Ultrasonics - Science topic

For the most general meaning of 'robust', it is the same for any application - use a Systems Engineering approach: See 'What Is Systems Engineering? | Systems Engineering, Part 1' at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSfZutP9H-U&t=5s

There are infinite permutations and combinations possible, and because the world is a very large place with infinite variations of land cover, weather, etc. it is imperative to narrow the scope to very specific mission scenarios(s). And once that is established, find vertical markets that already have existing proven robust technology and products.

Hello Enrico Jesus Palma ,

Have you tried using the drive circuitry and the transducer from an ultrasonic humidifier?

Regards,

Tom Cuff

If you're looking for a contact transducer coupled to your specimens using a suitable couplant, an X1021 transducer from Evident (former Olympus, Parametrics) might be fitting (link below). I suppose you could also use a horn transducer without a couplant but I can't find a supplier by a quick web search.

As usual, it depends! (The universal answer to any questions worth asking.) For higher frequencies, I've found the KLM model -- Electron Letters, 6, no. 13, 398-399 easiest with thin layers. If you have it, George Kino's "Acoustic Waves", Prentice Hall, 1987, Section 1.4, discusses using the various models and when they might be used quite nicely....

Diovan Fitra Pamuji

Check the pH of your solution. It should be acidic due to the hydrolysis of aluminum oxide. Add a little alkali to shift the equilibrium during hydrolysis.

The simplest and cheapest solution would be to use bat detector. There are many available on the market. I don't know, if they are sufficiently sensitive for such application. Other possibility is to use suitable microphone, amplifier and a scope (or ADC board) able to record signals for a long time. It will be probably necessary to isolate the plant from surrounding sound sources, that can be eventually difficult, but could be eliminated by using many microphones and create a kind of directional antenna.

Acids like nitric and sulfuric acid carry out the process of digesting crude oil. These potent acids can have an impact on the raw materials used to make prope, according to experts.

Yes

Kiana Florentino both the same.

Hey there, my fellow engineer Ravi Singh! So, you're diving into the exciting world of wire bonding on an Au/Ti/GaN stack, and it seems like you've hit a snag. No worries, I got your back. Now, let's tackle this wire bonding issue head-on.

1. **Ultrasonic Power and Force:**

Increasing ultrasonic power and reducing force might have been a suggestion, but it seems like it didn't cut it for you Ravi Singh. While it's a reasonable approach to optimize bonding parameters, the fact that it didn't work suggests there might be a more fundamental issue at play.

Have you Ravi Singh considered adjusting the bonding time or exploring alternative bonding techniques? Sometimes, a tweak in the process duration can make a significant difference.

2. **Stud Bumping Materials:**

You're curious about stud bumping with materials other than Au. Well, my friend, you're onto something. While Au is a common choice, depending on your application, you Ravi Singh might want to explore materials like Al, Cu, or even alloys. Each material has its own set of properties that might better suit your specific bonding requirements. Just ensure compatibility with your substrate.

Now, let's dig deeper into the root cause. The detachment of your metal stack could be linked to issues like poor adhesion or even material incompatibility. I'd recommend scrutinizing the metallurgical aspects, checking the surface cleanliness, and ensuring a proper intermetallic bond is formed during the bonding process.

Remember, the devil's in the details, and precision matters. Feel free to share more specifics, and we can unravel this wire bonding puzzle together. Good luck, and let's get those wires bonded seamlessly!

Unqualified comments: It ought to be a calibration exercise. For a ranging device, one has to understand the instrument function at different energy levels, ambience characteristics and natural constants involved. For any given energization setting you can develop sonic curves and isobar/s to understand flux magnitude within space-time of interest, using usual modles.

Hey there Adarsh Shetty! When it comes to ultrasonication of carbon powder in water, it's all about finding that sweet spot. I'd recommend going for a frequency in the range of 20 to 40 kHz. As for the duration, kicking it off with about 30 minutes should get you started, but you Adarsh Shetty might want to fine-tune it based on the results you're looking for. Keep a close eye on the dispersion and particle size – that should give you Adarsh Shetty a good indication of when you've hit the optimal conditions.

