabolism being unique in individuals, to what extent, the immunosuppressant drugs such as Dexamethanose (steroid); Tocilizumab (anti-inflammatory); and Remdesivir (antiviral drug – helps in some cases by shortening the hospital stays in the absence of its ability to assure the survival) - react positively; and under what circumstances, these medications tend to react negatively? Why did the antibiotics Azithromycin and Doxycycline get failed in speeding up the recovery of outpatients? Even, antibody-rich (convalescent) plasma did not improve the outcome? Have we deduced the right dose of anticoagulants towards blood-clot (which enhances the risk of gastrointestinal and intracranial bleeding) for some individual? Are we sure about the dosage and its (critical) timing during which these medications are to be given to the patients?
Why did more than 20 European countries stop AstraZeneca’s COVID-19 vaccine (based on blood clots, low platelet counts and internal bleeding as against typical strokes or blood clots)?
Following Acetaminophen, to what extent, monoclonal antibodies (laboratory-made proteins that mimic the body’s own immune response and that are designed to block the virus from attaching to cells) really have helped in reducing the risk of hospitalization in outpatients?
Whether the falling of blood oxygen level below 94% can confirm the enhanced levels of immune signaling molecules in the blood?
How are we going to treat immune thrombocytopenia (blood disorder) following the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines against COVID19 or in few cases, the cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) following the AstraZeneca vaccine?
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In my opinion monoclonal antibodies will be good, safe and quick solution to overcome from covid 19 Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
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Vaccination has been extensively used to prevent, eradicate and control infectious diseases. If it can be made for plant its process will be ....but can it be on progress .
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The Anti-Circumsporozoite Antibody Response Of Children To Seasonal Vaccination With The Rts,S/As01e Malaria Vaccine.
Issaka Sagara et al 2021.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, ciab1017,https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab1017
Abstract
A trial in young African children showed that combining seasonal vaccination with the RTS,S/AS01E vaccine with seasonal malaria chemoprevention reduced the incidence of uncomplicated and severe malaria substantially compared to either intervention given alone. This paper reports the anti-circumsporozoite antibody response to seasonal RTS,S/AS01E vaccination in children in this trial.
Abstract
Background
A trial in young African children showed that combining seasonal vaccination with the RTS,S/AS01E vaccine with seasonal malaria chemoprevention reduced the incidence of uncomplicated and severe malaria substantially compared to either intervention given alone. This paper reports the anti-circumsporozoite antibody response to seasonal RTS,S/AS01E vaccination in children in this trial.
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Malaria is not prevalent in our community so there is no idea about
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We are all living in a strange era since last year due to the pandemic of COVID-19, so we are all seeking to find the truth about basic parameters of it.
As everybody knows, any research needs reliable data, so we need data.
But, despite the plethora of available online sets, the critical ones are not always presented publicly.
For example in Greece we do not have online data for next categories, all related to COVID-19:
  • daily confirmed cases by vaccination status (vaccinated-partially vaccinated-non vaccinated)
  • daily deaths by vaccination status (vaccinated-partially vaccinated-non vaccinated)
In Greece we do not have also next data online:
  • number of patients in simple hospital beds or in ICU by vaccination status (3 cases)
  • deaths of patients in simple hospital beds or in ICU by vaccination status (3 cases)
The only available set was next:
The webpage is down, but you can see its cached version by Google:
Recently a paper about inside and outside ICU mortality was published with correspondent author having next past jobs
  • 2020-02 to 2020-08 | Head of Department (Department of Database Design, Statistics and Data Management)-National Public Health Organization
  • 2019-05 to 2020-02 (Office of Scientific Advisors)-National Public Health Organization
  • 2017-01 to 2019-05 (Office of Scientific Advisors)-Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention
  • 2014-04 to 2017-01 (Department of Epidemiological Surveillance and Intervention)-Hellenic Centre for Disease Control & Prevention
(All those jobs were at the same Organization, now called "EODY", which is the Greek CDC for all of you that you do not know the Greek reality)
Now we find a paper that uses detailed data from all ICU in Greece.
  • Where is the raw data used for that?
