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Ultrasound Imaging - Science topic

Optimizing current ultrasound technology and a look to the future
Questions related to Ultrasound Imaging
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We have been able to download the maui installer to the computer, however, we cannot get the .exe file to open and run.
We have tried to run it as administrator, we disabled the firewall, we restarted the computer, nothing seems to work.
Thank you!
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There isn't specific information readily available on the usage of MAUI (Measurements from Arterial Ultrasound Imaging) by Hedgehog Medical on Windows 11. However, the software is designed to run on any 64-bit Windows machine, and compatibility with Windows 11 is generally expected given the software's support for 64-bit Windows operating systems【10†source】.
If you're facing issues or have specific questions about running MAUI on Windows 11, it may be helpful to contact Hedgehog Medical directly or check their FAQ section for any updates or known compatibility issues.
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Is there a scoring system to assess adequacy of images acquired during the eFAST (extended Focussed Abdominal Sonography in Trauma) ultrasound scanning protocol?
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Take a look at my colleague's paper as a potential simple starting point:
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I wonder if anybody knows where I could find and download some sector scan ultrasound images? I need them for doing my homework.
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The content on this site may be helpful to you
DASMTX Delay-And-Sum matrix (biomecardio.com)
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More specifically, if I record ultrasound on a muscle when the limb is cold, would I not be able to see fascicles as well as if I record ultrasound on a muscle at normal temperature?
Any insight on how temperature affects ultrasound image quality/resolution is appreciated!
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Hi Avery,
We are working on a similar issue. There are some published articles that can help you. For example: 10.1177/0161734618800660, 10.1109/MSP.2017.2773338, 10.1371/journal.pone.0266446.
With the information we have been reading, we think that there are changes, perhaps the question is how much it changes and in what variables of the image (Is it clinically relevant?).
I hope you find the answer.
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Hey all
I have made an ultrasound image, and ultimately want to extract my SNR. For this I have cut out the background noise to compare with the quality of my target. I have made a plot of the data on a greyscale. The X-axis is the brightness of the pixel (range 0-255) and the Y-axis is the number of pixels with this brightness. Everything should be attached.
But I cant seem to calculate the correct mean. I know the standart formula, but it seems to only give me the mean of the y-axis.
Thanks
Hans
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I don't quite understand the question... The brightness of the point represents the sound amplitude in dB. Since dB is an exponential measurement, I don't know if it is possible to use the mean as a position measurement. Did you try to create an histogram?
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I'm looking for a dataset containing ultrasound images with tools (e.g. needles or catheters) and their segmentations. I want to train a CNN to perform the segmentation
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What feature analysis techniques or new approaches can be applied to analyzing cardic ultrasound images for detection of a defect.
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Suggest following ..perhaps expanding the reach of the Q to more related
areas might bring more answers ..
1. Comparison with certified standard Ground Truths of images of healthy and
defective hearts
2. From 1 it will mean how we can identify some measures to
distinguish. defects .. using comparisons ..possibilities are Euclidean distance measure..EDM
3. Shape/ texture / statistical moments of higher order
4. Fiedler vector for spectral partition using SVD
Cheers
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I cannot find any ultrasound image regarding the prostate. Could anyone give me the link if you find any? It is preferred to be 3D transrectal ultrasound images, but 2D is fine
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SURE-send me your email i can share some of prostate images from my image library
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Images are required for testing and validation of a new technique.
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Can anyone suggest to me from where I can find ultrasound breast images with ground truth
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I am looking for standard image data set for a 2D ultrasound image of the uterus; specifically for the normal uterus, septate uterus, and bicornuate uterus.
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fetal ultrasound image dataset - DataFriends.cz
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I wonder if anybody knows where I could find and download some ultrasound images? I need them for performing the despeckling algorithm.
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Before displaying an ultrasound image, the machine usually performs a logarithmic compression in order to better visualise an image in terms of grayscale. In order to treat a DICOM image, is it necessary to do a logarithmic decompression for more accurate results of image analysis and processing?
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I am agree with Larbi Messaouda ; It depends on the type of processing and analysis you want to perform.
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I think if frequency is increased resolution increased, is it correct?
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An ultrasound image has poor resolution because the speed of sound varies by less than 10% and the speckle noise but with the new technologies overcome this problem
regards
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I'm doing some research on the resolution of ultrasound images, and a lot of high-resolution ultrasound images are needed. Can someone help me?
