Urban Development - Science topic

I think the influence of other culture may distract the original culture when no hanorable mindset to them

Sim, os oceanos estão saturados de CO2 …. o ciclo biogeoquímico esta desregulado, com elevado níveis de co2 a água fica mais ácida…. isso estressa os corais e expulsam as zooxantelas que dão cor corais ( por isso ficam brancos e morrem). Com alteração na temperatura dos oceanos desregula a salinidade… altera o ciclo do nível trófico, os peixes migram… o aquecimento também altera as ressurgência… as correntes ….

its one of des problematics of territorial development I start research about this question

I am surprised that few people have joined this discussion. Is it because most people in the USA have taken for granted decentralized urban development and automobile dominated commuting? That might be regarded as a sign that those trends may not be as negative as some people would argue.

Felix M. Delmonte

Feng Frederic Deng

To optimize zoning policies and urban development regulations for promoting vertical development and better land use efficiency, cities can focus on a few key strategies. First, they can encourage high-density, mixed-use zoning, which allows for residential, commercial, and recreational spaces in the same area, making better use of limited land. Secondly, by relaxing height restrictions on buildings, cities can promote vertical growth instead of horizontal sprawl. Lastly, offering incentives for green building practices and efficient land use can help create more sustainable and livable urban areas. These approaches can reduce urban sprawl, lower environmental impact, and enhance overall urban resilience.

Felix M. Delmonte

Thank you very much sir for you response.

Farooq Nadeem Antonio Caperna Alejandro Garcia Simon Huston

Assessing the smartness of an urban district detailed plan involves considering a range of quantitative and qualitative indicators. Here are some key factors to consider:

1. Density and Land Use: Measure the density of development and the mix of land uses within the district. Smart growth principles often advocate for compact, mixed-use development that promotes walkability and reduces sprawl.

2. Transportation Infrastructure: Evaluate the accessibility and efficiency of transportation options, including public transit, pedestrian infrastructure, and bike lanes. Smart plans prioritize sustainable transportation modes to reduce congestion and emissions.

3. Green Space and Environmental Quality: Assess the availability and quality of parks, green spaces, and environmental amenities. Smart growth emphasizes preserving natural areas, enhancing biodiversity, and promoting sustainable practices like green building and stormwater management.

4. Affordability and Housing Diversity: Analyze the affordability of housing options and the diversity of housing types within the district. Smart plans aim to provide housing opportunities for people of diverse incomes and backgrounds, fostering inclusive communities.

5. Community Engagement and Social Equity: Consider the level of community involvement in the planning process and the plan's impact on social equity. Smart growth principles prioritize inclusive decision-making and equitable access to resources and opportunities.

6. Economic Development and Job Opportunities: Evaluate the plan's support for local businesses, job creation, and economic vitality. Smart growth strategies aim to strengthen the local economy while minimizing negative impacts on existing communities.

7. Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Change: Assess the plan's resilience to climate change impacts such as extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and heatwaves. Smart plans incorporate strategies for climate adaptation and mitigation, such as green infrastructure and energy-efficient design.

8. Technology and Innovation: Consider how the plan leverages technology and innovation to improve efficiency, connectivity, and quality of life. Smart districts may integrate smart city technologies like digital infrastructure, IoT sensors, and data analytics to enhance service delivery and resource management.

9. Health and Well-being: Evaluate the plan's impact on public health outcomes, including access to healthcare services, healthy food options, and opportunities for physical activity. Smart growth principles promote environments that support active lifestyles and overall well-being.

10. Governance and Implementation: Examine the effectiveness of governance structures and mechanisms for plan implementation, monitoring, and adaptation over time. Smart plans require strong leadership, coordination among stakeholders, and ongoing evaluation to achieve their objectives.

By considering these indicators, you can assess the smartness of the detailed plan for the ninth district of Herat, Afghanistan, from a comprehensive perspective aligned with smart growth principles.

Dear respected colleague,

Thank you for your answer.

Best regards

Dear Dr.Mohamed,

Due to its global significance, environmental sustainability is regarded as one of the most pressing challenges. Changes in climate patterns and global warming are considered the most serious environmental risks to humanity in the twentieth century.