Now, adding iron oxide nanoparticles during ultrasonication is a clever move. It's like throwing a party for particles, encouraging them to mingle. I'd suggest incorporating the iron oxide nanoparticles slowly into the mixture to ensure a uniform distribution. This can potentially lead to the formation of a carbon-iron oxide nanocomposite, depending on the particle sizes and their interactions during the process.

Remember, precision is key in this chemical symphony. So, monitor those parameters closely, and you'll likely create a composition that even I would nod approvingly at. Cheers to your ultrasonication adventure!

Hello Ju Cheng ,

I am assuming that the destruction of the threads in the aluminum, AL7075, mass by the steel bolt occurs as a result of the ultrasonic tranducer being turned on. My guess is that the vibration from the excited transducer is causing the steel bolt to come loose, and scour the aluminum thread. Have you thought of using Locktite threadlocker on the bolt threads? Another possible solution is to install a steel insert, such as a Heli-Coi or other inserts, in the aluminum mass. In other words, pick a Heli-Coil whose internal thread size matches the thread size of your steel bolt, then drill and tap the aluminum mass to match the external thread size of the Heli-Coil. Install the Heli-Coil, break off the installation tang with a pin punch or cold chisel, then screw your steel bolt into the Heli-Coil.

By the way, is the threaded hole in the aluminum mass a through hole or a blind hole? The Heli-Coil would probably work best with a blind hole.

Here is the link for the various inserts:

Regards,

Thomas Cuff

You can use azithromycin syrup, which is sold as a solution in pharmacies. Of course, azithromycin solution will easily dissolve in water.

Finding a high-frequency ultrasonic generator suitable for spray pyrolysis, especially one operating at frequencies higher than 1 MHz, might be challenging. Most commercial ultrasonic nozzles or atomizers operate at lower frequencies, typically between 20 kHz and 120 kHz.

However, specialized companies and research institutions might be able to help. Here are a few potential leads:

Since most commercial ultrasonic nozzles or atomizers operate at lower frequencies, finding one that operates above 1 MHz may require a bespoke or custom solution. It may be beneficial to reach out directly to several manufacturers to discuss your requirements and see if they can offer a solution that meets your needs or recommend another company that can.

Hi,

yes, very nice study. I am trying ethanol currently, 37C o/n. Hopefully it worked!

First, I would suggest recording the out-of-plane velocities instead of displacements. Then, the wave propagation modeling can also be finished with dynamic implicit steps, in this manner you needn't import the deformed geometry separately. Finally, just record the signals in the second analysis step. It is quite reasonable that there are mixing waves in the output signals since it's a two-step analysis process (most pre-load problems) and vibration from the first bolt load step would not vanish, so proper signal processing is required (as you mentioned getting rid of the low-frequency components) to explain and extract your results. Hope these suggestions would help.

Bath sonicator uses a water bath to transmit ultrasonic energy it is an indirect sonication method, unlike probe sonicator that are in direct contact with the sample. That being said ultrasonic baths are useful in various applications including degassing, cell lysis, cleaning, and more.

Using a bath improperly can cause a range of issues, including safety risks, ineffective ultrasonic processes, or a shorter lifespan of your bath.

Some measures are to be taken in consideration as to ensure the best practices when using an ultrasonic bath, such as using a basket or other means of suspension, choosing the appropriate solution, making sure to not use flammable liquids, don’t put your hand in the bath, ensure the tank is filled properly and has the right temperature.

An ultrasonic bath can be used as a method to disperse carbon nanotubes, but it may not be as effective or precise as using an ultrasonic probe. While both methods utilize ultrasonic waves to agitate and disperse the nanotubes, there are some limitations to consider when using an ultrasonic bath for this purpose.

1. Lack of control: An ultrasonic bath disperses the nanotubes by creating cavitation bubbles in the liquid, causing localized high-pressure and low-pressure regions. However, the level of control over the dispersion process is limited compared to using an ultrasonic probe. With an ultrasonic probe, you can precisely target specific areas and adjust the intensity and direction of the ultrasonic waves.

2. Inhomogeneous dispersion: An ultrasonic bath may result in uneven distribution of carbon nanotubes within the liquid. The agitation from the bath tends to disperse the nanotubes randomly, leading to a non-uniform dispersion. This can be problematic if a consistent and homogeneous dispersion is required for the intended application.