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For our study, we need anatomical MRI, CT, and sonographic images of human hands in order to run statistical analysis on them.  We would prefer to not need to make a database ourselves for the study, as MRI scan time can be extremely costly. For our study, optimal database image sets would: 
  • Regard living subjects
  • Contain height data associated with each subject
  • contain weight data associated with each subject
  • Contain the age division of each subject 
Could someone point me in the right direction?, Any and all help would be greatly appreciated.  Thankyou
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Twinkling artifact was introduced by Rahmouni et al. in 1996 and defined as a rapidly changing mixture of red and blue behind presumed calcifications in Doppler color flow imaging. There were suggested several plausible causes, such as the phase jitter, the object’s microoscillations, microcavitation, etc.
What are your thoughts on this? What causes the twinkling artifact to appear?
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more in TCD examinations ...
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Lung US. Blue protocol
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İn respiratory failure i think Rea's answer is very beneficial in terms of lung ultrasound but using it with point of care cardiac ultrasound and inferior vena cava ultrasound would be the best option for detection of more conditions cause cardio pulmonary failure...
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I am working on ultrasound image quality that's why i need some vital link.
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Deleted research item The research item mentioned here has been deleted
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I’m working on “Using Adaptive beamforming to improve quality of the ultrasound harmonic imaging”, but I have no real data and also it is necessary for me to use this data for validating my work.
I have written two articles in my study and submitted them, but they were rejected, and main reason of rejecting them was “why you just use Simulink data, and this results are not valid?”.
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Hello i am interrested if you got some ultrasound raw data (rf) images. My research project is based on harmonic imaging and i need this data to validate my method
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I wonder if anyone has a recipe for a gel phantom for using for USS training.
for vascular grafts
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See our recent work on developing patient specific ultrasound phantoms with a new phantom material gel wax
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Anyone please suggest me some tutorials/documents where I could learn about the de-nosing technique of Ultrasound Images?
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Upto now, the only open source dataset is by Kaggle in the Ultrasound Nerve Segmentation challenge. I am looking for any open source data but they must be ultrasound images.
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Dear Nabila,
We have published a small musculoskeletal ultrasound data set, with segmentation ground truth: http://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/4/2/29
We are preparing a larger data set for publication - I will post here when the data are online.
Best wishes
Ryan
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I'm looking for a database of ultrasound videos to analyze for use in PhD research.
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The authors of the following article have kindly provided open-access breast ultrasound radiofrequency data, together with outlined tumor boundaries: Piotrzkowska‐Wróblewska, H., Dobruch‐Sobczak, K., Byra, M., & Nowicki, A. (2017). Open access database of raw ultrasonic signals acquired from malignant and benign breast lesions. Medical Physics, 44(11), 6105-6109. Please refer to the article for the way to downloading the data.
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i am looking for ultrasound image of common carotid artery for research. for validation its parameter like IMT, LD, BP, etc. are also required.
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There is a consensus validation of a normal IM thickness
Randrianarisoa E, Rietig R, Jacob S, Blumenstock G, Haering H-U, Rittig K, et al. Normal values for intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery - an update following a novel risk factor profiling. Vasa [Internet]. 2015;44(6):444–50. Available from: http://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/abs/10.1024/0301-1526/a000467
warm regards
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Does anyone know where I might find an chronic kidney disease ultrasound image database?
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The radiologyassistant.nl homepage
has nice images of kidney cystic and solid masses, among others
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I am interested to segment it (somehow) and get the motion information from an echo of the heart. Any comment also on this part?
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I've implemented a GE/Kretz 3D ultrasound image reader in 3D Slicer. After you have loaded the image you can use all the awesome tools in 3D Slicer to visualize and process it (for example, to create a 3D-printable model). You can see a demo here:
It's not perfect yet (spherical to Cartesian conversion is not fully accurate), but it's completely free and open-source - fixes and improvements are welcome. For further details and questions please post to the 3D Slicer forum:
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Since the power CFI and the B-flow both use a wall-filter and the energy of the echo.
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Hao
you have given a good answer- the best is point 3 in your answer
please see the link hopefully it can help 
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Please Give suggestions
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Since lossless techniques are best suitable for medical images it should by above 95%
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Dear Friend, Can anyone know ultrasound eye image database link. Please help me.
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Dear Ramesh,
yes our lab have stored the collection of eye (including healthy and tumours) images taken with diagnostic ultrasound system. Frequency of waves about 12MHz. 
