Trees - Science topic

How relevant is the ancient Turkish proverb: "The trees voted for the axe again, because the axe was crafty and had convinced them that it was one of them, because it had the wooden handle."

Hi everyone.

I'm currently working on a project related to mito-nuclear discordance of our focal taxa, in which the phylogeny constructed by mitochondrial sequences differed from SNP data.

My question was that, when testing the impact of introgression or gene flow by scenario-testing method such as fasimcoal2 or BPP, which tree should I use for phylogeny backbone? To be more specific, could I use the tree from mtDNA and SNP data as input sequence to infer the gene flow among 'mitochondrial lineages'?

Thanks for any opinions!

I have constructed a phylogenetic tree, but the resulting tree appears as shown in the picture. I would like to understand what happened to the isolates within the blue frame and what these isolates are called. Are they outgroups?

What is your opinion on the impact of planting eucalyptus trees on groundwater depletion?

We analyse many characteristics of fruit trees and select the most important ones. But we don't look at the roots at all or we don't care about them. However, we are taught that, like the intestinal system in humans, the roots control many things in trees. For example, disease resistance, early flowering, fruit quality, drought or ground water resistance. My question is, is there any way to measure or visualise the root in large fruit trees?

Thank you for your time.

Tree growth is an important aspect of forestry and forest ecology. Typically a growth rate is calculated as the difference between two stem diameter measurements over a given time interval: (dbh2 - dbh1) / dt

There are two sources of error which can occur to lead to erroneous (and oftentimes negative) growth estimates: 1) small measurement error, which is typically is proportional to the size of the stem. These errors can be due to slacked or crooked diameter tapes or not exactly measuring the diameter point on the tree stem, etc. and 2) recording error. Measurements may be by off by a decimal place, having transposing numbers, data collection or entry errors, etc.

Alternatively, trees may have the same dbh recorded at both time intervals, giving a growth rate of zero.

Unreasonably large tree growth estimates can be identified as outliers using a quantile approach, but many types of growth models (i.e., gamma likelihood models) will not allow for negative or zero growth rates.

How do you deal with those zero/ negative growth measures? If you have suggestions beyond simply not including them, please share.

Thank you

I’m looking for a mobile-friendly way for volunteers to enter data in the field. Our surveys involve counting flying-foxes per tree across a site with >200 unnamed trees. Ideally, the datasheet should:

I’m considering Google Forms + My Maps, KoboToolbox, ArcGIS Survey123, and Airtable with Mapbox, but I’d love to hear your recommendations!

I have data of qualitative and quantitative of tree. I need to combine the qualitative and quantitative data to find the any statistical hypothesis.

I need more pdf on this topic

Hi! My name is Gabrielle, and I'm a biology student.

In my internship, I need to identify the pest on these leaves.

I know the tree species is Annona coriacea Mart.

My professor and I believe it might be a type of cochineal/mealybug. If anyone can assist with the identification, it would be greatly appreciated!

Thank you in advance!

This Schinus is naturalized in Saudi Arabia, I have seen several trees growing wildly in Saudi Arabia/ what is exactly?

SHOULD AVENUE PLANTATIONS ALWAYS BE ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE AND NOT ABOUT LOCAL FOOD SECURITY AND FOOD SOVEREIGNTY? There was a time in my childhood days, I remember to see long lines of edible fruit trees, especially the Java Plum (Syzygium cumini,), an occasional mango tree, among avenue plantations. There were hundreds of native sacred Banyan trees (fig species) along the highways. But this has changed completely now. Now avenue plantations are either reduced to species that has little value for food for humans/fauna or full of exotic tree species like the Conocarpus spp., that are detrimental for the environment and humans alike. But, honestly, to this day, I could not wrap my head around, why avenue plantations should always be about pollution, climate change and not about food security and food sovereignty? Why exotic and non fruit or tree species of very little value for humans and fauna are promoted for avenue plantations in India? Is there some kind of food politics involved in it? By not promoting fruit yield tree species for avenue plantation, are we deliberately deprived of our right to access to food, thereby, forcing us as a society to depend and participate in the market? Are the avenue plantations a way of taking food sovereignty away from citizens? I don't mean to say that all the food we need should come from avenue plantations, however, the question is why millions are invested in propagation and promotion of detrimental exotic tree species or tree species that have perceivably less ecological benefits and does not contribute to food/nutrition security of citizens?