  • Why nobody else has access to that?
  • Is it coming from a Public Organization or not?
Not to make you tired:
  1. Do you think it is ethical for a scientist to use its exclusively access to COVID-19 data set for making private scientific research?
  2. Do you agree that all data for COVID-19 that wre collected from public authorities should be open accessed by anyone online?
Thank you for your patient to read such a big test,
I am waiting for your thoughts,
Demetris
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Unfortunately for a western country that declares its pride for inventing Democracy, COVID-19 and other critical data sets are not transparent.
They are eligible to be distributed only for the "inner circle" of chosen ones...
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What do you think about the origin of the new coronavirus (COVID-19)?
Now there are different reports about the main origin of the coronavirus. Some media say the virus may have been synthesized in the laboratory.
What do you think about this? Will the virus soon be cured or vaccinated? Please share your comments.
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I have no doubt that it is not of natural origin.
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I published the test results of FMD vaccine Quality results of 54 batches of vaccines in 2014 ( ) and got entangled in several inquiries and legal cases because some of the traitors of the nation were busy defending the producers of substandard FMD vaccines in the Country. Since then Indian Veterinary Research Institute vaccinating its dairy animals thrice in a year against FMD had two major outbreaks of the FMD one with Type "A" and recently with type "O".
Do you still feel that the National Animal Disease Control Program (NAD-CP) of India may succeed using the Indian FMD Vaccines twice in a year when it proved ineffective even after vaccination thrice in a year, that too in the best Veterinary Science Institute (IVRI) in India? Or it may be mere wastage of about 12330 Crore (~123 million) rupees. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/bhoj-raj-singh-47b291118_fmdabrcp-fmd-diseaseprevention-activity-6873858445586563072-KmU_
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FMD_CP by vaccine is the only effective and valuable method for controlling this disease.The vaccine must be strain variant which mean each strain in new outbreak should be isolated and included in vaccination program if not present
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Is anybody aware of any relationship between no feeling conscious fear (but with normal physiological response) and any disfunction of the inmunitary system (e.g. not achieving serological protection after being vaccinated)?
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Dear Dr José Camilo Vázquez Caubet . I agree with Dr Michael Uebel .
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Who is now working very hard with return of America to its active membershipnow WHO is concentrating on vaccinations,here are some activities,
  • provides summary tables of COVID-19 vaccine candidates in both clinical and pre-clinical development;
  • provides analysis and visualization for several COVID-19 vaccine candidate categories;
  • tracks the progress of each vaccine from pre-clinical, Phase 1, Phase 2 through to Phase 3 efficacy studies,
  • provides links to published reports on safety, immunogenicity and efficacy data of the vaccine candidates;
  • includes information on key attributes of each vaccine candidate; and
  • allows users to search for COVID-19 vaccines through various criteria such as vaccine platform, dosage, schedule of vaccination, route of administration, developer, trial phase and clinical endpoints .so can America helps to overcome covid 19?
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Reacted poorly.
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Hello.
I am research student, I will ask for any research about nursing role to improve compliance of childhood vaccination in Jordan
regards
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In view of the continuous evolution of science, especially in the field of mathematical epidemiology, and the ideology observed in this direction, I formulated a thesis project proposing a hybrid model broadening the field of understanding of infectious diseases, especially Covid-19. This model is a combination of the well known classical SEIR model and another newly introduced model under experimentation giving more data on the geographical aspect of the said disease needed to enhance the accuracy of the existing epidemiological systems or to build one as needed.
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There are numerous examples of using SEIR model involving vaccination, see e.g. this google search:
and/or:
I can't say much about the other model you intend to include because I could not understand it well enough based on your description.
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The deadly Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has claimed numerous lives and the number is increasing day by day. So, in this situation, a vaccine has been expected to decrease the mortality rate worldwide and save us from this disaster. But there have been some complications reported from the vaccination process, however rare or mild those are. Now that some vaccines have been approved for emergency use, we want to investigate whether these vaccines cause any after-effects. You are cordially invited to participate in this study by providing your valuable response if you have taken at least one dose of the covid vaccine.
