Science topic

Urban Climatology - Science topic

Urban Climatology are urbanisation leads to significant changes in the local climate of the city. One of the best known effects of urban development is the urban warming or Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect.
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Dear fellow researchers,
I have a question concerning LCZ modelling for a masterplan. My case study is on a new city the city is still under construction not completed yet. I want to classify it's masterplan to LCZ to evaluate its behavior from an urban climate point of view. Is it possible to create a map of LCZ since the remote sensing is not an option in this case because nothing is completely built. Can you recommend a tool that I could work with
Thank you in advance.
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Hi Manar, in this case I would go either for a manual sampling (based on visual interpretation and personal knowledge of the master plan) or a GIS-based approach. This will depend on how you intend to use the LCZ maps and for what reason. The GIS-based approach is generally preferred but it requires the availability of a digital topographic database, primarily including buildings and their heights (so that relevant indicators can be calculated, e.g. SVF and H/W ratios of representative street canyons) but also land use (to account for the different ground cover characteristics). For the GIS-based approaches, see, for example, the work of Lelovics et al. (https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01220) and the work of Geletič and Lehnert (https://doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2016-0012), where a full procedure for a applying a GIS mapping of LCZs is explained. Combined approaches, even if they are not directly applicable to your case, might be also a useful source of information for the GIS part. See, for example, the work of Gál et al. (shorturl.at/giDFS) or our recent work (http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8663).
Lastly, have a look at these two recent publications, by Lehnert et al. (2021) and Jang et al. (2021) that comprehensively compare different mapping methods of LCZs and their application.
Best,
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how to assess urban climate of city master plan before implementation. How urban planners can assess and evaluate the behavior of a proposed master plan for a new city (new development) before implementation to find the vulnerable zones and enhance this zones performance for climate proof cities.
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Hello Community. I need your help! I want to write Bachelorthesis in field of city research/ecosystem services/climate change and adaptation. I still have no specific research question. So if someone can advice what is better and more important to research at the moment in these fields, i would be very grateful! It will be a huge help!
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The research questions can read like this
Could there be a link between forest fires and climate change?
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As a number of US city planners contemplate the removal the highways from their metropolitan boundaries with a view to restoring long lost neighbourhoods are we looking at the post car era?
By the mid century gasoline and diesel power cars will be all but extinct. A few of them, like veteran biplanes will still be seen in heritage centres but the hundreds of millions of them that now inhabit the planet might be gone.
Is the highway and the car soon to join the stage coach and the pony express as a memory?
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The automobile cut down the nature of travel and the meaning of distance between urban areas, while at the same time urban areas expanded. Automobiles created a greater sense of autonomy and thereby individuality, so had an enormous part in structuring western and global civilisation. At present, there seems nothing to take their place unless more efficient railway systems at created. Overpopulation demands highly efficient means of travel.
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I'm doing a theses doctoral with the aim of the investigation is the analysis of the urban heat island of the urban area of Girona. I'm doing thermal transects in differents moments of day, noon, sunrise, afternoon and night. Most of them I made with pedestrian way method. Other transects I made with car. My question is: Are there scientific papers with thermal transects made in past in a pedestrian way or the pedestrian way is a new method in urban climatology?
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@Gerard Taulé Codinach
There are so many articles. You can take help from the attachment given below. Best wishes with regards.
Suraj
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I am performing mapping of urban up sprawl for 5 cities in Pakistan using advanced geospatial methods with satellite imagery for 25 years (1995-2020) with a 5 year interval. Can someone enlighten me how to mark a reference years for tracking changes and what are the pros and cons?
I have following options.
a). Mark present year as reference and track changes backwards
b). Mark 1995 as reference and track changes onwards.
c). and other option you may suggest?
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Dear Muhammad Shafiq,
You can use CA-MARKOV Approach to predict the future urban sprawling surface. For that, you have to generate a future suitable probable surface based on current year using AHP (MCDM) techniques. Thus you can create a base map and a projected map of the same year. In this way you can predict upward trends of urban sprawling. Best wishes with regards.