For what purpose do you need them?
Cheers, Rytis
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The following ultrasound Images of long head of biceps subluxation which was missed by MRI.
I collected 4 cases having long head of biceps subluxationtion but missed by MRI. Among them I have report of MRI of one case. On case I diagnosed in 2014 was my initial case and I didn't save the report because I was not interested in this comparative study. the second patient sent me the report on whats-app but later on it was deleted due to negligence. the third one I have and the fourth one; told me by the patient and promised to send the MRI Report but unfortunately not sent yet
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In conclusion Ultrasound is particularly important in the diagnosis of extra-articular and peripheral pathologies related to tendon, nerve, muscle, cortical part of the bone. In some joints intra-articular pathological process could be evaluated with the selection of proper window or utilizing some provocative techniques. dynamic sonography demonstrate not only anatomic appearance but structural changes occurs during variety of physiological activities. 
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I Utilized and developed a comprehensive FORTRAN code to model Ultrasound propagation in layered tissue or any other domain. this code is solving full wave equations and Bio-heat equation based on FTDT algorithm for a 2-D (X-Y) and asymmetrical (R-Z) problems and consider viscosity, heat generation, attenuation, absorption and scattering. I have validated the code with several Theoretical and experimental researches. Could you please someone introduce a problem to me? I will be pleased to do collaborate projects to write papers. So please kindly email me. my email address: hojat.rezaei@gmail.com
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nice
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I need to measure the marbling score of beef steer ribeye area's ultrosinc images. Media is taken with an ultrasound. I'm using image J analyzer software but it's not that handy. Can you suggest any software?
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Nice idea i would like to read about it as i am doing diagnostic ultrasound
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Is it effective for the detection of fatty liver (mainly for mild degree)?
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We have been using IMAGO.s for the last few yrs to check for pregnancy and measure back fat depth on reindeer. The probe we have used is a 5MHz sector probe (SB 355M I believe). However, this equipment seems to break down every year. Either the batteries go dead or the probes. The equipment is only used in the latter part of the winter (January-April), and we have been told by the company that we need to turn on the equipment, discharge the battery and recharge it regularely (we do it every 1-2 months). However, this approach do not seem to help. Are there anyone out there who have suggestions for another portable, and reliable model of ultrasonography equipment, suitable to bring out in winter field conditions. I think we are giving up on ECM Imago.s.
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3-5 MHz will be appropriate we have used 3.7 mhz and 5 mhz in cats and mouse and even in rabbits.
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Hi all, I am looking for someone who is familiar with the ultrasound of the aorta that could help me have a look of my ultrasound images from mouse descending aorta. I've marked the area that I am not quite sure about with a red rectangle. It seems that the area I marked is connected to the descending aorta, but I wonder this part belongs to some other tissue (e.g., atrium?). Thanks!
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An ultrasound of the abdominal aorta is a non-invasive, painless test that uses high-frequency sound waves to image the "aorta," the main blood vessel leading away from the heart.
When the walls of the abdominal aorta become weak, they may balloon outward If the aorta reaches over 3 centimeters in diameter, it is then called an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). As the aneurysm gets larger, the risk of rupture increases.
Ultrasound imaging of the aorta is useful for measuring its size to screen for AAA. Screening is particularly recommended for men over the age of 60 who have ever smoked and for anyone with a family history of AAA. In addition to screening, ultrasound is also a useful tool after the diagnosis of AAA to monitor its size on a regular basis to see if it needs to be repaired.
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Dopller criterions of subclavia steal syndrome
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Subclavian steal phenomenon (SSP) refers to subclavian artery steno-occlusive disease proximal to the origin of the vertebral artery and is associated with flow reversal in the vertebral artery. While Contorni first described retrograde flow in the vertebral artery in 1960,
Reivich in 1961 first recognized the association between this phenomenon and neurologic symptoms. 
Fisher dubbed this combination of retrograde vertebral flow and neurologic symptoms subclavian steal syndrome (SSS), suggesting that blood is stolen by the ipsilateral vertebral artery from the contralateral vertebral artery. It was later suggested that such "steal" may cause brainstem ischemia and stroke, either continuously or secondary to arm exercise. 
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Dear all,
Do ultrasound images have impulse noise or is it just speckle noise?
Thanks,
Shaima 
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How many different approaches are possible for segmentation and which one do you  recommend for Echocardiogram?