Please correct me if I were wrong but I also observe a huge knowledge gap in the way tree species are chosen with regards to the width of the lane/avenue, and the type of neighborhood (residential, industrial, highways). I think that there is absolutely no correlation between the width of the road and the type of neighborhood and the type of tree species planted in India. Is there any prescription available for the choice? If there is one, then what is the basis for this prescription and how far it is put into practice? Any information is highly appreciated. Thank you!

Good afternoon!

I have such a question for experts in biomonitoring, namely in bioindication studies of the quality of the environment of recreational areas using the method of fluctuating asymmetry according to Betula pendula Roth.

What should I do if I have collected hybrid leaves, and the sample is now less than a 100 pieces from the collection site? Is it possible to draw a conclusion based on hybrid leaves? Will the sample size affect (not a 100 pieces, but 50, for example) the index of fluctuating asymmetry?

Need your help, cause It's winter now In Russia, and there are no more leaves on the trees this year :(

Three words “Tree”, “Small Tree” or “Shrub” are often used in different studies including the floristics. These three words may create confusion to decide the actual number of Trees and Shrubs thus need consideration.

Could You suggest datasets containing 2d and 3d images from different sensors of apple trees with fruits / other fruit trees for automated robotic harvesting?

I was built using two distinct phylogenetic trees created by MEGA X. The first tree was created using the ITS sequences of 24 different species of mushrooms, and the second tree was created using nuc-LSU sequences, which contain the same number of sequences (taxon), using the calculus models of Tamura-Nei and Maximum likehood

Can someone help me to discuss the result (tree)?

For any non-linear equations, how can we estimate the asymptotic standard error for each of the parameters (say a, b, c, d) of that equation?

Let say an equation:

Y = a/[1+b exp (-c x X] (1/d)

Is there any software that automatically collapses unsupported nodes?

FigTree makes it, but it is manual and the user has to decide when to collapse. I have a very complex tree and it is very difficult to collapse the nodes and a software that has the automatic option would be very good.

I have to make a phylogenetic tree for class and am trying to locate the best software to create one

i am generally interested in trees.

How can large-scale phylogenomic datasets be improved to reduce uncertainty in tree resolution?

Are you interested in joining our Juglandaceae-network?

We are working on global biogeography and conservation of the relict tree family Juglandaceae. However, the distribution and status knowledge of many species of South-Eastern Asia are not well known.

We are searching therefore for local experts of Engelhardia apoensis. According to our knowledge, the species is present in continental Malaysia, Borneo, Brunei, Philippines. Please see the attached schematic map with known distribution (administrative units & countries).

Any information, maps, publications, reports, personal observations, etc. from your region are interesting for us.

I want to carry on research on the impact of increased temperature on the tree species in Bangladesh. The idea of methodology is welcome. It may be in natural forests or plantations in some places of Bangladesh.

Include phylogenic trees and diagrams of life cycle

Is there any ethnobotanical or scientific significance to this pairing, or is it purely a result of cultural and religious practices?

Neem and peepal trees are frequently seen together, particularly in religious or sacred spaces. Neem is renowned for its medicinal properties, including its antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal benefits, while the peepal tree has been historically revered for its role in treating respiratory and skin disorders. While these trees are significant in both traditional medicine and spirituality, I am curious whether their pairing holds any deeper ethnobotanical or scientific value, or if it is a practice rooted in cultural symbolism alone.

I need a suitable method I can use in identifying tree species in a riparian zone area.\

I have constructed a phylogenetic tree by using the MEGA 11.0.3 package. However, I cannot write details for understanding the tree. My question is that how can we write descriptions or how can we discuss a phylogenetic tree?

I have done air layering to 100 branches of Mango tree. I have got the rooting percentage of 80%. Then I used separate it using stepwise separation method from mother plant (7 days interval). I used Transplant it to a pot mixture of sand:manure:soil = 1:3:3 ratio. Even after doing all this 80% of the plants are not surviving. How can I get more survivability of plants?

If someone can help me by sending my file i will be thankful

The occurrence of a whitish liquid from neem trees (Azadirachta indica) is more specifically correlated to the infestation of certain pests. Especially pests that are known to suck frass and include aphids, whiteflies and mealy bugs. Such pests access the sap of the tree, causing the plant stress and damage.

