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Hello, I am conducting research for my master's thesis on intercultural miscommunication between Turkish locals working in the tourism sector and tourists that visited Turkey. My study aims to explore the factors contributing to communication challenges and how they impact the tourism experience.
If you have experience working in or visiting Turkey’s tourism industry, I would greatly appreciate your participation in this survey. It will take approximately 4-5 minutes to complete, and your insights will be invaluable to my research.
Tourists:
Feel free to share this survey with others who might qualify. Thank you for your support!
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Bonjour cher collègue. J’ai bien aimé votre travail mais je suis en Afrique subsaharienne, au Bénin.
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İf you are searching for genetic ties, you had better look at the words which stem from sexual foundations like vulva, penis, balls, waist, to fuck, to shit, anus etc, since genetics are doing good there.
There is no known study where Swadesh directly expressed the view that genetic connections are stronger and more deeply embedded in the ambiguous and morally offensive taboo swear words considered sinful or cursed in religious terms. While Swadesh worked on language families and fundamental root relationships, these studies generally focused on everyday or basic vocabulary (such as nature, family, and numbers). Studies related to profane or taboo areas are usually examined from sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives, but there is no specific source indicating that Swadesh provided an analysis specifically on these linguistic origins.
To explore words where genetic connections are thought to be strong, it might be useful to look into sociolinguistic and anthropological linguistic approaches.
**DEAF (STUPID)**
- **u₂-pil₇**
- **u₂-pil₂-la₂**
**Ebí:** to be weak, to wither:
- Tung. *ebe-; Jpn. *impu-sia-; Kor. *bí-.
- PTung. *ebe- weak, yield, foolish, obstinate, lax.
**TÜRKİSH 'EMBESİL' APTAL**
**PA *ĕbà:** to winnow, fan:
- Nan. ebi-ri- to shuffle, hoard.
**PS: naŋah[FOOL] N (17x) Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian**
- **na-ŋa₂-aḫ**
- **na-ŋa₂**
**Proto Altaic *aŋ:** hole, cavity, sky.
**PTurk. *aŋ-** wide open, perplexed, astonished, fool, simpleton, obtuse, stupid, astonished, mouth opened looking, drowsy, faint, surprised, gape.
TR: *ağnak *ahmak (stupid)
**bun[BELLOWS] N (34x)**
- **bun₂**
- **gibun₂**
**PTurk. *bȫn:** stupid, foolish, to go mad.
**ziʾa[BLİND WORKER] N (1051x)**
- **ziₓ(IGIg)-a**
- **ziₓ(IGIg)**
- **lu₂ziₓ(IGIg)**
**Proto Altaic 'zagè':** to prevent, obstruct.
**zíni:** shape, observation.
- PTung. *sinma- choose, test.
- PMong. *sinǯi shape, investigate.
- PTurk. *jint- to search, seek.
**baza[DWARF] N (53x)**
- **ba-za**
- **ba-an-za**
- **ba-zaki**
- **ban₃-za**
- **bi-za**
- **bil₂-za**
- **bi₂-za**
**PTurk. *bAŕɨk:** thick, stout, stubby man. Dial: **Bazaq: dwarf
**imma[VULVA] N (6x)**
- **im-ma**
- **a-im-ma**
**PA *iámu:** hole, pit
**PTurk *(I)am: pussy
**gala[VULVA] N (132x)**
- **gal₄-la**
- **gal₄**
- **ga-la-e**
- **ga-na**
- **gal₄ga-la-la**
- **gal₄gal-la-la**
- **gal₄qa-al-lala**
- **uzu gal₄**
**k῾ăĺi:** napless skin, membrane.
**PTung. *xalu-kta:** membrane, dandruff, birch bark.
**PMong. *kali-sun:** skin, shell, thin skin on penis.
**PMong. *kala:** bitter life experience, decease.
**kalV:** near, to come near.
**kălo:** to change, borrow, traverse.
**PTung. *kalma-gda:** rich bride.
**PMong. *kala-:** to change, alternate.
**PTurk. *Kalɨm:** ransom for bride, fee.
**gudu[BUTTOCKS] N (34x)**
- **gu-du**
- **gudu₅**
- **ku-du**
- **gudu₄**
- **gu₃-dug₄**
**PMong. *hütü-:** vulva.
**PTurk. *ǖt:** hole.
**PTurk. *göt:** anus, buttocks.
**déru:** to shake, sway.
**dŭŕi:** ring.
**ŋeš[PENIS] N (182x)**
- **ŋeš₃**
- **ŋeš**
- **ni-iš**
- **ge-ešŋeš₃**
- **ŋeš-šu₂ŋeš₃**
**TURKİSH:** *Geç(ir)- to insert
**meš[PENIS] N (ES) (17x)**
- **mu**
- **mu-uš**
- **mi-eš**
**mūk῾o:** male.
**PTung. *muxa- / *muxe-:** man, male.
**PMong. *mok-:** 2-year-old male deer, penis.
**PTurk. *būka:** bull.
**TURKİSH:** KAMIŞ, ÇÜK, UÇKUR
**ŋeš dug[COPULATE] V/t (8x)**
- **ŋeš₃ dug₄**
- **ŋeš dug₄**
- **ŋeš du₁₁-du₁₁**
- **ŋeš du₃**
- **ŋeš du₈**
- **ŋeš₃ du₁₁-du₁₁**
- **ŋeš₃ du₃**
**PTM *du-dgu:** couple, spouses.
**tu῾r (düz-):** to be born, copulate.
**siaku:** to copulate, insert.
**PTung. *sōKān:** copulation, to copulate.
**PMong. *sige-d-:** to get stuck, be inserted.
**PTurk. *sik- (siŋ-):** to copulate, penis.
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do you suggest any journal?
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**Cognates:**
- **Sumerian:** *ḫa-lam* - to forsake, destroy, to forget, evil
- **Turkic:**
- *Kiāl-* - to remain, possibly linked to forsaking or leaving behind.
- *Alk-* - to destroy, forget; linked to bad/evil in Sumerian.
- *Āl* - deceit, linked to the Sumerian sense of something bad or negative.
**Phonological Comparison:**
- Sumerian **ḫa-** vs. Turkic **al-**/*kial-*: Initial *k* might have shifted to *h* in Sumerian, or there's a common root with vowel change.
- Variation in vowel and consonant clusters shows potential phonetic evolution.
**Semantic Analysis:**
- **Sumerian** has meanings ranging from forsaking to destruction or being evil.
- **Tungusic, Mongolic, and Turkic** terms show a range from negative emotions (anger, envy) to physical or moral destruction, and deceit.
**Reconstruction:**
- A possible proto-form might be ** *hali-* or ** *kali-**, linking actions of leaving behind, destruction, or negative emotional states.
This suggests an ancient root possibly related to negative actions or states, evolving in these language families.
- **Cognates:**
- Sumerian: **ki-šur₂** (grave, hole)
- Tungusic: **PTung. *kuǯur-** (to cover, bury)
- Mongolic: **Mong. *kuǯir** (sand, steppe, earth)
- Turkic: **TR: *çukur** (hole)
- **Phonetics:**
- Initial **'k'** is consistent.
- Vowel shift from 'i' to 'u'/'ç'.
- **'š'** in Sumerian vs. **'ǯ'/'ç'** in others, suggesting phonological evolution.
- **Semantics:**
- Sumerian: digging into earth (grave).
- Tungusic: action of covering with earth.
- Mongolic: types of earth.
- Turkic: result of digging (hole).
- **Reconstruction:**
- Proto-form possibly ** *kiǯur-** or ** *kuǯur-**, meaning related to earth and grave manipulation. This shows a likely common origin with semantic broadening or narrowing.
Applying the comparative method:
**Cognates:**
- **Sumerian:** *ibila* - heir, inheritance
- **Mongolic:** *(h)öb* - share, inheritance
- **Turkic:** *üp* - to rob or take, which could metaphorically relate to inheritance as taking over someone's possessions.
**Phonological Comparison:**
- **Sumerian 'ibila'** vs. **Mongolic '(h)öb'**: There's a potential shift in initial vowel from 'i' to 'ö', and the 'l' in Sumerian might correspond to 'b' in Mongolic, considering sound changes over time.
- **Turkic 'üp'**: The initial 'i' could be related through a vowel shift or loss of initial 'i' sound.
**Semantic Analysis:**
- **Sumerian** directly means "heir" or someone who inherits.
- **Mongolic** term relates to the concept of inheritance or a share of something.
- **Turkic** usage as "to rob or take" might reflect the act of taking over inheritance, albeit in a more aggressive or sudden context.
**Reconstruction:**
- A proto-form might be something like ** *ib-* or ** *üp-**, where:
- The meaning could be linked to the concept of receiving or taking over (inheritance or share).
- The phonetic elements suggest a common root with variations in consonants and vowels due to linguistic evolution.
This comparison indicates a possible shared ancient root related to the concept of inheritance or taking possession.
**Cognates:**
- **Sumerian:** *ḫa-la* - share, inheritance share
- **Mongolic:** *kala-* - to change, alternate
- **Turkic:** *Kalɨm* - ransom for bride, fee
Turkish *halı (carpet) derives from this root "kalın" which meant "bride trausseau" or "dowry".
- **Tungusic:** *kalta* xalta- to split, divide
**Phonological Comparison:**
- **Sumerian 'ḫa-la'** vs. **Mongolic 'kala-'**: The initial 'ḫ' might correspond to 'k', suggesting a potential shift or variation in the initial consonant.
- **Turkic 'Kalɨm'**: The initial 'K' aligns with both Sumerian and Mongolic, with variations in vowels.
- **Tungusic 'kalta'**: Similar initial 'k', but with a different ending, possibly indicating a common root with added suffix.
**Semantic Analysis:**
- **Sumerian** term directly relates to the concept of dividing or sharing an inheritance.
- **Mongolic** shows a sense of change or alternation, which can relate to distribution or allocation.
- **Turkic** term involves payment or exchange, which can be linked to the idea of a share or portion given in return.
- **Tungusic** directly means to divide or split, closely aligning with the concept of sharing or dividing.
**Reconstruction:**
- A proto-form could be something like ** *kala-* or ** *kal-**, where:
- The root might originally signify an action of division or distribution.
- Variations in usage reflect how this concept of division was applied differently across cultures.
This indicates a possible shared ancient root related to the act of dividing, sharing, or changing possession, with semantic shifts according to cultural or linguistic evolution.
**Cognates:**
- **Sumerian:** *nam* - fate, destiny, order
- **Tungusic:** *ńiam-* - trace, to trace
- **Turkic:** *jam* - post station
**Phonological Comparison:**
- **Sumerian 'nam'**: Initial 'n'.
- **Tungusic 'ńiam-'**: The initial 'ń' could be a palatalized form of 'n', and the vowel 'i' might suggest a shift or addition.
- **Turkic 'jam'**: Similar to Sumerian with an initial 'j' (which can sometimes be related to 'n' or 'ń' through historical phonetic changes).
**Semantic Analysis:**
- **Sumerian** uses 'nam' to denote fate or a set order, which implies something that is pre-determined or follows a path.
- **Tungusic** 'ńiam-' focuses on traces or following a path, which metaphorically could link to fate or destiny as a journey one traces or follows.
- **Turkic** 'jam' as a post station might not directly relate to fate, but the idea of stations or points along a journey could metaphorically connect to life's predetermined paths or stages.
**Reconstruction:**
- A possible proto-form might be something like ** *nam-* or ** *ńam-**, where:
- The root could signify a concept of following or tracing a predetermined path or destiny.
- The semantic divergence might reflect different cultural interpretations or uses of a similar concept.
This comparison suggests a possible ancient linguistic and conceptual link between fate, destiny, and the notion of following or tracing a path, though with significant semantic evolution in different language groups.
**Sumerian *dirig*:**
- **Meanings:** To exceed, surpass, float, drift, soak, and as a noun for a reed raft.
**Comparative Roots:**
- **Tungusic:**
- *turki*: Sleigh, which like a raft, is a mode of transportation.
- *tilka-*: Overflowing, which can be connected to the concept of floating or drifting.
- *dir-*: Thickness or abundance, could relate to the idea of exceeding or being large.
- **Mongolic:**
- *terge*: Vehicle, directly relates to the transportation aspect of a raft.
- *čilga-*: Overflow, similar to *tilka-* in Tungusic, relevant to floating or dispersing in liquid.
- *čirgaɣu*: Hard or stiff, might connect to the rigidity of a raft structure.
- **Turkic:**
- *dīri-*: Life, survival, which could metaphorically extend to floating as a means to survive in water.
- *dīre-*: To support, relates to the structural aspect of building high or standing tall.
- *tēŕ-*: Fleeing or running away, could metaphorically relate to the movement of floating away.
- **Other:**
- *del(u)-*: To become faint or dissolve, directly connects with the idea of soaking or dissolving in liquid.
- *delkē(n)*: Platform or decking, closely related to the concept of a raft.
**Phonological and Semantic Analysis:**
- **Phonology:** The root *dir* or *tir* appears with variations in initial consonants ('d'/'t') across languages, suggesting a common phonetic origin.
- **Semantics:**
- The theme of **movement** (float, drift, run away) is prominent.
- **Excess or abundance** (exceed, overflow) might relate to the physical properties of floating objects or the act of surpassing expectations.
- **Structure or support** (raft, decking) connects directly to the physical form of a raft.
**Hypothetical Proto-Form:**
- A proto-form like ** *dir-* or ** *tir-* could be proposed, where:
- It initially might signify something related to elevation, movement over or through, or a structural support for transportation, expanding into various meanings seen today.
This analysis suggests that *dirig* could be part of a broader linguistic phenomenon where a single root or concept has diversified across languages, embodying ideas of surpassing, moving, and structural support, which are all relevant to the concept of a raft.
Key Sound Rules and Contextual Associations among Sumerian and Altaic Languages
1. Agricultural Tools:
Sumerian: "ab-" for agriculture (e.g., apin (plow), absin (furrow).
Proto-Turkic: abɨl (hoe, plow) iz, hizan (furrow).
Sumerian "ab" connects to the Proto-Turkic concept of agricultural tools, with Turkic iz and Old Turkic hizan for marking furrows. The term "sin~izin" shows possible historical adaptation of consonants, questioning Proto-Turkic reconstructions i.e iru, iri (furrow, trace)
2. Social and Familial Roles:
Sumerian: "abba" (witness/father), "abara" (adoptee).
Turkic: Proto-Turkic pa (relative), Turkic baba (father), and jaba (witness).
Transformation Insight: The "j" front sound rule indicates an ancient transformation in Turkic, where family terms like jubga/jabgu (bastard, adoptee) and jaba reflect familial inclusion, paralleling Sumerian abara for adoption.
3. Materiality and Raw Substances:
Sumerian: "abri" (raw material) "ab" (window) "ab" (vessel)
Proto-Turkic: kabɨ-r (husk/shell), kapı (door, window) kabı (vessel)
Transformation Insight: The base "ab" aligns with foundational elements in both languages, representing raw or unprocessed material states in Turkic words like kabɨ and kapı (vessel/gateway).
4. Functionaries and Titles:
Sumerian: "abrig" (cultic functionary), abgal (sage/priest).
Turkic: api/abɨ-n (rest/enjoyment), abdal (a revered state in the Western Turkic isogloss).
Transformation Insight: The term carries a revered state, linking to Turkic abdal, illustrating a symbolic cultural parallel to the esteemed role in Sumerian religious hierarchy.
5. Nesting and Protection:
Sumerian: "ablal" (nest), balal (small).
Turkic: bāla/balɨk (young animal/nestling).
Transformation Insight: In Turkic, the word bala associates with youth or care, similar to Sumerian "ab" for nurturing spaces, indicating a common theme of security and protection.
6. Grinding and Milling:
Sumerian: "ablil" (material for millstones), lil (as in Enlil).
Turkic: ov-, ub- (to crush/grind).
Transformation Insight: Reflects transformative processes in Turkic (e.g., ovmak), linking to Sumerian concepts of preparing raw materials. The root "lil"relates to Turkic jel/yel (wind).
7. Gore and Violence:
Sumerian: "abtir" (gore).
Proto-Tungusic: pāt(i)- (to strike)
Turkic "batır-" (to stab) "batur" (warrier, hero)
Transformation Insight: A clear alignment with the aggressive action, with "ab" connoting violence in Sumerian and similarly in Tungusic "pa" Turkic "ba".
8. Storage and Containment:
Sumerian: "abrum" (storage facility).
Mongolic: gömür- (storage).
Turkic: ambar (grain storage).
Transformation Insight: Sumerian "abrum" finds a continuity in the concept of containment, with Turkic ambar used in agricultural contexts as a storage solution
andul [SHADE] N (79x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Lagash II, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic wr. an-dul₃; an-dul; ŋešan-dul; an-dul₇; andulₓ(SAGg); gian-dul₃; an-dul₃sar; an-dul₅; ŋešan-dul₃ "shade"
[1]𒀭𒊨an-dul₃
[3]𒀭𒌋𒌆an-dul
[5]𒊨𒊨andulₓ(S
TR: *KENDİ (SELF)
*­kanıt῾ to reach, proof
*yansı- to reflect
ibila [HEIR] N (412x) Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. ibila; i₃-bi₂-la; ŋešibila; ibila₂; ibila₃; ibilaₓ(TUR.DIŠ); ibilaₓ(TUR.NE); i₃-bi-lu "heir"
[1] 𒌉𒍑 ibila
[2] 𒉌𒉈𒆷 i₃-bi₂-la
[3] 𒄑𒌉𒍑 ŋeš ibila
[4] 𒌉𒀴 ibila₂
[5] 𒌉𒊕 ibila₃
[6] 𒌉𒁹𒌉𒁹 ibilaₓ(TUR.DIŠ)
[7] 𒌉𒉈𒌉𒉈 ibilaₓ(TUR.NE)
[8] 𒉌𒁉𒇻 i₃-bi-lu
PMong. *(h)öb share, allotted part, inheritance (надел, доля, на-
следство): WMong. öb (L 627); Kh. öv.