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I would suggest to use malladi-sethian segmentation, it is very useful in echo images, and it is also easy to find already implemented in a matlab script
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am working on US images for cardio vascular diseases and need to segment those images by classification, would that be possible
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I am research about the texture analysis of liver by ultrasound image. 
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That is a good book Andres! I wish I could have seen that when I was doing my PhD ;-) In case you are interested in Volumetric Texture, this is a summary of techniques 
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I am working on binary segmentation of ultrasound images, i.e. from a noisy (mostly speckle noise, I would say) ultrasound image I want to obtain a black and white image. 
For finding the global pixel intensity threshold I'm using Otsu's method, which works reasonably well. 
Now my question is, what image (pre-) processing steps would one perform on an ultrasound image prior to finding the intensity threshold via, e.g. Otsu's method. 
Is Gaussian blurring, median filtering etc. a good idea or does it destroy the pixel intensity histogram? What is the common work flow or image processing pipeline prior to image segmentation? 
Thanks a lot for your insights (I'm new to image processing)
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By an elongated kernel for the median filter you mean choosing for the median the neighbourhood [m n]  size such that m>n, right?
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Hi all, for a medical imaging project, we are looking for databases of ultrasound images, particularly for regional anaesthesia (nerve blocks). Any idea?
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Ask the US guys at CREATIS, they might have some, for example
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I believe a normal ultrasound scan only delays the diagnosis and increases the agony of patients to  end up in reccurent chronic appendicitis
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The sensitivity of US can be limited and can frequently be negative despite clinical or histological appendicitis.  However it is an important non-ionising tool to be used with other complimentary tests and has a role of narrowing the differential diagnosis.  There are various good articles published in the last few years that will provide some clarity of the challenges and limitations of ultrasound for acute appendicitis 
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simple inflamed appendicitis has limitation in diagnosis using simple and cheap ultrasound machines. Any other way from new modern ultrasounds apart from clinical assessment and costly CT and MRI..
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Ultrasound has a definite role in diagnosing appendicitis. It is easily accessible and cost effective. It can rule out other causes of RIF pain .Ct is most sensitive. A blind ending tubular aperistaltic  non compressible structure of calibre>= 6 mm with associated fluid collection, omental thickening, caecal thickening, lymph nodes are suggestive of appendicitis. In operator's expertise is needed. 
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I need information about TUI - Tomographic Ultrasound Imaging. How is possible to obtain these images? I'm not radiologist, I'm 3D modelling researcher and I need these images datasets for reconstruct 3D model for 3D Printing.
Is there a dataset of this TUI images available for download online? Thanks
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  1. TUI is a specialised software provided by big manufacturer as GE company   and usually we use this techniques in fetal ultrasound and breast imaging as producing a multi slice of 2D  images with specific thickness similar to CT images then you can produce  3D image formate. Regarding 3D printing I do not have  knowledge about this.
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Dear all,
Hi,
Does anybody knows segmentation ground truth  of Breast Ultrasound images
Thank you in advance.
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there is a good database with ground truth provided by SIIT biomedical unit , Thammasat university, Thailand 
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Iam very interested in join this group.
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most welcome , definitely
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  1. Normally we choose ROI in the image to segment the Breast cancer area in ultrasound Image processing.
  2. It would Be help full if you can name some methods that can be used for adaptive threshold.
  3. what are the things i should consider to make my threshold adaptive.
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More often the categorization of echogenicity of organs on ultrasound image is done subjectively and this leads to a high rate of inter observer variability and misdiagnosis in some instances.
A Mathematical model approach to come up with a software that can subjective categorize echogenicity of organs is a major objective of this study can any one outhere help us out on this?
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Thank you mr. Franscesco. this very helpful in our work. We will appreciate more of such 
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I have time dependent results from time = 0 to time = 7.0e-5 second with the time step of 5.0e-8. Now I wan to converts all these results in to frequency domain using time to frequency FFT study. I have no idea on how to use this and how to plot frequency spectrum. Any kind of suggestions and help would be appreciated. Thank you
Regards
Sagar 
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I believe there is no need to add any additional study. The results you get from time domain analysis can be converted to frequency domain in post-processing section. See the COMSOL tutorial washing_machine_vibration in which time domain results are converted to frequency domain (FFT) to find out the frequency content in one of the post-processing plots. 