The Carbon Footprint tells you exactly where you stand. This is a critical requirement for developing a reduction strategy. by demonstrating how your entrepreneurial ambition and achieving climate goals are inextricably linked. By focusing on specific improvements in mobility, energy, air travel, and supply networks. by working together to achieve Zero CO2 emissions by 2050, and by monitoring and managing the reductions achieved. As a result, you may contribute to the achievement of the Paris Climate Goals and the UN's Sustainable Development Goals more swiftly.

The Climate Neutral Group ensures CO2 reduction by ensuring that all of our initiatives exceed stringent quality standards. Denmark has made a commendable effort to establish a low-carbon economy based on cities, with tremendous success. Denmark, for example, is becoming the world's first city to cease causing the "global warming effect." Low-carbon urban planning and design should see the community as an ecosystem made up of several factors. By optimizing the system design, the elements in the community space cycle transform orderly in the community ecosystem and seek to produce a livable environment with low pollution, low material consumption, and low emission, as well as reduce the community's carbon emissions from the source.

For this topic, it is very important to keep an open mind. There are many different aspects for land use suitability for urban development, such as economic drivers, social factors and environmental concerns. They all need to be taken into account.

Halo, buena semana,

In order to meet the challenges of significant changes in their economic base brought on by the removal of trade barriers and the globalization of the economy, municipal authorities must deal with a wide variety of issues related to financing urban development. These challenges are tackled throughout this paper. Furthermore, at a time when migrants make up a growing portion of the population in most countries, the devolution of administrative and financial responsibilities from central governments has forced municipal authorities to finance a growing percentage of their recurring and capital expenditures. To meet the needs for government services, increase economic competitiveness, diversify and increase the local profits base, and finance capital investments, municipalities had to do every one of them.

Some 40 years ago I worked with multi-disciplinary teams from various European consultants on town and area development plans. My impression now is that we were exporting skills which perhaps did not include any awareness of local / traditional development concepts. I would be interested to know if anyone has a set up a library of examples from different countries and cultures.

Shannon’s Entropy Method is one of the most widely used spatial metrics for measuring urban sprawl. (https://geografie.ubbcluj.ro/ccau/jssp/arhiva_2_2017/02JSSP022017.pdf#:~:text=The%20Shannon's%20entropy%20is%20an,Bengaluru%20city%20using%20this%20technique.)

Many Thanks Khaled Mahmoud Heba

Green roof substrates (i.e. growing medium) are the most important aspect for green roofs. Good substrate selection will ensure the longevity of green roof vegetation as well as thermal comfort of residents. The following research article provide great information on green roof substrates:

In my opinion, in the contemporary scenario of cities, one could argue that today's urbanism occurs as a result of a negotiation between two critical forces that, in contrast, direct the construction of cities around the globe. The first, strongly present after the Industrial Revolution, is the implosive trend driven by an understanding of global development as massive accumulation, encouraging the concentration of the urban fabric in mega agglomerations that operate under the precepts of ‘impatient capitalism’. Thus, in those places where capital is massively placed, what we could call ‘hyper-city’ appears, a series of settlements that exacerbate the attributes of the urban in dense large-scale metropolitan centers. In these contexts, the design of the city emerges as an almost exclusively material exercise, usually disconnected from the deeper understanding of the social implications of urbanism. Here, those who make the city are obsessed with creating urban shows with global resonance. This is the impulse that towards the end of the last century generated the greatest transformations of the built environment, encouraging creation and focusing attention on the appearance of mega urban agglomerations that came to accommodate more than twenty million people. These 'hyper' urban formations, such as Mexico City, Bombay, Sao Paulo or Istanbul, were for a long time the great engines of economic and social growth, but as a consequence of their rapid and expansive uncontrolled development they became largely responsible for the global warming, urban vulnerability and the appearance of the most extreme expressions of social exclusion. Its growth was in a way, faster than any possible reflective conceptualization, and therefore faster than the formulation of the correct intervention protocols. Today, the urban condition is in a very different position. The ‘implosion’ patterns have become ‘explosion’ patterns, repositioning cities at a breaking point, facing an unprecedented condition that offers the possibility of amending the mistakes of the past. The urbanization processes are leaving the massive agglomerations and have begun to move towards a secondary network of urban agglomerations that is growing, expanding, and is still under construction. In this way, at this precise moment and especially in contexts of the global south, urban growth patterns are changing.

Hi dear Farah.