PTurk. *üp 1 to rob, snatch, abduct 2 trophies, treasures. Karakh. üple
sag [GOOD] V/i (1958x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Persian, Hellenistic, Uncertain, unknown wr. sag₉; sag₈; sag₁₀; sag₉-sag₉; sa₇; sa; sag₃; sig₁₅v; sa₇-ga; sa₇-sa₇; šeg₁₀; sa₃; sa₇-ge; sa₇-gen₇; sa₇sa; sig₉; sigₓ(ERIN₂); zag; sa-sa; sag; sa₂-sa₂; sa-asag₉; sa-asa₇; sasa₇; si₃-gasag₉; ša; sag₃-sag₃; sa₃-ge; sig "(to be) good TR sağ, sweet, beautiful; (to be) favorable (of an omen) TR sağ sağlam/sağlim; to make good TR sağla-, improve; to approve (the quality of something)TR sağlama (in math); to prepare (meat) TR sac (kavurma); wellness (sağlık), good (thing)"
See bar sag[please]V/t, igi sag[look at with favor]V/t, saŋ sag[lop off]V/t, šag sag[feel better]V/t, ur sag[ameliorate]V/t.
[1] 𒊷 sag₉
[2] 𒆗 sag₈
[3] 𒅆𒂟 sag₁₀
[4] 𒊷𒊷 sag₉-sag₉
[5] 𒅊 sa₇
[6] 𒊓 sa
[7] 𒉺 sag₃
[8] sig₁₅v
[9] 𒅊𒂵 sa₇-ga
[10] 𒅊𒅊 sa₇-sa₇
[11] 𒆂 šeg₁₀
[12] 𒍝 sa₃
[13] 𒅊𒄀 sa₇-ge
[14] 𒅊𒁶 sa₇-gen₇
[15] 𒅊𒊓 sa₇ sa
[16] 𒋛 sig₉
[17] 𒂟 sigₓ(ERIN₂)
[18] 𒍠 zag
[19] 𒊓𒊓 sa-sa
[20] 𒊕 sag
[21] 𒁲𒁲 sa₂-sa₂
[22] 𒊓𒀀𒊷 sa-asag₉
[23] 𒊓𒀀𒅊 sa-asa₇
[24] 𒊓𒅊 sa sa₇
[25] 𒋧𒂵𒊷 si₃-gasag₉
[26] 𒊭 ša
[27] 𒉺𒉺 sag₃-s
TR: sağ (alive, right) sağlam (durable, good)
akar [ARMOR] N (8x) Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic wr. akar; kušakar; akarₓ(EN%EN); a₂-kar₂ "armor"
[1] 𒉬 akar
[2] 𒋢𒉬 kuš akar
[3] 𒂛𒂛 akarₓ(EN%EN)
[4] 𒀉𒃸 a₂-kar
k῾ắka to break, tear off: Tung. *xak-; Mong. *kaka- / *kaga-; Turk.
*KAk-; Jpn. *kák-.
PTung. *xaK- 1 to cut off 2 to tear off, separate (1 подрезать, пере-
резать 2 отделять, отрывать): Neg. akị- / kakị- 1; Ul. χaqpa-lụ- 2; Ork.
χaqpa- 2; Nan. χāGa- 1, χaqpā- 2; Ud. akpinda- 1, kakpaligi- 2.
◊ ТМС 1, 25, 363.
PMong. *kaka- / *kaga- to break, tear off (ломать, расщеплять, от-
дирать): MMong. qaqal- (SH), qaqača- ‘to divide’ (HY 34), qaɣal- (IM);
WMong. qaqa- (L 906: qaɣal-, qaɣala-); Kh. xaga-; Bur. xaxa-; Kalm. xaɣəl-
(КРС); Ord. xaGal-; Mog. qakara- (Weiers); Dag. xagalā- (Тод. Даг. 172),
hagere-, hagare-, hagelā- (MD 155); Dong. GaGača- ‘to part’ (Тод. Дн.);
Mongr. xaGali-; xaGarā- 1 ‘fendre, briser, casser, morceler; se fendre, se
fêler 1’ (SM 150).
PTurk. *KAk- to hit, knock, tear (бить, стучать, рвать): Karakh. qaq-
(MK); Tur. kak-; Gag. qaq-; Az. Gax-; Turkm. qaq-, qaqɨl-; MTurk. qaq-
(Houts., AH, Qutb, MA); Uzb. qɔq-; Uygh. qaq-; Krm. qaq-; Tat. qaq-;
Bashk. qaq-; Kirgh. qaq-; Kaz. qaq-; KBalk. qaq-; KKalp. qaq-; Kum. qaq-;
Nogh. qaq-; Khak. xa
gul [DESTROY] V/t (1193x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Ebla, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, Uncertain, unknown wr. gul; gul-gul; gu-la; gu-ul; gu-ul-gu-ul; gu; gu-le; gul-lu-u₈; gu-lu-u₈; gul-ul; gu-lu; ku; gu-ul-gu-la "to destroy; to break (up), pulverize; to flatten; to carve, cut; to engrave; to go bad (said of foodstuffs); to shave (hair); to strip a boat; to whet; to erase (debt); to trim; to hold back, restrain"
See er gul[restrain crying]V/t, gi gul[process reeds]V/t, gisal gul[process reeds]V/t, kug a gula[payment]N, ura gul[erase a debt]V/t.
[1] 𒄢 gul
[2] 𒄢𒄢 gul-gul
[3] 𒄖𒆷 gu-la
[4] 𒄖𒌌 gu-ul
[5] 𒄖𒌌𒄖𒌌 gu-ul-gu-ul
[6] 𒄖 gu
[7] 𒄖𒇷 gu-le
[8] 𒄢𒇻𒇇 gul-lu-u₈
[9] 𒄖𒇻𒇇 gu-lu-u₈
[10] 𒄢𒌌 gul-ul
[11] 𒄖𒇻 gu-lu
[12] 𒆪 ku
[13] 𒄖𒌌𒄖𒆷 gu-ul-gu-la
PTung. *mul- 1 to fall ill 2 weak, tired (1 заболевать 2 слабый, ус-
талый): Evk. mul- (Вас.), multe 2.
◊ ТМС 1, 555 (Evk. > Yak. möltö-, not vice versa). Attested only in Evk., but having
possible external parallels.
PTurk. *bül- 1 to be destroyed, ruined 2 to destroy (1 разрушаться,
разоряться 2 разрушать): MTurk. OKypch. bül- ‘to remove, fire’ (AH);
Krm. bül- 1; Tat. böl- 1; Bashk. böl- 1; Kirgh. bülün- ‘to be alarmed’; Kaz.
bülin- 1, büldir
halam [FORSAKE] V/t (171x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. ḫa-lam; ḫa-la; ḫa-la-ma; ḫa-al-ma; ḫa-la-mi "to forsake, forget; to destroy; (to be) bad, evil; destroy"
[1] 𒄩𒇴 ḫa-lam
[2] 𒄩𒆷 ḫa-la
[3] 𒄩𒆷𒈠 ḫa-la-ma
[4] 𒄩𒀠𒈠 ḫa-al-ma
PTurk. *Kiāl- to stay behind, remain (оставаться): OTurk. qal-
(Orkh., OUygh., Yenis.); Karakh. qal- (MK, KB); Tur. kal-; Az. Gal-;
Turkm. Gāl-; MTurk. qal- (Sangl., Qutb., Houts., AH, IM, MA, Pav. C.);
Uzb. qɔl-; Uygh. qal-; Tat. qal-; Bashk. qal-; Kirgh. qal-; Kaz. qal-; KBalk.
qal-; KKalp. qal-; Kum. qal-; Nogh. qal-; Khak. xal-; Shr. qal-; Oyr. qal-;
Tv. qal-; Tof. qal-; Chuv. jol-; Yak. xāl-
­ālV to destroy, kill: Tung. *āli-; Mong. *ala-; Turk. *Alk- to destroy, forget *alık
ā­li to deceive, trick: Tung. *ali-, *alak-; Mong. *aliɣa; Turk. *Āl; Jpn.
*ira-p-; Kor. *ìrbń-.
PTung. *ali-, *alak- 1 to be angry 2 to endure 3 to regret 4 to envy (1
сердиться 2 терпеть 3 сожалеть, каяться 4 завидовать): Evk. ali- 1;
Evn. alêl- 1; Neg. alị- 1, alaxị- 4; Man. aĺa- 3; Ul. alị- 2; Nan. alị- 2, alaqị 4;
Orch. ali- 2; Sol. aĺ-, alī- 1.
◊ ТМС 1, 29, 32.
PMong. *aliɣa 1 frolic, tricksy 2 to deceive (1 игривый, шаловли- PM *(h)ali-ɣa ‘frolic, tricksy’, *albi-n ‘devil, evil spirit’,
вый 2 обманывать): MMong. alija (SH, Козин) 1; WMong. alija 1 (L 32),
alašira- 2 (Ko 74); Kh. alia 1; Bur. aĺā 1; Kalm. aĺā, äĺǟn 1; Ord. aĺā; Dag. əlē
1.
◊ KW 6, 22. Cf. also albin ‘devil, evil spirit’ ( > Yak., Dolg. albɨn ‘deception, liar’ (Kał.
MEJ 56, Stachowski 31).
PTurk. *Āl 1 device, trick, deceit 2 to deceive (1 обман, хитрость 2
обманывать): OTurk. al 1 (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.), al-ta- 2 (OUygh.);
Karakh. āl 1 (MK, KB), alda- (MK); Tur. al 1, aldat- 2; Az. al 1 (dial.),
al-da-n- ‘to be deceived, to err’; Turkm. āl 1, ālda- 2; MTurk. al 1, alda- 2;
Uzb. alda- 2; Uygh. aldi- 2; Tat. alda- 2; Bashk. alda- 2; Kirgh. alda- 2; Kaz.
alda- 2; KBalk. alda- 2; KKalp. alda- 2; Kum. al 1, alda- 2; Nogh. alda- 2;
Khak. alda- 2; Shr. alda- 2.
kab [TEST] V/t (80x) Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian wr. kab₂; kab; kabₓ(SAG×A) "to test"
See kab dug[check]V/t.
[1] 𒅘 kab₂
[2] 𒆏 kab
[3] 𒊖𒊖 kabₓ(SAG×A)
TR: kab, kavra (comprehend)
kišur [GRAVE] N (3x) Ur III, Old Babylonian wr. ki-šur₂; ki-šur₂⁻ "grave; hole"
[1] 𒆠𒊨 ki-šur₂
[2] 𒆠𒊕 ki-šur₂⁻
­kiaǯurV sand, steppe, earth: Tung. *kuǯur-; Mong. *kuǯir; Turk. *Kạjɨr.
PTung. *kuǯur- to cover, bury (with soil) (заваливать (землей)):
Neg. kuǯuj
TR: *çukur (hole)
lukibadra [FOREIGNER] N (1x) Neo-Assyrian wr. lu₂-ki-pabad-ra₂; lu₂-ki-bad-ra₂ "foreigner"
[1] 𒇽𒆠𒉺𒁁𒁺 lu₂-ki-pabad-ra₂
[2] 𒇽𒆠𒁁𒁺 lu₂-ki-bad-ra₂
lukur [STRANGER] N (111x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic wr. lu₂-kur₂; kur₂; lu₂-kur; lu₂-gu-ur "stranger, foreigner"
[1] 𒇽𒉽 lu₂-kur₂
[2] 𒉽 kur₂
[3] 𒇽𒆳 lu₂-kur
[4] 𒇽𒄖𒌨 lu₂-gu-ur
PMong. *nökör friend (друг): MMong. nokor (HY 31, SH), nūkər
(IM); WMong. nökör (L 593: nökür); Kh. nöxör; Bur. nüxer; Kalm. nökr;
Ord. nöχör; Dag. nugur (Тод. Даг. 158); Dong. nokiə; Bao. noker (Тод.
Бн.); S.-Yugh. nökör; Mongr. nokor (SM 283), nukor (Huzu) 3.
◊ KW 279, MGCD 515. Despite Doerfer TMN 1, 521ff the attested MMong. noko’e
(SH; = nököɣe) ‘other, second’ does not prove that the original meaning was ‘other’: cf. Russ. другой ‘other’, transparently derived < друг ‘friend’). Mong. > Chuv. kər-nüker дружка’ (see Róna-Tas 1973-1974
­pắdà to spread; flag, standard: Tung. *pad-; Mong. *bad-; Turk.
*bAd-rak / *bAd-ruk; Jpn. *pátà.
PTung. *pad- 1 to spread out (animal’s skin) 2 name of a game
(spreading a rope between fingers) 3 to arrange (in a row) (1 растяги-
вать, распяливать (шкуру животного) 2 натягивание шнура между
пальцами (назв. игры) 3 расставлять, раскладывать): Evk. hadarga 2;
Man. fajda- 3, fajdan ‘row’; SMan. faidən ‘row’ (1624); Ork. pādda- 1.
◊ ТМС 2, 297, 308.
PMong. *bad- 1 to spread, expand, develop 2 flag, standard (1 рас-
простирать, распространяться 2 флаг, знамя): WMong. badara- 1,
badaŋ 2 (L 66); Kh. badra- 1, badan 2; Bur. badar- 1; Kalm. badr- 1; Ord.
badara- 1; Dag. badara- 1 (Тод. Даг. 123), badare
­p῾āda to separate, some, other: Tung. *pādi; Turk. *adɨ-; Jpn. *pá(n)tú-;
Kor. *ptắ-n.
PTung. *pādi separate(ly) (отдельный, отдельно): Evk. hādi ‘some,
part of’; Evn. hādị-n ‘some, other’; Man. faǯu ‘space between’; Ul. pāǯị;
Ork. padị; Nan. pāǯị; Sol. adĩ ‘some’.
◊ ТМС 2, 305-306. TM *pā ‘part’ (ibid.) is probably a different root (there is no
-di-suffix in TM), so Doerfer’s (MT 239) doubts about TM *pādi- = Turk. *ad- have no ground.
PTurk. *adɨ-r- to separate (отделять):
TR: *bazı
sar [WRITE] V/t (230x) Early Dynastic I-II, Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Persian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. sar; sar-sar; sa; sa-ra; sar-re-x-x; sarar; sa₂-re "to write"
See dub sar[writer]N, kišib mu sara[seal]N.
[1] 𒊬 sar
[2] 𒊬𒊬 sar-sar
[3] 𒊓 sa
[4] 𒊓𒊏 sa-ra
[5] 𒊬𒊑XX sar-re-x-x
[6] 𒊬𒅈 sar ar
[7] 𒁲𒊑 sa₂-re
*saŕi to know; beware, feel: Tung. *sā-; Mong. *seri-; Turk. *sEŕ- (~-ē-);
Jpn. *sír-; Kor. *sari-.
PTung. *sā- to know (знать): Evk. sā-; Evn. hā-; Neg. sā-; Man. sa-;
SMan. sa- (1856); Jurch. ĉaŋ-xi (353); Ul. sāwụ; Ork. sā-; Nan. sā-; Orch.
sā-; Ud. sā-; Sol. sā-.
◊ ТМС 2, 49-51.
PMong. *seri- to wake; notice (просыпаться; замечать): MMong.
seri- (HY 35, SH), sere-ba ‘to feel, sense’ (HY 33), sere- (SH), siri-, sri-
(MA), sīr- (IM); WMong. sere-, seri- (L 689); Kh. sere-; Bur. heri-; Kalm.
ser-; Ord. sere-; Mog. serä-; Dag. sere- (Тод. Даг. 163, MD 211); Dong.
šieri-; Bao. sere-; S.-Yugh. ser-; Mongr. sari- (SM 327), (MGCD serə-).
◊ KW 325, MGCD 600. Mong. > Evk. seri- etc. (see Doerfer MT 38, Rozycki 178).
PTurk. *sEŕ- (~-ē-) 1 to feel, understand 2 doubt (1 чувствовать, по-
нимать, воспринимать 2 сомнение): Karakh. sez- (MK) 1; Tur. sez- 1;
Az. sez- 1; Turkm. seza(wār); MTurk. sez- 1 (Pav. C., Abush.); Uzb. sez- 1;
Uygh. säz- 1; Krm. sez- 1; Tat. siz- 1; Bashk. hiδ- 1; Kirgh. sez- 1, sez ‘feel-
ing’; Kaz. sez- 1; KBalk.
sipad [SHEPHERD] N (4467x) Early Dynastic I-II, Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Persian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. sipad; lu₂sipad; sa-pa; si-pa; su₈-ba "shepherd; herder"
[1] 𒉺𒇻 sipad
[2] 𒇽𒉺𒇻 lu₂ sipad
[3] 𒊓𒉺 sa-pa
[4] 𒋛𒉺 si-pa
[5] 𒁻𒁀 su₈-ba ~ TR *çoban
1292 instances
si [HORN] N (1292x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Ebla, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, Uncertain, unknown wr. si; ŋešsi; si-si; ŋešsi-si; simušen; si₂; urudsi; si-in; ŋešŋešsi "horn; finger; fret; bow, prow; protuberance, point; sprout; part of the moon"
See si e[sprout]V/t, si gu rah[blow the horn]V/t, si mu[sprout]V/t, si sa[straighten]V/t.