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I research on ultrasound image registration, so for evaluating my research, I'm looking for an ultrasound image data set. can anyone help me to find ultrasound data set?(for registration)
Thanks.
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Thanks alot.
I saw this site before, but I need ultrasound image dataset to extract texture feature from them, but this dataset extract lines and edges from the images. 
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I am carrying out research for automated PCOS diagnosis. So, I need an ultrasound image of the ovary dataset to accomplish my objectives.
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Dear, fellow i am also indeed of ultrasound image scans, but i need the normal ovary scans...and in return if you need scans of effected ovary ultrasound images then please inbox me...thanks
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Has anyone used VEVO 2100 to visualise the liver fibrosis, and in which mode? Can it be used as FibroScan?
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I am working on Liver ultrasound images and want to extract fractal dimension. Need to know how to binarize the image so that best fractal value comes out. Binarization of image is critical part. Please help 
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You can read the image as a 2D matrix where each element represents the pixel color value. Then you have two options 1) Use the pixel value as a the 3rd dimension and perform fractal analysis in 3D or 2) Use the pixel value as the mass at that x,y coordinate and perform fixed-mass analysis in 2D.
Here is a sample Matlab code that reads a gray-scale mammogram image and plots it as a 3D scatter. You can then use the resulting point distribution in a fractal dimension estimation. I prefer the 2nd option because for mammograms the color represents the tissue density hence it is more analogous with the fixed-mass estimation interpretation.
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What are the causes fetal echogenic thoracic wall calcification?
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I am not sure if this will assist you, but have a look at:
"Fetal infections, vascular etiology and meconium peritonitis are the more frequent etiologies described" see  http://sonoworld.com/fetus/page.aspx?id=1783
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4d-ultrasound and new gen sequencing of cell free fetal DNA from maternal circulation hold promising future for prenatal screening. What are the current trends in trial studies? Are there any guidelines and/or standards?
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Dear Ebot
4DUS does not play any role. The current point to your questions are the follows:
- first trimester screening for common trisomies based on combined test, according to Fetal Medicine Foundation guidelines, is still the gold standard of care and should be advise to all pregnant women;
- there are today 5 private Companies holding the copyright of performing fetal cell free DNA in  maternal blood (4 from USA, 1 form China);
- fetal cell-free DNA is currently deliver on a private and individual basis;
- fetal cell-free DNA MUST neither be evaluated per se nor without a pre-test genetic consultation to the couple;
- currently fetal cell-free DNA should be proposed as an implementation of the combined test;
- the seven RCT performed today, have seen a SEN of 97% and a FPR of 0.1%.
This figure was obtained partucularly with regards to Tr. 21.
The SEN for sexual chromosome do not perform well, at the moment;
There has been faulty result from some Companies (gave the result of 46,XX fetus in non-pregnant women), sometimes they do not indicate the rate of fetal fraction (minimum 7%).
I do hope these explnanations may be of valu in your clinical dily practice.
Kindest regards,
Gabriele Tonni, PhD, MD
Diploma in Fetal Medicine-FMF, London
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anybody working with ultrasound
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Hi Suhaini,
Thank you for sharing ur idea and it was very informative. that means i have to design an US generator first with this idea.
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I need to take the sound generated from doppler scan and through the s-connectors i have to take them out (I don not know how) with ut using the monitor. and digitize these audio signals (any suggestion for a best way of digitization in this case), and finally use this information to anlayse the frequensy signals.
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As far as I know, if you are talking about an S video connector, they do not carry audio signal.  Check if you have a 3.5 mm audio out jack.  these can be connected through a male male cable to audio in connector of a computer.  You can try from there.
Depending on the ultrasound equipment you may find RF out (maybe earlier models) which can be converted to video, audio L and audio R signals.  only one of them L Works for mono systems.
It is better to check with the manufacturer if you intend to make digital sound wave analysis of the doppler signal.  Many contemporary equipment offer wide range of doppler studies which may meet your requirements.
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Due to wide band performance.
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Ultrasound transducers with a high Q factor (narrower frequency response) will produce a pulse containing several cycles, this can be seen by analysing the Fourier pairs: A Dirac delta in the frequency domain equates to a sinusoid of a specific frequency in the time domain, and vice versa. Therefore, a transducer with a low Q factor will produce a shorter pulse in the time domain, resulting in a higher resolution image.
The Q factor of piezoelectric materials can be modified by adding mechanical damping to reduce oscillation. Typically, this is done using an epoxy resin doped with powdered tungsten on the back of the piezo element.
