Trees - Science topic

Discover how Dr. Correo Hofstad and VirusTC are revolutionizing cancer treatment with a new anti-cancer medication derived from sesquiterpene lactones in the chrysanthemum tree. Experience the potential of nature combined with science.

Data mining of network-constrained trajectories has broad applications in the GIScience field. The calculation of a complete trajectory similarity matrix is a key step in various data mining algorithms. However, computing this matrix is computational-intensive for large datasets, as it involves numerous point-to-point shortest-path (PPSP) queries....

Banana tree (Musa spp.) has a false stem called a pseudostem which, is an edible soft-stem. A study was executed to compare the nutritional the highest TPC (20.06±1.97 GAE/g of crude extract) and the highest FRAP value (1.12±0.01 mM FeSO4/g of crude extract). EtOAc extract of AM had the highest TFC (17.54±2.25 CE/g of crude extract) and the highest...

The rapidly exploring random tree star (RRT*) algorithm is widely used in path planning due to its versatility and ability to adapt to various environments. However, the high degree of randomness in RRT* results in slow initial solution convergence rate and low-quality initial solution. To address these issues, this paper proposes a modified RRT* a...

Varuna consists of dried stem bark of Crataeva religiosa Forst. f. (Fam. Capparidaceae), a small wild or cultivated tree found throughout the year in India, oftenfound along streams, also in dry, deep boulder formation in Sub-Himalayan tracts. Plant names in different languages are, in Sanskrit it is referred as Varana, English- Sacred garlic pe...

HILGER HH, COLE TCH, BACHELIER JB (2025) Phylogénie des BORAGINALES © Hilger, Cole, Bachelier 2025 (CC-BY) • concept de l’ordre suivant les recommandations du «Boraginales Working Group» • arbre hypothétique basé sur des données moléculaires (jusqu’à 2020) • caractères extraits de Kubitzki, ed. 2016 et Luebert et al. 2016 • longueur des branches ar...

For a given collection 𝒢=(G1,…,Gk) of graphs on a common vertex set V$$ V $$, which we call a graph system, a graph H$$ H $$ on a vertex set V(H)⊆V$$ V(H)\subseteq V $$ is called a rainbow subgraph of 𝒢 if there exists an injective function ψ:E(H)→[k]$$ \psi :E(H)\to \left[k\right] $$ such that e∈Gψ(e)$$ e\in {G}_{\psi (e)} $$ for each e∈E(H)$$ e\i...

Cooperative path planning is gaining its importance due to the increasing demand on using multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for complex missions. This work addresses the problem by introducing a new algorithm named MultiRRT that extends the rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) to generate paths for a group of UAVs to reach multiple goal locat...

This special collection includes topics related to the development of novel methods for reconstructing phylogenetic networks from different mathematical, statistical, and computational approaches that highlight the challenges of network reconstruction and the needs of contemporary genomic data. In addition, the collection broadcasts diverse applica...

The choice of this investigation was motivated by the fact that knowledge of urban forests seems to be of little interest to researchers, given its absence in the local literature. The general objective of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of the floristic diversity of the Mudzi-pela district. The meth odological approach adopted...

This paper is a sequel to the work of Bhattacharjya et al.\ (J. Phys. A-Math. 57.33: 335303, https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ad6653) on quantum state transfer on blow-up graphs, where instead of the adjacency matrix, we take the Laplacian matrix as the time-independent Hamiltonian associated with a blow-up graph. We characterize strong cospectral...

Based also on the new proofread and copy edited text of bestselling 2011 Flame Tree Illustrated Shakespeare, The Tragedies sits alongside The Histories and The Comedies to create a delightful three-set edition, with the works laid out in all their glory: clear, accessible and unfettered by fussy notes. The perfect match for The Decameron, The Divin...

In this work, we design a multimodal framework to accurately interpret and classify behavioral data. Current multimodal classifiers are too structured to interpret different modalities. They demand high dimensional inputs far from having an explanatory behavior. We first completed a framework built on trees, sets, contexts and encodings. Next, we e...

A vertex subset \(S \subseteq V(G)\) is called a dissociation set of a graph G if \(\Delta (G[S])\le 1\). A dissociation set S of G is maximal if it is not a proper subset of any other dissociation set of G. Let \(\phi (G)\) be the number of maximal dissociation sets in G. Zhang, Qian, and Huang (2024) proved that for any tree T of order n, , and c...