[1] 𒋛 si
[2] 𒄑𒋛 ŋeš si
[3] 𒋛𒋛 si-si
­sĭgò deer, horned animal: Tung. *sig- / *seg-; Mong. *seɣenek ( ~ -i-);
Turk. *sɨg-; Jpn. *sika.
PTung. *sig- / seg- wild deer (дикий олень): Evk. segǯen, dial. sek-
serge; Nan. segǯi ‘herd of wild swine’; Ud. sigisa ‘годовалый изюбр’.
◊ ТМС 1, 325, 327; 2, 136.
PMong. *seɣenek ( ~ -i-) he-goat (2 years old) (козел (2 лет)):
WMong. segenek (L 684: sejinüg); Kh. sijneg; Bur. hīneg ῾castrated
he-goat; ox’; Kalm. sīnək.
◊ KW 328.
PTurk. *sɨg- 1 deer, male maral 2 large bovine (1 олень, марал 2 ко-
рова, крупный рогатый скот): OTurk. sɨɣun 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. sɨɣun
1, sɨɣɨr 2 (MK); Tur. sn 1, sr 2; Gag. sr
­p῾āda to separate, some, other: Tung. *pādi; Turk. *adɨ-; Jpn. *pá(n)tú-;
azag [TABOO] N (72x) Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian wr. azag; uz-ga; an-zag; usagₓ(U.ŠA); sagₓ(AN); azagzag; a-sag; usagₓ(U.ŠA)ki; sausagₓ(U.ŠA); sausagₓ(U.ŠA)ki "goods, treasure; treasury; taboo, forbidden thing; cella, shrine"
[1] 𒆬𒀭 azag
[2] 𒊻𒂵 uz-ga
[3] 𒀭𒍠 an-zag
[4] 𒌋𒊭𒌋𒊭 usagₓ(U.ŠA)
[5] 𒀭 sagₓ(AN)
[6] 𒆬𒀭𒍠 azag zag
[7] 𒀀𒊕 a-sag
[8] 𒌋𒊭𒌋𒊭𒆠 usagₓ(U.ŠA)ki
[9] 𒊓𒌋𒊭𒌋𒊭 sausagₓ(U.ŠA)
[10] 𒊓𒌋𒊭𒌋𒊭𒆠 sausagₓ(U.ŠA)ki
TR: Yasak
PTurk. *jAsa- 1 to determine, govern 2 to create (1 определять,
управлять 2 создавать): Tur. jasa- 1; Turkm. jasa- 2; Sal. jasa- 2; MTurk.
jasa- 1 (Ettuhf., Pav. C., Abush.) 1, 2; Uzb. jasa- 2; Uygh. jasa- 2; Krm.
jasa- 1, 2; Tat. jasa- 1, 2; Bashk. jaha- 1, 2; Kirgh. ǯasa- 1, 2; Kaz. žasa- 2;
KKalp. žasa- 2; Kum. jasa- 2; Nogh. jasa- 2; Khak. čaza- 2; Shr. čaza- 2;
Oyr. jaza-, aza- 1, 2; Tv. čaza- 2. (p. 465)
PTurk. *jạr- 1 order 2 announcement, call 3 judge 4 law, justice (1
приказ 2 объявление, клич 3 судья 4 закон, правосудие): OTurk.
jar-lɨɣ 1,2 (OUygh.), jarɣan 3; Karakh. jar-lɨɣ 1,2 (MK); Tur. jar, ǯar 2
(dial.); Az. ǯar 2 (dial.); Turkm. jarlɨq 1, dial. ǯar 2; MTurk. jar 2
(Abush.), jar-lɨɣ 1,2 (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. jarɣu 4, dial. ǯar 2; Uygh. ǯar
2; Tat. jar 2, jarlɨq 1; Kirgh. ǯar 2; Kaz. žar 2; KKalp. žar 2; Oyr. ar 2; Tv.
čar 2; Chuv. śɨrlъx 1.
PTurk. *Agɨ 1 treasure 2 silk brocade (1 сокровище 2 парча):
OTurk. aɣɨ (Orkh., OUygh.) 1; Karakh. aɣɨ (MK, KB) 2; Tur. Osm. aɣɨ,
dial. aɣɨ 2; MTurk. aɣɨ 2. (p. 275)
K
agar [MEADOW] N (371x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, unknown wr. a-gar₃; agar₄; a-gar; a-ga-ar; agar₂; a-gar₃-a-gar₃; agar₃; aagar₄; a-ga-ar-a-ga-ra; a-ga; a-ga-ar-a-ga-ar; a-ga-ar-a-ga-re "meadow"
[1] 𒀀𒃼 a-gar₃
[2] 𒅊 agar₄
[3] 𒀀𒃻 a-gar
[4] 𒀀𒂵𒅈 a-ga-ar
[5] 𒇋 agar₂
[6] 𒀀𒃼𒀀𒃼 a-gar₃-a-gar₃
[7] 𒆻 agar₃
[8] 𒀀𒅊 a agar₄
[9] 𒀀𒂵𒅈𒀀𒂵𒊏 a-ga-ar-a-ga-ra
[10] 𒀀𒂵 a-ga
[11] 𒀀𒂵𒅈𒀀𒂵𒅈 a-ga-ar-a-ga-ar
[12] 𒀀𒂵𒅈𒀀𒂵𒊑 a-ga-ar-a-ga-r
PA *ăgu ‘uninhabited place, wilderness’ [not attested suffixless; with a
different suffix PTM *agī- ‘to walk without a road’]: PT *ag-la-k ‘wil-
derness’) TR *çayır
ašer [LAMENT] N (ES) (305x) Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. a-še-er; a-še-ra; a-še-ra-am₃; a-ši-ir; a-še-re; a-ši-re; a-še-e-er; a-še-x; a-ši-ra; ma-še-er; a-šešer₇; a-še-er-ra; a-šer₇ "sigh, weeping; lament"
[1] 𒀀𒊺𒅕 a-še-er
[2] 𒀀𒊺𒊏 a-še-ra
[3] 𒀀𒊺𒊏𒀀𒀭 a-še-ra-am₃
[4] 𒀀𒅆𒅕 a-ši-ir
[5] 𒀀𒊺𒊑 a-še-re
[6] 𒀀𒅆𒊑 a-ši-re
[7] 𒀀𒊺𒂊𒅕 a-še-e-er
[8] 𒀀𒊺X a-še-x
[9] 𒀀𒅆𒊏 a-ši-ra
[10] 𒈠𒊺𒅕 ma-še-er
[11] 𒀀𒊺𒉪 a-šešer₇
[12] 𒀀𒊺𒅕𒊏 a-še-er-ra
[13] 𒀀𒉪 a-šer₇
TR: yas (mourning) yaş (tear)
PTurk. *ēĺ- 1 to dig 2 to tear, rip open 3 to row 4 to swim 5 to throw
away (1 копать 2 рвать 3 грести 4 плавать 5 выкидывать): Tur. eš- 1;
Az. eš- 2; Turkm. ijš-gek ῾oar’; Khal. häšü-; MTurk. eš- 1 (Abush.); Tat. iš-
2; Kirgh. eš- 1; Khak. is- 3; Tv. ešti- 4, eš- 3; Tof. eš-, e’hit- 3; Chuv. alt- 1;
Yak. es-, is- (p. 502)
aš [CURSE] N (110x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, unknown wr. aš₂; aš; aš₃; a₂-aš "curse; (be) cursed"
See aš bala[curse]V/t, aš sar[curse]V/t.
[1] 𒀾 aš₂
[2] 𒀸 aš
[3] 𒐋 aš₃
[4] 𒀉𒀸 a₂-aš
PTurk. *es 1 memory, mind 2 to pity, regret (1 память, рассудок 2
жалеть, сожалеть): OTurk. es 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. es 1 (KB), esirge- 2
(MK); Az. äksi (< äs-ki) ‘clever’; Turkm. es 1; MTurk. es 1 (AH, KW);
Uzb. es 1; Uygh. äs 1; Krm. es 1; Tat. is 1; Bashk. iϑ 1; Kaz. es 1; KBalk. es
1; KKalp. es 1; Kum. es 1; Nogh. es 1; Oyr. es 1; Chuv. as 1.
PTung. *ēske- 1 to worry 2 to wait, beware 3 to praise 4 to curse (1
беспокоиться 2 ждать, быть начеку 3 славить, восхвалять 4 ругать,
бранить): Evk. ēksit- 2, eskē- 3; Evn. ēske- 3; Neg. eksit- 2; Man. esuḱe- 4;
SMan. esəxinə-, isixinə- (1468); Ul. eksen- 1, 2; Nan. ekseči- 2; Ud. ehie- ‘to
take care of’.(p. 521)
ab [WINDOW] N (119x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. ab; a-ab; ŋešab "window, window opening; roof vent; specification of a mash-tub"
See aba daŋal tag[widen out the opening]V/t.
[1] 𒀊 ab
[2] 𒀀𒀊 a-ab
[3] 𒄑𒀊 ŋeš ab
Old Turkic *kapu (window, door) *ab(u)la (gate; gate garden) ~ SM *abula (gate)
TR *kapı (door) *avlu (gate garden)
ar [PRAISE] N (179x) Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Hellenistic wr. ar₂; a-a-re; a-re; iri; a-ar₂; a-ar; a-ar₃; ar; i-ri; i-ri₂; ar-re "(hymn of) praise; fame; to celebrate, praise"
See ar ak[praise]V/t, ar sil[praise]V/t, ar ša[praise]V/t.
[1] 𒌒 ar₂
[2] 𒀀𒀀𒊑 a-a-re
[3] 𒀀𒊑 a-re
[4] 𒌷 iri
[5] 𒀀𒌒 a-ar₂
[6] 𒀀𒅈 a-ar
[7] 𒀀𒄯 a-ar₃
[8] 𒅈 ar
[9] 𒄿𒊑 i-ri
[10] 𒄿𒌷 i-ri₂
[11] 𒅈𒊑 ar-re
Old Turkic: *har (happiness, praise, celebration)
Yak. arbā- 1 (Пек. I 139 ‘to praise for magic purposes’).
PTurk. *Ar- gift (дар) (pp. 314-315)
ad [VOICE] N (212x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. ad; a; ad₈ "voice; cry; noise"
See ad gi[advise]V/t, ad ŋar[resound?]V/i, ad mar[resound?]V/i, ad ša[resound]V/i.
[1] 𒀜 ad
[2] 𒀀 a
PMong. *aji- 1 sound, voice 2 to cry, speak loudly; to recite 3 mel-
ody, tune (1 звук, голос 2 кричать, болтать 3 мелодия): WMong. ai 1
(L 19), aji-la-, aji-da- 2 (L 20: ajilad- ‘to perceive; to recite; to say’), aja 3 (L
22); Kh. ajlda- 2; Bur. ajlada- 2; Kalm. ǟ 1, ǟl-,ǟd (p. 497)
ab [COW] N (8477x) Early Dynastic I-II, Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. ab₂; ab; ab₂-ab₂; am "cow"
[1] 𒀖 ab₂
[2] 𒀊 ab
[3] 𒀖𒀖 ab₂-ab₂
[4] 𒄠 am
PTung. *abdu- 1 cattle, herd (p. 317)
aŋ [MEASURE] V/t (1383x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Ebla, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. aŋ₂; ag; ag₂-ag₂; aŋ₂-ge₂; ig "to measure"
See a aŋ[command]V/t, ki aŋ[love]V/t, lu ninda aŋ[bread measurer]N.
[1] 𒉘 aŋ₂
[2] 𒀝 ag
[3] 𒉘𒉘 ag₂-ag₂
[4] 𒉘𒆤 aŋ₂-ge₂
[5] 𒅅 ig
TR: *ağır (heavy) Dial: *ağnı-to weigh *ayar: measure, setting e.g. SM agarin (matrix)
ah [DRY] V/i (956x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. aḫ₃; e₃; aḫ₃-aḫ₃; e₂; ḫa-ḫa; ḫad-de₃ "(to be) dried (out), dry; to dry"
[1] 𒌓 aḫ₃
[2] 𒌓𒁺 e₃
[3] 𒌓𒌓 aḫ₃-aḫ₃
[4] 𒂍 e₂
[5] 𒄩𒄩 ḫa-ḫa
[6] 𒉺𒉈 ḫad-de₃
PMong. *kata- 1 hard 2 to become hard, dry up (1 твердый 2 черст-
веть, высыхать): MMong. qatau’u (HY 54), qataŋgin (SH), qata’u (MA) 1,
qətəmər ‘dried (meat)’ (IM); WMong. qata- (L 943) 2, qataɣu 1; Kh. xat- 2,
xatū 1; Bur. xatū 1; Kalm. xatū 1, xatə- 2 (КРС); Ord. Gatū 1; Mog. xata 1
(Weiers); Dag. katən (Тод. Даг. 148: katō, katū, 174: xata-); katen, katū
(MD 182) 1; Dong. qɨdun, qɨtun 1; Bao. χotoŋ 1; S.-Yugh. Gadū 1; Mongr.
xadoŋ (SM 147) 1, xadā- (SM 146) (p. 785)
AB [A WOODEN OBJECT OR STRUCTURE] N (2x) Early Dynastic IIIb wr. ŋešAB "a wooden object or structure"
[1] 𒄑𒀊 ŋeš AB
TR: *kab (wooden plate)
al [HOE] N (2089x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, unknown wr. al; ŋešal; urudal "hoe, pickax; hoeing"
See al ak[hoe]V/t, al du[hoe]V/t, al dug[desire]V/t, al tag[unmng]V/t.
[1] 𒀠 al
[2] 𒄑𒀠 ŋeš al
[3] 𒍏𒀠 urud al
TR: bel; balta ~ SM *bal also
62 instances
aga [AX] N (62x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian wr. urudaga; aga; aga₃; ŋešaga; ŋešaga₃; a-gagaaga₃; gaaga₃ "an ax"
See aga kar[defeat]V/t.
[1] 𒍏𒂇 urud aga
[2] 𒂇 aga
[3] 𒂆 aga₃
[4] 𒄑𒂇 ŋeš aga
[5] 𒄑𒂆 ŋeš aga₃
[6] 𒀀𒂵𒂵𒂆 a-gagaaga₃
[7] 𒂵𒂆 ga aga₃
a­gV sharp, whet: Tung. *āga-; Mong. *(h)ag.
PTung. *āga- 1 arrow point, notch 2 whetstone (1 острие, зазубри-
на (у стрелы) 2 оселок, точильный камень): Evk. āɣen 2; Evn. āɣъn 2;
Neg. aɣat 1, aɣan 2; Man. atan 1; Nan. aŋã 2; Orch. āta 1, awa 2.
◊ ТМС 1, 12, 13. TM > Yak. aɣān.
PMong. *(h)ag 1 part of blade (close to handle) 2 notch on fish-fork
(1 часть острия (ближе к рукоятке) 2 зазубрина остроги): WMong.
aɣ, (L 19: aɣǯam ‘blunt wooden arrow tip’
TR: eğe (whet)
aš [FLOUR] N (2x) Old Babylonian wr. aš "bread; a flour"
[1] 𒀸 aš
TR: *aş (boiled wheat) ~ SM *še (barley, grain)
122 instances
aga [REAR] N (122x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, Uncertain, unknown wr. a-ga; aga₃; a-ga-ga; aga; ŋeša-ga "rear; a building or a part of a building; on its own accord, on one's own; back"
See aga gi[inferior]V/i. TR *ayakçı
[1] 𒀀𒂵 a-ga
[2] 𒂆 aga₃
[3] 𒀀𒂵𒂵 a-ga-ga
[4] 𒂇 aga
[5] 𒄑𒀀𒂵 ŋeša-ga
TR *arka (back) *ayar (accord) *ayak (foot; to stand up)
aŋi [WAVE] N (130x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. a-ŋi₆; a-ga; a-ŋi₆-a-ŋi₆; aga-a; a-gi₆-a "wave, flood"
[1] 𒀀𒈪 a-ŋi₆
[2] 𒀀𒂵 a-ga
[3] 𒀀𒈪𒀀𒈪 a-ŋi₆-a-ŋi₆
[4] 𒂇𒀀 aga-a
[5] 𒀀𒈪𒀀 a-gi₆-a
­agà rain; air: Tung. *aga; Mong. *agaɣar; Jpn. *àkî; Kor. *ak-su.
PTung. *aga rain (дождь): Man. aGa; SMan. ahā (2015); Jurch. ah-ga
TR: yağ- (to rain, to flood)
aga [TIARA] N (156x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Persian, unknown wr. aga; aga₃; tug₂aga₃; a-ga; agazabar; a-gaaga "tiara, crown"
[1] 𒂇 aga
[2] 𒂆 aga₃
[3] 𒌆𒂆 tug₂ aga₃ (TR *duvak: veil)
[4] 𒀀𒂵 a-ga
[5] 𒂇𒌓𒅗𒁇 aga zabar
[6] 𒀀𒂵𒂇 a-gaaga
­ăjV good, fitting: Tung. *aja, *aju-; Mong. *(h)aja; Turk. *ăja-.
PTung. *aja, *aju- 1 good 2 handsome, beautiful 3 to save, help (1
хороший 2 красивый 3 спасать, помогать): Evk. aja 1, aj(ū)- 3; Evn. aj
1, aj(ị)- 3; Neg. aja 1; Man. aj-luŋGa 2, aj-sila- 3; Jurch. aju-bulu (419) 3;
Ul. aja 1; Ork. aja 1, ajụ- 3; Nan. ai, ajā 1; Orch. aja 1, ai-či- 3; Ud. aja 1,
ai-sigi- 3; Sol. ai, aja 1.
◊ ТМС 1, 18-20. Man. > Dag. ajšilā- ‘help’ (Тод. Даг. 119).