Hope this helps.
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due to wide band performance.
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Ultrasound transducers with a high Q factor (narrower frequency response) will produce a pulse containing several cycles, this can be seen by analysing the Fourier pairs: A Dirac delta in the frequency domain equates to a sinusoid of a specific frequency in the time domain, and vice versa. Therefore, a transducer with a low Q factor will produce a shorter pulse in the time domain, resulting in a higher resolution image.
The Q factor of piezoelectric materials can be modified by adding mechanical damping to reduce oscillation. Typically, this is done using an epoxy resin doped with powdered tungsten on the back of the piezo element.
Hope this helps.
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Is FK or Stolt Migration still a preserve amplitude?
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Thank you Mr. Xu, but why? Would you suggest some paper or opinion that related with this topic?
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Hi all,
If I form an array of individual point acoustic sources of same frequency and same output pressure with equal spacing between each other, how will the total pressure from the array depend on the number of individual elements if all the elements are triggered together? Is it a linear relation? The individual point sources will be placed close proximity to each other and all the sources will be triggered at the same instant so that the phase difference can be avoided.
Please help me if anyone has an expertise in this area.
Thanks in advance,
Jose
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Jose,
You're answer depends on the spacing of the elements and the distance from them you are interested in. There will be large pressure fluctuations within the Fresnel zone before a settled Fraunhoffer region emerges. The position of this will depend upon the interactions of the waves from the sources with each other, one of the governing parameters will be your acoustic source spacing. It will be fairly simple to write a model in Matlab to study the relationships yourself using a Rayleigh-Sommerfeld model.
For more information I highly recommend the book "Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Phased Arrays" by Schmerr
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This database is provided by the Harbin Institute of Technology and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University.
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Thanks Taher. It´s hard to get a link ...
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Or, are there any JPG made directly from dicom images?
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İt's very easy to have some? Why do you have such kind of a problem?
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How can we measure regurgitant blood flow using ultrasound images. Can we measure it by using images for a cycle (systole to diastole).
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Hi
I think you need to clarify the question slightly -- do you mean flow (as a rate of blood volume per unit time), or do you mean regurgitant tant blood volume (and hence regurgitant fraction)?
Secondly,  it depends which valve you are considering.  e.g. -- atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid) regurgitation would be analysed in systole, and semilunar (aortic and pulmonary regurgitation) analysed in diastole, as these are the phases in the cardiac cycle when the regurgitation is occuring.
There are many qualitative and semi-quantitative methods to assess regurgitation, but a standard approach for aortic and mitral regurgitation would be as follows:
See attached slides and go to the references for more information.
Best of luck
-robin
(1) aortic regurgitation
Regurgitant volume:
Aortic Regurgitant volume is the net excess forward volume that flows form the LV outflow tract, since mitral LV inflow volume must equal LV outflow tract stroke volume, in the absence of signifcant shunt (VSD) or mitral regurgitation. 
Aortic regurgitant volume = LVOT stroke volume - mitral valve inflow volume
LVOTSV = LVOT area x LVOT VTI = 0.785xLVOT diameter^2 x LVOT VTI
MVSV = MV inflow annulus area x mitral VTI
MV annulus area can be approximated by MV annulus diameter^2 * 0.785, but as the annulus is eccentric, this is a broad approximation.
Then aortic regurgitant fraction = aortic regurgitant volume / LVOT stroke volume 
then aortic regurgitant flow grading -- Mild (<30ml/beat ), moderate (30-60), severe (>60 ml/beat); and
for aortic regurgitant fraction grading - mild (< 0.3), moderate (0.3 - 0.49), severe (0.50 or greater)
(2) mitral regurgitation
regurgitant volume:
Mitral regurigtation volume = MV inflow volume - LVOT stroke volume
and MR regurgitant fraction = MR volume / LVOT stroke volume 
References-
(1) Kanagala, BSE Echo assessment of AR.
(2) Thavendiranathan et al.  Quantitative assessment of mitral regurgitation - how best to do it.  JACC CV imaging Nov 2012
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At a certain transducer power level the maximum intensity as well as the average intensity in a volume of interest drop rapidly (instead of in a linear manner, as I would have expected). I wondered whether this is due to some kind of rescaling in 3D-US software, but couldn't find any information on that.
Image below shows the same effect observed on a Philips SONOS 7500 3DUS. 