HILGER HH, COLE TCH (2025) BORAGINALES Phylogeny Poster © Hilger, Cole 2025 (CC-BY) • concept of order following the recommendations of the Boraginales Working Group • hypothetical tree based on molecular phylogenetic data up to 2020 • characters taken from Kubitzki, ed. 2016 and Luebert et al. 2016 • branch lengths deliberate, not expressing actua...

An $n$-vertex graph is degree 3-critical if it has $2n - 2$ edges and no proper induced subgraph with minimum degree at least 3. In 1988, Erd\H{o}s, Faudree, Gy\'arf\'as, and Schelp asked whether one can always find cycles of all short lengths in these graphs, which was disproven by Narins, Pokrovskiy, and Szab\'o through a construction based on le...

Grewia optiva, commonly known as the boon tree, is a versatile plant native to the Himalayan region, celebrated for its remarkable adaptability and numerous uses. This article explores the ecological benefits, nutritional value and cultural significance of Grewia optiva, highlighting its potential in sustainable agriculture, traditional medicine an...

This paper introduces the Cartesian Merkle Tree, a deterministic data structure that combines the properties of a Binary Search Tree, a Heap, and a Merkle tree. The Cartesian Merkle Tree supports insertions, updates, and removals of elements in $O(\log n)$ time, requires $n$ space, and enables membership and non-membership proofs via Merkle-based a...

We introduce the exponentially preferential recursive tree and study some properties related to the degree profile of nodes in the tree. The definition of the tree involves a radix $a\gt 0$ . In a tree of size $n$ (nodes), the nodes are labeled with the numbers $1,2, \ldots ,n$ . The node labeled $i$ attracts the future entrant $n+1$ with probabili...

22PCOAM16 ML Unit 3 Session 18 Learning with tree

Inspired by the newly observed T c s ¯ state in the D s 1 ( 2460 ) + → D s + π + π − reaction by the LHCb Collaboration, we investigate the amplitude of this decay to explore the origins and properties of the open-charm tetraquark state based on the final state interaction. The invariant mass distributions of D s + π + and π + π − are well reproduc...

In this present work, we investigated the existence of union cordial labeling of some tree related graphs.

At first glance, the question “Why did Eve seduce Adam to eat from the forbidden tree?” immediately casts Eve in the role of the sinner, or at least the hidden force, the so-called devil, responsible for Adam’s demise. But what if this assumption is not only inaccurate but entirely unfounded in the Qur’anic narrative? What if, for centuries, Muslim...

After one year of preparation, this spring we started a new Temperature Free-Air Controlled Enhancement experiment at Ybin, China, which has a subtropical climate. Unexpectedly, we encountered an unusual spring climate with early spring freezes, three days to get through the year-round temperatures, a more significant than usual day-night temperat...

The sum-connectivity variant of atom-bond connectivity index is recently introduced, and is defined as the sum of the terms of the form √ (d u + d v − 2)/(d u + d v) over all adjacent vertices u, v in a graph G, and named as the atom-bond sum connectivity index denoted by ABS (G). The sum of the absolute values of all the eigenvalues of the adjacen...

Let $\Bbbk$ be an algebraically closed field and $\Lambda$ a generalized Brauer tree algebra over $\Bbbk$. We compute the universal deformation rings of the periodic string modules over $\Lambda$. Moreover, for a specific class of generalized Brauer tree algebras $\Lambda(n,\overline{m})$, we classify the universal deformation rings of the modules...

A Bioquímica é uma área complexa que envolve conteúdos abstratos e desafiadores. Por isso, este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar como os licenciandos em Ciências Biológicas constroem e abordam conceitos bioquímicos relacionados ao metabolismo energético através da construção de HQs. Para facilitar o aprendizado dos estudantes, propusemos uma of...

Pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini dilaksanakan sebagai langkah nyata dalam meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat Desa Kotaraja terhadap pentingnya penghijauan lingkungan. Kegiatan ini mencakup sosialisasi mengenai manfaat penghijauan, pelatihan teknik penanaman pohon yang baik, serta pelaksanaan penanaman bibit pohon secara bersama-sama di lahan-lahan s...