For your better understanding, please follow the link given below.
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We observed that in the simulations performed with the ENVI-met model there is a strong influence of the winds on the air temperature in the areas from the windward edges, resulting in very high air temperatures, even with the use of nesting grids. I would like to know if there are papers with this discussion and how these distortions can be minimized.
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Please go through this paper. I think it will help you. Best wishes with regards.
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More than half of the people in the world now live in cities and this proportion is expected to continue to increase. Global Climate Change (GCC) and Urban Heat Island (UHI) intensification are making cities hotter places to live .
Thus, the need of an organized and comprehensive methods for sustainable urban design is considerable.
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Ali Cheshmehzangi Thank you for sharing your latest research on this topic.
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At Present i am working on Building Aerodynamic, i have modeled a group building models and analysed in CFD. Now, I want to verify my result in wind tunnel. I am getting problem in scale down model according to non-dimensional analysis, to match Reynolds number for model and prototype.
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Dear Vignesh, depending on what you want to measure, but I think you should use as characteristic length the width of the building or its dimensions in the main direction of motion of the flow.
Let me add the following information FYI: the validity of wind tunnel results obtained in testing of scale models is based on the fluid mechanics Principle of Dynamic Similarity (White, F.M., Fluid Mechanics, 6 ed., Boston, USA: McGraw-Hill, 2003, p. 866) which states that: "If two physical phenomena can be described using the same formulation (same equations and same initial and boundary conditions), the solutions for one of the phenomena are valid for the other one." For the motion of air around and obstacle, this Principle guarantees that the non-dimensional results measured in a wind tunnel for a scale model (e.g., lift, drag, and pitching moment coefficients) will be the same as for the real, full-scale obstacle if the following conditions are fulfilled:
  1. Geometric similarity: all relevant aerodynamic features of the real obstacle must be accurately replicated in the scale model
  2. The Mach number must be the same for the model and obstacle θ γ
  3. (as you said) The Reynolds number must also be the same
  4. Heat transfer (thermal effects) and diffusion can be neglected
For CFD, this is not usually a problem, since you have much flexibility in defining the boundary conditions and other settings such that these 4 conditions are satisfied and, for example, Re and M match those of the real fluid problem.
Now the dilemma comes when trying to extrapolate wind tunnel results to the real fluid problem: If the fluid properties for both the tests and real case are the same (i.e., same speed of sound (T), ρ and μ), and the scale model is smaller or larger than the real obstacle, it is obvious that it is not possible to have simultaneously the same M and Re as in the real problem. If we cannot replicate simultaneously both parameters, it is then necessary to choose which one will be kept similar to the real case. Generally, we choose the parameter with a stronger influence on the flow. For instance, roughly speaking M is dominant for supersonic flows and Re for subsonic flows (your case). Thus, for example, in high-subsonic testing, we would strive to work with the same Re as in the real case, and would not pay so much attention to M. Effectively, this means that we are not complying fully with the requirements of the Principle of Dynamic Similarity, and thus the test results have some error respect to the behavior in the real case. Many researchers have characterized the Re and M scaling effects to be able to correct for this error when extrapolating the wind tunnel results to the real case, if the Re and/or M in the tunnel are different than those of the real case.
If the fluid properties for both your tests and real case are the same, you should try to work with a model as similar as possible in dimensions the real obstacle, bearing in mind also these recommendations (Barlow, J.B., Rae, W.H., Pope, A., Low-speed Wind Tunnel Testing, 3 ed., NY, USA: Wiley & Sons, 1999, p. 713):
  • Blocking coefficient (ratio of frontal area of model to frontal area of test chamber): should be less than 0.1
  • Wingspan (or width) of the model: should be less than 4/5 (80%) of test chamber width
If you manage to have same Re and M, then the lift and drag coefficients (cL = Lift/(0.5*rho*V^2*S) and cD = Drag/(0.5*rho*V^2*S)) that you obtain from the tunnel can be extrapolated to the real vehicle. If you manage to have only the same Re, the lift and drag coefficients that you obtain should be corrected, but this error should not be very large and maybe the values from the tunnel are still valid to you. If you don't manage to have the same Re, then you could correct the cL and cD following the procedure described in the attached image from White's book Fluid Mechanics, for which you need to have values of cL or cD at several flow velocities (i.e., at several Reynolds numbers).