Thanks in advance for your valuable contribution.
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Dear Md. Ariful Haque Mamun, among the problems I have seen on you tube about a Jordanian 26 years old. He has been taken the two vaccin's shots but by error from two different vaccins. He started by loosing the ability to talk and end up by a total handicap. The following is the video, it is in Arabic, but easy to feel his problem. My Regards
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I am in the beginning steps of my psychology thesis development, and just focused on doing as much research as possible. My working title is, “Combating COVID-19 vaccine misinformation: Effects of corrective strategies on vaccination knowledge, attitude, and intention,” but the DVs may change as I am still looking for validated items to measure them. I am having trouble finding theories directly tackling corrective strategies or debunking misinformation. It would be highly appreciated if anyone here has an idea or tips for me.
Thank you for your attention.
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Dear Ms. Nazario!
I help YOU - here below you find the resources I searched up:
1) Ceron, W., Gruszynski Sanseverino, G., de-Lima-Santos, MF. et al. COVID-19 fake news diffusion across Latin America. Soc. Netw. Anal. Min. 11, 47 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-021-00753-z Free access:
2) Tripodi, F. ReOpen demands as public health threat: a sociotechnical framework for understanding the stickiness of misinformation. Comput Math Organ Theory (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10588-021-09339-8 Open access:
3) Gu, C., Feng, Y. Influence of Public Engagement with Science on Scientific Information Literacy During the COVID‑19 Pandemic. Sci & Educ (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-021-00261-8 Open access:
4) Ashley Z. Ritter PhD, CRNP et al. (2021). Dear Pandemic: Nurses as key partners in fighting the COVID-19 infodemic, Public Health Nursing, July/August 2021, Free access:
Yours sincerely, Bulcsu Szekely
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@Mention All
INVITATION TO PARTICIPATE IN A SURVEY ON Parents intention towards Covid-19 vaccine for their kids
This questionnaire is aimed at examining parents' intention towards vaccination for their kids and how conspiracies belief affect their intention. Your participation can help ascertain negatives or positives intentions towards vaccination and which factors effecting in vaccine hesitancy during the pandemic.
If you have any questions, please contact shahani@mail.ustc.edu.cn
Thank you for your support.
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All kinds of vaccines make us worried about kids but facing disease relief this worring,e.g BCG vaccine given for newly born kid showed brellient results facing T.B.
For Covid_19 promised results prooven after vaccination childrens ,for newly born one i prefare to wait until more and more investigations
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I observed local hypersensitivity in cattle after 24 hrs post vaccination
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Mass vaccination for Covid-19 is going to start very soon. Whom do you think should be given priority for vaccination? Senior citizens, frontline workers or students? Why?
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Vaccination has already started in India since January 2021.
Health workers were followed by people above 65 years followed by people above 45 years followed by other people above 18 years.
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  1. Covid-19 pandemic has caused a melt-down of the world economy. The population is "hunkered down" leading to near economic stagnation. Workers are confined to isolation to avoid getting the virus. We are told this may last for several weeks. This is not true, as the general release of a vaccine, our only true hope of return to normality, is not slated for at least 18 months. Thus, the true safe release date from isolation, is at least 18 months from now. Historically, this is the third century of vaccine production, and the producers are very familiar with estimating dosages, etc. Initial vaccines were available at least several weeks ago, and stated to be tested for dosage, which would take at least 18 months. Why are we required to hunker down for 18 months, while the world economy collapses, because workers cannot leave their home so, when the cure could be made available? Fears that it has not been tested. Three centuries of research are behind the current vaccines, that is a lot of testing. It has been said that "We are at War." (Against the virus) we must immediately ramp up production and vaccinate everyone willing to accept a slight risk of ill effects. Temporary relief of liability through "War time/pandemic/catastrophe" or similar laws could allow this. Financial relief of any amount will not suffice if workers are isolated for the next 18 months. Civilization must not be allowed to collapse, while waiting for routine testing of the vaccine. Immediate manufacture and release of the currently most recommended vaccine is essential, to all those willing to accept it.