PMong. *(h)aja favourable circumstances (благоприятные обстоя-
тельства): WMong. aja (L 22), aji; Kh. aja; Bur. aj-dar, aja; Kalm. ajə; Ord.
aja.
◊ KW 4.
PTurk. *ăja- 1 to esteem 2 to pity, look after 3 very (1 почитать 2 бе-
речь, жалеть 3 очень, сильно): OTurk. aja- 1, ajɨ 3 (OUygh.); Karakh.
aja- (MK) 1, 2, ajɨ 3 (KB); Tur. aj- 2, aja- dial. 1; Az. ajin ‘cult, ceremony’;
Turkm. aja- 2; MTurk. aja- 1 (Ettuhf.); Uzb. aja- 2; Uygh. aji- 2; Krm. aja-
2; Tat. aja- 2; Bashk. aja- 2; Kirgh. aja- 2; Kaz. aja- 2; KBalk. aja- 2; KKalp.
aja- 2; Kum. aja- 2; Nogh. aja- 2; Khak. aja- 2, aj 3; Shr. aja- 2 (in ajabān
‘remorseless’); Tv. aj ‘well’; Chuv. oja- ‘to care’.
ala [DEMON] N (65x) Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, Uncertain wr. a-la₂; a-la "a demon"
[1] 𒀀𒇲 a-la₂
[2] 𒀀𒆷 a-la also SM: alad (spirit)
­āli to deceive, trick: Tung. *ali-, *alak-; Mong. *aliɣa; Turk. *Āl
PTung. *ali-, *alak- 1 to be angry 2 to endure 3 to regret 4 to envy (1
сердиться 2 терпеть 3 сожалеть, каяться 4 завидовать): Evk. ali- 1;
Evn. alêl- 1; Neg. alị- 1, alaxị- 4; Man. aĺa- 3; Ul. alị- 2; Nan. alị- 2, alaqị 4;
Orch. ali- 2; Sol. aĺ-, alī- 1.
◊ ТМС 1, 29, 32.
PMong. *aliɣa 1 frolic, tricksy 2 to deceive (1 игривый, шаловли-
вый 2 обманывать): MMong. alija (SH, Козин) 1; WMong. alija 1 (L 32),
alašira- 2 (Ko 74); Kh. alia 1; Bur. aĺā 1; Kalm. aĺā, äĺǟn 1; Ord. aĺā; Dag. əlē
1.
◊ KW 6, 22. Cf. also albin ‘devil, evil spirit’ ( > Yak., Dolg. albɨn ‘deception, liar’ (Kał.
MEJ 56, Stachowski 31).
PTurk. *Āl 1 device, trick, deceit 2 to deceive (1 обман, хитрость 2
обманывать): OTurk. al 1 (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.), al-ta- 2 (OUygh.);
Karakh. āl 1 (MK, KB), alda- (MK); Tur. al 1, aldat- 2; Az. al 1 (dial.),
al-da-n- ‘to be deceived, to err’; Turkm. āl 1, ālda- 2; MTurk. al 1, alda- 2;
Uzb. alda- 2; Uygh. aldi- 2; Tat. alda- 2; Bashk. alda- 2; Kirgh. alda- 2; Kaz.
alda- 2; KBalk. alda- 2; KKalp. alda- 2; Kum. al 1, alda- 2; Nogh. alda- 2;
Khak. alda- 2; Shr. alda- 2.
◊ EDT 120-121, TMN 2, 93, ЭСТЯ 1, 126-127. A discussion of albastɨ ( = Mong. albin) DEMON
ala [SILT] N (12x) Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian wr. a-la₂; a₂-la₂; a-lal₂; e-la₂ "silt"
[1] 𒀀𒇲 a-la₂
[2] 𒀉𒇲 a₂-la₂
[3] 𒀀𒇳 a-lal₂
[4] 𒂊𒇲 e-la₂
PTurk. *bạl- mud, clay (грязь, глина): Karakh. balčɨq (MK,IM),
bal(ɨ)q (MK); Tur. balčɨk; Az. palčɨG; Turkm. palčɨq; Sal. palčɨx (ССЯ 435 и
др.); Khal. palčoq ( < Az.); MTurk. balčɨq (Pav. C.), palčɨq (Sangl.); Uzb.
balčiq; Uygh. balčuq; Krm. balčɨq; Tat. balčɨq; Bashk. balsɨq; Kaz. balšɨq,
balqaš; Kum. balčɨq; Nogh. balšɨq; Khak. palčax (Sag.); Oyr. bal-qaš; Tv.
balɣaš, malɣaš; Tof. ba’lxaš; Chuv. pɨlǯъk; Yak. bɨlk ‘sand, silt, brought by
water’ (Пек.).
aka [FLEECE] N (20x) Old Akkadian, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, unknown wr. aka₃; akaₓ(SAG); sikiaka₃; a-kaaka₃; aaka₃ "fleece"
[1] 𒋃 aka₃
[2] 𒊕 akaₓ(SAG)
[3] 𒋠𒋃 siki aka₃
[4] 𒀀𒅗𒋃 a-kaaka₃
[5] 𒀀𒋃 a aka₃
◊ ТМС 1, 67. Cf. also Dolg. ( < Evk.?) baka ‘scraper to separate flesh from skin’, bakalā-‘to separate flesh from skin’ (Stachowski 51)
ala [EXUBERANCE] N (19x) Old Babylonian wr. a-la; a-le "exuberance"
[1] 𒀀𒆷 a-la
[2] 𒀀𒇷 a-le
TR: alay etmek (to joke with someone) eğlen- (to have fun, or joy) düğün alayı (wedding convoy in exuberance) halay (joyful circle dance).
ari [DISEASE] N (4x) Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian, Hellenistic wr. ari₂; a-ri; a-riri₆; a-ri₆; uru₄ "a disease"
[1] 𒅂 ari₂
[2] 𒀀𒊑 a-ri
[3] 𒀀𒊑𒁺 a-riri₆
[4] 𒀀𒁺 a-ri₆
[5] 𒀳 uru₄
PTurk. *KEŕi- fever, contagious disease (лихорадка, заразная бо-
лезнь): OTurk. kezik (OUygh.); Karakh. kezig (KB, MK); Tur. gezik ‘a
rodent ulcer’ (EDT), kezek ‘gangrene’; MTurk. kezek ‘a rodent ulcer’
(Abush.), Kypch. keziv ‘pestilence’ (CCum.); Uygh. kezik ‘typhus’;
Bashk. kiδew ‘pestilence’; Kirgh. kezik ‘long uncurable disease’; Kaz.
kezik ‘fever’; KKalp. gezik ‘a cold in the head’; Khak. kizəm; Oyr. kezim,
kezü.
(p. 557) TR *ağrı: ache
a ri [IMPREGNATE] V/t (21x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic wr. a RI; a ru; a ra; a ri-ri "to impregnate"
(a[water//water]N'N + ri[impose//to lay down, cast, place]V/t'V/t)
[1] 𒀀𒊑 a RI
[2] 𒀀𒊒 a ru
[3] 𒀀𒊏 a ra
[4] 𒀀𒊑𒊑 a ri-ri
Sal. aɣɨr (< bojɨ agɨr) ‘pregnant’ (p. 365)
41 instances
aŋal [STRONG] AJ (41x) Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, unknown wr. a₂-ŋal₂; a-am-ga "strong; strength"
[1] 𒀉𒅅 a₂-ŋal₂
[2] 𒀀𒄠𒂵 a-am-ga
PTung. *maŋga strong, hard (сильный, крепкий, твердый): Evk.
maŋa; Evn. maŋ; Neg. maŋga; Man. maŋGa, meŋge; Jurch. maŋ-ga (702);
Ul. maŋGa; Ork. maŋGa; Nan. maŋGa; Orch. maŋga, maŋasi; Ud. maŋga,
maŋahi; Sol. mand, mandī ‘very, heavily
(p. 903)
abum [FUNERARY MOUND] N (42x) Ur III, Old Babylonian wr. a-bu-um "mound for funerary use; a festival"
[1] 𒀀𒁍𒌝 a-bu-um
PTurk. *jẹbe- 1 cemetery, grave 2 soul of the deceased 3 ghost 4 fu-
neral (1 кладбище, могила 2 душа умершего 3 дух, привидение 4
похороны): SUygh. ever 2; Khak. nebeg 1, ibərəg 4; Tv. čeveg 1; Chuv.
śъₙva 1; Yak. sibien 3. (p. 1029)
PTurk. *Kāp- 1 to swell, form blisters 2 thick, swollen 3 hill, mound
(1 распухать, нарывать 2 толстый, распухший 3 холм, возвышение):
Karakh. qapar- 1, qapa (MK) 3; Tur. kabar- 1, kaba 2; Az. Gabar- 1, Gaba 2;
Turkm. Gābar- 1, Gāba 2; MTurk. (OKypch.) qabar- (AH) 1, qaba (Houts.,
AH) 2; Uygh. qapa(r)- 1, dial. qova 2; Tat. qabar- 1, qaba 2; Bashk. qabar- 1,
qabaq 3; Kirgh. qabar- 1, qabaq 3; Kaz. qabar- 1, qaba 2; KKalp. qabar- 1,
qapa 2; Kum. qabar- 1, qaba 2; Nogh. qabar- 1; Tv. xavar-, xapɨj- 1; Chuv.
xъₙba-lan- 1; Yak. xaba-lan- 1. (p. 556)
77 instances
aʾan [SPADIX] N (77x) Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian wr. a₂-an; ŋešan-na; an; ŋešan; ŋeša₂-an; ŋeša₂; gia₂-an "date spadix; string, cluster (of dates); a basket"
[1] 𒀉𒀭 a₂-an
[2] 𒄑𒀭𒈾 ŋešan-na
[3] 𒀭 an
[4] 𒄑𒀭 ŋeš an
[5] 𒄑𒀉𒀭 ŋeša₂-an
[6] 𒄑𒀉 ŋeš a₂
[7] 𒄀𒀉𒀭 gia₂-an
PTung. *aŋ(g)a net (for catching fish under ice) (сеть (для подлед-
ного лова рыбы)): Neg. aŋa; Ul. aŋGa; Ork. aŋGa; Nan. aŋga; Orch. aŋga.
◊ ТМС 1, 45.
PMong. *aɣoga leading string in net (ведущая веревка в сети):
MMong. a’oga (SH).
PTurk. *āg net (сеть): Karakh. aɣ (KB, IM); Tur. aɣ; aɣ, av (Osmanli);
Az. aɣ; Turkm. āq (dial.); MTurk. aɣ (Sangl.); Uzb. āɣ (dial.); Krm. av, uv;
Tat. aw; Bashk. aw; Kirgh. ū; Kaz. aw; KBalk. aw; KKalp. aw; Kum. aw;
Nogh. aw; Khak. aɣ (Sag.); Shr. aɣ; Oyr. aɣ (dial.). (p. 275)
ab [SEA] N (188x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian wr. ab; a-ab "sea"
[1] 𒀊 ab
[2] 𒀀𒀊 a-ab
­Tung. *āmu-; Mong. *ama
PTung. *āmu- 1 lake 2 river (1 озеро 2 река): Evk. āmut 1; Evn.
amar, āmār 2; Neg. amụt 1; Man. omo 1; SMan. omə 1 (2082); Jurch. omo
(45) 1; Nan. amoã 1; Orch. amu 1; Ud. amuli ‘name of a river’ (Корм.
207); Sol. amụǯi 1, amur 2.
agam [POND] N (76x) Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic wr. a-ga-am; a-ga-am₃; a-ga-mu-um; agam; a-gam "an artificial pond for disposing of flood waters"
[1] 𒀀𒂵𒄠 a-ga-am
[2] 𒀀𒂵𒀀𒀭 a-ga-am₃
[3] 𒀀𒂵𒈬𒌝 a-ga-mu-um
[4] 𒀂 agam
[5] 𒀀𒃵 a-gam
PTurk. *čāj 1 small river 2 sand, pebbles 3 flood, freshet 4 shallow (1
речка 2 песок, галька 3 половодье, наводнение 4 мелководный): Tur.
čaj 1; Az. čaj 1; Turkm. čāj 1, čǟge 2; MTurk. čaj 1, čeke Chuv. sujъr čulə (Anatri) ‘pebble, rub- ble’; Yak. ajān ‘старица’.
abur [STRAP] N (38x) Early Dynastic IIIb wr. ab₂-ur₂ "lower strap"
[1] 𒀖𒌫 ab₂-ur₂
TR: kemer
PTung. *kamur- together, gather (вместе, собирать): Ul. qamụr;
Ork. qamụr; Nan. qamor.
PTung. *emu-l 1 quiver ornated with horse’s hair 2 hoop of sha-
man’s drum 3 belt 4 horse or deer pack 5 pack strap (1 колчан, расши-
тый конским волосом 2 обруч шаманского бубна 3 пояс 4 вьючная
сумка (часть ниже завязок) 5 вдержка на сумке-торсуке): Evk. ōmu 1,
umul 3, ōmi 5, emin 4, emi-lge 4; Neg. ūm 2; Ul. omali 3; Ork. ụmụl 3; Nan.
omol 3; Orch. umu 3, omoɣo 3; Ud. umu 3; Sol. omul 3.
◊ ТМС 2, 18, 266, 269.
PMong. *emeɣel saddle (седло): MMong. eme’el (SH), ämäl (IM),
iml (MA), imēl (LH), jemējil (Lig.VMI); WMong. emegel (L 312); Kh.
emēl; Bur. emēl; Kalm. eml; Ord. emēl; Mog. emōl, jamāl; ZM jämäl
(22-8a); Dag. emēl (Тод. Даг. 139), emele (MD 143);
125 instances
abgal [SAGE] N (125x) Early Dynastic I-II, Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Ebla, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic wr. abgal; abgal₂; ab₂-gal; abgalₓ(NUN.ME.KA×ME); abgalab-gal; lu₂abgal "sage; priest; a profession"
[1] 𒉣𒈨 abgal
[2] 𒉣𒈨𒅤 abgal₂
[3] 𒀖𒃲 ab₂-gal
[4] 𒉣𒈨𒅴𒉣𒈨𒅴 abgalₓ(NUN.ME.KA×ME)
[5] 𒉣𒈨𒀊𒃲 abgalab-gal
[6] 𒇽𒉣𒈨 lu₂ abgal
TR: *abdal
[1] 𒀀𒁄 a-bala
[2] 𒇽𒀀𒁄 lu₂a-bala
[3] 𒂁𒀀𒁄 duga-bala
[4] 𒇽𒀀𒀊𒇲 lu₂a-ab-la₂
[5] 𒇽𒀊𒇲 lu₂ab-la₂
abala [WATER DRAWER] N (125x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash
PTung. *(x)ōb- 1 to get covered by foam 2 foam (on water) 3 to
wash, wash off (1 покрываться пеной 2 пена (на воде) 3 мыть, смы-
вать): Evk. ōvda- 1; Man. obo- 3, oboŋgi 2; SMan. ovə-, ovu- (1691) 3.
◊ ТМС 2, 4.
PMong. *ibil- to flow (of milk from the udder at the time of suck-
ing) (течь (о молоке из вымени при сосании)): WMong. ibil-, ibel- (L
397), ibile-; ibel- ‘couler sans discontinuer (mince filet d’eau)’; Kh. ivle-;
Bur. ebel- ‘давать молоко, доиться ( о корове посл
apin [PLOW] N (1190x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur I
absin [FURROW] N (700x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Hellenistic wr. absin₃; ab-sin₂; ab-su₁₃-na; ababsin₃; ab-si; ab-si-im; ab-sisin₂; absin; ababsin₃sin₂ "furrow"
[1] 𒀳 absin₃
[2] 𒀊𒉆 ab-sin₂
[3] 𒀊𒁍𒈾 ab-su₁₃-na
[4] 𒀊𒀳 ab absin₃
[5] 𒀊𒋛 ab-si mi
[6] 𒀊𒋛𒅎 ab-si-im
[7] 𒀊𒋛𒉆 ab-sisin₂
[8] 𒆠𒀸𒀸 absin
[9] 𒀊𒀳𒉆 ab absin₃ sin₂
PTurk. *Apɨl hoe (мотыга): Kirgh. abɨl-qasɨm ‘one of the pegs in a
plough’; Shr. abɨl; Oyr. abɨl,
Kum. hɨzan 2; Nogh. ɨz 1, ɨzan 2; SUygh. is 1; Khak. ĭs 1; Oyr. is 1; Tv.
is 1; Chuv. jər 1, jъran
abri [MATERIAL] N (1x) Lagash II wr. ab₂-ri "a raw material"
[1] 𒀖𒊑 ab₂-ri
PT *Kạbɨ-ŕ ‘husk, shell’ (p. 204)
ablil [~MILLSTONE] (N)
material for millstones
𒀊𒆤 ab-lil₂
PTurk. *ob- to crush, mince, grind (давить, крошить, молоть, из-
мельчать): Karakh. uv- (ov-) (MK, KB); Tur. ov-, oɣ-; Gag. ū-; Az. ov-;
Turkm. ov-; Khal. huv- ‘rub’; Uygh. uva-; Krm. uw-; Tat. u(w)-; Bashk.
ɨw-; KBalk. uw-; Kum. uw-; SUygh. uɣ-; Khak. uɣ-; Tv. ū-; Chuv. ъₙv-
‘grind’; Yak. ub-ax.