Climate Consultant software

Climatic studies include reviewing the climate file and providing diagrams and data related to temperature change, amount of radiation and sunlight, etc. , This software is a graphic-based computer application that helps architects, students, etc. to better understand the climate of their desired location and be able to analyze it. , For sustainable design and design of zero energy buildings, we need climate design, which this software leads us to this goal. , This software uses 8760 hours of annual data in EPW format recorded by meteorological stations.

Hello Lasantha Bandara . You may want to look at Colombo Metropolitan Area with regards to land-change intensity, gradient analysis and land-change modeling.

Good luck

Urban management is executing urban planning everything that involves costs, budgets, resources, mobility, it would be the main difference

A mayor información, las decisiones deberían ser más acertadas. Y los mapas son un instrumento de mucha utilidad para obtener información actualizada.

These resources may be right for you :

if you are interrested in the number of passengers using a particular railway line, then you should sum all boarding or alighting passengers at all line stations to get the demand of this line.

It is all about land value speculation.

Dear Anoop Kumar Srivastava Sir,

Actually there is no problem in Federal Setup in Nepal but the coordination between the central, provincial and local government is not practiced as intended during the federal formation. The rural-urban partnership is being one of the crucial topics for the implementation of federalism in Nepal.

Regards

Ishwor Thapa

This is one of many ecological items that must be considered but often neglected in urban planning and design.

Dear Kudzai:

The coupling between urban development and pollution in aquatic ecosystems is quite interesting. Many factors of both affect each other. You could analyse demographic dynamics and migration and its impacts on fresh water ecosystems pollution.

Additionally, since 2009, Rockström, J. et al. from Stockholm Resilience Centre have been developing a novel approach known as Planetary Boundaries (PB). Global freshwater use, and change in land use are two of this PB, that could give another perspective on your research, and maybe you find a gap here.

Plus this could illuminate your research:

Sure, USGS is the best site to find landsat images for land cover trends, have used the same and it worked

"Design gives form to the future, says architect Bjarke Ingels. In this worldwide tour of his team's projects, journey to a waste-to-energy power plant (that doubles as an alpine ski slope) and the LEGO Home of the Brick-- and catch a glimpse of cutting-edge flood resilience infrastructure in New York City as well as an ambitious plan to create floating, sustainable cities that are adapted to climate change.

Bjarke Ingels · Architect

Bjarke Ingels believes that architecture is the art and science of making sure our cities and buildings fit with the way we want to live our lives.".

Thank you Bryan.

I knew two of them, great! These links are very interesting.

They are very useful.

Best,

Francisco

In Iraq; No

Dear Osama

Have a look on this paper, it applies that methodology in very similar context

Brano

Glumac B, et al. Brownfield redevelopment features: Applying Fuzzy Delphi. Journal of European Real Estate Research 2011; 4; 145-159.

Planning for urban development, whether efficient, or not, may be a source of risk. To understand this statement, lets pose a bit, and think the following: what is the source of risk? or how do risk situations, come about? The straight answer is that, assumptions is the main source of risks in urban development planning. Since assumptions are made in both sufficient and insufficient planning, it is fair to say that risks shall always be potential. The only difference being that in sufficiently planned development, the potential for risk is low, while it may be large in insufficiently planned development. The stem of this argument is that for every assumption made, there is a chance, it may not be true, hence the risk factor. This is my expert view.

The World Bank (2011) reckons the main urban challenges in India relate to:

Source: India's Urban Challenges, July 14, 2011, available at http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2011/07/04/indias-urban-challenges

I've lived & worked in Bhubaneswar between 1986 and 1991, when it was a small sleepy town, and have gone back many times thereafter, most recently about 6 months ago. I see that the stark poverty of the past is slowly disappearing (in-fact, just a month ago I was in Kalahandi, the poorest part of Orissa, and even there, there is a sharp improvement on Human Development Indices). On cleanliness, I do agree, there is a cultural issue as well, but the newer parts of Bhubaneswar as good as any other modern city & comparable to Hyderabad, where I live. Being a small city and in the growth phase, there is a good prospect that the Smart City project will work for Bhubaneswar.

From the parameters you've listed, it is possible to approximate the compression index, strength parameters, soil types, pre-consolldation pressure, re-compression index and many other compression and strength related parameters. These could then be used to help determine settlement, slope stability, bearing pressure. etc.

Good answer by Kundan.

Not my expertise.