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 vehicle speed and air pollution in street canyon
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Thank you so much sir@Ingo Riess
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Looking for a free softwar that can calculates PET indices from given inputs.
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In cities where pro-environmental values for sustainability are missing, e.g., cities where car-centric lifestyles, energy consuming large conditioned spaces, mega-structures and international branding appear to be the preferred trends, what role/scope does individual (unit) sustainability play in such context.
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Great question!
So, do you mean like effectively all cities? Then maybe, but I think almost no.
I don't like rating systems in general. They will produce infrastructure that is far better than the status quo, but not likely good enough. The assumption is that in the setting they were developed in, over the time period being considered, this is the best balance of cost and performance (broadly speaking) that the designers of the system could come up with. But costs change and not all settings are created equal. I would consider the highest standard of any rating system as a reasonably good place to start, but not where to finish.
Look up GATE - global association of transition engineers - and think about what transitions are coming. We know about peak fossil carbon, peak conventional agriculture, peak ecological footprint; all of these are predictable. We know the future we're going to be seeing in 40 years will be not very much like the future we were expecting 40 years ago.
If we're building infrastructure that will have an expected lifespan of 100 years, and will be receiving it's first maintenance in 25 years, we shouldn't just be thinking about what that maintenance cycle will entail, but rather what the whole lifecycle maintenance is going to be. Most of the design life of that infrastructure will be existing in a low energy intensity environment where the amount of available labour will be significantly reduced (certainly on a per capita basis, but I think also on an absolute basis). Will concrete wall panels and high-tech heating and cooling be serviceable at 50 years? Likely not.
I think individual sustainability is an oxymoron. Individual resilience makes sense to me. Be a net energy producer, manage more land than your ecological footprint, be able to grow your own food, make good solid community connections - all of these things will add to individual resilience.
It could be possible to design buildings with the same principles. How do you make sure the changes in energy availability in the future will not make your building a pile of junk?
In Canada, for residential applications, I would use STES to hold the heat required to get through winter, and to store winter for AC and refrigeration through the year. I would be off-grid, so that my operating costs will not change with energy costs. That means a HUGE thermal mass, and good insulation, and lots of south facing glazing. I would use solar thermal hot water, and store heat in the phase change of paraffin, so I could have instant solar hot water. I would use just enough solar electric to drive the ventilation system (on batteries) and manage my water system (direct solar pumps, cisterns, no well). Cost is similar to conventional, but uses more land than typical urban designs.
In your setting, you'd have to work out what you get for free, and what services you must have. Keep the energy as close to the original form as possible when it is stored, so you have the least losses. Interest rates are likely to stay low, and almost the entire cause of inflation will be from energy costs - if you can effectively eliminate your energy demand, your property value will increase faster than inflation. Figure out how you're going to service the infrastructure when the cost of energy is high and low, and when the cost of labour is high and low. All 4 cases will exist in the foreseeable future, regardless of setting.
Good luck.
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Modelling pollutant dispersion in urban centers need street level meteorological data. Whereas much of the research in this field is carriedout using met data from stations far away from study area or with general meteorological details.
Are there any urban air pollutant studies conducted using street level met data by considering the canyon effects of buildings.
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Both US EPA and the US Army (Dugway Proving Ground in Utah) have conducted extensive urban dispersion modelling studies with both real and modelled buildings. 
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I appreciate if anyone Can Suggest / Provide me with a resource that I can use to get a list of C3 & C4 plants in Egypt?
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C3 and C4 plants is physiological item founded every where not only in Egypt. C4 crops like sorghum and corn. However, C3 plant like wheat and barley. 