TR: *yel (wind, air) ~ SM. *lil
ablal [NEST] (N)
nest; nook; cranny, opening
Orthography
𒀊𒋭
ab-lal₃
𒀊𒇲
ab-lal
𒆼
ablal
𒀊𒆷𒀠
ab-la-al
PTurk. *bāla, *bāl-dɨŕ, *bāla-pan 1 young animal, nestling
abba [WITNESS] N (8x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Ur III, Neo-Assyrian wr. ab-ba; abba₂ "witness"
[1] 𒀊𒁀 ab-ba
[2] 𒀋 abba₂
PTurk. *(j)ēp- 1 be on one’s way 2 send (1 быть в пути 2 посылать):
Turkm. īber- 2; Uzb. ibɛr-, jubɔr- 2; Uygh. ebɛr- 2; Krm. jeber-; Tat. žibɛr-
2; Bashk. jebɛr- 2; Kirgh. ǯiber- 2; Kaz. žiber- 2; KKalp. žiber-; Nogh. jiber-
2; Chuv. jabal
abrig [FUNCTIONARY] N (21x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Ur III, Old Babylonian wr. abrig₂(AB₂.NUN.ME.DU); abrig; ab₂-rig₅; ab₂-ri₂-ig; abrig₂(NUN.ME.AB₂.DU); ab₂-ri-ig "a cultic functionary"
[1] 𒀖𒉣𒈨𒁺𒀖𒉣𒈨𒁺 abrig₂(AB₂.NUN.ME.DU)
[2] 𒉣𒈨𒁺 abrig
[3] 𒀖𒊑 ab₂-rig₅
[4] 𒀖𒌷𒅅 ab₂-ri₂-ig
[5] 𒉣𒈨𒀖𒁺𒉣𒈨𒀖𒁺 abrig₂(NUN.ME.AB₂.DU)
[6] 𒀖𒊑𒅅 ab₂-ri-ig
PA *api ‘to enjoy, rest’ (PTM *ā(b)- ‘to sleep’): PT *(i)abɨ-n- ‘to enjoy one-
self’, PTM *ābun- ‘to entertain’
PTurk. *ăm- 1 gentle, quiet 2 to love, desire, rejoice 3 politeness 4
beloved 5 to be quiet (1 тихий, спокойный 2 любить, радоваться 3
вежливость 4 милый, любимый 5 быть спокойным): OTurk. amul,
amɨl 1, amraq 4, amɨr-, amran- 2, amrɨl- 5 (OUygh.); Karakh. amul 1, amraq
4, amɨrt- ‘to calm’, amrɨl- 5 (MK, KB); Tur. ɨmɨl, umul 1 (dial.); Khal. havul
‘good’ (?); MTurk. ɨmraɣ 4; Uygh. amraq 4; Kirgh. amɨz ‘honour’; KBalk.
amɨr ‘desire’; Kum. amraq ‘disposition, aptitude’; SUygh. amɨr 1, amɨra-
5; Khak. amɨr 1, amɨra- 5; Oyr. amɨr 1, amɨra- 5; Tv. amɨr 1, amɨra- 2,
amɨraq 3; Chuv. ъₙmъₙr ‘quiet and grey (weather)’; Yak. amarax, amɨrax
‘compassionate’; Dolg. amarak ‘compassionate’
abtir [GORE] N (23x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian wr. ab₂-tir; ab₂-sul; ab-tir; u₂ab₂-tir; ab-te-ri; ab₂-tir-tir; uzuab-sul; u₂ab-tir; u₂ab₂-tar "gore; a kind of grass"
[1] 𒀖𒌁 ab₂-tir
[2] 𒀖𒂄 ab₂-sul
[3] 𒀊𒌁 ab-tir
[4] 𒌑𒀖𒌁 u₂ab₂-tir
[5] 𒀊𒋼𒊑 ab-te-ri
[6] 𒀖𒌁𒌁 ab₂-tir-tir
[7] 𒍜𒀊𒂄 uzuab-sul
[8] 𒌑𒀊𒌁 u₂ab-tir
[9] 𒌑𒀖𒋻 u₂ab₂-tar
PTung. *pāt(i)- 1 to strike, hit 2 clapper, beetle 3 to hew off (1 бить,
abrum [STORAGE] (N)
a storage facility
𒀖𒊒𒌝
ab₂-ru-um
𒀊𒆕
ab-ru₂
PMong. *gömür- storage, depository, buttery (хранилище, склад,
кладовая): MMong. gumerge (HY 20); WMong. gömürge (БАМРС); Kh.
gömrög
abara [ADOPTEE] N (0x) wr. a-bar; a-bar-ra "adoptee"
[1] 𒀀𒁇 a-bar
[2] 𒀀𒁇𒊏 a-bar-ra
PTurk. *jub-ga/*jab-gu bastard, adopted son (внебрачный, приемный
сын): Karakh. juvɣa
Turkic has a vowel metathesis:
*jub-ga < *jab-gu.
anbar [MID-DAY] N (60x) Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian wr. an-bar₇; an-ba-ra; ab-ra-a; an-bar "mid-day"
[1] 𒀭𒉈 an-bar₇
[2] 𒀭𒁀𒊏 an-ba-ra
[3] 𒀊𒊏𒀀 ab-ra-a
[4] 𒀭𒁇 an-bar
+ --ra=r.a (6x/10%).
­nāǯV summer, midday: Mong. *naǯir; Turk. *jāj; Kor. *náč.
PMong. *naǯir summer (лето): WMong. naǯir (БАМРС); Kh. naǯir
(БАМРС); Bur. nažar;
aše [NOW] N (37x) Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Hellenistic wr. a₂-še; a₂-še₃; a₂-eš; a-ša₄; e-bi-še₃; a-še₃ "now"
[1] 𒀉𒊺 a₂-še
[2] 𒀉𒂠 a₂-še₃
[3] 𒀉𒌍 a₂-eš
[4] 𒀀𒁺 a-ša₄
[5] 𒂊𒁉𒂠 e-bi-še₃
[6] 𒀀𒂠 a-še
PMong. *(h)am- 1 sudden, quick 2 to be on time (1 внезапный, бы-
стрый 2 быть вовремя): WMong. ama-ɣai 1, am-ǯi- 2 (L 41); Kh. amǯi- 2;
Bur. amža- 2, amžalta 3; Kalm. amɣǟ 1,; Ord. amǯi
PTurk. *(i)am- 1 now 2 recent (1 сейчас 2 недавний): OTurk. am-tɨ 1
(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. am-dɨ 1 (MK, KB); SUygh. am-ɣo, am-dö-ko 2
(ЯЖУ 15); Khak. am 1, am-dɨ-ɣɨ, am-ɣɨ 2; Shr. am, amdɨ 1, amdɨɣɨ 2, am-oq
‘at once’; Tv. am 1, amɣɨ 2, amd (< amdɨɣɨ) ‘the same’; Tof. am, amdɨ ,
amɣ 2; Yak. anɨ ( < *am-dɨ) 1; Dolg. anɨ
ada [CONTEST?] N (18x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Old Babylonian wr. a-da "contest, fight?; riddle?"
[1] 𒀀𒁕 a-da
TR: *atak (attack, fight)
PTurk. *Ada 1 danger 2 to endanger (1 опасность 2 подвергать
опасности): OTurk. ada (tuda) 1, adart- 2 (Orkh., OUygh.); Shr. aza
‘name of an evil spirit’ (Верб.); Tv. adam ‘dashing, extraordinary’; Yak.
ataɣastā- ‘to insult’.
atua [LUSTRATION] N (240x) Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, unknown wr. a-tu₅-a; a-tu₅; tu₅-a; tu₅ "lustration rite"
[1] 𒀀𒋗𒉀𒀀 a-tu₅-a
[2] 𒀀𒋗𒉀 a-tu₅
[3] 𒋗𒉀𒀀 tu₅-a
[4] 𒋗𒉀 tu₅
PMong. *id- female shaman (шаманка): MMong. jituxan (HY 31),
jətxan ‘волхв’ (IM), utugun / hotkun (LH); WMong. iduɣan, uduɣan (L
861); Kh. udug; Bur. udagan; Kalm. udəɣən (КРС); Ord. udaGan ‘ac-
coucheusse, accoucheur’; Dag. jadagan (Тод. Даг. 146), jadegen ‘shaman
(in direct contact with spirits)’ (MD 168).
PTurk. *ɨduk sacred (священный): OTurk. ɨduq (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. ɨδuq (MK); Kirgh. ɨjɨq; KBalk. ɨjɨq; Khak. ɨzɨx; Oyr. ɨjɨq, ijik; Tv.
ɨdɨq; Chuv. jərəx; Yak. ɨtɨq.
asag [DEMON] N (105x) Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, Uncertain, unknown wr. a₂-sag₃; a-sag₃-ga; a-sa; a₂-si-ga; a-sag₉-ga-a; a₂-sag₉ "a demon; a disease"
[1] 𒀉𒉺 a₂-sag₃
[2] 𒀀𒉺𒂵 a-sag₃-ga
[3] 𒀀𒊓 a-sa
[4] 𒀉𒋛𒂵 a₂-si-ga
[5] 𒀀𒊷𒂵𒀀 a-sag₉-ga-a
[6] 𒀉𒊷 a₂-sag₉
PTurk. *agsa- 1 to hobble, limp 2 lame 3.disable 4. to be hindered or delayed (1 хромать 2 хромой):
Karakh. axsa- (MK) 1, aqsaq, aɣsaɣ (MK) 2; Tur. aksa- 1; Az. axsa- 1;
Turkm. aGsa- 1; Uzb. ɔqsa- 1; Tat. aqsa- 1; Bashk. aqha- 1; Kirgh. aqsa- 1;
Kaz. aqsa- 1; KBalk. axsa-, asxa- 1; KKalp. aqsa- 1; Kum. aqsa- 1; Nogh.
aqsa- 1; SUygh. axsa- 1; Khak. axsa- 1; Tv. asqa- 1; Yak. axsɨm 2.
anta [UPPER] AJ (116x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, Uncertain wr. an-ta; im-ta; ŋešan-ta; ŋešan-tag "upper; upper side, upper part; language above, source language"
See anta gi[approach]V/t ~ gianta ~ TR yanaş PTurk. *jaĺ- to close, hide (закрывать(ся), прятать(ся)): OTurk. jaš-
(OUygh.); Karakh. jaš- (MK); Az. jaš- (dial.); Turkm. jaš-; MTurk. jaš-
(AH); SUygh. jas-; Yak. sas-.
◊ VEWT 192, ЭСТЯ 4, 160-161. Very widely spread are also the derivatives *jaĺɨn-,
*jaĺɨr-, see ibid.
PJpn. *dàsìr shrine, enclosure for worship of deities (храм): OJpn.
jasiro; MJpn. jàsìrò; Tok. yáshiro; Kyo. yáshìrò; Kag. yashiró
[1] 𒀭𒋫 an-ta
[2] 𒅎𒋫 im-ta
[3] 𒄑𒀭𒋫 ŋešan-ta
[4] 𒄑𒀭𒋳 ŋešan-tag
PTurk. *Ānt oath (клятва): OTurk. ant (OUygh.); Karakh. and (MK);
Tur. ant (andɨ); Az. and; Turkm. ant; Khal. a:nd; MTurk. ant; Uzb. ɔnt;
Uygh. ant; Krm. ant; Tat. ant; Bashk. ant; Kirgh. ant; Kaz. ant; KBalk. ant;
KKalp. ant; Kum. ant; Nogh. ant; Oyr. ant-ɨq- ‘to take an oath’.
­ṓni high: Mong. *öndü-; Turk. *ȫn-; Jpn. *untu; Kor. *un-tu.
PMong. *öndü- 1 high 2 to rise (1 высокий 2 подниматься):
MMong. undur (HY 52, SH) undus ‘to stay vertically’ (HY 53), undur
(MA); WMong. öndür 1 (L 637), öndeji- 2 (L 636: öndüji-, öndeji-); Kh.
öndör 1, öndij- 2; Bur. ünder 1, ündɨ- 2; Kalm. öndr 1, öndē- 2; Ord. ündür
1, öndī-; Dag. xundur 1 (Тод. Даг. 179), undī- 2 (Тод. Даг. 171), hundere 1
(MD 166); Dong. undu 1; Bao. onder, under 1; S.-Yugh. uŋdur, oŋdur 1,
oŋdö- 2; Mongr. ndur, undur (SM 264, 472) 1.
◊ KW 296, MGCD 545, TMN 1, 178-179. Initial x- in Dagur is quite enigmatic. Cf. also
önör ‘numerous, populous’ (Poppe 69; L 639: önür). Also ondui-, onduɣar (KW 286, L 613);
öŋgei-, öŋgüi- ‘to overhang, jut or project over’ (L 637) ( > Man. eŋgele- id., see Rozycki
70?). Mong. > Man. enduri ‘God’ etc., see Doerfer MT 81.
PTurk. *ȫn- to grow, rise (расти, подниматься): OTurk. ön- (ün-)
(OUygh.); Karakh. ön- (ün-) (MK); Turkm. ȫn-; Khal. hin-; MTurk. ön-
(Pav. C.); Uzb. un-; Uygh. ün-; Kirgh. ön-; Kaz. ön-; KKalp. ön-; SUygh.
ün-; Tv. ün-; Chuv. əₙn-; Yak. ǖn-; Dolg. ǖn-.
◊ EDT 169, VEWT 372, ЭСТЯ 1, 530-532, Мудрак Дисс. 77, 137, Егоров 40-41, Clark
1977, 161, Stachowski 255.
PJpn. *untu high and respected, precious (высокий, уважаемый,
драгоценный): OJpn. udu.
◊ JLTT 566.
PKor. *un-tu height (of the side of shoes or bowls) (высота): Mod.
undu.
◊ KEDu
ašte [CHAIR] N (36x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian wr. aš-te; ŋešiš-de₃; ŋešaš-te; ŋešašte₂; aš-ti; al-te; iš-de₃; ŋešal-te; eš-de; muaš-te "chair, throne; seat, dwelling; shrine, chapel; a unit of area"
[1] 𒀸𒋼 aš-te
[2] 𒄑𒅖𒉈 ŋešiš-de₃
[3] 𒄑𒀸𒋼 ŋešaš-te
[4] 𒄑𒆹 ŋeš ašte₂
[5] 𒀸𒋾 aš-ti
[6] 𒀠𒋼 al-te
[7] 𒅖𒉈 iš-de₃
[8] 𒄑𒀠𒋼 ŋešal-te
[9] 𒌍𒁲 eš-de
[10] 𒈬𒀸𒋼 muaš-te
PTurk. *jaĺ- to close, hide (закрывать(ся), прятать(ся)): OTurk. jaš-
(OUygh.); Karakh. jaš- (MK); Az. jaš- (dial.); Turkm. jaš-; MTurk. jaš-
(AH); SUygh. jas-; Yak. sas-.
◊ VEWT 192, ЭСТЯ 4, 160-161. Very widely spread are also the derivatives *jaĺɨn-,
*jaĺɨr-, see ibid.
PJpn. *dàsìr shrine, enclosure for worship of deities (храм): OJpn.
jasiro; MJpn. jàsìrò; Tok. yáshiro; Kyo. yáshìrò; Kag. yashiró
ara [GRIND] V/t (382x) Early Dynastic I-II, Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Persian wr. ar₃-ra; ara₃; ara₃-ara₃; ara₃a-ra-ara₃; ar₃-ar₃-ar₃-ar₃ "to grind"
[1] 𒄯𒊏 ar₃-ra
[2] 𒄯 ara₃
[3] 𒄯𒄯 ara₃-ara₃
[4] 𒄯𒀀𒊏𒄯 ara₃a-ra-ara₃
[5] 𒄯𒄯𒄯𒄯 ar₃-ar₃-ar₃-ar
­k῾aŕa ( ~ -u, -i) to scrape, grind, bite: Tung. *xar-kü-; Mong. *karu-; Turk.
*Kaŕ-; Kor. *kār-.