Having served as an educator in the United States and in Europe, I would suggest that we might consider clearly defining the term apprenticeship within the context of the US. For example, there is a legal difference between and Apprenticeship (with a capital A), which pertains to a formal agreement with trade and business organizations (and is protected within US labor law), and informal apprenticeship, and an internship when it comes to High School aged students in the US. If there might be a bit more information I might be able to more appropriately respond as this is an area where I have experience. Thank you for your consideration.

We have introduced a Study Stream Program (Three-year Degree for undergraduates) in Urban and Community Studies in the Faculty of Arts, University of Colombo in 2015. Now, we want to establish a Center for Urban Studies at the University. That will enable us to understand & address the issues in urban areas in Sri Lanka. If anyone there who interested, we warmly welcome! them (niriellage@gmail.com).

I do not see meaning in looking for a correlation. What are the precise variables? There are many...With regard to psychological aspects, consider this very comprehensive and authoritative review by Robert Gifford, published in 2007. 

The Consequences of Living in High-Rise Buildings (PDF Download ...

Have a look at the publications below. I am certain there is something of interest

There has been plenty published on urban development in Istanbul. A few publications that covers various themes and aspects I have listed below. I sincerely hope htat they are helpful to you.

Tolga İslam, Current Urban Discourse, Urban Transformation and Gentrification in Istanbul Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)   Architectural Design     Year:2010, Volume:80, Issue:1, First page:58, Last page:63

Idil Arslan-Alaton; Gulen Iskender; Aysegul Tanik; Melike Gurel; Suleyman Ovez; Derin Orhon         Current situation of urban wastewater treatment plants in megacity Istanbul , Elsevier Desalination, Year:2009, Volume:246, Issue:1-3, First page:409, Last page:416

Ahmet Karaburun; Ali Demirci; I-Shian Suen, Impacts of urban growth on forest cover in Istanbul (1987–2007) , Springer-Verlag, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Year:2010, Month:07, Volume:166, Issue:1-4, First page:267, Last page:277

C. Nil Uzun, Globalization and urban governance in Istanbul, Springer-Verlag, Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, Year:2007, Month:03, Volume:22, Issue:1, First page:127, Last page:138

DIKMEN BEZMEZ    The Politics of Urban Waterfront Regeneration: The Case of Haliç (the Golden Horn), Istanbul             Wiley Blackwell (Blackwell Publishing)            International Journal of Urban and Regional Research Year:2008

Month:

Day:

Volume:32

Issue:4

First page:815

Last page:840

ÖZLEM ÖZ; MINE EDER     Rendering Istanbul's Periodic Bazaars Invisible: Reflections on Urban Transformation and Contested Space         Wiley Blackwell (Blackwell Publishing)            International Journal of Urban and Regional Research             Year:2012

Month:

Day:

Volume:36

Issue:2

First page:297

Last page:314

Sencer Ayata   Migrants and Changing Urban Periphery: Social Relations, Cultural Diversity and the Public Space in Istanbul’s New Neighbourhoods          Wiley Blackwell (Blackwell Publishing)            International Migration             Year:2008

Month:

Day:

Volume:46

Issue:3

First page:27

Last page:64

Tahire Erman; Aslýhan Eken    The “Other of the Other” and “unregulated territories” in the urban periphery: gecekondu violence in the 2000s with a focus on the Esenler case, Istanbul           Elsevier            Cities   Year:2004

Month:

Day:

Volume:21

Issue:1

First page:57

Last page:68

Ülke Evrim Uysal         An urban social movement challenging urban regeneration: The case of Sulukule, Istanbul             Elsevier            Cities   Year:2012

Month:

Day:

Volume:29

Issue:1

First page:12

Last page:22

Kuyucu, T.; Unsal, O. 'Urban Transformation' as State-led Property Transfer: An Analysis of Two Cases of Urban Renewal in Istanbul      Sage Publications         Urban Studies Year:2010, Volume:47, Issue:7, First page:1479, Last page:1499

Arzu Kocabaş Urban conservation in Istanbul: evaluation and re-conceptualisation      Elsevier            Habitat International             Year:2006, Volume:30, Issue:1

Ozan Karaman            Urban Renewal in Istanbul: Reconfigured Spaces, Robotic Lives         Wiley Blackwell (Blackwell Publishing)       International Journal of Urban and Regional Research Year:2012

Lovering, John; Türkmen, Hade           Bulldozer Neo-liberalism in Istanbul: The State-led Construction of Property Markets, and the Displacement of the Urban Poor       Informa UK (Taylor & Francis)           International Planning Studies             Year:2011, Month:02, Day:

Volume:16, Issue:1, First page:73, Last page:96

Dinçer, İclal     The Impact of Neoliberal Policies on Historic Urban Space: Areas of Urban Renewal in Istanbul             Informa UK (Taylor & Francis)           International Planning Studies   Year:2011, Month:02, Day:, Volume:16, Issue:1, First page:43, Last page:60

Lovering, John; Evren, Yigit     Urban Development and Planning in Istanbul    Informa UK (Taylor & Francis)             International Planning Studies   Year:2011, Month:02, Day:, Volume:16, Issue:1, First page:1, Last page:4

Demir, Hülya; Yilmaz, Ahmet   Measurement of Urban Transformation Project Success Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process: Sulukule and Tepeüstü-Ayazma Case Studies, Istanbul          American Society of Civil Engineers     Journal of Urban Planning and Development        Year:2012, Month:06, Day:, Volume:138, Issue:2, First page:173, Last page:182

Enlil, Zeynep Merey     The Neoliberal Agenda and the Changing Urban Form of Istanbul       Informa UK (Taylor & Francis)           International Planning Studies   Year:2011, Month:02, Day:, Volume:16, Issue:1, First page:5, Last page:25

Karaman, Ozan           Resisting urban renewal in Istanbul       Informa UK (Taylor & Francis)           Urban Geography             Year:2014, Month:02, Day:17, Volume:35, Issue:2, First page:290, Last page:310

Ozus, Evren; Turk, Sevkiye Sence; Dokmeci, Vedia    Urban Restructuring of Istanbul            Informa UK (Taylor & Francis)           European Planning Studies       Year:2011

Month:02, Volume:19, Issue:2, First page:331, Last page:356

Mills, Amy       Cultures of assemblage, resituating urban theory: A response to the papers on ‘Assembling Istanbul’             Informa UK (Taylor & Francis)           City      Year:2014, Month:11, Day:02, Volume:18, Issue:6, First page:691, Last page:697

Schoon, Danielle van Dobben ‘Sulukule is the gun and we are its bullets': Urban renewal and Romani identity in Istanbul             Informa UK (Taylor & Francis)           City      Year:2014, Month:11, Volume:18, Issue:6, First page:655, Last page:666

Eyüboğlu, Engin; Sema Kubat, Ayşe; Ertekin, Özhan   A New Urban Planning Approach for the Regeneration of an Historical Area within Istanbul's Central Business District         Informa UK (Taylor & Francis)           Journal of Urban Design Year:2007, Month:06, Day:, Volume:12, Issue:2, First page:295, Last page:312

Three suggestions to increase the impact of industrial urban decay videos in Gary Indiana.

1. Timeliness is important -  invent time machine and start filming in the 1970s.

2. Have a celebrity (preferably from the performing arts) narrate the video.

3. A dramatic musical score.

There is a large body of literature on urban village in Chinese cities.  You appear to be trying to connect urban spatial structure to urban village.  First, in terms of the location of urban village, there are two types: those located on urban fringe and those located inside the city.  You can try (both theoretically and empirically) to find some connection with urban spatial structure, which is also related to the size of the city.  Second, an interesting question might be about the relationship between land use type and the location of urban village.  In other words, do urban villages appear more often surrounded by residential use than by industrial use?  This might be an interesting approach.

Hi there, this answer is exactly one paragraph of a text I am just writing (a chapter in a policy-based ABM). What I have so far:

According to Gilbert & Troitzsch, 2005, p.8 in Hamill & Gilbert, p. 4

"Microsimulation takes a set of data about a population – of people, households or firms – and applies rules to reflect changes, enabling the modeller to look at the overall impact. Such an approach is particularly useful for modelling policy changes, for example, to see who is made better or worse off by tax changes. However, although allowing for heterogeneity, microsimulation does not allow interaction. Only with the arrival of ABM did modelling interaction between agents become possible".

Crooks & Heppenstall, 2012, p. 92 argue that:

"However, crucially in contrast to ABM, MSM only models one-direction interactions: the impact of the policy on the individuals, but not the impact of individuals on the policy and interactions between individuals are not simulated. Furthermore MSM models do not have the behavioural modelling capability of ABM".