I am working with the following setup: Ultrasonix SonixTablet, running 'Porta SDK 6.07' on it, 4DL14-5/38 linear 4D transducer. Checked the manual for answers. I am taking pictures of metallic surgery tools in soft tissue, such as ex vivo pig hearts.
I'd be happy about any information(paper, book,..) related to that topic.
Thank you for your help
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I googled the probe you use and It seems to be ok for the job you are working on.  Did you use a good transmitting media, I mean ultrasound jel - plenty of it...  You may try to put ex vivo pig hearts in a plastic container filled with ultrasound gel, I have tried plain water for some other experiments, ultrasound gel may even work better.  
You can check my experimental model ( A model for basic ultrasound set-up and training for 3D/4D ultrasound scanning
K E Karaşahin · M Ercan · I Alanbay · U Keskin · M Dede · M C Yenen · I Başer
Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 03/2011; 37(3):371-2. )
I believe it will work for you.  Submerge the pig heart  about 4- 5 cm away from the tip of the probe, make sure there is plenty of gel between the heart and the probe.  Try to avoid air bubbles. 
You can also try to fill the plastic cup with jello solution, and observe after it solidifies.  
4 D imaging is real time so you have to be patient, do not move the probe around quickly.  3 D is easier but still requires a stationary probe.  Get a clear 2 D image first.  Then use 3/4 D .
Use small volume or interest for better results (you get higher frequency and better resolution).
Good luck.  
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I'm testing different mathematical parameters of ultrasound images of mammary tumors in bitches that may help in determining if a tumor is malignant or benign. None of the parameters on their own are suitable, although the differences between the types of tumors are statistically significant. I am trying to determine if a cumulus of more of these parameters may be a better differentiation factor.
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what about elastic net theory? I am no statistician, but check it out 
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What can one use to validate follicle detection algorithm in ultrasound images of the ovary
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Suggestions:
(1)  You can work with phantom (synthetic) images to verify your algorithm.
(2)  Rating by a team of  experts in the area or radiologists.
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In elderly patients after CABG a high diaphragm may be related to paralysis but eventration is in DD. It is hard to evaluate them by fluoroscopy and bedside sonography is the only available method in most of them.
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CXR in my opinion is better than ultrasound in this case.
In case there is a doubt between eventration and diaphragmatic rupture, advise CT.
To differentiate pleural, lung pathology from eventration, US may be useful and of course CT.
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I wonder if anybody knows where I could find and download some ultrasound images? I need them for performing an segmentation algorithm.
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You may look at article "METRICS PERFORMANCE COMPARISON FOR COLOR IMAGE DATABASE. Nikolay Ponomarenko (*), Federica Battisti (**), Karen Egiazarian (***), Jaakko Astola (***) and Vladimir Lukin (*)
(*) National Aerospace University, Kharkov, Ukraine
(**) University of Rome "Roma TRE", Rome, Italy
(***) Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we exploit a new database of distorted test
images TID2008 for verification of full-reference metrics
of image visual quality. A comparative analysis of
TID20008 and its nearest analog LIVE Database is
presented. For a wide variety of known metrics, their
correspondence to human visual system is evaluated. The
values of rank correlations of Spearman and Kendall with
the considered metrics and Mean Opinion Score (MOS)
obtained by exploiting TID2008 in experiments are
presented. The metrics are verified for both full set of
distorted test images in TID2008 (1700 distorted images,
17 types of distortions) and for particular subsets of
TID2008 that include distortions most important for
digital image processing applications.
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I've read the abstract. How do you explain that US is less sensitive but more specific than MRI in local staging of rectal cancer? I agree in full about the need of specific training (this rule is always true!), although the differences in MRI performances seem less understandable.
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The transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) has high resolution and can accurately identify the commitment layer of the rectal wall . Thus, it is expected that TRUS has higher specificity (83% ) compared to MRI (74 %), which is shown in the article for the skilled reader.
Honestly, greater sensitivity of 96 % (MRI ) versus 93 % (USTR ) might be only numeric, not significant from a statistical point of view. Besides, the authors consider in the article the differences between the readers, not the difference between the methods, by specialist reader .
Personally , I like TRUS for initial staging lesions only, because it allows better decision making, mainly when less agressive therapy can be performed.