TR: *ez (to grind) *darı (grain)
adda [CORPSE] N (1351x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Ebla, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Persian, unknown wr. adda; adda₂; ad₇(LU₂s); adda(LU₂.BAD); addaₓ(LU₂s×BAD); addaₓ(BAD.LU₂); a-ta; addaₓ(LAGAB×U); adₓ(LU₂s×TIL); addaₓ(GUD×BAD); addaₓ(LU₂.GAM); addaₓ(LU₂×BAD.BAD); ad₃-ad₃; at-ti; addaₓ(LU₂×GAM); ad₆(LU₂.LAGAB×U); uzuadda(LU₂.BAD) "corpse; wreck (of a boat)"
[1] 𒇿 adda
[2] 𒇼 adda₂
[3] 𒈕𒈕 ad₇(LU₂s)
[4] 𒇽𒁁𒇽𒁁 adda(LU₂.BAD)
[5] 𒎉𒎉𒈕 addaₓ(LU₂s×BAD)
[6] 𒁁𒇽𒁁𒇽 addaₓ(BAD.LU₂)
[7] 𒀀𒋫 a-ta
[8] 𒇥𒇥 addaₓ(LAGAB×U)
[9] 𒈕 adₓ(LU₂s×TIL)
[10] addaₓ(GUD×BAD)
[11] 𒇽𒃵𒇽𒃵 addaₓ(LU₂.GAM)
[12] 𒇿𒁁𒇿𒁁 addaₓ(LU₂×BAD.BAD)
[13] 𒇼𒇼 ad₃-ad₃
[14] 𒀜𒋾 at-ti
[15] addaₓ(LU₂×GAM)
[16] 𒇽𒇥𒇽𒇥 ad₆(LU₂.LAGAB×U)
[17] 𒍜𒇽𒁁𒇽𒁁 uzuadda(LU₂.BAD)
TR: *et (meat, flesh)
1190 instances
apin [PLOW] N (1190x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. apin; ŋešapin; a-pil; ŋeš  a-pi-inapin "(seed) plow"
[1] 𒀳 apin
[2] 𒄑𒀳 ŋeš apin
[3] 𒀀𒉈 a-pil
[4] 𒄑𒀀𒉿𒅔𒀳 ŋeš  a-pi-inapin
PTurk. *Apɨl hoe (мотыга): Kirgh. abɨl-qasɨm ‘one of the pegs in a
plough’; Shr. abɨl; Oyr. abɨl, dial. ōl (p. 601)
alan [IMAGE] N (686x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, Uncertain, unknown wr. alan; urudalan; alan-na; na₄alan; alanzabar; ŋešalan; alankug-babbar; alankug-sig₁₇; a-la; a-lam; alalan; dalan "image; form; statue, figurine; deified statue"
[1] 𒀩 alan
[2] 𒍏𒀩 urud alan
[3] 𒀩𒈾 alan-na
[4] 𒎎𒀩 na₄ alan
[5] 𒀩𒌓𒅗𒁇 alan zabar
[6] 𒄑𒀩 ŋeš alan
[7] 𒀩𒆬𒌓 alankug-babbar
[8] 𒀩𒆬𒄀 alankug-sig₁₇
[9] 𒀀𒆷 a-la
[10] 𒀀𒇴 a-lam
[11] 𒀠𒀩 al alan
[12] 𒀭𒀩 d alan
PTurk. *bAlbal a stone pillar erected on a grave (p. 1084)
aški [RUSHES] N (208x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, unknown wr. ZI&ZI; A.ZI&ZI; A.ZI&ZI.A; u₂  aaški; u₂ZI&ZI.A; u₂aški; u₂A.ZI&ZI; u₂ZI&ZI; A.ZI&ZI.EŠ₂; aaški; u₂aškiaš₂; a-ak-ša; aški; ŋeš  aaški; u₂ZI&ZI.EŠ₂.ŠE; ŋešaški "rushes"
[1] 𒍤 ZI&ZI
[2] 𒀀𒍤 A.ZI&ZI
[3] 𒀀𒍤𒀀 A.ZI&ZI.A
[4] 𒌑𒀀𒍤𒆸 u₂  aaški
[5] 𒌑𒍤𒀀 u₂ ZI&ZI.A
[6] 𒌑𒍤𒆸 u₂ aški
[7] 𒌑𒀀𒍤 u₂ A.ZI&ZI
[8] 𒌑𒍤 u₂ ZI&ZI
[9] 𒀀𒍤𒂠 A.ZI&ZI.EŠ₂
[10] 𒀀𒍤𒆸 a aški
[11] 𒌑𒍤𒆸𒀾 u₂ aški aš₂
[12] 𒀀𒀝𒊭 a-ak-ša
[13] 𒍤𒆸 aški
[14] 𒄑𒀀𒍤𒆸 ŋeš  aaški
[15] 𒌑𒍤𒂠𒊺 u₂ ZI&ZI.EŠ₂.ŠE
[16] 𒄑𒍤𒆸 ŋeš aški
­sík῾e ( ~ -k-) a detail of the house entrance: Tung. *siK-; Mong. *seg;
Turk. *sekü; Jpn. *síkímí.
PTung. *siK- 1 penthouse 2 a bar (under threshhold, into which the
door heel is inserted) (1 навес, терраса 2 брус (под порогом, в кото-
ром вращается дверная пятка)): Man. sixin 1, siaqu 2.
◊ ТМС 2, 80-81. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *seg tent (шатер): WMong. seg; Kh. seg (БАМРС); Kalm.
seg.
◊ KW 321.
PTurk. *sekü stone bench, pedestal (каменное или глинобитное
сиденье, лежанка, помост): Karakh. sekü (MK); Tur. seki; Az. säki;
Turkm. seki; Tat. säki; Bashk. hikĭ; Kirgh. seki; Chuv. sagъ; Yak. eɣe
‘knolls’.
asal [POPLAR] N (645x) Early Dynastic I-II, Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic wr. ŋešasal₂; ŋešasal₃; asal₂; ŋešasal; ŋešasal₂(A.TU); ŋešasal₂(A.TU.GABA); asal₃; asal₂(ASAL₂a); asal₂(A.TU); a₂-sal; ŋešasal₂(A.TU.A.TU.GABA.LIŠ); asal₂(A.TU.GABA); asalₓ(TU.GABA.LIŠ); ŋešasal₂(ASAL₂a); ŋešasal₂(A.TU.GABA.SIG.GAR); asal₂(A.TU.NUN&NUN.GABA.LIŠ); asal₂(A.TU.NUN&NUN.LIŠ) "poplar"
[1] 𒄑𒀀𒌅𒃮𒇺 ŋeš asal₂
[2] 𒄑𒀀𒌅𒉪 ŋeš asal₃
[3] 𒀀𒌅𒃮𒇺 asal₂
[4] 𒄑𒍂 ŋeš asal
[5] 𒄑𒀀𒌅𒀀𒌅 ŋešasal₂(A.TU)
[6] 𒄑𒀀𒌅𒃮𒀀𒌅𒃮 ŋešasal₂(A.TU.GABA)
[7] 𒀀𒌅𒉪 asal₃
[8] 𒀷𒀷 asal₂(ASAL₂a)
[9] 𒀀𒌅𒀀𒌅 asal₂(A.TU)
[10] 𒀉𒊩 a₂-sal
[11] 𒄑𒀀𒌅𒀀𒌅𒃮𒇺𒀀𒌅𒀀𒌅𒃮𒇺 ŋešasal₂(A.TU.A.TU.GABA.LIŠ)
[12] 𒀀𒌅𒃮𒀀𒌅𒃮 asal₂(A.TU.GABA)
[13] 𒌅𒃮𒇺𒌅𒃮𒇺 asalₓ(TU.GABA.LIŠ)
[14] 𒄑𒀷𒀷 ŋešasal₂(ASAL₂a)
[15] 𒄑𒀀𒌅𒃮𒋝𒃻𒀀𒌅𒃮𒋝𒃻 ŋešasal₂(A.TU.GABA.SIG.GAR)
[16] 𒀀𒌅𒉪𒃮𒇺𒀀𒌅𒉪𒃮𒇺 asal₂(A.TU.NU)
PTung. *mōsa 1 grinder, grinding stone 2 to grind 3 to thresh 4
thresher (1 жернов 2 молоть 3 молотить 4 молотилка): Man. mose-la-
2, mose-la-qu 1; Ul. moso-lo-qu 1; Nan. mōso (Bik., Он.) 1; mōso-la- 3, mōso-
laqo 4.
◊ ТМС 1, 547.
PMong. *mese sword, blade, axe (меч, лезвие, топор): MMong.
mese (SH); WMong. mese (L 537); Kh. mes; Bur. mese < Khalkha ?; Kalm.
mesə; Ord. mes
PTurk. *To(ŋ)gurak 1 poplar 2 willow (1 тополь 2 ива): OTurk.
toɣraq (OUygh. - YB) 1; Karakh. toɣraq (MK) 1; Tur. doranɨ 2 (dial.); Az.
daraŋɣɨ 1 (dial.); Turkm. toGaraq 1, toraŋŋɨ 2; MTurk. turaq
atah [HELPER] N (89x) Old Akkadian, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian wr. a₂-taḫ; aš-taḫ; a-taḫ "helper"
[1] 𒀉𒈭 a₂-taḫ
[2] 𒀸𒈭 aš-taḫ
[3] 𒀀𒈭 a-taḫ
­t῾ébo to help, assist, serve: Tung. *teb-; Mong. *tab; Jpn. *tá(m)pa-p-;
Kor. *tōb-.
PTung. *teb- 1 to graze (of deer) 2 to protect (1 пастись (об оленях)
2 охранять, защищать): Evk. tewej- 1; Ud. tegbese- 2.
◊ ТМС 2, 226.
PMong. *tab 1 pleasure 2 find pleasure in something 3 to love (1
удовольствие, удобство 2 получать удовольствие, удовлетворение 3
любить): MMong. tab 4, taji- 2, ta’ala-
157 instances
a de [IRRIGATE] V/t (157x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, unknown wr. a de₂; a de₂-de₂; e de; a₂ de₆ "to irrigate (by flooding)"
(a[water//water]N'N + de[pour//to pour]V/t'V/t)
[1] 𒀀X a de₂
[2] 𒀀XX a de₂-de₂
[3] 𒂊𒁲 e de
[4] 𒀉𒁺 a₂ de₆
­tùke to pour: Turk. *dök-; Jpn. *tùk-; Kor. *tahi-.
PTurk. *dök- to pour out (лить, сыпать): OTurk. tök- (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. tök- (MK, KB); Tur. dök-; Gag. dök-; Az. tök-; Turkm.
dök-; Sal. tü’- (ССЯ); Khal. tök-, tek-
agrig [STEWARD] N (507x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Ebla, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian wr. agrig "steward, housekeeper"
[1] 𒅆𒁾 agrig
­kara ( ~ -u) to look, observe: Tung. *kara-; Mong. *kara-; Turk. *Karak;
Kor. *kàrm-.
PTung. *kara- 1 to guard, protect 2 to watch (1 беречь, защищать 2
наблюдать): Evk. karama-, karma- 1, kara-m-na- ‘to envy’; Evn. qarɣụs- 1
(Arm.), qarqị- ‘to wait’; Man. qarma- 1 (perhaps also χarša-, ТМС 1, 380);
SMan. qarmə- (797) 1; Ul. qarGa-čụ- 2; Ork. qarGa- 2; Nan. qarGa-čị- 2;
◊ ТМС 1, 381-382. The Evk. form kar(a)ma- is cited from Lee 1958 (quoting Shiro-
kogoroff 1944 which was unavailable to us).
PMong. *kara- 1 to look 2 patrol, watch (1 смотреть 2 патруль, ка-
раул): MMong. qara- 1, qara’ul (SH) 2, qara- (MA, HYt) 1; WMong. qara-
1, qaraɣul 2 (L 932, 933); Kh. xara- 1, xarūl 2; Bur. xara- 1; Kalm. xarə- 1;
Ord. xara- 1; Mog. qara- 1 (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. xarāla- 1 (Тод. Даг.
174), xarōl 2; S.-Yugh. χarūl 2, χarəmul ‘sight’; Mongr. xarla- (SM 164),
xarə- 1; xarəmul ‘sight’.
◊ KW 169, MGCD 329, 331, 334. Mong. > Chag. etc. qara-, qarawul (see TMN 1, 401,
Щербак 1997, 208; a backloan from Turkic is probably ZM qarawol (8-6a) ‘vanguard’),
ЭСТЯ 5, 288-289, 290-291.
PTurk. *Karak 1 eye-ball 2 eye 3 a gentle address (“my dear”) (1
зрачок 2 глаз 3 ласковое обращение): OTurk. qaraq 1 (OUygh.);
Karakh. qaraq 2 (MK, KB); Tur. köz karasɨ 1, Osm. (XV) qaraq 2; Az. göz
Garasɨ 1; Turkm. Garaq 1; MTurk. qaraq (Pav. C., Бор. Бад., Sangl.) 1,
(Abush.) 2; Uzb. qɔrɛčiq 1; Uygh. qar(i)čuq 1; Kirgh. qaraq 3, dial. qareq 1,
ki aŋ [LOVE] (V/t)
ki aŋ [LOVE] V/t (392x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Hellenistic wr. ki aŋ₂; ki-ig aŋ₂; ki ig "to love"
(ki[place//place]N'N + aŋ[measure//to measure]V/t'V/t)
[1] 𒆠𒉘 ki aŋ₂
[2] 𒆠𒅅𒉘 ki-ig aŋ₂
[3] 𒆠𒅅 ki ig
­kaje ( ~ k῾-) to love, covet: Mong. *kaji-; Turk. *Kɨj-.
PMong. *kaji- 1 to seek, investigate 2 love, compassion (1 искать,
исследовать 2 любовь, сострадание): MMong. qairala-, qaijirala- ‘to
love, treat kindly’ (HYt), qajirala- ‘сострадать’ (MA); WMong. qaji- 1 (L
911), qajira 2 (L 913); Kh. xaj- 1, xajr 2; Bur. xaj- 1, xajra 2; Kalm. xǟrn 2;
Ord. xǟra, xǟram 2; Dag. xairan 2 (Тод. Даг. 172); S.-Yugh. χair 2; Mongr.
xran 2; xrla- ‘cher, chéri; aimer, gratifier’ (SM 167), xairGan 2.
◊ KW 180, MGCD 317. Mong. > Man. xaira- etc., see Rozycki 98.
PTurk. *Kɨj- 1 greedy, miserly 2 wise, clever 3 to offer, sacrifice 4 to
dare (1 жадный, скупой 2 мудрый, умный 3 жертвовать, приносить
в жертву, посвящать себя 4 сметь, решаться, покушаться): Tur. kɨj-
3; Gag. qɨj- 4; Az. Gɨj- 3, 4; MTurk. qɨj- 4 (AH); Krm. qɨj- 3; Tat. qɨj- 4;
Bashk. qɨj- 4; Kirgh. qɨj- 3, 4; Kaz. qɨj- 3; KKalp. qɨj- 3; Khak. xɨjɣa 2, xɨjtɨx
1; Oyr. qɨjɣa 1; Chuv. xъj- 4.
akiti [FESTIVAL] N (274x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, unknown wr. a₂-ki-ti; a₂-ki-it; a₂-ki-te; a₂-ki-tum "a festival at new year; month name"
[1] 𒀉𒆠𒋾 a₂-ki-ti
[2] 𒀉𒆠𒀉 a₂-ki-it
[3] 𒀉𒆠𒋼 a₂-ki-te
[4] 𒀉𒆠𒌈 a₂-ki-tum
PA *gia(j)t῾ì ‘to go, come’ (PT *gē(j)t- ‘to go’): PM *getü-l- / *gatu-l- ‘to
cross over’, PJ *kítá-r- ‘to come, arrive’
TR: ey gidi! (ah those times!) exclamation.
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I had a look at your discussion but would need more time to assess it. You may be interested by my book in which I also deal with the origin of ancient languages.
Best regards,
Xavier
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The Sumerian term 𒌦 (kalam), which means ''homeland" or "mainland," has possible linguistic ties to Proto-Altaic and Proto-Turkic concepts that evoke notions of proximity, family, and permanence. The Proto-Turkic term "kiāl" suggests the idea of "to stay behind and front," encompassing a sense of staying or remaining within a particular space, which is central to the concept of a homeland (Starostin et al., 2003: 71). Further, the Proto-Altaic word "kalu" implies being "near" or "to come near" (Starostin et al., 2003: 637), reinforcing the theme of closeness associated with the idea of a homeland. Additionally, another Proto-Altaic term "kala" is linked to "family" and "gathering" (Starostin et al., 2003: 634), which are inherently connected to the notion of a homeland as a central place where families and communities come together and reside.
The Sumerian verb 𒋾 (til3), meaning "to live," shows linguistic parallels to Proto-Turkic terms that carry similar life-affirming meanings. The Proto-Turkic word "dīri" particularly resonates with this concept, encompassing meanings such as "to live," "be alive," and "revive." This connection illustrates a shared linguistic and cultural valuation of life and vitality across these ancient language families. Additionally, in some Turkic dialects, the terms "tilin" and "tillij" are used specifically with the meaning "to revive" (Starostin et al., 2003: 1371-1372), suggesting a nuanced extension of the basic concept of living towards rejuvenation and renewal. These terms enrich the semantic field related to life and living, indicating that the concept was multifaceted and culturally significant, with specific lexical items developed to express different aspects of life and vitality.
In this expression, the sequence shows a complex sentence structure with a series of noun and verb phrases that cumulatively build a comprehensive thought. The sentence seems to be structured around a series of conditions or actions leading to an outcome. Proto Turkic Structure follows a similar complex pattern, using a series of descriptive terms that progressively build up to a conclusion. It uses a mixture of verbs and nouns to create a narrative flow.
✓ Both languages use a complex narrative structure that layers multiple concepts to build towards a culminating action or state (reviving the homeland).
✓ The use of temporal markers at the beginning sets the stage for a sequence of events or conditions.
✓ The construction in both languages reflects a deep narrative style, where each component adds semantic depth to the sentence.
16th Phrase:
𒀀𒊮𒆜𒅗𒄊𒅗𒉇𒉆𒁀𒂊𒌍𒀳𒊒𒍣𒁑
𒂵𒀀𒀭
❖ a-šag4 kaškal ka-ĝiri3-ka ba-e-ur11-ru zi
bulug-ga- am3(a.an)
❖ basıg kaç-kal kajirikan nam baejuru azun
puluggang (Proto Turkic Reconstruction)
❖düz yol kayırır iken azının bayır neyini
pulluklayan (Turkish Reconstruction)
❖ while a straight/cleared off road would favor
[one], one ploughs the life’s steepness up
❖ you should not plough a field at a road or a
path (Accredited Translation)
In Sumerian, the term 'a-šag4' translates to 'field.' This term is etymologically connected to the Proto Turkic word 'basɨg,' which also means 'field' or 'cornfield.' Furthermore, in the Zonguldak dialect of Turkish, the term 'bâsu-raχ' is used to describe a 'fenced garden' or 'yard,' showing the semantic evolution of this concept from ancient to modern times within Turkic languages.
The Sumerian term 'kaškal', combining 'kaš' (to run, walk) with 'kal' (a suffix indicating 'to remain'), means 'road'. This term corresponds to the Proto Altaic root 'aja' and the Proto Turkic 'kaj', which both reflect the concepts of movement such as 'to go', 'to run', 'to walk', or 'to pass'. The ending 'kal' in Turkish, derived from Proto Altaic 'kial', serves as an affirmative suffix, reinforcing the idea of 'remaining' or persisting in a state or action. This
layered meaning highlights a conceptual link between physical movement and permanence across these languages.