More importantly, I think, is the difference between ABM and Systems Dynamics (which for me are greater). And I was upset to find a text (by a famous author) that uses deterministic differential equations (one direction only) but calls it a ABM...

I hope it helps.

Best,

Dear Pak,

Greening of existing dense urban areas is one of the challenges facing urban sustainability transformation. As of now, there are some limited options available such as green roof, green wall, rain gardens, and tree planters along the side of the streets. Such practices have been already adopted successfully by cities in the US and Europe. 

Having green open space is a bigger challenge, and depends upon context. In cities where small open parking spaces are available at different locations close by, multi-storey parking ramps can be constructed and those open small parking areas can be converted into green spaces. Another option could be narrowing of street lanes, if they are too wide, and using the additional space for greening. Third option could be providing financial incentives for building owners to convert their roofs to open public gardens.     

very nice question you have asked.

population sustainability( population carrying capacity) for a metropolitan city

population limit for a metropolitan city.

 Dear Erni mariana

Please Read this article for your appreciate answer

Yes there is need planning guidelines, housing construction standards that specify the minimum requirements for housing and also ensuring quality meeting requirements of all sectors appreciably

Thank you very much!

A topic at the moment is the re-use of materials cq buildings/ building components (often called circular economy). The problem is not the avalibity but getting the information about what is available (size, material, color, texture, schape, etc) into the design an descision process. Another issue is logistics (how and when to get it to where you want it) and storage (the time difference between availability and re-use).  To fill the gap between availability and design/ descision/re-use is a challenge. This apporach will need a fundamental mindshift and another "re-use" industry. 

The main and constant drivers of urbanization are the following:

- National and regional economic development

- Demographic growth

- Increase of personal income

Check out the work of Paul Hess, he has done some really valuable work on walkability and pedestrian issues in both Seattle and Toronto. He is on Research Gate.

Here is the issue in a nutshell: negative externalities. If one is trying to rehabilitate an area which is surrounded by sources of negative externalities (e.g., noise, crime, whatever), it is useful to think about devices to insulate the area from these sources. Often it can be done by the strategic placement of public capital: a road, a hospital complex, a parking lot, etc. Sometimes a berm can be used. Limited vehicular access is another device. That is, it is not necessary for the public sector to do the rehabilitation itself. Instead, it is useful to create an environment in which rehabilitation can proceed in the private sector.

The bottom line is that it is not so much the quantity of public investments but the spatial configuration of investments that is important.

The key concepts, "systematic" and "approach"  need to be located in the actual lived experiences of people, [cf Pierre Bourdieu etc in this regard]. In this case you have to contrast different housing policies in different socio-historical contexts and then try to define what would be considered as "systematic" and "approach" in general and in relation to your own research context (s) -- as there are different systems and approaches. See my work on Pierre Bourdieu, etc

Best wishes with your research!

John J

 The inability of governments to provide appropriate infrastructure and public services is at the core of many urban challenges

Neighborhood improvements are usually capitalized into housing market prices, so a good practical method for ex-post evaluation is to compare before and after home prices.

Dear Salman

Here are some issues to consider:

1. You must first define "planning". In Australian English, it is an ambiguous word. Listed from broadest to narrowest uses, it can refer to strategic policy-making; or more narrowly confined to spatial land use planning (also called urban and regional planning) or even more narrowly, just statutory development control (zoning + development assessment).

2. You must take into account the division of powers between levels of government under Australia's constitution. When the former British colonies federated (1901), The Commonwealth was assigned only those powers that the States were prepared to relinquish – the States came first. The States retained all powers over land, natural resources and development. Since then, the Commonwealth has assumed responsibility for implementing external treaties within Australia's boundaries, including some such as biodiversity which impinge upon state rights. Local government is a creature of the States, so like the Commonwealth, its existence does not reduce the States' responsibility for land use planning. Statutory development control is delegated to local government in all States, with the State governments retaining various reserve powers.

3. You should consider the "vertical fiscal imbalance", meaning that the Commonwealth collects most of the taxes but the States are responsible for most of the services. This is one reason for a general trend in the past 30 years for functions to drift towards the Commonwealth. Example: the planning of major transport infrastructure.

4. You should also consider the neoliberal policy agenda introduced progressively since 1983, with its pressure for economic efficiency, greater central control and greater involvement of commercial firms. Example: once, the Commonwealth simply paid money to the States as a contribution to major national highways. Now it has established a new entity Infrastructure Australia with a commercial board sitting outside the public service and promoting major transport construction projects. A Research Report I wrote recently (see link) explains the damage this is doing to planning.