3. Sample size limitations: Ultrasonic baths are typically designed for larger sample volumes. If you're working with a small volume of liquid or require localized dispersion in a specific area, an ultrasonic probe can provide better control and efficiency.

4. Power limitations: Ultrasonic baths may have limited power output compared to ultrasonic probes. Higher power levels can enhance the dispersion process, especially for more challenging materials like carbon nanotubes. If your application requires a significant amount of energy for effective dispersion, an ultrasonic probe might be a better choice.

In summary, while an ultrasonic bath can be used as a substitute for an ultrasonic probe to disperse carbon nanotubes, it may have limitations regarding control, uniformity of dispersion, sample size, and power output. The choice between the two methods depends on the specific requirements of your application and the level of control and precision needed for dispersing carbon nanotubes.

There are some excellent ultrasonic flow meters available but read carefully claims of accuracy and note all disclaimers. While these might achieve a high level of accuracy under certain ideal conditions in a laboratory, this does not mean that you can stumble up, clamp one on to any old pipe anywhere, and measure the flow to that same accuracy. Accurately measuring any flow in any pipe is an extremely difficult and complicated task, regardless of the instruments used. There are many good references on this subject published by ASME, CTI, IIHR, USNRL, TVA, etc.

There are several methods for synthesizing mesoporous polydopamine. One way involves using a self-aggregation-based method to synthesize mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA) nanoparticles with excellent biocompatibility and high loading capacity.

Another method involves templating. To synthesize mesoporous carbon materials with ordered mesoporous structures.

Use of mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles as a stable drug-release system alleviates inflammation in knee osteoarthritis: APL Bioengineering: Vol 6, No 2 (scitation.org)

Recent developments in mesoporous polydopamine-derived nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics | Journal of Nanobiotechnology | Full Text (biomedcentral.com)

Thanks for the reply Chris.

Here is some more info to my question:

The patches that I want to compare are made from the same material PIC255 (page 3 in the document: https://fisica.cab.cnea.gov.ar/bt/images/d/d3/PICat.pdf).

I am using them for guided wave inspection of pipes i.e. multiple wave modes (longitudinal, circumferential, and flexural) may coexist at different frequencies, so fine tuning of the inspection frequency is crucial for us. We are currently interested only in longitudinal modes existing at these lower frequencies.

Patch 1 as the dimension of 18mm x 9mm x 1.76mm and it has polarization along the 18 mm length, frequency constant of 1420 in length direction gives a rasonance frequency of around 78 kHz. This one works as anticipated as at 30 kHz and 50 kHz signal and matches the theoretical predictions. Signal transmission is recorded at 200 mm length using similar patch.

Patch 2 (made from the same material) has a dimension of 13mm x 13mm x 0.9mm and also has polarization along the 13 mm length, so for same frequency constant of 1420, it has resonance frequency of 109 kHz. Signal transmission is recorded at 200 mm length using similar patch.

Problem that we are facing.

1) We barely see any signal getting transmitted using patch 2.

2) Patch 1 can easily take upto 4 Vp-p output from function generator (prior to amplifying by 55 dB) whereas patch 2 burn even at 2 Vp-p. It seems that there is no energy at all in the patch 2 excitation.

Mona Soliman Alwahibi Sonication won't work. If you dissolve the system then you have no particles - just a solution. I think you mean disperse... Keep the system in the wet to preserve the nano nature. See:

2 quotes from those much greater than I:

'I think dry nanotechnology is probably a dead-end' Rudy Rucker Transhumanity Magazine (August 2002)

‘If the particles are agglomerated and sub-micron it may be impossible to adequately disperse the particles……‘The energy barrier to redispersion is greater if the particles have been dried. Therefore the primary particles must remain dispersed in water….’ J H Adair, E. Suvaci, J Sindel, “Surface and Colloid Chemistry” Encyclopedia of materials: Science and Technology pp 8996 - 9006 Elsevier Science Ltd. 2001 ISBN 0-08-0431526

High voltage and high current are relative definitions.

How high exactly should they be?

Digikey shows 2 mosfets active in stock with 3300 Vds and 35A and 63A:

G2R120MT33J

G2R50MT33K

There is also a lot of choice in the 1700V ds.