Try to get any reference book in physiology, you will find what are you looking for !! Good luck 
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Previous model investigations both on Beijing area and on the outskirts pollution have shown that based in US EPA Models-3/CMAQ about 34% of PM 2.5 on average and 35-60% of ozone  - in the Olimpic stadium site - can be attributed to sources outside Beijing. Our activity using passive sampling (at present still unpublished) has clearly shown a potential for a sensible influence  for e.g. SO2, O3, NOx and NO2. I am not aware that other activities employing passive sampling having the purpose to discriminate both types of source of pollution, has ever been performed.
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Dear Francis,
We have not yet considered the influence of atmospheric pollutants that cause acification on the paintings we study. One set of paintings is in an hermetically enclosed environment and we have the impression that that causes problems. Do not why yet. They are in Norway so we expect a clean atmosphere. 
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I am conducting research to evaluate the effect of “ water flow” and “artificial open water surfaces” on urban micro-climate and also mitigate the maximum urban heat island effect. Can I use this software for this purpose?
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ENVImet takes into account, climaticwise speaking, the water bodies but not the water flow. 
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What is the most practical micro-climate model for examining the relationship between urban design parameters and outdoor thermal comfort (considering the effect of wind, mean radiant temperature and air temperature in calculating PET). I have found many softwares, I am not sure which would be the best for my research question. (Envi-met, Rayman, SOLWEIG, Townscope, Urbawind). Please share your experiences. Thank you.
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The answer to your question is not straightforward. Firstly the suitability of the software depends on you goals and abilities. RayMan is an accurate, user friendly, quick and well documented software. You can estimate lot of biometeorological parameters with RayMan such as PET, PMV, Tmrt etc. The calculations refers to a point.
Another reasonable choice is  ENVImet. Using ENVImet you can calculate the spatial distribution of several parameters such as PMN, Ta, RH% etc. ENVImet requires high computer power and physical memory (RAM). The learning curve of this model is steep and the crash of the model is an everyday situation. But I think worth a chance.
SOLWEIG is a model based on MATLAB. It is steady and user friendly. It is accurate on radiation calculations. 
To cut a long story short, my first choice is RayMan, after that is ENVImet and after that is SOLWEIG.
Best Regards
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What dose density and composition of urban heat island mean, and how can measure it using MODIS?
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Dear Dr. Markus Neteler, Thank you very much for this wonderful and useful research,
That's really what i want.
Thanks again
Hossam
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Climate change  a phenomenon being talked about world over and the contribution of human kind. As most of the populations reside in cities . What are the ethical issues the cities and citizens have to follow keeping this phenomenon in view,
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Mainly they have to get used to sustainable lifestyles then it covers the ethical considerations!
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I am interested on UHI's studies, especially in tourist cities to observe if touristic activities could cause modifications on the UHI's features. So I am looking for studies about this. 
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What are the current researches on environmental responsiveness with respect to urban form and/or urban built environment?
What are/could be the parameters of environmental responsiveness in and around buildings/ built form? especially at community/neighbourhood level.
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Dear  Fuzail Jawaid ,
I would like to recommend you my conference paper entitled Various Aspects of Ecotourism Concept and Their Impact on Shape of The World Ecotourist Actions .
I hope it would be useful.
Kind regards
Barbara
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I am looking for the water bodies micro climate studies in tropical regions and how the water temperature variation can effect the surrounding micro-climate and a proper simulation software to simulate the water bodies micro climate accurately.
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A tropical climate is a climate typically found within the Tropics, while a few locations outside the Tropics are considered to have a tropical climate. In the Köppen climate classification it is a non-arid climate in which all twelve months have mean temperatures of at least 18 °C (64 °F). Unlike the extra-tropics, where there are strong variations in day length and temperature, with season, tropical temperature remains relatively constant throughout the year and seasonal variations are dominated by precipitation.
so the climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water bodies and their currents. Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used classification scheme was Köppen climate classification originally developed by Wladimir Köppen.