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Why does ultrasound Images having Low Contrast
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Speckle noise is the primary factor affecting the appearance in ultrasound images or videos. This is a multiplicative noise which requires appropriate modelling and should be filtered out. There are a large number of methods proposed in the literature as well as appropriate software for ultrasound image/video despeckling. By preforming despeckling you also increase image contrast. Maybe you may look at our book:
C.P. Loizou, C.S. Pattichis, “Despeckle filtering algorithms and software for ultrasound imaging,” Synthesis Lectures on Algorithms and Software for Engineering, Ed. Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 1537 Fourth Street, Suite 228, San Rafael, CA 94901 USA, June 2008, ISBN-13: 9781598296204.
Alternatively, also have a look at research gate under my page. There are a lot recent publications made from our group accompanied by software (which can be downloaded) for image and video despeckling. See also our website at http://www.medinfo.cs.ucy.ac.cy/
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To denoise the ultrasound Images
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There are a full set of metrics available for comparing image quality as well as software that can be downloaded from our website http://www.medinfo.cs.ucy.ac.cy (or from Research gate). You may then extract quality and texture features between th original image and the processed.
Specifically look at the papers:
C.P. Loizou, C. Theofanous, M. Pantziaris, and T. Kasparis, “Despeckle filtering software toolbox for ultrasound imaging of the common carotid artery”, Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, no. 114, pp. 109-124, January 2014.
C.P. Loizou, C.S. Pattichis, M. Pantzaris, T. Tyllis, and A.N. Nicolaides, "Quality Evaluation of Ultrasound Imaging in the Carotid Artery Based on Normalization and Speckle Reduction Filtering", Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, vol. 44, issue 8, pp. 405-413, 2006
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for ultrasound images
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Well there is not a definitive answer as this depends on the quality of the dataset, and this could vary from one image to another. However, a recent work approaches this problem from a different perspective, by providing an improved characterisation of ultrasound tissue images. An adaptive method terminates automatically the wavelet packet decomposition at the optimal level by assessing the fractal characteristics of the subbands at each resolution level. The open access paper "Quantification of ultrasonic texture intra-heterogeneity via volumetric stochastic modeling for tissue characterization" can be accessed by the following url: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2014.12.004
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This observation has been used a lot in thermal strain imaging but this phenomenal seems lack fundamental/molecular-level explanations? Thanks.
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This paper may help: Bamber J C, Hill C R. Ultrasonic attenuation and propagation speed in mammalian tissues as a function of temperature. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 1979, 5(2): 149-157.
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The procedures involved.
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There is no definite objective method to do so but subjective assessment is what is being followed as already mentioned. There are some algorithms to measure the image quality ( matrix ) of an ultrasound images ( please refer to my question asked some time ago). Also some work is also going on to make standard ultrasound phantoms to compare different use machines.
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I am trying to generate shear waves of significant amplitude and penetration depth using single element transducer rather than using phased array probe as proposed by the SSI and ARFI-shear wave techniques.  
If there is any specific transducer, please suggest me or if there is a chance of using Therapeutic transducer ?
Regards
Safeer
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All you can do with a single element transducer is generate shear waves near the focus.  You would need a second transducer to track the shear wave and calculate displacement/speed.  The Olympus transducer at 2.2 MPa should be fine for generating shear waves (use ~1 ms pulse duration at a low duty cycle). A phased array can be used to both generate and track shear waves. 
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I am looking to network with researchers who are involved, researching, or interested in medical image segmentation.
I am showcasing an exceptional example of arterial wall segmentation from one of our publications below. We have successfully used this method for studying arterial wall mechanics (stiffness, distension, etc..) in humans and mice, for studying the flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery, and for tracking plaque specimens throughout ultrasound image sequences.
I am not sure if it may be useful to you too, but I suspect it can be useful in a variety of areas.
Attached is an ultrasound scan of the carotid artery corrupted by noise, and a corresponding file demonstrating the successful tracking of the arterial walls.
I am not sure if there are other methods available that can successfully segment image sequences with such substantial amounts of noise; but I suspect not many are available (if any at all).
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Dear Baris,
thanks for your reply and commets.
As far as the VDFD software concerns, the error/s that you get are probably due to the incorrect version of the MCR Matlab compiler. Verify that you have the correct version 7.01/7.02 installed. Otherwise you need to download the MCR version 7.01 compiler and include it into the executable code downloaded from our website.
Definitively your work is not seen as a competition to ours. In fact we would be happy to cooperate in any way, if possible.
Best regards,
Christos
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