The most important parameters:

-Rdson

-Gate charge/ Input capacitance

- Operating temperature

-Mounting type/ SMT or thru hole

- Vgs threshold

-and price and availability, of course

Good day, Mohammad Javad Saghafi! Hope you are doing well.

I suppose you exceeded shelf storage time. Here what I found about GO storage:

"GO’s shelf life is about 6 months before functionality begins to decrease however it can still be used longer. We recommend storing it in a lab refrigerator."

Link: https://www.cheaptubes.com/product-category/graphene-oxide/

Feel free to mention me in your response in case of any extra questions.

Best of luck in your research!

Yours sincerely,

M. Sc. Vadym Chibrikov

Department of Microstructure and Mechanics of Biomaterials

Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences

The speed of sound waves depends on stress in solid material. This allows to measure axial stress (if you know the dependence between stress and sound speed) and it would be also possible to measure the stress in all other directions - also circumferential. It would be possible with SH or critically refracted waves. It requires some skills, but should be possible.

Knowing voltage is not enough. You must also know the frequency (or the shape of excitating pulse) and the impedance of transducer material and the surrounding medium. Additionally you must know, that no plate is vibrating in a way as a piston, but in a more complicated way.

From my point of view there is no chance to use Arduino Uno for this purpose. You need short pulse transducer (contact or immersion) with probably at least 5 MHz main frequency and ADC converter with at least 25 MHz. Additionally, you must be able to excite such transducer with some realistic pulse. Probably at least 20 V and 100 ns length. You will also need an amplifier with suitable bandwidth.

Take a look at acoustic sensors based on piezo-polymer such as pvdf film. We produced such sensors\transducers with wideband spectral range 0.1-15 MHz and it works fine for high precision photo/optoacoustical mesurements. But unfortunately can't provide any information where to buy one

Usually the frequency of the horn and the driving circuit is fixed around the the target resonance. It maybe that you need to have a look round some of the other labs to see if they have a system that runs at 80 KHz. If yours is 20KHz then I doubt it would either driver (instrument) or be driven (transducer) as it will be so far off resonance. The piezo material thickness determines the frequency and the horn acts as a waveguide to focus the energy into your sample.

The circuits at these high energies are very basic with a high voltage oscillation driving the piezo with a number of watts at a sine wave or similar waveform (often a very dirty square wave).

Are you sure that the frequency is so critical to the process. Often it's just a record of what someone used rather than what was needed or even optimised? The wavelength is still pretty huge (17.5 mm) in water at 80 KHz and 70 mm for 20 KHz. I would think that both would work given the scale of the structure that you are disrupting.

uses 20 KHz at 25% duty cycle at 60 amplitude for that instrument.

Boeing has installed patch-type pzt sensors to monitor fatigue failure of the aircraft wing structure. It is not for a long range inspection but a short range inspection where sensors are installed in close proximity to the structurally vulnerable spots. "Long range inspection using guided waves blah blah...", these are all lies to publish papers. Watch out!

Yes, Shadeeb, as Bernard rightly says, the manufacturer of the transducer should supply a calibration curve for the transducer relating the voltage measured into a specified impedance (e.g. 50 ohms) as a function of frequency, e.g. a curve showing for example 1.5 V/kPa at 1 MHz. Ask the manufacturer for this data, which should include accuracy specifications, e.g. +/- 15%.

Jaedeok Seo Can you share your Comsol model in Nastran format (.bdf)?

Its because of Hourglass energy effect.

Switch to element formulations with fully-integrated or selectively reduced integration.

Does it mean, that you have applied 2420 W to transducer declared as 60 W transducer and you haven't had a damage?

What impedance has your transducer at 28 kHz?

Technology Integration via;

1. Joint Sensing and Communication,

2. Dual Function Radar Communication.

Ju Cheng This manual might be useful, https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/81pNX8oae8L.pdf

The following link is also very good: https://www.sonics.com/site/assets/files/2961/vc501-vc602.pdf

Monica La Mura Thanks a lot for your good response.