5. You need to consider the different attitudes towards planning by Coalition (conservative) and Labor (centre-left) governments. Labor governments tend to establish new planning and city renewal programs and conservative governments tend to abolish them. The Council of Australian Governments (COAG) is the main intra-jurisdictional forum for negotiating division of responsibilities between the States and the Commonwealth, and new programs.

6.You should consider the groundbreaking role played by the Whitlam governments (1972-1975) in land use planning such as its regional growth centres program and the Department of Urban and Regional Development.

7. You should give some thought to theoretical arguments for and against centralisation. On the one hand, there are economies of scale by centralising; on the other hand there are diseconomies of scale caused by separation of strategic planners from on-ground functionaries with in-depth knowledge of local problems. You should also consider the significance of coordination. Coordination is a central function of government and becomes more difficult as the geographic scope of the activity widens and as the number of other arms of government widen.

Hope these suggestions help.

EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISMS (EM)

EM is a brown colour liquid concentrate containing a consortium of beneficial microbes and acts as soil conditioner as well as a microbial inoculant. It is produced from cultivation of over 80 strains of beneficial microorganisms, which are collected from the natural environment. Over 90 countries are using this technology successfully today.

EM stock solution mainly consists of lactobacillus, photosynthetic bacteria, yeast and ray fungi. The microorganisms are not imported or genetically engineered. EM includes both aerobic and anaerobic species of microorganisms which co-exist in an environment of around 3.5 pH. EM is used in agriculture, animal husbandry, aquaculture, waste water & solid waste management to increase the quantity and to improve the quality of products and the treating of certain poluting ellements.  It has been observed that increasing the dosage of EM to make compost also increased the nutrient level.

EM Bokashi

Bokashi is rich a fermented compost, which can be made as ‘aerobic’ (allowing air contact) or ‘anaerobic’ (without air contact), depending on the process used. Bokashi is a strong organic manure with beneficial effects towards the soil. Aerobic Bokashi can be made on a large scale. As the temperature will rise (up to 40 – 50 °C) during the process of composting it has to be controlled (e.a. by aeriation) to maintain energy.

Anaerobic Bokashi: The process is a bit more demanding but it is superior to aerobic Bokashi as it has more nutrients. It is important to note the quantitys beeing applied of this Bokashi are much lower.

Ingredients for making Bokashi

Organic Material: Rice, corn or wheat bran, maize flour, rice or bean husk, rice, wheat or corn straw, any oil seed cake, cotton seed cake, press mud, chopped crop residue or weeds, saw dust, dried sea weed, coconut fiber and husk, post harvest residue etc. Animal Residues: Fish or bone meal, animal dung, crab shell, waste from meat-industry.

It is best to have a balance between plant and animal material in the ratio of 2:1 and to have a mix of many different types of organic ingredient. A typical Bokashi contains the following: Rice Bran: Oil cake: Fish/ Bone Meal: Water: Molasses: EM in the ratio of 2.5kg: 2.5kg: 2.5kg: 150 ml: 150 ml: 150ml by volume. The quantity of water can be altered depending on the moisture content of the ingredients used. The material should be moist without drainage. It is recommended that at least 10-15% rice bran should be present in all Bokashi recipes.

EM in action

Current research indicates that EM cultures can suppress soil-borne pathogens, accelerate the decomposition of organic wastes, increase the availability of mineral nutrients and useful organic compounds to plants, enhance the activities of beneficial micro-organisms, e.g., mycorrhizae, nitrogen fixing bacteria, and reduce the need for chemical fertilisers and pesticides. EM helps to increase beneficial soil micro-organisms and supression of harmful ones.

As a compost application

Apply to the compost heap to reduce troublesome odours and flies as well as improving the compost process and quality. Preferably spray on with a hand sprayer to prevent over wetting the compost heap and apply at each addition of fresh material if possible.

How to produce Anaerobic Bokashi?