The Sumerian compound 'ka-ĝiri3', which combines 'ka' (meaning 'mouth') and 'ĝiri' (meaning 'path'), is interpreted as 'to favor'. This compound reflects a metaphorical usage, where speaking ('mouth') favorably influences the 'path' or direction of something or someone. This interpretation aligns with various related terms in Proto Altaic and Turkic languages (Starostin et al., 2003):
✓ The Proto Altaic root 'ak' and the Proto Turkic '(k)ag', both meaning 'mouth', correspond to the Sumerian 'ka'. In modern Turkish, 'ağız' continues to carry the meaning 'mouth'.
✓ The Old Turkic word 'qaj', meaning 'crossroad', and Proto Altaic 'giru', meaning 'road', along with Tungusian 'giri' (also 'road') and Turkish 'yürü' ('walk'), all relate to the Sumerian 'ĝiri' as aspects of paths or ways.
Thus, the semantics of 'ka-ĝiri3' are reflected in modern Turkish through the verb 'kayır-', which means 'to favor' or 'to let go of', illustrating how the concept of guiding or favoring someone
linguistically evolved from describing physical paths to metaphorical guidance.
In Sumerian, the tag for the cuneiform sign 𒅗 (KA) suggests an unknown meaning (besides well known meaning of ‘mouth’), possibly used as a time-indicating suffix. This function could correspond to the Turkish word ‘iken’, which is used to indicate temporal conditions such as 'when' or 'while'. The parallel suggests a potential linguistic link, where both the Sumerian suffix and the Turkish conjunction express aspects of time in a sentence.
The Sumerian phrase "nam ba-e-ur11-ru" resonates with the dialectal Turkish term "bayırı-nım," which denotes the 'steepness' of a place. According to Black et al. (1998), the component "ur11-ru" in Sumerian is associated with the verb 'to plough', linking it to the Turkish verb "-sür," which carries a similar meaning. In this specific Sumerian construction, the prefixes "ba-e" suggest an action of 'going up or down'. Consequently, the term "ba-e-ur11" can be interpreted as describing a 'steep' place or road, analogous to the Turkish word "bayır," which also refers to a slope or incline. This comparison highlights a nuanced linguistic correspondence between the Sumerian description
of physical terrain and its modern Turkish counterpart.
In Sumerian, the term "zi" denotes both the action "to live" and the noun "life." This corresponds to the Proto Altaic term "zela," which encompasses meanings such as "to be awake" and "to live." Further, there is a linguistic thread extending into Old Turkic with the word "azun" and into modern Turkish with "azı," both of which also mean "life." These connections illustrate the thematic continuity and linguistic evolution from ancient to modern languages in how concepts related to life and living are expressed.
The term "bulug-ga-am3" is identified by Black et al. (1998) as denoting 'a sharp object.' Specifically, "bulug" in Sumerian is traditionally understood to mean 'needle.' This interpretation is likely influenced by the action associated with "ul," which means 'to sew' in various Tungusic dialects. This semantic thread ties back to Proto-Altaic "(b)iṓĺe," which encompasses actions such as to weave, bind, or sew, further extending into Proto-Turkic "(b)iēĺ(mik)" and Proto-Tungusian "(b)ul." The Turkish word "ilmik" (knot, stitch, or to knit) also aligns with this semantic field. However, the term "bulug" also encompasses actions like 'pulling,' 'grabbing,' and 'blowing,' along with nouns like "bulug," which means 'mud' and 'wet.' Such varied meanings suggest an additional, possibly secondary, interpretation of "bulug" as 'plough' in Turkish, known as "pulluk." This reflects a broader and more dynamic usage of "bulug" in Sumerian, which may align with both the sharp, precise function of a needle and the robust, soil-turning capability of a plough. This comparative morphology analysis demonstrates how a single Sumerian term can evolve across related languages, developing multiple, context-dependent meanings that reflect both cultural and practical aspects of ancient and modern life (Starostin et al., 2003).
The Sumerian term 𒀳 'apin', which translates to 'plough', is etymologically derived from the verbal clause 𒀀𒉈 'a-pil'. This origin reflects a deep-rooted connection to agriculture in Sumerian culture. Correspondingly, in Proto Turkic, the related term 'apɨl' signifies 'hoe', highlighting a shared focus on agricultural tools among these language families. Further enriching this linguistic landscape, the Kirghiz term 'abɨl-qasɨm' specifically refers to a component of the plough, namely one of its pegs, demonstrating the nuanced understanding and specialization of agricultural implements in Turkic languages. This etymological thread illustrates how fundamental agricultural practices
were common among Sumerians and Proto Turks.
In Sumerian, the compound term 𒊕𒀳 'saĝ-apin' specifically refers to the 'plough beam' or 'plough head,' key components of the plough that highlight its structural importance. This term corresponds closely with the Turkish word 'saban', which is also used broadly to mean 'plough,' similar to another Turkish term, 'pulluk'. Additionally, the Turkish language includes the term 'yaba', which describes a fork used for holding grass. This diversity in terminology indicates a rich agricultural vocabulary that reflects both the practical aspects of farming equipment and the linguistic connections between these ancient and modern cultures.
In Sumerian, the term 𒄑𒆪 [ĝeš] 'KU' carries the meaning of 'plough,' an essential agricultural tool. This term's semantics extend into Proto Altaic, where 'guk ̔à~u' captures concepts such as 'curve,' 'hook,' and 'to cling.' These meanings suggest a functional aspect of the plough related to its curved and hooking parts, which are vital for its operation in tilling soil. Further connecting these linguistic dots, the Proto Tungusian word 'guk' specifically denotes 'plough thill,' which is the horizontal beam of a plough, indicating direct parallels in agricultural terminology and technology across these language families. This cross-linguistic
consistency underlines the importance of ploughing in these cultures and the specialized vocabulary developed to describe its various components.
In Sumerian, the term 𒄑𒃮 [ĝeš] 'gaba' notably corresponds to the concept of a hoe, a fundamental agricultural tool, and encompasses the action of digging. This specific term finds its counterpart in the Turkish word 'çapa' [or yaba, as identified before], which similarly refers to both the hoe as an implement and the digging action it performs. This correlation illustrates the continuity and persistence of agricultural terminology and practices from ancient Sumerian into modern Turkish. The semantic overlap underscores the integral role that such tools have played in both societies, bridging ancient and contemporary agricultural vocabularies .
In Sumerian, the term 𒌆𒋽, tug2-gur8, is another designation for the 'plough', highlighting the variety of terms used to describe this essential agricultural tool. This term aligns with the Proto Turkic word (b)okursɨ, which specifically denotes a 'wooden plough' and 'ploughshare', indicating a more detailed description of the plough's components and materials. Furthermore, the Proto Tungusic term 'suk' encompasses multiple related meanings: a 'chisel', used metaphorically to describe the plough's action in soil; 'to carve' or 'engrave', evoking the plough's effect on the earth; and 'to hit', suggesting the impact necessary in traditional ploughing techniques. This is complemented by the Orchon Tungusic 'tūku', further cementing the extensive linguistic and cultural importance of ploughing and its tools across these regions. These connections illustrate a deep, shared understanding of agriculture and toolmaking, reflected in the specific vocabulary used to describe various aspects of the plough's function and form.
In Sumerian, the expression 𒀀𒈨 a-me, is employed to denote various parts of a plough, highlighting the detailed terminology used to describe this essential agricultural implement. This precise use of language reflects an intricate understanding of the plough's structure and functionality within Sumerian society. This concept finds a parallel in the Proto Altaic term amča and the Proto Turkic amač, both of which also refer to the plough in a broader sense. These terms underscore the importance of the plough across these linguistic groups, indicating a shared agricultural heritage and technological knowledge. The alignment of these terms across cultures not only underscores the vital role of agriculture but also showcases the linguistic connections that point to deeper historical and cultural identical commonalities.
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Wafaa Zwaid I had liked this part most when writing the thesis. Since Apin did not only mean a plough, it also meant the star which was believe to hold the sky dome upright, also it meant astrolabe.
My favourite stars are: Fomalhaut in Pisces (My natal Jupiter conjunct), Antares in Sagittarius ( Natal Saturn Conjunct) Capella in Gemini ( My ascendant Star) Sirius ( My moon conjunct) but my Sun 20th of March is conjunct with Scheat who I guess would not be liked much. And my natal Chiron is Aldebaran conjunct which is not much lucky placement too. My mercury in Pisces is Markab conjunct- this star makes me master about wondering marak- and being suspicious, Capella. Fomalhaut is about success, Scheat is about too much creativity but early death, Antares makes me a sharp tongue and mean sometimes but also very much insisting and determined. Aldebaran makes me be thankful to god for whatever I have experienced.
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The moon is a recurring motif in Islamic art. I often found it in the stories of the "Arabian nights", but also in Arabic, Iranian and Turkish pictorial representations. It is also found on the flag of most Islamic states.
I specify that I am also interested in answers based on subjective perceptions and interpretations, not only references to scholarly works.
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waradat kalimat alqamar fi alquran 27 maratun... wa'ahamiyat alqamar eind almuslimin li'anah yushir 'iilaa bidayat al'ashhur alati tuqam fiha almunasabat aldiyniat mithl alhaji walsiyam walzakaati.
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Hello All Researcher Fellows,
There is a confusing question which hinders me to develop a research study within investigating & comparing the context.
As can be known that, Turkish language has a complex structure. In translating English to Turkish, each context has more than one meaning that makes it not easily understood.
Therefore, to integrate literature itself for averting potential confusions and misunderstoods in face of dilemma becomes worthy to discuss.
What kind of methodology and method is required to discuss two different words with the same meaning in the context of literature within the scope of a research article?
For example, should research be carried out in line with bibliographic analyzes of two concepts with the same meaning, the scientific fields in which these concepts are used, and the contents of scientific publications?
Waiting for your inspirational comments and prospective guides..
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I am not an expert on this topic, but, to the best of my knowledge, a highly skilled translation of literature/a literary text from one language to another would try to preserve the same connotations, ambiguities, multiple interpretations, undertones etc. that are already present in the original text/language. So there is no need to disambiguate the meaning of words in, let's say, English, when you translate the text to, let's say, Turkish - quite the opposite. Of course, this may be impossible to achieve with some language pairs.
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I'm thinking of starting an article about gastronomy tourism soon. For this reason, I need a teammate who can offer different perspectives and produce quality publications and is suitable for teamwork. I am Turkish and a researcher from a different culture would be a good experience for me. Please do not hesitate to ask questions.
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Am keen to work with a research on gastronomy. Currently working on gastronomy in Kenya.
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..
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You shall complete all volume of the your various study to published into one article title
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Geophysicists have an understanding of the mechanism and causes of earthquakes in the contact zones of tectonic plates. Here, earthquakes occur as a result of the spreading of tectonic plates. Geophysicists have an understanding of the mechanism but not the causes of earthquakes in transform fault zones. Geophysicists have no understanding of either the mechanism or causes of earthquakes with epicenters inside tectonic plates. There is no understanding of the causes of repeated strong shocks. They are simply called foreshocks and aftershocks. about the cause of the aftershock of the Turkish earthquake, there is information in my discussion "The earthquake in Turkey is a consequence of planetary scale geodeformations. Is the concept of stress accumulation before an earthquake wrong?". The theory is in my discussion "Ocean tides and deformations of the Earth's surface of tidal origin have different physics of the process. Why?".
I will give the actual data on earthquakes with a magnitude of more than seven in Turkey on February 6, 2023. Data from open sources on the Internet.
Judging by the Moment tensor map data, both earthquakes had the same Focal_mechanism - Left-lateral strike-slip. The first shock was caused by a shift in direction southwest - northeast. The second shock is caused by a shift in the direction west - east. This was confirmed by the intensity maps of shaking from earthquakes.
With a vertical amplitude of semidiurnal tides in the solid body of the Earth from -13 to +23 cm cm during earthquakes, the indicated amplitudes of horizontal and vertical tidal displacements completely coincided. 12 hours after the aftershock, the amplitude of the vertical tidal displacement decreased only by 5% (it remained high).
Conclusion. While maintaining significant geodeformation energy throughout the whole day of February 6, which was caused by geodeformations on February 3 in changes in the gravitational field, the first earthquake significantly weakened (did not destroy) the tectonic structures of the Eastern Anatolian Fault (azimuth 45 degrees). The aftershock was inevitable. When the tide in the solid body of the Earth repeated itself in phase and amplitude, an aftershock occurred under conditions of powerful geodeformations on a planetary scale. By the second earthquake, the tectonic structures of the Eastern Anatolian Fault were destroyed and transformed into structures with an azimuth of 90 degrees. The third earthquake was already inexpedient, although at 10 pm on February 6 there was quite a lot of energy.
Note. The tides in the solid body of the Earth deform the planet along the parallels and meridians and all existing fault systems (azimuths 17, 35, 45, 62, 77 degrees) transform into a system of block divisibility of the lithosphere 90 degrees.
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Very important data "Preliminary Results of the Great Kahramanmaraş 06 February 2023 Earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and 7.6) and 20 Feburary 2023 Antakya Earthquake (Mw 6.4), Eastern Türkiye TJES"
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I am working on non-finites forms in Turkish. Your suggestions will help me a lot
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you should go through these names and their works., RONALD LANGACKER, GEORGE LAKOFF. and this one is a school of psychology,,,, GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY. best luck.
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I am currently pursuing a Ph.D. in Political Sociology in Germany. I am looking for a friend who is interested in co-writing an article on the topic outlined below or any other related topic. The article is aimed to be published on professional platforms such as Taylor and Sage. Therefore, I am specifically looking for friends, who
  1. have previous writing experience
  2. competent in academic English
  3. familiar to scientific article structure
  4. come from social science disciplines
If you have any interest in collaborating, please let me know. Thank you.
Example Abstract (Only a Draft):
This article examines the aftermath of the failed coup attempt in Turkey on July 15, 2016, and the subsequent strategies employed by the Erdoğan regime to consolidate its power. Drawing on Gramscian concepts, particularly the notion of cultural hegemony, this study argues that the failed coup d'état has facilitated the development of a culturally rich project based on an Islamo-nationalist discourse. Through contextual discourse analysis, this research analyzes the speeches delivered by President Erdoğan and government officials during the coup attempt era, aiming to demonstrate how populist Islamist-nationalist discourse aligns with the ruling party's agenda.
The findings of this study reveal that the emergence of populist expressions rooted in both Islamist and Turkish nationalist ideologies signifies the successful construction of a collectively reproduced belief system. This belief system has effectively provided narratives of legitimacy for the ruling party, enabling its transformation of state institutions. By harnessing the power of populist discourse, the Erdoğan regime has managed to secure its political dominance and solidify its authority.
The implications of this research shed light on the complex relationship between populism, nationalism, and religious discourse in contemporary Turkish politics. This study underscores the significance of cultural hegemony as a tool for political consolidation and highlights the role of populist rhetoric in shaping the narratives that legitimize transformative actions within state institutions. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for comprehending the ongoing political developments in Turkey and their broader implications for democratic governance.
Keywords: Islamist nationalism, populism, July 15, coup attempt, Turkey
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Colleague, we can look at his political speeches through corpus-based approach. Through the frequency of the targeted lexical resource(s), we generate themes and draw conclusions on them. However, we can also look at metaphor in his speeches through a critical discourse analysis. I have co-authored similar works, one published and one unpublished.
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Dear all,
Turkey has been hit by several major earthquakes. Thousands of people died, millions lost their dearest and their homes. Turkey is trying to recover from both the figurative and real ruins. What would you suggest to do, both to academics and students affected by these earthquakes, to utilize academic studies to recover from these disasters? Thank you very much in advance.
Best wishes
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Murat maybe we can make use of psychoanalytic literary criticism to cure us as well.
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Hi,
I would like to conduct a study using the Turkish version of the short form Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale - does anybody have a copy?
Best wishes,
Aaran
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As its not part of this paper, it may be in the master thesis (see references): Kılıç N. Speech, spatial and quality of hearing scale (SSQ) for Turkish language and evaluation of adults with normal hearing and sensorineural hearing loss by SSQ [in Turkish] Gazi University Institute of Health Sciences. Normalization and Adaptation of MSc Thesis; 2017.
But luckily, there is another paper: Kılıç N, Şahin Kamışlı Gİ, Gündüz B, Bayramoğlu İ, Kemaloğlu YK. Turkish Validity and Reliability Study of the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale. Turk Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021;59:172-187.
And in its appendix the complete Turkish SSQ is included. Therefore, you must pick out the twelve questions to make it Turkish SSQ12 ;)
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**Especially, those inventories whose Turkish reliability and validity studies have been done.
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you can use the Methodology for the Evaluation and Prevention of Psychosocial Risks CoPsoQ-istas21.
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There are various journals those are fake. But some journals are working as clone which is a huge fraudulent act. For example, tojqi.net is a fake/clone of Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry. First, they publish and snatch fees. Later, if you ask them to retract your paper, they behave awkward.
If you have like this please share your experience...?
Note: I have all proofs of my claim
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That is indeed the whole point. Hijackers (basically criminals) steal all sorts of info from the legit version, including the ISSN. See for a great recent resource about hijacked journals: https://retractionwatch.com/2022/05/29/want-to-know-whether-that-journal-is-scamming-you-introducing-the-retraction-watch-hijacked-journal-checker/
The journal here is for sure fake and shows characteristics of a hijacked journal. I will repeat (part of) my reply (March 19th 2022) I posted here https://www.researchgate.net/post/New_very_misleading_type_of_scam_Anyone_with_recent_examples :
“Yes, it is a mess. If you are right and the journal is having a new owner (ownership obtained in a legal way), then they for sure act like a hijacked one. If I look at the latest issue Vol. 13 No. 1 (2022) I see no Turkish authors anymore and numerous papers fully out of the scope of the journal (educational and social sciences) with titles like:
-A comparative study of haemodynamic effects of propofol and etomidate used as induction agent in general anaesthesia
-Incidence and Risk Factors of Inguinal Hernia in a Kashmiri Population
-Water for Life: Commodification, Consumption and Environmental Challenges in India
In Vol. 12 No. 10 (2021) you find titles like:
-Design and Implementation of Automated Diabetic Retinopathy Using Improved CNN
-Experimentation on the sub-cooling, superheating effect, and performance of a low-cost refrigeration system using R1270 as a refrigerant
Etc. etc.