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar possíveis relações entre o desempenho dos estudantes em itens relacionados às habilidades de matemática do 3º ano do ensino médio contempladas no Sistema de Avaliação Educacional de Pernambuco (SAEPE), considerando os resultados de 139 estudantes de uma escola, situada no Agreste Meridional do Estado,...

The Large Spiny Tree Fern (Cyathea spinulosa), a living fossil of the Himalayas, thrives in the moist, shaded gorges of Uttarakhand. As the region's only tree fern species, it holds significant ecological value and is protected under CITES Appendix II. However, threats like climate change and human activities endanger its survival. Conserving this...

We construct compactifications of type IIB string theory that yield, at leading order in the α ′ and g s expansions, de Sitter vacua of the form envisioned by Kachru We specify explicit Calabi-Yau orientifolds and quantized fluxes for which we derive the four-dimensional effective supergravity theories, incorporating the exact flux superpotential,...

We derive a general upper bound to mutual information in terms of the Fisher information. The bound may be further used to derive a lower bound for the Bayesian quadratic cost. These two provide alternatives to other inequalities in the literature (e.g., the van Trees inequality) that are useful also for cases where the latter ones give trivial bou...

Soft valves serve to modulate and rectify flows in complex vasculatures across the tree of life, e.g. in the heart of every human reading this. Here we consider a minimal physical model of the heart mitral valve modeled as a flexible conical shell capable of flow rectification via collapse and coaptation in an impinging (reverse) flow. Our experime...

Tree = ER, ET (A Hidden) = Essential Oil, Evaporation = Human, Animal.

In this paper, we consider the heterogeneous rooted tree cover (HRTC) problem, which further generalizes the rooted tree cover problem. Specifically, given a complete graph \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek}...

Folklore serves not only aesthetic interests, but also the narrator uses it to express his attitude to some event, to justify his opinion. That is why each folklore text reflects information about the context in which it is told. In this article the contextual relationships of folktales are analyzed, the contextual units in folktale texts are studi...

Due to Veblen's Theorem, if a connected multigraph $X$ has even degrees at each vertex, then it is Eulerian and its edge set has a partition into cycles. In this paper, we show that an Eulerian multigraph has a unique partition into cycles if and only if it belongs to the family $\mathcal{S}$, ``bridgeless cactus multigraphs", elements of which are...

In the Connected Budgeted maximum Coverage problem (CBC), we are given a collection of subsets $\mathcal{S}$, defined over a ground set $X$, and an undirected graph $G=(V,E)$, where each node is associated with a set of $\mathcal{S}$. Each set in $\mathcal{S}$ has a different cost and each element of $X$ gives a different prize. The goal is to find...

Amoeba graphs are based on iterative feasible edge-replacements, where, at each step, an edge from the graph is removed and placed in an available spot so that the resulting graph is isomorphic to the original graph. Broadly speaking, amoebas are graphs that, by means of a chain of feasible edge-replacements, can be transformed into any other copy...

This paper presents the treecompareR package for R, which provides tools for reproducible visualizations of data through the use of taxonomies. The package builds on developments from ggplot2 and ggtree to provide visualizations tailored for use with taxonomic classification data. Additionally, it provides tools that leverage developments in networ...

Due to practicality and reliability, the indicators ‘crown condition’ and ‘tree damage’ have been used to assess the health condition of urban trees. The goal of this work was to determine the health condition of Ficus microcarpa L. f. trees using the indicators ‘crown condition’ and ‘tree damage’ in Cuernavaca, Morelos. A total of 387 F. microcarp...

Tree-based models are often robust to uninformative features and can accurately capture non-smooth, complex decision boundaries. Consequently, they often outperform neural network-based models on tabular datasets at a significantly lower computational cost. Nevertheless, the capability of traditional tree-based ensembles to express complex relation...

Pre-trained large language models (LLMs) have been demonstrated to possess intrinsic reasoning capabilities that can emerge naturally when expanding the response space. However, the neural representation mechanisms underlying these intrinsic capabilities and approaches for their optimal utilization remain inadequately understood. In this work, we m...

Coalgebras for analytic functors uniformly model graph-like systems where the successors of a state may admit certain symmetries. Examples of successor structure include ordered tuples, cyclic lists and multisets. Motivated by goals in automata-based verification and results on thin trees, we introduce thin coalgebras as those coalgebras with only...