These insects infest the neem thanks to their ability to invade the phloem, which is the tree’s tissue that contains and carries the sap. This in turn usually makes the tree react against the invasion. One of the several reactions often involves giving off what may be termed ‘guttation fluid’ which could be a milky like substance.

Milky fluid, besides being produced by sap sucking pests, may also have other explanations such as fungal infections and abiotic factors. The white fluid may also contain other substances including the plant defensive agents like azadirachtin which has been proven to kill insects.

More studies concerning treatments of neem trees and their pests interactions are important because they may promote sustainable practices of pest control and address the plant biological behaviors' in its ecological region.

The molecular phylogenetic trees of subfamilies and family (diving beetles) were constructed using MEGA 11 (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 11) software. Initially, the COI sequences (Folmer) were aligned in MEGA by using MUSCLE alignment program. The aligned sequences were saved in MEGA format. Then the best fitting model was found. Model with a lowest BIC (Bayesian Information Criterion) value was considered for tree construction. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using Maximum Likelihood Method. Boot Strap value 500;

Nearest-Neighbour-Interchange; Branch swap- none.

How can the tree be interpreted or rectified?

Dear Colleagues,

We have started a synthesis effort called the “Global Spectra-Trait Initiative” (https://github.com/plantphys/gsti/tree/main) to gather datasets of paired leaf gas exchange (A-C_i curves) and leaf optical reflectance data.

The overarching goal is to create a database of spectra and physiological trait data we can use to develop spectra trait models for the prediction of the photosynthetic capacity of leaves.

We welcome data from C3 species of any biome (including agricultural systems).

If you want to participate in this synthesis, please contact us or visit our GitHub for more information.

Julien Lamour, Shawn Serbin, and Alistair Rogers

I sequenced two isolates of a virus and constructed a phylogenetic tree base on their partial sequence. Although both sequences are 100% identical, they are separated from each other by another NCBI sequence that has 99% identity to my sequences.

However, the number of sequences submitted in GenBank is limited (about four sequences) and when I constructed the tree based on a shorter sequence (but more sequences), this problem will be solved.

Is it possible the low number of sequences cause this issue? and which tree is more reliable? a tree with more sequences but shorter length or a tree with low number of isolates but longer sequence?

For example a mango tree whose bifurcation has occurred at 3.5ft so in that case what can be done.

How to define pseudo-time in a graph? Can I use spanning tree or any other algorithm?

I want to construct a phylogenetic tree based on the STs of K. pneumoniae. Seven housekeeping genes (gapA, infB, mdh, pgi, phoE, rpoB, and tonB) were sequenced using Sanger sequencing, and the double-stranded DNA was assembled. I queried the sequences in the Institut Pasteur database to identify the STs. However, I am unsure whether I should construct separate trees for each gene or concatenate the seven genes into a single sequence for each isolate before drawing a tree (and how to do it). Thanks for your help.

Please, what is the memory consumption of the Matlab function quad tree decomposition procedure [S = qtdecomp(I)] with respect to the input set I?

I created two potential gene expression cassettes (constitutive and inducible) for expression of a mutant PETase gene on PeptiCloud using the version tree feature, which allows users to create multiple versions for a biological sequence and organize it in a single location. Could you please check if the cassettes (nodes 3 and 5 in screenshot) are suitable for expression in E. coli K12? The original paper and plasmid sequence are attached in the files section. My project can be found in this link: https://www.pepticloud.com/public-project/PETase.

e.g. moment one: square in its normal state moment two: square after cutting large trees and replacing them with dwarf trees.

I want to assess the trees in an rainforest habitat and collect every necessary detailed data by utilizing GIS and Remote sensing technology techniques. And build a database management system for all people of different expertise to have accessed.

I want to know what are the relationship that happen between insect biodiversity and durian tree