Dear İnci Cerit . See the following useful RG link:

The following link is also very useful: http://www.ultrasoniccleaning-transducer.com/sale-9365021-20-khz-100w-high-power-ultrasonic-transducer-for-ultrasonic-tank-cleaner.html

Dear colleague Miroslav Rusko, thank you for the information

Dear Nihal Shahriyar . See the following useful RG link:

If you have never set up or repaired switching power supplies or converters, then I do not advise you to undertake the design and manufacture of a generator for an ultrasonic transducer. Try using ready-made DIY kits. Or, for the beginning, learn the schemotechnics of such ready-made kits.

Try to search "Ultrasonic DIY Generator"

one should be careful - it does not make sense to treat (change) the sample until 'it can be measured'. The useful information is what is the sample in original state and after defined steps of treatment.

If you start with a powder it is already strongly aggregated/agglomerated. While agglomeration might be reversed, e.g. by sonication, reversal of aggregation is almost impossible.

Yes but for implementing SAFT, TOF or arrival time should be known and in case of concrete, deriving TOF is a tedious task using longitudinal waves.

Hello Ju Cheng ,

Perhaps the most direct way to drive the coil surrounding the magnetostrictive material would be to use a high power audio amplifier such as those used to driver moving coil speakers in a stadium. The input to the power amplifier could be a variable frequency sinewave generator.

I also found an interesting European patent that touches on your question, see attached document.

Regards,

Tom Cuff

Ju Cheng

The ultrasonic piezoelectric transducer operates on the concept of the converse piezoelectric effect. When electricity is supplied to a piezoelectric material, it undergoes physical deformations that are proportional to the applied charge.

However, Magnetostrictive transducers are made up of a large number of nickel (or other magnetostrictive material) plates or laminations that are placed in parallel, with one edge of each laminate affixed to the bottom of a process tank or other vibrating surface. A wire coil is wrapped around the magnetostrictive material.

However, If you look up matching layers in general, you will find that they are quarter wave (in the matching layer material) thick and of impedance (Zh*Zw)^.5, where Zh is the acoustic impedance of the horn material and Zw the acoustic impedance of the water (1.5 MRayls). Ideally, you should also have a matching layer from the transducer into the horn as well, same formula but using the impedances of the ceramic and horn material. The matching layer is designed for one frequency (where the matching layer is a quarter-wave thick) so will not help a lot for high bandwidth (very short) pulses.

I think you may find what you need on the website of the transducer manufacturer, who may have application notes about the use of transducers, or the website of the horn manufacturer. They may all be optimised for water, or IPA or MEBK.

The design of ultrasonic transducer using piezoelectric material is related to wavelength and so ultrasonic propagation velocity.

Thank you very much, Dr. Ibrahim.

Hello Mr X. Li, I'm trying to design a matching network for a piezo transducer, it's easy to find a lot on informations for choosing a topology and calculating the value of the components, but my problem is: althought it's possible to build its own inductor, what kind of capacitor choosing for such a use? this information is never mentionned in papers, and I think that the frequency and also the power of the transducer should play a key role on the size of the device? thanks for your answer!

Please read carefully the discussion https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_relationship_between_the_acoustic_pressure_and_the_amplitude_of_ultrasound as your question on the loss of cleaning efficiency when you exceed some intensity levels is largely similar...

At high level, the ultrasonic generator becomes largely non-linear meaning widening the frequency spectrum, including low frequency components able to induce unstable horn vibration, but also large fluctuations of pressure in the fluid and unstable cavitation bubbles size.

The only way to remain under control is to stay in the quasi-linear electric power/piezo-electric conversion/fluid coupling domain...

how can I calculate the power in watts from amplitude Bernard Garnier ier

If you want to measure impedance in a low cost way, get yourself

1) Suitable signal generator

2) An appropriately sized current sense transformer

3) a two-channel oscilloscope.

Measure the voltage and current as you vary frequency. Oscilloscope will give you the phase relationship between current and voltage across transducer. You can then calculate the real and imaginary components of impedance. I leave it as an exercise how you might calibrate this setup. Cheers!