Temporal graphs are a special class of graphs for which a temporal component is added to edges, that is, each edge possesses a set of times at which it is available and can be traversed. Many classical problems on graphs can be translated to temporal graphs, and the results may differ. In this paper, we define the Temporal Edge Cover and Temporal M...

We construct a model in which all $C$-sequences are trivial, yet there exists a $\kappa$-Souslin tree with full vanishing levels. This answers a question of Lambie-Hanson and Rinot, and provides an optimal combination of compactness and incompactness. It is obtained by incorporating a so-called mutually exclusive ascent path to Kunen's original for...

We explore the phenomenological implications of a model with an extended scalar sector, incorporating strongly coupled inert Higgs doublets. The model introduces three Higgs doublets: one interacting with the $SU(2)$ symmetry of the Standard Model and two inert doublets belonging to a strongly interacting sector, within the $SU(2)_2 \times SU(2)_1...

Key message Radial variations in wood quality result from the changes in wood properties with tree age. Here, we show that, at least in beech ( Fagus sylvatica L . ), these patterns of variations are diverse, and reflect a plastic adaptation to changes in the mechanical needs of the trees during their life. Context The radial variation of wood pro...

Monte-Carlo tree search (MCTS) has driven many recent breakthroughs in deep reinforcement learning (RL). However, scaling MCTS to parallel compute has proven challenging in practice which has motivated alternative planners like sequential Monte-Carlo (SMC). Many of these SMC methods adopt particle filters for smoothing through a reformulation of RL...

The paper presents data on needle life spans in 43 introduced pine species in the south east Ukraine. We revealed a correlation between needle life span and tree viability. Pinus pallasiana D.Don, P. densiflora Siebold ex Zucc., P. nigra J.F. Arnold and P. tabulaeformis Carr. were named the most viable species with a maximum needle life span. These...

Rosaceae Juss. family is the most diverse in terms of species composition and is represented by 27 tree species and cultivars and 24 shrub species and cultivars. We analyzed the age structure, estimated viability of trees and determined longevity prospects of the most common species. The prospective use of the Rosaceae species in regional landscapi...

In this paper, we present efficient algorithms for the single-source shortest path problem in weighted disk graphs. A disk graph is the intersection graph of a family of disks in the plane. Here, the weight of an edge is defined as the Euclidean distance between the centers of the disks corresponding to the endpoints of the edge. Given a family of...

The article represents achievements of the research with Picea pungens Engelm in planting of industrial towns at southeastern Ukraine. The species representativeness is determined for urban plantings of various kinds including parks, public gardens and streets, as well as the age of plants and their vital capacity. The species representation in pla...

Double-black (DB) nodes have no place in red-black (RB) trees. So when DB nodes are formed, they are immediately removed. The removal of DB nodes that cause rotation and recoloring of other connected nodes poses greater challenges in the teaching and learning of RB trees. To ease this difficulty, this paper extends our previous work on the symbolic...

In order to obtain a stochastic model that accounts for the stochastic aspects of the dynamics of a business process, usually the following steps are taken. Given an event log, a process tree is obtained through a process discovery algorithm, i.e., a process tree that is aimed at reproducing, as accurately as possible, the language of the log. The...

We compute three-loop QCD corrections to the scattering amplitude of a Higgs boson and three partons interfered with its tree level counterpart. Specifically, we derive our results in the generalized leading color limit. Our results are represented in terms of so-called multiple polylogarithms and thus ready for use in phenomenological predictions....

Modular operads are an extension of operads. In the same way that operads, as dendroidal sets, can be considered as presheaves over the category of trees, so can modular operads be considered as presheaves over a category of graphs. This paper contains a definition of the Kan condition for infinity modular operads, as well as a proof of the Nerve T...

Background: There is a need to find a simpler sampling strategy that still maintains the accuracy of the results. This work aimed to assess different sampling strategies for measuring the basic wood density of Eucalyptus clones along the tree trunk. Results: The basic wood density of most Eucalyptus clones was affected by the sampling strategy emp...

In this work, we study the renormalisation of singular SPDEs in the flow approach recently developed by Duch using a bottom-up setting. We introduce a general ansatz based on decorated trees for the solution of the flow equation. The ansatz is renormalised in a recursive way, in the sense of the trees, via local extractions introduced for regularit...