Syria has been suffering from a senseless, devastating war for more than 14 years, in which the combatants did not respect any sanctity of humans, trees, animals, cities, archaeological, historical, and even religious sites. The impact on the environment was very violent, through the use of heavy weapons and explosives of all kinds, the destruction of agricultural lands and forests by uprooting and felling trees, the loss of biodiversity, water and sanitation systems, and the pollution of the air and soil with heavy metals such as mercury, arsenic and lead, which are produced by weapons and their remnants. Of solid waste and mines, effects that may last for decades, causing permanent damage to the ecosystem, in addition to the presence of a huge number of unexploded explosives that explode and cause the death of dozens of civilians daily, in addition to the Corona pandemic in 2021 and 2022, and the devastating earthquake that struck Syria on 6 February 2023. It greatly destroyed cities and towns, in addition to the destruction of infrastructure, including schools, hospitals, companies, and factories, which contributed to a severe deterioration in the level of humanitarian conditions, especially food security. All of the above doubled the pressure on the environment through unjust cutting. For forests to use their wood, and illegal hunting of animals, and increased the government’s inability to meet the requirements of economic and social growth and development, and take into account environmental requirements. In this paper, we address the current state of the Syrian economy, the damage caused by military and security operations, the decline in agricultural production, air, soil and water pollution, the spread of oil pollution, and illegal fishing. We reached a basic conclusion, which is that the senseless and destructive Syrian war has affected the environment in a devastating and catastrophic manner, and that its negative environmental, economic, social, and even political effects will continue for a long period of time. Among the most important recommendations is to achieve real concerted regional and international efforts to stop the devastating and ongoing war, and to work to mobilize international support (technical and financial) to overcome the devastating effects of the environment and climate left by this war, because these catastrophic environmental effects will not be limited to Syria, but rather their repercussions will be on the region and the world.

Keywords: war, environment, air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution, forests, biodiversity, economic impacts, social impacts.

Melia azedarach is often confused with Azadirachta indica in the indian sub-continent. The medicinal utility of A. indica attracts a lot of the common people and in abscence of it, people tend to use M. azedarach.

I have found online that Melia azedarach is highly toxic for consumption. I want expert opinion from my scientific peers and thoughts on it.

Is planting trees blindly everywhere a permanent solution to stop climate change?

PP resin and PE resin is petroleum base from fossil we have to use in making our FIBC products, I am thinking of end of use, returned to landfill, by mixing particular master batch into our product in which, upon landfill, it will be perform similar to Biodegradable resin making better soil for trees. CO2 , H20 or Methane fully released because the trees will use CO2 n H2O as its Food. Methane is for energy recovery. From the best of my knowledges some particular fermented microbial or enzyme may doing this workable, but is there any one mix to our product to fulfill the purpose, or dilute them upon landfill. At least min 90% proportion decompose, but totally will be perfect.

I have two sets of canopy pictures from a forest taken at dbh with a fisheye lens. One set of pictures are from the spring just before the trees get their leaves, the other is from late summer where the trees have all their leaves. Both times the pictures where taken in the same spots.

I´m have been analyzing these two sets of pictures separately in R in order to get a value of the effective leaf area index from each picture to use as a proxy for the amount of light available for the flora. The aim is to be able to link the amount of light available on the forest floor to the floral development.

But I have encountered a problem when choosing a method for setting a threshold and thereby binarizing the fisheye picture to further analyze it. For the pictures taken in the summer I´ve used the Otsu method, since it seem to work well here. But when analyzing the spring pictures this method doesn´t seem to work well, since it´s not cooping well with the clouds in my pictures. Instead I have found, that the Huang method works well here.

So my question is, can I compare my results when I have used two different thresholding methods?

And if not, which method would then be cooping best when I have pictures with both direct sunlight and dark clouds?

I have been running my phylogeny tree in MEGA X. My phylogeny tree doesn't seem to have any major differences between species in plain view, but the branches are becoming more clearly divided and each species looks to have major differences in topological view. What happened to my phylogeny tree?

Terrestrial orchids establish a relationship with fungi when germiate. Duw to their small size, they lack reserve substances and need a fungus to feed them, a relationship that can last the entire life of the orchid.

However, since most orchid species are epiphytic, are they able to start this relationship with fungi present in the surface of trees? Or does they obtain their nutrients from another source?

Narrative therapy stands as a beacon in the realm of psychotherapy, championing the notion that individuals are the ultimate authorities on their own lives. Its core premise revolves around the narratives individuals construct about themselves and their experiences. Within these narratives lie the seeds of personal growth and transformation.

In the narrative approach, therapist and client embark on a collaborative journey, delving into the intricate tapestry of stories that shape the client's perception of themselves, their challenges, and their relationships. Together, they sift through these narratives, identifying those that may be hindering progress or perpetuating oppression. Through this process, the therapist aids the client in crafting alternative, more empowering narratives, paving the way for renewed agency, resilience, and hope.