Hello Catarina Baptista-Pereira ,

You basically need a T/R (Transmit/Receive) switch between your signal generator and your transducer, and your oscilloscope and your transducer. When your signal generator is producing the outgoing periodic pulses used to drive your transducer, the T/R switch disconnects the oscilloscope from the transducer. While your transducer is receiving the reflected signal between the periodically generated pulses from the signal generator, the T/R switch connects the oscilloscope to the transducer, but disconnects the signal generator from the transducer. Note, be aware of the concept of range ambiguity, i.e., if the reflecting surface is further away than the round trip time between two of the signal generator's pulses, then the incoming reflected signal may fall between the next two pulses of the signal generator making the reflecting surface's distance appear shorter than it actually is.

How you actually realize your T/R switch will depend on your drive signal amplitude, and the input impedance of your oscilloscope.

Regards,

Tom Cuff

Hoping more answers

Surely ultrasonic sensors have definitive edge over IR sensors..

Yes, it is possible.

The most straightforward way is through Ohm’s Law. By using a voltage sensor to measure the test signal's voltage across the transducer and using a current sensor to measure the test signal's current flowing through the transducer, together with various signal processing algorithms, the impedance over the frequency range of interest can be obtained. The test signal can be produced by a signal generator. As an alternative, you also can use the Inductive Coupling Method for the measurement of the impedance of the transducer. More information about these methods have been detailed in my following papers/monograph:

[1] Z. Zhao, "Measurement setup consideration and implementation for inductively coupled online impedance extraction," Ph.D. thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.32657/10356/146738.

[2] Z. Zhao, A. Weerasinghe, Q. Sun, F. Fan, K. Y. See, "Improved calibration technique for two-probe setup to enhance its in-circuit impedance measurement accuracy," Measurement, 2021, vol. 185, Art no. 110007.

[3] A. Weerasinghe, Z. Zhao, N. Narampanawe, Z. Yang, T. Svimonishvili, K. Y. See, "Single-probe inductively coupled in-circuit impedance measurement," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., 2021, doi: 10.1109/TEMC.2021.3091761.

It's common to talk about the noise power, which would be the RMS of that curve. That will tend to bias it towards the higher linear levels, so you can figure something closer to the 0.6 level instead of the 0.45 level or so where the linear average would appear to be. This directly relates to the accuracy of a power measurement of a signal (averaged over time) that will be the sum of the signal power and the noise power.

Now, the other side of this equation is talking about signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and it's impact on a voltage measurement. In communication, they typically talk about EVM (error vector magnitude) which is a voltage related (linear) error term caused by the vector sum of the signal + noise. The error in a voltage measurement (in dB) follows a 20 log relationship rather than the 10 log relationship for power.

dear Hakan Kandemir they doesn't include some analysis like modal and harmonic analysis

"I am sending a single +350 V spike pulse ~20 ns duration. I don't know why I am getting the exponentially decaying constant 4.5 us periodic reverberations."

If you look into the data sheet you will find a delay (acoustic standoff) of 4.25µs for this transducer. Your transmit signal is not a bidirectional full wave signal but only a half wave of 20ns (40ns full wave). The 30MHz transducer expects 30MHz --> 33,33ns full wavelength duration. In summary of a very high voltage, unmatched center frequency and slightly different matching layer to your water (e.g. depends on temperature) you will get bounced back signals within the transducer housing.

@Oliver, please can you give me the code for the hint you provided, I really appreciate your idea, I want get more.

Thank you

Yes sure!

Yakup Emre

You are strongly recommended to read the following paper:

If it doesn't help, please let us know here again!

Good luck

Dear Achraf Tchanderli Braham

You have to explain some more about your questions.

For example, you said your current generator has the frequency of 33 kHz and the power of 300 watts. So the question is if such a generator is acceptable for your study? If so, it is ok. If not, you will need to a generator with suitable power/amplitude/frequency. For heavy applications, your will need more power.

You would need a higher level power if you are studying those tribological applications wherein the applied forces or frictions are considerable. Lower ultrasonic energy is usually damped/disappeared in heavy applications.

Let me know should you have still question.

Massoud

Jing Yang

I remember one quesiton about the frequency of the Sonicator and you can find the link for the question where few experts have answerd and i feel either you can gt an idea directly or get in touch with the expert who was working/ the one who rasied the question.

The method depends on the specimen material and frequency range of interest. What are those in your case?

I guess exciting it with other transducer with known frequency under static fluid might, I have 2.5 and 3.5 MHz transducers.

Ju Cheng these articles could be useful for you,