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Even though there were significant numbers of vaccinated, but this does not mean everything is fine. We need more to reactive the everyday life and enhance the economic sectors. Herd immunity is far from now globally.
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Dear RG community,
As far as I know, antibodies are different in vaccination and natural infection. While natural infection produces antibodies against different parts of the virus, vaccination produces antibodies against only parts of the virus that are present in the vaccine. For instance, nucleocapsid proteins are not present in the vaccine, so antibodies are not produced against nucleocapsid proteins by vaccination. Is there any authorized COVID antibody test to differentiate a person’s immunity as either natural infection or vaccination? (For instance, a person gains immunity from vaccination not a natural infection, or a person gains immunity from vaccination 70% and natural infection 30%, etc.)
On the other hand, both vaccination and natural infection can produce the same type of antibody. For example, both vaccination and natural infection trigger to produce antibodies against spike proteins. Is there any difference between these two proteins? Can we differentiate antibodies against spike proteins that are triggered by either vaccination or natural infection?
Thank you.
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The very basic aspect to combat ﹰCorona is ﹰHerd immunity . Vaccination may fail very often if natural immunity can be developed to increase the reproduction number it will be better .
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What's the difference in usage of the 3 tetanus toxoid containing vaccines - DTap, Tdap and Td?
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Tdap and D Tap both protect against three diseases Tetanus,Diphtheria and Petrussis(Whooping cough)
D Tap contain full dose of diphrheria,Tetanus and Whooping cough vaccine.
T dap contain a full dose Tetanus vaccine and a lower dose of diphtheria and whooping cough vaccine.
T d contain Tetanus and Diphtheris vaccines
CDC Recommended vaccination schedules for protection according to age and health status.
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Hello everyone, I'm trying to calculate the number of events between 2 dates in Stata, eg from birth to 1st vaccination date, etc.
Can someone please help me with syntax?
Thank you
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Anyone with a solution for this?
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Hello all,
I hope you are doing good.
Well, could you please share with me recent comparative research studies about the covid-19 vaccinations?
Currently, I am interested in studying the effectiveness and side effects of each type of vaccine according to experiments done via research work.
Many thanks,
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I think these recent articles may actually interest you:
Best wishes,
Sabri
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Where can I find an authoritative current covid vaccine efficacy table stratified by age and vaccination status for a large/well-studied population - e.g. Israel or the US or UK?
This is the best source I can find, and I'm not happy with it. I've tried to view the underlying sources, but I can't read Hebrew, google and Safari translate don't work, and immediate source is a freelance journalist. http://twitter.com/IvoryHecker/status/1423447625844633604
Everything else seems to be cherry picked or hearsay.
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Autherative Covid_19 vaccine pill enters Clinical trials research professionals news in dfferent localities among them Israel,India for more details see the attached reference:
https:// www .research professional newa.com>
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Dear researchers,
I hope all of you are doing well.
Recently, most of people are worried about taking the vaccine when it is ready in 2021.
And their is one question all of them asked
((((((Are you going to Get vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine? )))))
The answer normally 😊
No answer yet????
And i want to share this with you to discuss about it and how we should deal with it
In addition, as a scientist how can we help at this stage.
Thanks
Dr. Zainab T Al-Sharify
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I have had both jabs and will continue with booster shots when required.
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What is the level of antibody titres developed after COVID_19 Vaccination in patients with autoimmune diseases?
Autoimmune diseases,Antibodies,COVID_19 Vaccination
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Have a look at this useful link for insights.
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Dear RG members
As we know that we generally take full dose of the COVID vaccination of same kind... But is there any study which allows us to take different doses as a full dose. ..?
Thank you all.
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I agree with Christian G Meyer, I found there are studies conducted in South Korea where AstraZeneca was given first, then the Pfizer. The study indicates that the shots boosted neutralizing antibody levels by 6 times compared with two AstraZeneca doses. A british study also confirms the mixed vaccine doses.
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Covid-19 vaccination
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Please also go through the following RG links.
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*Covid19 vaccine worldwide survey For its side effect and efficacy.*
*Plz also spread it with your known groups and encourage everone who is vaccinated*
*Plz fill it if u vaccinated. This is for research purpose*
*If already filled then ignore*.