The scope of narrative therapy is broad and inclusive, offering solace and support to individuals grappling with a myriad of issues. Whether navigating the depths of depression, wrestling with anxiety, confronting the specter of trauma, or unraveling the complexities of relationships and identity, narrative therapy provides a safe harbor for exploration and growth.

At the heart of narrative therapy lies the Tree of Life exercise, a revered technique that invites individuals to chart the landscape of their life experiences, strengths, aspirations, and dreams. Through this exercise, clients unearth the roots of their heritage and culture, the branches of their hopes and aspirations, and the leaves of their strengths and resources. In the fertile soil of this symbolic tree, clients find nourishment for their journey, fostering a sense of continuity and resilience as they navigate the trials and triumphs of life.

To give reference

Singha, R. (2024). Tree of Life exercise. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/post/Tree_of_Life_exercise?_init=1

Above and below ground biomass for a mangrove forest was estimated for 520 trees using standard formula. How can I statistically compare the these data sets for 520 trees?

Bacteria:Fungi ratio in fruit tress

Can we stop global climate change? Does human scientific power reach the world's climate change? What is the response of the researchers?

As you know, humans are very intelligent and can predict the future climate of the world with hydrology, climatology and paleontology. But don't countries, especially industrialized countries, that produce the most harmful gases in the earth's atmosphere and think about the future of the earth's atmosphere? Do they listen to the research of climatologists? What would have to happen to get them to listen to climate scientists?

Miloud Chakit added a reply

Climate change is an important and complex global challenge, and scientific theories about it are based on extensive research and evidence. The future path of the world depends on various factors including human actions, political decisions and international cooperation.

Efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change continue. While full recovery can be challenging, important steps can be taken to slow progression and lessen its effects. This requires global cooperation, sustainable practices and the development and implementation of clean energy technologies.

Human scientific abilities play an important role, but dealing with climate change also requires social, economic and political changes. The goal is to limit global warming and its associated impacts, and collective action at the local, national, and international levels is essential for a more sustainable future.

Reply to this discussion

Osama Behnas added a reply

Global climate change is impossible to stop. Human scientific power cannot reach the climate changes of the world.

Borys Kapochkin added a reply

Mathematical models of planetary warming as a function of the argument - anthropogenic influence - are wrong.

Alastair Bain McDonald added a reply

We can stop climate change, but we won't! We have scientific knowledge but no political will. One can blame Russia and China for refusing to cooperate, but half of the US population (Republicans) deny that climate change is a problem and prefer their promiscuous lifestyles to the answer:

All climate change is loaded on CO2 responsible for the greenhouse effect. Therefore, scientific experiments from several independent scientific institutions around the world should be conducted to determine what the greenhouse effect is at different concentrations of CO2. Then, a conference of a reputable and professional organization with the participation of all independent scientific bodies should be held to establish standards on CO2 concentrations and propose policy measures accordingly.

The second action that can be taken is to plant as many trees and plants as possible to breathe CO2 and release oxygen. Stop any deforestation and immediately plant trees in any tree-filled areas.

Lucy George added a reply:

We have the knowledge, tools and resources to ensure a livable and sustainable future for all. Carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases are major contributors to global warming. Therefore, reducing greenhouse gas emissions is very important and should be done as soon as possible to achieve zero greenhouse gas emissions. Both forests and oceans play an important role in regulating our climate, so increasing their natural ability to absorb carbon dioxide can also help prevent global warming.

Reply to this discussion

Ilan Kelman added a reply:

Yes, we can address and stop human-caused climate change. See extensive details in the full technical reports of ipcc.ch

Mohamed Sarmoum added a reply:

I think it is difficult to stop global climate change, but, on the other hand, we can develop adaptation mechanisms with this change

Mrutyunjay Padhiary added a reply:

The challenge of combating global climate change is complicated and multidimensional, involving scientific, technological, political, economic, and social initiatives. Even though we may not be able to "stop" climate change entirely at this time, we can surely lessen its worst consequences and adjust to the changes that are already occurring. It is true that advances in science have allowed us to gain an in-depth knowledge of the mechanisms causing climate change as well as the tools and techniques that can be used to slow it down. Scholars from diverse fields such as ecology, engineering, economics, climatology, and social sciences are actively investigating climate change and devising remedies for it.

Hi!

I'm working on a phylogenetic inference (molecular) with 205 taxa and 5350 characters (7 different genes).

I've ever made a phylogeny thanks to a supermatrix. There were some polytomies. The problem is that some have lacks of sequences. Thus, I'd like to make a supertree to compare and see if there will be polytomies again or not.