For a Generalized Baumslag-Solitar group $G$ with underling graph a tree, we calculate the intersection $\gamma_{\omega}(G)$ of the lower central series and the intersection $(N_{p})_{\omega}(G)$ of the subgroups of finite index some power of a prime $p$.

Although neighbourhood interactions are important for the establishment and survival of tree line trees, it remains poorly understood how they affect growth rates under changing climatic conditions. Here, we combine census data and dendrochronological measurements from 18 tree line plots between 4300 and 4520 m asl on the eastern Tibetan Plateau to...

The sandpile group of a connected graph is a group whose cardinality is the number of spanning trees. The group is known to have a canonical simply transitive action on spanning trees if the graph is embedded into the plane. However, no canonical action on the spanning trees is known for the nonplanar case. We show that for any embedded Eulerian di...

Processing graphs with temporal information (the temporal graphs) has become increasingly important in the real world. In this paper, we study efficient solutions to temporal graph applications using new algorithms for Incremental Minimum Spanning Trees (MST). The first contribution of this work is to formally discuss how a broad set of setting-pro...

The branches of deciduous trees are optimised by nature to allow continuous adaptation and response to changing environmental conditions. As a result, the morphology and internal structure of the wood branches are often more variable than in the stem. Quantitatively, branches and stem tops represent 20–50% of the volume of the above-ground biomass...

For the Abelian sandpile model on Sierpiński graphs, we investigate several statistics such as average height, height probabilities and looping constant. In particular, we calculate the expected average height of a recurrent sandpile on the finite iterations of the Sierpiński gasket and we also give an algorithmic approach for calculating the heigh...

Currently, it is a challenging problem to make clustering algorithms suitable for arbitrary distributions of data. In this paper, we propose a Micro-cluster Structure Clustering algorithm based on the Weight-constrained Minimum Spanning Tree, called MSC-WMST. Firstly, the original data is standardized and rescaled, where each feature dimension is p...

Double-black (DB) nodes have no place in red-black (RB) trees. So when DB nodes are formed, they are immediately removed. The removal of DB nodes that cause rotation and recoloring of other connected nodes poses greater challenges in the teaching and learning of RB trees. To ease this difficulty, this paper extends our previous work on the symbolic...

The mechanical resistance of trees is essential for their survival during strong wind events, enabling them to function effectively within an ecosystem. In this study, large eddy simulation is employed to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of isolated trees with various crown geometries, as well as clustered tree canopies arranged in diffe...

Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning Model Using Tree Media Matter Fractions in Mathematics in Grades V Elementary School Pejagan 5 Bangkalan. This study was an experimental study with descriptive quantitative approach that aimed to describe the effectiveness of cooperative learning by using media tree on the material fractions in math class V SD...

The idea of planting trees to sequester carbon is so popular that it seems to make people feel more negative towards other techniques, when presented with a range of options for carbon removal. Such a bias could hamper development of a broad and socially-robust portfolio of carbon removal options.

We study two famous interacting particle systems, the so-called Richardson's model and the contact process, when we add a stirring dynamics to them. We prove that they both satisfy an asymptotic shape theorem, as their analogues without stirring, but only for high enough infection rates, using couplings and restart techniques. We also show that for...

Consider (analytic, resp. algebraic) map-germs, Maps((k^n,o),(k^m,o)). These germs are traditionally studied up to the right, let-right and contact equivalences. Below G is one of these groups. An important tool in this study is the Artin approximation: any formal G-equivalence of maps is approximated by ordinary (i.e. analytic, resp. algebraic) G-...

Tree-Ring Watermarking is a significant technique for authenticating AI-generated images. However, its effectiveness in rectified flow-based models remains unexplored, particularly given the inherent challenges of these models with noise latent inversion. Through extensive experimentation, we evaluated and compared the detection and separability of...

We prove lower and upper semi-continuity of the Morse index for sequences of gradient Ricci shrinkers which bubble tree converge in the sense of past work by the author and Buzano. Our proofs rely on adapting recent arguments of Workman which were used to study certain sequences of CMC hypersurfaces and were in turn adapted from work of Da Lio–Gian...

Immature great apes learn how to build their nests over multiple years, yet how they do so has remained largely unclear. We investigated the detailed role of social learning in the acquisition of nest-building skills in wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) using data on nest-building, nest practice, and nest peering behaviour from 44 individuals...