Dr. VIVEK JAIN
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICALSCIENCE MOHANLAL SUKHADIA UNIVERSITY UDAIPUR, RAJASTHAN, INDIA
🙏🙏🙏
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I am still waiting for my 1st dose, so I will recommend this post.
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It has been proven that those vaccinated in the new vaccines excrete spike proteins through breath, saliva and urine. According to my inquiry to the Federal Environment Agency, there is no research on what these excretions could cause in the long term, e.g. via the water cycle, for damage to nature and the environment - as it is well known from other drug residues, in particular from the birth control pill, the infertility of fish and Amphibians in part. If so much is being vaccinated globally with the new vaccine - can one estimate the risk of long-term serious damage to nature and the environment without prior research for whatever reason? How long do z. B. These spike proteins outside the body and what do they break down into?
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The spike protein degraded in body within72 hrs and act as immunogen only for promoting immunolgical system to form antibodies againest spike protein(virulent part of virus or part of virus responsible for invasion and infection)
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My next observation is based on close experience with a very low number of biological replicates (n). It may be biased by family heritage (3 different families, n=20), ethnicity (only observed in white people), or by being a local population (a small village in the south of Spain).
It seems that people with blood group 0-positive or 0-negative have fewer or no symptoms after being vaccinated against COVID-19 disease (either by Astra Zeneca or Pfizer vaccines), while people with blood group A, AB, or B, either negative or positive, suffer from headaches, malaise, nausea, and have a slight fever after being vaccinated against COVID-19 disease.
Is it possible that blood type is related to this observation?
Thank you!
#COVID #COVID19 #VACCINATION #SIDE #EFFECTS
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J.D. Franco-Navarro And I also remember that people with blood type A are doing the worst with Covid. Makes me wonder, whether they had the worst post vaxination symptoms, too.
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Dear peers, I am looking for the data, showing the vaccination number globally per vaccine type. When I evaluated side effect of the vaccine usually the data state the number rather than percentage of people who reported side effects. I am especially interested with impact of each vaccine in % for the menstrual cycle if anyone has the access to those data, I will appreciate your help in finding relevant database.
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Thank you for the answer!
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Can Spearman rank order correlation be used when the relationship between two variables is not fully monotonic, but is close? The attached graph shows a plot of such a relationship, including a fitted regression line. One variable is a state's daily cumulative number of persons fully vaccinated for covid-19, and the other is the daily number of new covid-19 cases in that state. The date range is mid-January through early June of this year.
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I'm not very happy with your fit line. Have you examined the residuals? It changes from underprediction to overprediction to underprediction again. There is more going on here than a simple monotonic relationship.
It's almost as if the left 20% of the plot shows one downward trend in one kind of state, while the rest shows the same thing but for a different kind of state.
I'm not convinced you have this at a point where a summary statistic is helpful. I tend to go for Kendall's tau-b because it has some kind of interpretation, while Spearman's rho has none. Tau-b is based on the proportion of observation pairs that show a positive correlation. More specifically, it is that proportion doubled (to scale it over a range of 2) minus one (to get it to lie between ±1).
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As Covid-19 trajectory enters the phase of mass vaccination some early positive signs have been reported, not in the least, significant reduction in severe illness. At this stage in our view it is essential for the research and public policy community to have the necessary tools, resources and capacity to distinguish between two scenarios:
  1. Strong reduction in the prevalence of the disease (suppression scenario)
  2. Evolution of the disease to milder forms while maintaining presence in the community (concealed infection)
The capacity to understand and monitor developing epidemiological situation for these scenarios can be essential not in the least because significant presence of the infection in a community with high level of vaccination carries the risk of producing new, more resistant strains as was and is being observed with possibility to cause unanticipated "out of the blue" flare ups.