Vol. 12 No. 2 (2021) is the last issue where there are some Turkish researchers with a DOI, proper accepted and received info and (almost) exclusively Turkish authors. What is see is the following (in bold is what I would like to call fake):
Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry (TOJQI) Volume 11, Issue 1, January 2020: 140-160 DOI: 10.17569/tojqi.639139
Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry (TOJQI) Volume 11, Issue 1, January 2020: 161-167
Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry (TOJQI) Volume 11, Issue 2, April 2020: 161-192 DOI: 10.17569/tojqi.618950 upto
Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry (TOJQI) Volume 11, Issue 2, April 2020: 306-343 DOI: 10.17569/tojqi.605786
Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry (TOJQI) ISSN: 1309 –6591 Volume 11, Issue 2, April 2020: 344-351 and further
Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry (TOJQI)Volume 11, Issue 3, July 2020: 344-367 DOI: 10.17569/tojqi.636526 upto
Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry (TOJQI) Volume 11, Issue 3, July 2020:417-435 DOI: 10.17569/tojqi.641786
Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry (TOJQI) Volume 11, Issue 3, July 2020: 436–448 and further
Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry (TOJQI) Volume 11, Issue 4, October2020: 436-457 DOI: 10.17569/tojqi.775926 upto
Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry (TOJQI) Volume 11, Issue 4, October 2020: 599-617 DOI: 10.17569/tojqi.767559
Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry (TOJQI) Volume 11, Issue 4, June, 2020: 618-624 and further
Etc. Etc.
The legit one is properly and nicely paged numbered in a normal and consistent fashion... with proper DOI, acceptance and received info etc.
So, the fraudster/hijacked version of this journal starts to ‘insert’ additional papers in issue 1, 2020. The legit journal was operational till volume 12, issue 2, 2021 and personally I think they ‘gave up’. If they sold their operation and the new owner is the legitimate owner of this journal, they act like a hijacked one: adding papers to an already existing volume, issue and paged nr. journal and pretend to be the original and legit journal (and exploiting the, at the time, Scopus indexing) is exactly what hijacked journals do. If you are a legit and genuine operating publisher, then this behaviour is violating all scientific standards”
So, I conclude that it is predatory for sure and there is a touch of hijacking behaviour to say the least, for sure it is now a journal to stay away from.
Best regards.
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I have a comparative study on Morocco and Turkey, and I am looking for references or studies on Turkish political institutions: the legislative, the executive, and the judiciary
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I sent you a set of research papers. I hope you benefit from them. I will send you other researches.
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I have a question that if I want to that tojqi.net is a fake journal before publication. I have published a paper, later, I observed that tojqi.net is a fake copy/clone journal of Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry which is Turkish.
Tell me how can we check before publication?
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Could you please direct me to works on abusive supervision in Turkey? I am particularly interested in Turkish language and sociologically oriented papers and opinion pieces. DM me with papers please. We are starting a national study soon.
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I am planning an epidemiological study during my PhD and would like to include participants who only speak Turkish, Dari, or Farsi. I tried to contact firstauthors of publications but unfortunately haven't had any replies. I would be very grateful to anyone willing and able to share those language versions.
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Hi, thank you for your reply.
I am looking for different translations (Turkish, Dari and Farsi) of the BDI-II and the BSI. Do you happen to have any of those translations?
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My paper entitled: An elementary proof for Fermat's Last Theorem using Ramanujan-Nagell equation" has got published in Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education vide Vol12, No 14:( 2021) pp. 3631-3643. .link: https://turcomat.org/index.php/turkbilmat/article/view/10991/8183
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thanks a lot but this question is out of my topic
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Dear Friends,
Greeting.
Happy New Year. I wish everybody a prosperous New Year.
I'm thinking of a project for checking the sound (phonetics) that will lost or promoted while switching from one set of alphabet to another. For example switching from Arabic letters to Latin in Turkey; does the set of Latin letters saved all Turkish phonetics (sound)? What is the advantages and/or disadvantages of such switching?
Did such work carried out anywhere?
Best Regards,
ABDUL-SAHIB
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Dear عائشة عبد الواحد thank you for the invaluable answer.
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Hello,
I want to use logistic regression to estimate relationship between a dichotmous dependent variable and independent variables. To verify validity and reliability I will use explatory factor analysis, but a scale in the study needs to adapt in Turkish. As far as i know for adapting a scale, confirmatory factor analysis is required. Is it OK to use both CFA and EFA and then use logistic regression,
Thanx on advance,
best regards
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Ceren Börüban, it seems like you already have an idea about the factor structure of your scale. You can thus subject your factor structure to a CFA right away without going via EFA. Moreover, you should be able to estimate both the CFA and logistic regression model in one omnibus model using a SEM software (e.g., lavaan in R).
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I am doing qualitative research in the Turkish language, but I am not sure whether I should translate it for an international journal or not. It might not be the word to word translation because of the diversities in Turkish and English. What do you think? Have you ever experienced the same concerns and how did you overcome them? Thanks in advance.
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I have to do it a lot and I established a group of colleagues where we help each other out. That means, we translate independently the sections we want to publish and compare the outcome to then discuss and conclude/develop the intersubjectively best fitting version. I always conduct the analysis in the original language- so at least the results would stick even though some translations might be slightly off. Furthermore, I make the original data accessible (if possible).
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We know that the economic situation isn't good in the world because of this pandemic (COVID-19) including Turkey. So recently Turkey has taken some steps for its economy. 1st step: currency swaps with other countries amid this pandemic. After then some increased in the value of lira from the dollar. 2nd step: reinforcing its economy (Implementing long- and short-term economic stimulus based on Turkish lira with low-cost financing programs).
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Since the start of 2018 Turkish Lira has fallen by at least 35% against the US dollar. There have been concerns in the financial markets about the the Turkish economy.
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I'm interested in the area of Mediterranean and especially Greece
I used the (IR) food ingestion rate (21.09 g/day for Turkish, and
81.1 g/day for Greek consumers, according to Speedy, 2003)
But I'm not sure it is right.
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I am interested in dieta of atlantic Myliobatis, shells predator
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MSRT-TUBITAK Call 2020
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I will provide you with what you requested when available
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For my cross-language research project, I am trying to compile parallel/twin items for a (language-specific) nonword repetition task. One of the languages we are planning to examine is Turkish (aside from German, French and Italian). I am accounting for age of acquisition for compiling comparable tests items and also would like to have a look at letter frequencies. Although, I am well aware of the fact that high letter frequency does not mean easy speech sound production! I have not been able to find this specific information online. Can anyone help me?
Worstcase scenario, I just will have to concoct something myself by taking a representative Turkish text and using a letter frequency calculating tool. However, if this information already exists on a larger scale, I would love to use this information.
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Hi,
I have found the following (I am not a linguist, but I saw recently a post on a facebook page in Turkish on linguistics). https://www.facebook.com/groups/50794706990/about
The Turkish Web Corpus (trTenTen) is a Turkish corpus made up of texts collected from the Internet. The corpus belongs to the TenTen corpus family which is a set of the web corpora built using the same method with a target size 10+ billion words. Sketch Engine currently provides access to TenTen corpora in more than 30 languages.
Turkish National Corpus is designed to be a balanced, large scale (50 million words) and general-purpose corpus for contemporary Turkish.
Good luck with your project.
Best wishes,
Murat
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Hi there, 
Me and my colleague are interested in developing experimental tasks to investigate lexical access in bilinguals speaking French and Turkish. We thus wonder if a Turkish lexical database exists in order to select materials according to lexical frequencies, phonological and orthographical neighborhood of words.
We know about "TELL project" but it does not provide the information we need.
We will be very grateful for your precious help.
Best regards.
Stéphanie Bellocchi
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Following.
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Dear all,
I wonder whether anybody knows a Turkish corpus / lexical database which shows the stress of lexical items. I am aware of TELL project; however, stress is not encoded in the current version.
Currently I am working on stress pattern of lexical items in Turkish; unfortunately, the corpora I know do not indicate any information about stress. I am trying to compile data by using a dictionary; however, I realized that information about stress there is not complete and also not consistent. I would be really happy to hear any suggestions / ideas.
Thanks in advance!
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Hi Hande,
I worked on a similar issue using TELL database and I found that stress marks are only displayed if your search string contains them. So, for example, if you enter a' in the citation search field, it will give you all words with a stressed a in them.
Unfortunately, I don't know about any other database that would serve your purpose, but feel free to message me if you have any questions about using TELL!
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Hi. I am analyzing a seven-story building above the ground, with pushover method. Basement level is surrounded with shear walls and there is also a core shear wall in the structure. Base floor area is 172 m2 and there are 21 columns in each story. Floor lenght is 22 mt in x-direction and 11 mt in y-direction. I modelled the building according to Turkish Earthquakecode 2007. Due to convergence errors in the analysis, I had to change non-linear parameters, such as iteration convergence tolerence. I was able to push the building 50 cm in x direction without errors (there were a lot null steps but I assumed they were caused of hinge failiures) and get an expected pushover curve. Hinge result graphs were also similar to pushover curve. However, when I get the results for the y-direction (which I were able to push just 30 cm), pushover curve and hinge results didn't make sense. I checked my model and hinge definetions many times, I think there is nothing wrong with it. Even though, it wouldn't give logical result in x direction in that case. Can you help me to understand this issue and find a solution? Thank you.
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I agree with the previous answer. First of all, please check the initial design of the structure due to seismic design code.
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I know it is a basic question but when I searched about it, I find different results. Some of papers are using turkish letters in the references part but some of them changing turkish letters to english. So, what is your opinion?
Thank you.
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Dear Esengül,
As you noted in your question, the answer may depend on the specific target journal and their respective style guidelines. The style manual for the American Psychological Association (APA), for example, specifies that the title of the original work should be provided in its native language with an English translation provided in brackets. Please see link below for examples:
Hope this helps. Best wishes for a smooth and successful publication journey!
Best regards,
Hamed Bazaz | Founder, Managing Director | www.journaledit.com
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One finds relatively few loan words in Semitic languages. Just compare to English or Turkish where one finds lots of borrowed words. What are the reasons for this?
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Dear Igor Boichuk : Spacibo and let us stay creative, in terms of logos and humor.
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Dear colleagues
What is the best Turkey university to study a master course in medical microbiology, we look for:
1- Shanghai or QS ranked university
2- Moderate cost-of-living
3- English proficiency requirements (because there is no EP certificate)
4- Full-time programs
5- Minimal duration of the study (2 years or less)
6- Improving research skills
Please type your answers rather than links unless becomes necessary
Regards;
Hussein Abid
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Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey - you can view program details .....MastersPortal.com.
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What publishers does the "Academic Journals" listed as predator include? For example, I found the "Academic Journals of TURKISH" published by "Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey" as a publisher with interesting Journals.
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Dear Rob Keller,
Thank you very much for your clear and in depth reasoning that I want clarity. I know that https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/index.htm is an academic journal with high impact journals like Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry with IF of about 1.737 and SCOPUS indexed. But, my question is to find reasonable answers like yours that help and clarifies young scholars where to publish their work.
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recently in cosmology torus object is observed, a torus object surrounding a black hole, yes that s good, but einstein field equations do not work on torus geometry or on torus metric, now what can be said my best regards
Ayhan Yüzübenli Ph.D. Physicist Turkish Atomic Energy Authority TAEK, RAYD Yarımburgaz Mahallesi, 
Nükleer Araştırma ve Eğitim Yolu D:10, 
34303 Küçükçekmece/İstanbul Tlf (İş): 0 212 473 26 00 - 2303Fax:    + 90 212 473 26 35 Mobile : + 90 505 306 01 97
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Dear Ayhan,
Einstein's equations can have a metric with torus symmetry, for instance a selfdual Weyl curvature and two linearly independent commuting Killing fields.
But in the black hole the torus is due to have an accreation gas distribution of matter outside of its event horizon. This can be determined even using a Schwarzchild metric provided the mass, angular momentum and charge of the black hole can be known. The black hole is just a singularity of the gravitational field which physically corresponds to a very high density of mass and its surrounds can be considered within its field of gravitation.
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My research supervisor told me that I don't have enough data to do regression analysis, but she told me that she is ok with me changing research type.
Data I have:
  • Macro data (exports, imports, industry size and share in GDP and exports) 1993-2015
  • Annual financial statements for both industries 1995-2016
  • Input prices (petrol, cotton) daily and monthly, and wages annual data 1987-2016
I would be so grateful for any suggestions. Changing research concept is also fine.
Thanks in advance
p.s.: Research is done for Turkish market
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Hi Omar,
as Mobeen suggested: model or theory selection by data availability is not recommendable. If you are interested in this topic, go for it!
Apparently, you are using time-series data. If you are only interested in impact analysis, I recommend starting with VAR (vector autoregressive) models. You have at least 20 periods, so you should be fine.
I would start by analyzing your data visually, i.e. plot your data over time and try to find similarities or potential problems (seasonality, non-stationary behavior, trends, etc. etc.). This initial analysis will help you to select the right method for your data.
Afterwards, I would look into the theory for guidance to the functional specification of my model. Often, you can also find reasons, why certain problems in your data exist.
For forecasting: you can look into the factor model literature or use machine learning algorithm.
Best of luck
Alex
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I am conducting a research on the profitability of carry trade on currencies that are facing huge depreciation in their fx rate (Turkish lira and Argentenian peso) using a number of forecasting methods.
I managed to find the historical monthly fx rates but could not find any site that provides historical interest rate.
I would really appreciate it if anyone can direct me to such site.
Thank you
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This type of data cab be easily found in IMF database..
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I am working on a panel data modeling research aiming to find labor force dynamics which are affecting employment of young newly graduated women engineers in Turkey. We employed the latest Labor Force Survey to build our model, however as you would realize, for country level inferences Turkstat provides weights for each observation, each observation represent a specific share of the Turkish population. However after filtering all female, young, new graduates, who have an engineering degree and works in a role related to engineering my sample fell to 726 from 370,000. From that point I think I am no longer trying to make an inference on Turkish population and should I keep using weights in modeling and discussion part? Or should I treat data as an ordinary random sampled survey and give the same weight for each individual.
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One thing to keep in mind is that you can't use the original sampling weights anymore, since you excluded 370,000-726 observations from the original data set, so the the original sampling weights are no longer valid. Calculating new sampling weights for your sub-sample would be very hard to do. Also, when and why to use sampling weights, i found this very useful: https://blogs.worldbank.org/impactevaluations/tools-of-the-trade-when-to-use-those-sample-weights
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I am looking for (empirical/theoretical) papers which examine the (L2, L3...) acquisition of agglutinative languages such as Japanese, Korean, Basque or Swahili by native speakers of Turkish (or inverse).
Thank you for your help in this matter!
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Dibakar Pal
I know Gürel (2016) - unfortunately the studies in this volume do not focus on language learning strategies (such as intercomprehension). However, thank you for your advice!
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While, there is another opinion that Turkish business leaders believe that an Iran unbound by such restrictions would become a rapidly growing export market for Turkish goods and services as well as a fertile field for investment. According to an industrialist familiar with Turkey’s economic relations with Iran, an end to the sanctions regime could open the way for exports of Turkish goods and services to Iran worth more than $90 billion in the medium term. Additionally, the ability to import more of its energy from Iran would reduce some of the squeeze of Turkey’s current dependence on Russia, especially in the gas sector.
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Under Trump America is interfering in all aspects of trade and social issues is destroying many years of hard fought peace since the end of World War 1
and 2. Since then United Nations, NATO, World Bank, WTO etc have in their own way created an international set of standards that, although influenced by the big countries, still allows for discipline, control and compliance that should apply to all nations. Now America under Trump is setting its own agenda where the Stock Exchanges are the key indicators.
People are more important than money that is in the hands of very few.
My view is that China is showing how it should be done and USA how it should not be done. The Trade War may well trigger a more catastrophic war so beware. Turkey and Iran are pawns in the game US and others are playing dangerously. Pray for Peace through Friendship.
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CFD simulations clearly demonstrate that forgotten ancient Turkish architectural element “Cumba” can enhance ventilation rate by 276% and harvesting wind from different directions even in the single facade ventilation. Furthermore, the room’s mean air velocity and ventilation rate could be adjusted to a broad range of values with the existence of Cumba. As a passive strategy, understanding the working principles of “Cumba” can contribute the effectiveness of wind-driven ventilation strategies in modern dwellings.
During my visits to different countries I recognised the existence of architectural elements that have some similar characteristics with Cumba. I would like to ask any colleague to inform me about the names of these architectural elements (especially in some European countries). I know the "bay windows", they are common particularly in terraced houses (e.g. in UK), but they have some fundamental differences with Cumba. The details about Cumba can be found in the article; Aydin, Yusuf Cihat, and Parham A. Mirzaei. "Wind-driven ventilation improvement with plan typology alteration: A CFD case study of traditional Turkish architecture." Building Simulation. Vol. 10. No. 2. Tsinghua University Press, 2017.
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I'm afraid my "contribution" is not an answer but another student's question. How does the level of humidity in the air effect the "performance" of such passive features as Wind towers, Cu