Mix rice-bran, oil cake and fish/bone meal thoroughly. Dissolve molasses in water (1:100) and add EM to the solution. Pour this mixture on the dry ingredients and mix well. Please ensure that no lumps are left after mixing. Place this mixture in a polythene bag or airtight container and make it airtight. Release all air from the bag, place the packed bag in another polythene bag and again make it airtight. Store in a dark place. Bokashi is ready in 4 - 5 days in summer and 7 - 8 days in winter under tropical conditions (in other regions store at 24 – 26 °C). It will smell sweet and fermented when ready. Anaerobic Bokashi should be used soon after preparation. For storage, spread it on soil and dry it in the shadow. When dry, it can be stored in polythene bags. Keep the Bokashi save from rodents and other pests.

How to produce Aerobic Bokashi:

The ingredients and method of mixing is similar to anaerobic Bokashi. Spread the mix on soil and cover it with gunny (jute) bags, straw, mat or similar matter to keep it from rain. The temperature rises rapidly but is controlled at 25°-35° C by turning the mix upside down. This may have to be done 3 or 4 times. Bokashi is ready in 4 - 5 days. Store like anaerobic Bokashi. Application of any kind of Bokashi: Broadcast Bokashi on the soil at 600 kg per acre or 250 gms/ m2 till or plough the soil so that the Bokashi is covered with 5-8 cms of soil. Use mulch to cover the soil thereafter Caution: No seed or sapling to be sown or planted for 5-10 days after application of Bokashi. (The more you give - the longer you wait)

Nadege:

I have looked at "whitness" in the context of the classroom space which I hope can be of some help to your research:

Best regards,

Debra

Dear Joshua,

A mixture of ash and soap may not produce the lather that is required to clean hands whereas a mixture of sand and soap may act well in removing dirt and probably germs...it has been used in Kenya for cleaning of hands among the mechanics/those who repair motor vehicles specifically to remove oil and grease from their hands. i am not sure about the scientific benefit of the same but you may test its efficacy. Soapy water ( a mixture of powdered soap+ water) is very common in Kenya and has been promoted as an alternative to sustaining soap provision in schools. you can read the following article for more information;

According to official statistics eight Kacchi Abadeis including, French Colony, Paris colony, 100 quarters, 66 quarters, Hansa Colony, Charles Colony, Siad Purr Model Village and I-9 Christine colony were set up by the CDA and have a legal status. Whereas, illegal Kacchi Abadeis in G-7, G-8, F-6, F-7, I-11, and Banni Gala

thank you so much !

Have you considered shift-share analysis?

My answer to the question is "Yes", there is definitely a relationship between "Globalization" and "Architecture", regardless of the types of culture. From my point of view, rapid urbanization and technological advances have resulted in more and more standardization of built environments, depriving human habitats of cultural and regional identity, in which the trend of standardization is becoming an international malaise as the same building methods, materials, and styles are applied.

For some, globalization entails the Westernization of the world. Some see globalization as generating increasing homogeneity, while others see it producing diversity and heterogeneity through increased hybridization.

Two tensions caused by globalization on architecture: one seeks to safeguard and promulgate established indigenous architectural traditions, forms, decorative motifs, and technologies, while the other promotes invention and dissemination of new forms using new technologies and materials in response to changing functional needs and sensibilities. It places a premium on systemization, flexibility, and interchangeability. I think this happens in any where, any place, and to any culture. 

In the US, movement toward the use of prefabrication has been stymied by building codes that are really intended to protect the employment of certain trades (e.g., electricians and plumbers).

Regarding the population growth Chee hung Foo resumed it quite well.

Regarding urban sprawl, there are multiple factors that vary according to each context. Nevertheless, according to researchers the main and most common drivers are economic and population growth, increase of income and lack of spatial planning or failure to apply it.

These are a bit generic and of course there other factors, such transportation infrastructures or cultural factors, however these are more dependent of the context (time and space) of the case study. For instance, the initial modern sprawled areas (mostly in the USA in the 19th century) were structured around railway stations. Nowadays, most of it are structured around road infrastructures and private car.

In attach follows some publications that will help you to understand all the dynamic of urban sprawl. Special attention to the works of Ewing and the report of the EEA.

Hope I could be helpful 

Cheers

Marcos Correia

In addition to the above, you could contact Local Authorities for housing need and allocation studies for Housing Market Areas/

At least few Lithuanian municipalities (Klaipeda, Kaunas, Palanga and other) working now on SUMPs and they will be ready in about 4-5 months.

Some other municipalities have new SUMPs: for example Utena

http://www.utena.lt/index.php/naujienos/19-projektine-veikla/2021-utenos-miesto-darnaus-judumo-planas (in Lithuanian)