In our view, research and policy cannot and should not rely exclusively on conventional mass testing as the incentive for the wide public to participate may diminish in that phase producing skewed results. Rather, effective "non-invasive" instruments and methods of monitoring and detection should be developed and introduced for continuous monitoring of the situation. These can include ongoing and possibly automated testing of air; surfaces; sewage etc in the areas of mass aggregation such as stations, airports, shopping malls, large factories, residences etc. as well as new methods such as voluntary self-testing with easy immediate reporting in the community.
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Now a days in the Asia Sub-continent (including Pakistan and India), a popular message is circulating on social media (as well as on local newspapers) with reference to the French Nobel laureate, "Luc Montagnier", claims that everyone who has taken any COVID-19 vaccine will die in two years.
This has caused a lot of anxiety among those who have taken the vaccines. It is also promoting vaccine hesitancy among those yet to be vaccinated.
Please give your detail arguments in the light of available scientific resources.
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Message claiming ‘all vaccinated people will die within two years’ by French virologist and Nobel Prize winner Luc Montagnier is FAKE.
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I have a question about T-cell recall assays. We vaccinated mice and wanted to see if there was a T-cell response against our tumor cells. There was no tumor challenge. We pulsed DCs from naive cells and then cocultured these DCs with the T-cells. But we also seeded the tumor cells and cocultured the T-cells with them. Could anyone shed light on why we would do both of these?
My guess is that the pulsed DCs activate naive T cells and can show that you have tumor specific T cells but they were not activated by the vaccination. But if you do it with the whole tumor cells and there is a response, it means the T cells were already activated by the vaccination. Is this correct?
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Malcolm Nobre Thank you very much for your insight Malcolm! If we culture the DCs like this, and we see a response only with those cultured with the pulsed DCs, and not with the whole tumor, could we say that the cells are naive and haven't been activated? So there is vaccination did not work?
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I am currently working on a thesis on "analysis of public perception and acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccination process using the Structural Equation Modeling method". There are 6 variable used in the research : Behavioral Beliefs, Attitudes towards Vaccination, Perceived Norms, Motivation to Comply, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Intentions to Receive Vaccination
However, these results seem to make no sense to me:
  1. attitudes towards vaccination have a significantly negative relationship with motivation to comply
  2. attitudes towards vaccination have a significantly negative relationship with perceived norms";
  3. behavioral beliefs have a significantly negative relationship with attitudes towards vaccination .
I used this journal (Bridging the gap: Using the theory of planned behavior to predict HPV vaccination intentions in men, 2013, Daniel Snipes) as references for the research
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Some other recent research using the theory of planned behavior might be of help for interpreting the results, for example:
Cordina M, Lauri MA, Lauri J. Attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination, vaccine hesitancy and intention to take the vaccine. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2021Mar.21 [cited 2021Jun.6];19(1):2317. Available from: https://pharmacypractice.org/journal/index.php/pp/article/view/2317
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A study revealed that most vaccines do not completely protect against infection, although they do prevent symptoms. That is why people who have received vaccinations may carry and spread pathogens without knowing it. They may also cause a pandemic.
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Yes to an extent it will be protected and overall it has been found that the effects of the virus were reduced and the ill adverse effects were reduced a lot
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Due to the huge leap in COVID-19 vaccinations around the globe, I presume that this disease will be eradicated promptly (hopefully).
However, is it OK to use retrospective data of COVID-19 in our research?
I used the data of last year (2020), but because of the journal's long processes, I think that the data I used in my paper will become old.
Is it going to be accepted, or it's not interesting for journal editors and reviewers?
Thank you for your assistance with this matter.
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Retrospective vs prospective studies in patients with COVID-19?
Quality of data is more important than tons of quantity. It is definitely more important in retrospective studies than in prospective.
However, doing something (even a case report about a new aspect of COVID-19 ) is better than doing nothing.
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I am currently working on a thesis on "analysis of public perception and acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccination process using the Structural Equation Modeling method". There are 6 variable used in the research : Behavioral Beliefs, Attitudes towards Vaccination, Perceived Norms, Motivation to Comply, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Intentions to Receive Vaccination
However, these results seem to make no sense to me:
  1. attitudes towards vaccination have a significantly negative relationship with motivation to comply
  2. attitudes towards vaccination have a significantly negative relationship with perceived norms";
  3. behavioral beliefs have a significantly negative relationship with attitudes towards vaccination .