Let $ (W,S)$ be a Coxeter system. We investigate the equation $ w(\Phi_{x}) = \Phi_{y}$ where $ w,x,y\in W$ and $ \Phi_{x}$, $\Phi_{y}$ denote the left inversion sets of $ x$ and $ y$. We then define a commutative square diagram called a Coxeter square which describes the relationship between 4 non-identity elements of the Coxeter group $ W$ and th...

Behavior of wild red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is not well‐studied, as it is difficult to locate and track individuals. Previous studies of red panda behavior have involved direct observations, finding fecal scats, and GPS collar deployment. We assessed the value of using camera traps to monitor wild red panda, evaluating the utility of placing camer...

The checkerboard coloring of knot diagrams offers a graph-theoretical approach to address topological questions. Champanerkar and Kofman defined a complex generated by the spanning trees of a graph obtained from the checkerboard coloring whose homology is the reduced Khovanov homology. Notably, the differential in their chain complex was not explic...

We exploit the multiplicative structure of P\'olya Tree priors for density and differential entropy estimation in $p$-dimensions. We establish: (i) a representation theorem of entropy functionals and (ii) conditions on the parameters of P\'olya Trees to obtain Kullback-Leibler and Total Variation consistency for vectors with compact support. Those...

This paper deals with near-best approximation of a given bivariate function using elements of quarkonial tensor frames. For that purpose we apply anisotropic tensor products of the univariate B-spline quarklets introduced around 2017 by Dahlke, Keding and Raasch. We introduce the concept of bivariate quarklet trees and develop an adaptive algorithm...

Fire simulations are becoming more and more widely used in fire protection practices. In order to achieve more accurate results, it is inevitable that simulations are always developed. This study investigates the fire behavior of various complex wooden geometries. This research aims to enhance the understanding of fire propagation of different geom...

Natural language instructions are often abstract and complex, requiring robots to execute multiple subtasks even for seemingly simple queries. For example, when a user asks a robot to prepare avocado toast, the task involves several sequential steps. Moreover, such instructions can be ambiguous or infeasible for the robot or may exceed the robot's...

This research deals with the shape and strength of boom extensions intended for attaching the harvester head to the excavator. In order to achieve quality results, a dynamic analysis of felling activity was performed in MSC ADAMS, in which a tree with a volume of 1.99 m 3 was felled. From the analysis, three load cases were obtained in x-, y-and z-...

This research aims to study the effect of visual tools, such as trees and posters, on developing students' comprehension and improving their skills in understanding Arabic texts. The research is based on the experimental approach, where these methods are applied to a sample of students and their results are compared with their peers who were not...

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengetahui pemanfaatan tumbuhan hutan sebagai pengobatan tradisional alternatif, khususnya yang berkaitan dengan bentuk, karakteristik, cara pengolahannya dan cara pengobatan tradisional dayak. Penelitian ini dilakukan di hutan dan permukiman Desa Tewang Kadamba Kabupaten Katingan Hilir Kalimantan...

We study a family of positive weighted well-covered graphs, which we call levelable graphs, that are related to a construction of level artinian rings in commutative algebra. A graph $G$ is levelable if there exists a weight function with positive integer values on the vertices of $G$ such that $G$ is well-covered with respect to this weight functi...

The isomorphism problem of regular Higman-Thompson groups was solved in arXiv:1006.1759, via embedding it into the Leavitt algebra. In this paper, we will expand these results to embed the Higman-Thompson groups of unfolding trees of directed graphs into the Leavitt path algebra. This embedding allows us to show that any isomorphism of rooted Leavi...

An independent set in a graph is a collection of vertices that are not adjacent to each other. The cardinality of the largest independent set in G is represented by alpha(G). The independence polynomial of a graph G was introduced by Gutman and Harary in 1983 and is defined as\[I(G;x) = \sum_{k=0}^{\alpha(G)}{s_k}x^{k}={s_0}+{s_1}x+{s_2}x^{2}+...+{...

This is a project report to a funder after the implementation period for a native tree species education in selected regions in Ghana.

The Bṛhatsaṁhitā, compiled by Śrī Varāha Mihira, is one of the most unique works in Sanskrit literature. This Bṛhatsamhita contains 106 chapters. The 29th chapter, entitled “Kusumalatā” describes the characteristics of various trees. It is generally accepted that trees are used for the benefit of others. However, the tree characteristics described...