The constancy of body fluids is maintained in the following ways:
* The thirst mechanism, which maintains the volume of water at a constant level;
* Kidney activity, which regulates the volume and composition of body fluids;
* Hormones, which serve to regulate fluid volume and electrolytes;
* Regulators of pH (acidity and alkalinity), including buffers, respiration, and kidney function.
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Variables that are to be handled primarily (as per my understanding) are Solar Radiation and its corresponding shadow due to buildings and trees of adjacent area, Wind profile disturbance due to buildings of adjacent area, etc., In addition to this, Turbulence, moisture etc., will also come into picture.
Also the Lateral Boundary Condition that one has to use also plays a key role which may need info on the whether the area is homogeneous or has lot of variability.
I would like to discuss upon the numerical schemes that one can use to merge the simulation results to give combined area simulation results.
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Hi Sai Krishna
I think it is better that, at first, Simulate the whole urban area by a Macro-scale (or Meso-scale) model, Then, put the results of every part of the urban as input in a Micro-scale model. In other words, boundary conditions of the Micro-scale model  could be determined by using the outputs of Macro-scale (Meso-scale) model. This process, known as "Down-Scaling" is.
Regards
Alipour
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what are the major prospects and challenges of developing water resilient cities in South Asia?
What kind of institutions need to be arranged for designing and developing water resilient cities in context of SA?
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Cities in South Asia should consider catchment and drainage in such a way that the necessary conditions of operational reliability and resilience to shock are met, while ensuring that the sustainability of the system allows for future growth and expansion. The following paper sets forth criteria for the design of water resilient cities through a joint consideration of a set of index on reliability, resilience and sustainability. The conclusion of the paper on a hybrid between centralization and decentralization seems to be relevant to the largely centralized effort that we see in South Asia. In general, decentralilzation working along more deregulated and market-driven approaches would benefit South Asian cities.
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I am Aeronautical Engineering Student, at present working on Urban Heat Island Effect analysis in CFD. I want to validate my result, for that i plan to take aerial thermal photo from UAV but now cost is little higher for me. So, I plan to go with Wind tunnel testing. In this case i didn't get any reference journals and i have doubt in make similarity and is it possible to study radiation effect.  
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Yes, sir i am working on influence of wind also
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Sunshine Hours data
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Contact -National climate data center,IMD,Shivajinagar,Pune 411005
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Specifically, I want to determine if green roofs can lessen the Urban Heat Island effect, even if it's only on a micro-scale (not whole-city-wide). I'll be conducting this study in Metro Manila.
Any help would be really appreciated. Thank you very much!
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Dear colleagues, let me humbly suggest that this is not the site to keep this kind of discussion. Please, post only answers to Andrea's question.
(On the other side, I do not see any denialist tendency in http://climatesight.org/tag/urban-heat-island-effect/ ...)
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especially in the areas of data collection
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I need information on small scale research funding in the area of climate change and urban adaptation. I am doing the study in Africa and the focus is also African cities.
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So far I mostly know urban climatology books from my own country (Brazil) or the great classics (such as Oke and Landsberg). I have read many papers recently, but I would like to know your suggestion of a relatively recent book on this topic which covers most of the urban climate-related phenomena such as the UHI, floods, air pollution, etc. (such as "Urban Climatology" from Brazel & Quatrocchi, 2005). Thank you.
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Urban climatology has got renewed interest for two main reasons. First, to analyse impacts of urbanisation on the global climate change as centres of industrial production and therefore atmospheric pollution at local, regional and global scale. Secondly, in view of perceived climate change to find out adaptation and mitigation measures in urban areas. The latter concern is expressed in a voluminous and growing literature on urban heat island (UHI), thermal comfort as well as environmental ergonomics and architectural design in built environment.