I used this journal (Bridging the gap: Using the theory of planned behavior to predict HPV vaccination intentions in men, 2013, Daniel Snipes) as references for the research
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Dear Harry Gabe Parsaoran please have a look at the following potentially useful articles which might help you in your analysis:
The Protection motivation theory for predict intention of COVID-19 vaccination in Iran: A structural equation modeling approach
and
Influences on Attitudes Regarding Potential COVID-19 Vaccination in the United States
Both articles have been posted as public full texts on RG. Thus they can be freely downloaded as pdf files. I hope they are useful for you.
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  • Millions of peoples are now seeking an end of covid 19 ,by vaccination ,but still the pandemic is hitting ,and thousands are dying ,even they were taken vaccines,Getting COVID-19 may offer some protection, known as natural immunity. Current evidence suggests that reinfection with the virus that causes COVID-19 is uncommon in the months after initial infection, but may increase with time. The risk of severe illness and death from COVID-19 far outweighs any benefits of natural immunity. COVID-19 vaccination will help protect you by creating an antibody (immune system) response without having to experience sickness..So why we cannot get less infections?
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Covid 19 vaccine are not give protection 100%
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RNA vaccines follow a different strategy, without using any "real" component of the virus at all. Instead, researchers aim to trick the human body into producing a specific virus component on its own. Since only this specific component is built, no complete virus can assemble itself. Nevertheless, the immune system learns to recognize the non-human components and trigger a defense reaction. So May I ask, What are your opinions about the safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine?
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Vaccination is in its First phase in India. The front line is to be vaccinated yet. In this situation opening of institutes may be dangerous for the life of children.
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According to 8th report of AISES (NCERT, India), 84% of the school children studying in rural areas and they are weak in maintaining hygiene and follow the COVID-19 guidelines laid down by the government as compare to the urban students. Therefore I think its not safe to open the educational institutes before complete the vaccination process.
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Is it possible to use the plasma of the SARS-COV 2 vaccinated people instead of the convalescent plasma as part of the treatment for SARS-COV 2?
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What are the priorities of COVID_19 vaccination programs in changing social and epidemiological landscapes?
Priorities, Vaccination programs, Epidemiological landscapes.
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The ultimate aim is to immunize a proportion of the population such as the transmission of COVID -19 is halted at population level. Until now this level the so called "Herd Immunity has not be determined or achieved in any country. Given the fact that this level of immunization is difficult to achieve in short time, it is very justifiable to set prioritization. Most of countries have identified the health staff and people at higher risk of both infection and severe outcome to be exposed to vaccination first
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As COVID-19 has shown the strain variations, various mutants, if we developed vaccination at one place, r we sure that perticular gene has not mutated take example of E-gene of coronavirus.
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I appreciated way in the paper Antigen-detection in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection using rapid immunoassays: interim guidance, 11 September 2020 (WHO) by Muhammad Yousuf
And also the experiment like for finding the common and differences of each newly discovered strain of COVID within a short span of time.
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It's important to know that all three COVID vaccines were tested on people who ate their usual diets. That means the vaccines have been shown to be effective without any special nutritional preparation. But there is a handful of eating strategies that simply make sense to best support the body's needs, both before and after have the jab. https://www.health.com/condition/infectious-diseases/coronavirus/what-to-eat-before-and-after-covid-vaccine
And since, the goal of the vaccination is to generate acquired immunity against the virus, as a result, these recommendations may be useful to support the body's immune system...So, what foods are recommended to eat before and after receiving the COVID vaccine, and why?
All comments and contributions are welcome.
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Dear Prof Manal , recommend drinking only plenty of water and eat hydrating fruits. Staying hydrated is key to good health, especially when you are getting your COVID vaccination (after vaccination), and also before vaccination: eating highly nutritious food ( anti-oxidants ) , and taking vitamin C does help the immune system
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Now we reach to the point of solution for covid 19,often develop in lifelong immunity when we have had a disease.  However, some diseases may lead to serious complications and sometimes death. The aim of vaccination is to obtain this immunity without any of the risks of having the disease.