After, first work on urban climatology Luke Howard, The Climate of London, which contained continuous daily observations from 1801 to 1841, recently a number of books are published on the topic and the number is growing. An International Association for Urban Climate is also founded lately:
A few of titlels on the topic are listed below:
The Urban Climate by Helmut E. Landsberg
Energy and Climate in the Urban Built Environment (BEST (Buildings Energy and Solar Technology)) by M. Santamouris (Editor)
Constructed Climates: A Primer on Urban Environments by Will Wilson, Sr., William G Wilson
Urban Climate Change Crossroads by Richard Plunz
Urban Aerodynamics: Wind Engineering for Urban Planners and Designers by American Society of Civil Engineers
Cooling Our Communities: A Guidebook on Tree Planting and Light-Colored Surfacing by Hashem Akbari
Energy and Climate in the Urban Built Environ… (Kindle Edition)
by M. Santamouris
The Urban Atmosphere by Terry A Ferrar
The Urban Costs of Climate Modification by Bruce Wilson Atkinson
Urbanization and the atmospheric environment in the low tropics : experiences from the Kelang Valley Region, Malaysia by Sham Sani
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I am using Envi-met 3.1. This version just gives me T mrt ,not PET.
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Hi. May i know how to get the password? I have already subscribe to the newsletter but there is no password sent to me or something so i cant run the setup
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When I use ENVI-met v3.1 to compare between deep canyon H/W=5 and Shallow canyon H/W=1, I observed that the air temperature at daylight is similar with literature review about deep canyon has low temperature from shallow canyon as shown in attached file, because the effect of wall height which decrease of effect from direct short radiation. At night the air temperature in deep canyon is lower than shallow canyon, literature review which has studied street canyon ratio proved that air temperature in deep canyon in night is higher than shallow canyon, because SVF is low and low air velocity in deep canyon to release heat from walls.
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Here http://www.cnrm-game.fr/spip.php?rubrique134&lang=fr there's the link to download the TEB code
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Can I appreciate a change in the PMV if I put a shallow pool (it is constructed by setting only the uppermost grids to "water") in an open area? Or should I use "water" only as a complete column to do this?
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You can download V4 Preview directly from here:
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I have fifteen heights data. Supposing that zm has nothing to do with d - who can give me a method to calculate them simultaneously?
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The following information may be useful for your research
Abstract. A method to estimate the zero plane displacement is presented that is based on in situturbulence measurements. As it does not depend on flux-gradient relations, it can be applied overnon-homogeneous surfaces if they are dynamically but not thermally distorted. The zero plane displacementat an urban site is found to vary considerably with wind direction. The results compare well withestimates from conventional methods using the heights and distribution of the upwind roughness
elements.  
Ref: 1)DETERMINATION OF THE ZERO PLANE DISPLACEMENT
IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT
M. W. ROTACH
Boundary-Layer Meteorology 67: 187-193, 1994.
2) AERODYNAMIC ROUGHNESS OF URBANAREAS DERIVED FROM WIND OBSERVATIONS
by C.S.B. Grimmond et al,.
oundary-Layer Meteorology 89: 1-24; , 1998.
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I am aware that there isn't any vegetation scheme in CFD package. So the modeled area in ENVI-met should eliminate any type of vegetation.
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The Green CTTC (green - cluster thermal time constant ) Method is the thermal model that includes  vegetation - mainly trees - influence (including Heat Transfer, Solar Radiation, Humidity, Wind, Evapo-transpiration ) on the thermal conditions. Main co-authors Limor Shashua-Bar, and Milo E. Hoffman (Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, IsraelInstitute of Technology)and others Main publication:"The Green CTTC Model for predicting air temperature  in small urban wooded sites" Building and Environment 37 (2002),1279 -1288.
In any case, I propose to you and others to consider in the warm stations that people will feel the closer as possible  to comfortable, when seating in the shade: Lowest Metabolic Rate, or at least walking in the shade. Where, in the cold stations,pedestrians will  prefer wind defended sunny places. For thermal comfort evaluation, consider the above, and use the simplest methods for evaluation in the shade, but at least with 1 m/sec for wind speed near pedestrians wearing 0.5-0.7 clo, Where in the cold station, consider 1.2- 1.5 clo or more. in the sunny places with Fanger's Model CONSIDERING ALL THE RELATION,WITH SOLAR RADIATION.