When we vaccinate, we activate the immune system's "memory." During vaccination, a weakened microbe, a fragment, or something that resembles it, is added to the body. The immune system is then activated without us becoming sick. Some dangerous infectious diseases can be are we
aredoing prevented in a simple and effective way. For some diseases, vaccination provides lifelo.So we are moving to the right direction?
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Dr Dr Tareq Alasadi , I think mass vaccination is important to control this virus.
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Public health authorities claim that no one is safe from COVID-19 until every one is safe. This has translated into a goal to vaccinate everyone who can be vaccinated. Logistically, however, it will take 7 years to vaccinate 2 million adults per day (365 days a year, no weekends or public holidays) across the world in order to vaccinate earth's 5.8 billion population over the age of 15 with a single dose. (Some well resourced countries are struggling to achieve 100k jabs per day). So what's the point?
We are not even discussing the hundreds of thousands of vaccinators needed at work everyday for 365 days a year for 7 years to achieve 2 million jabs per day, or the possibility of new vaccine-resistant virus variants and mutations, or the endemic unknowns that can overtake the best designed plans, as well as Murphy's law etc. It appears that, once the developed world is accounted for, everything may grind to a halt or settle into an opaque, haphazard process without a clear end in sight. It may be that the only solution to vaccinate "everyone" within a year or two years is to inject half the world with a saline placebo?
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Dear Dr. Nyasha Mboti, yes, we are facing a pandemic, that has engulfed the entire world... The virus by its nature cannot reproduce and cause mutations unless it enters the host's body, so the main goal of vaccination is to reduce infection rates by generating acquired immunity against the virus, and where the purpose is to isolate the virus from the host ... Certainly there is natural immunity, but we cannot rely on it to control and reduce infections, because I mentioned that in order to fight and eradicate of the virus, transmission rates must reach zero, and this is not possible at the present time for several reasons I mentioned in the first comment ... We also must not forget that the immunity generated against this virus, whether from natural infection or from the vaccine, is not long-term and ends after a while, and here the virus may develop itself and new variants appear from it that are more dangerous and fastest spread ... So even after controlling the pandemic globally, it is very possible to expect that we will live with the virus in the future and it will turn from an epidemic to an endemic disease ... My sincere gratitude to everyone.
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Everyone is advocating COVID-19 vaccination for Herd Immunity. How judicious is the COVID-19 Vaccination? कोविड-१९ टीकाकरण में कितनी समझदारी है? https://azad-azadindia.blogspot.com/2021/03/how-judicious-is-covid-19-vaccination.html
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In my country, Algeria, the rate of cases tested positive for covid is low. But newly vaccinated people no longer take precautions, and they infect others. What are the possible scenarios in these circumstances, and within what timeframe?
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The novel Coronavirus diease(Covid_19) was reported in Algeria 25 /2/ 2020 Science then the number of positive cases has reached 42 619 and1465 deaths have occured.Ref:www.Sciencedirect.pii
Precutions adapted by lockdown avoid all travel to Algeria due current situation in Algeria even fully vaccinated travellers may be at risk for getting and spreading Covid_19. Vaccinations according to the priority,working in hospitals,edelsnt,......Strickt cleaning hospitals with disinfectants,mask,far distance,.srickt movement ,eradications of rodents.all these precutions help to stop pandemic and emerges new variants.Thanks
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My hypothesis is that vaccination in infected/hospitalized patients with worsening of covid-19 could cause an increase in the levels of neutralizing antibodies, improving the prognosis and preventing deaths. Even with the bias of treatments with immunosuppressants (anti-inflammatory drugs, for example), the activation of the production of these neutralizing antibodies could be faster since patients have already had previous contact with the virus. In addition, studies show that individuals with long term covid-19 improve symptoms after vaccination. So, why not try this strategy?
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I do not believe that vaccines weaken the immune system in the beginning, as suggested by Ahmad.On the contrary, studies show that the production of neutralizing antibodies is superior in people vaccinated in coparation to convalescent and infected people.
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