All the best,
Milo E. Hoffman
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A city of 100,000 has more than 50 ponds. How to measure its implications on climate change adaptation?
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Climate change is not dependent on urban ponds, they only mitigate the urban heat island. Also the size of the blue pools is more important than the total number, as green areas
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As above.
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There have been few ENVI-met studies with spatial distribution of PET across the study area. Most of the studies put certain number of receptors in the site and get PET values by using Ray-man, though these values are confined to few points. There have been several studies in Germany particularly, with spatial distribution of PET. I guess CalcPET is not available for public. It would be good to know how to get it. Anyway, many thanks for your contribution ;)
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I wonder if anyone have an idea of index that classifies comfort based on meteorological and air quality parameters.
Thanks
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THanks....
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We are planning to do an evaluation of these water surfaces on thermal comfort. Of course we will measure air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. For mean radiant temperature we can use globe temperature. However, using this methodology to extract Tmrt, does anybody know to what extent the little drops of spray water influence the globe temperature and thus in correct derivation of Tmrt?
Additionally, has anybody evaluated their effect in urban areas? Do you know any literature references?
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Juan
I hope this could be helpful:
Saaroni H., Ziv B., 2003, The impact of a small lake on heat stress in a Mediterranean urban park: the case of Tel Aviv, Israel, Int J Biometeorol 47, 156-165.
Best regards
Kate
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I have in mind using the fusion of dynamic and thermodynamic meteorological models to do simulate and predict the intensity dispersion of air pollution. the model would be hierarchical structure from macro scale to micro scale, which using some methods should be connected to each other as a chain.
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It is maybe, I could use models seperately from macro to regional and micro scale models. The synoptic weather charts will be used for analysis and find weather patterns affecting intensifying on urban air pollution. Then, we should be introduce a mechanism for predicting occurrence of air pollution events in future using synoptic weather charts.
In the model, should be entrance air quality stations data and urban elements affecting to resonance air pollution. In this point, GIS has good ability for special and temporal modelling and analysis. In addition, after that, I think it should be used the empirical models; such as the method of calculating pollution from passing traffic on street.
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Reviewing the literature shows the relationship between urban sprawl and regional climate change but I am looking for the most appropriate indicators!
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Ahmed,
You are right, but urban settlements themselves change their climate in terms of evaporation rate due to consumption of water, creating barriers for on wind side and giving corridors etc. However, typically urban centres as centres of consumption have depleted surrounding of vegetation cover altering temperature intensity and local water cycle, are heavy burden on waterways further deteriorating downstream ecosystems affecting their temperature moderating role and water cycle. Construction activities can also add to aerosols, all these conditions are related to intensify climate change in the region of a big urban centre.
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I´m looking for something like the CORINE Land Cover Project for the countries in Europe.
Until now I've tried to work with the data of the Plan Regulador Communal, but its not the right instrument for my work.
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well, if you want to discuss the issue, not problem. I have also calculated the built-up index and the NDVI, in case. Let me know!
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I am starting research in the field of trace gases and I wanted to make a comparative study of satellite data with ground based observation as well as their percent contribution. For this purpose, I have chosen ozone measurements. What I understand from literature is that first we need to get total columnar ozone data vide OMI and subtract the value of stratospheric columnar ozone vide MLS from total columnar ozone to derive tropospheric columnar ozone. Thereafter I could calculate percent contribution of surface ozone to tropospheric columnar ozone and tropospheric columnar ozone to total columnar ozone. However, for this purpose I need stratospheric columnar ozone and total columnar ozone, of which I have total columnar ozone but I am unable to derive stratospheric columnar ozone. Can you please suggest how to derive stratospheric columnar ozone without writing program and downloading the data to MS-Excel?
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Thank you for your responses