This way, I inferred trees for each genes in ML with IQtree2. Then, I used Clann to make a matrix as a MRP (Matrix Representation with Parsimony) with 7 source trees. Next, I used PAUP to start a heuristic search (in parsimony) with these command lines in my nexus file (as Clann suggested) :

begin paup;

set increase=auto notifybeep=no errorbeep=no;

hs nreps=10 swap=tbr addseq=random;

showtrees;

savetrees FILE=MRP.tree Format=nexus treeWts=yes Append=no replace=yes;

quit;

end;

However, the search is working for hours (since 8:00 pm, yesterday) and it doesn't stop. More than 10 billion rearrangement were tried 1 721 900 trees are already saved, whereas it's only the first replicate. The analysis tells that the best tree is the tree n°3088, but the heuristic search continues.

Regarding the number of taxa and characters, is it normal that it take so much time?

Is there an error in my command lines?

It is the first time I try to build a supertree.

Can you help me?

So i have to compare tree data (densities, tree diameter and height) from 3 habitats (monsoon forest, savanna, ecoton), the first data is my field data and the plot size is 4 meter square with total 17 plot, the other two are 1 meter square with total 5 plot for the second data and 15 plot for the third data. To compare them i was trying to extrapolate the 2nd and 3rd data so it could be more "valid" (e.g multiple the density by 4) but it turns out weird like the density for savanna is higher than the monsoon forest. is there any other way to compare my data to make them less "weird" or is it just impossible to compare them because they have different plot size?

#statistic #agriculturestatistic #forestrystatistic #forestry

Can we stop global climate change? Does human scientific power reach the world's climate change? How do researchers respond?

As you know, humans are very intelligent and can predict the future climate of the world with hydrology, climatology and paleontology. But don't countries, especially industrialized countries, that produce the most harmful gases in the earth's atmosphere and think about the future of the earth's atmosphere? Do they listen to the research of climatologists? What would have to happen to force them to listen to climate scientists?

Miloud Chakit added a reply

Climate change is an important and complex global challenge, and scientific theories about it are based on extensive research and evidence. The future path of the world depends on various factors including human actions, political decisions and international cooperation.

Efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change continue. While complete reversal may be challenging, important steps can be taken to slow progression and lessen its effects. This requires global cooperation, sustainable practices and the development and implementation of clean energy technologies.

Human scientific abilities play an important role, but dealing with climate change also requires social, economic and political changes. The goal is to limit global warming and its associated impacts, and collective action at the local, national, and international levels is essential for a more sustainable future.

Reply to this discussion.

Osama Bahnas added a reply

It is impossible to stop global climate change. The human scientific power can not reach the world's climate change.

Borys Kapochkin added a reply

Mathematical models of increasing planetary temperature as a function of the argument - anthropogenic influence - are erroneous.

Alastair Bain McDonald added a reply

We could stop climate change but we won't! We have the scientific knowldge but not the political will. One could blame Russia and China from refusing to cooperate but half the population of the USA (Republicans) deny climate change is a problem and prefer their profligate life styles.

John Hatzopoulos added a reply

John Hatzopoulos

PhD, MSCE, UW USA, Diploma NTUA GreeceManaging Director at University of the Aegean

Greece

All climate change has been loaded on the CO2 responsible for the greenhouse effect. Therefore, there must be scientific experiments from several independent scientific institutes worldwide to find out what the greenhouse impact is on various CO2 concentrations. Then, there must be a conference from a reliable, professional organization with the participation of all independent scientific institutions to establish standards on CO2 concentrations and propose political actions accordingly.

The second action that can be done is to plant as many trees and plants as possible to breathe the CO2 and free the oxygen. Stop any deforestation and plant trees immediately in any bunt areas.

Ilan Kelman added a reply

Ilan Kelman

For publications, see https://www.ilankelman.org/publications.htmlFor full contact details see https://www.ilankelman.org/contact.html at University College London

United Kingdom

See the full technical reports at https://www.ipcc.ch which details answers to all these questions.

Please suggest how to identify the herbs, shrubs and trees in field

In the country where I operate usually before local elections in many cities, local government officials, as part of their election campaigns, recall the residents of the municipality, analyze the needs and demands raised by residents, local activists and local independent media. What they consider to be more frequent in the aforementioned demands they choose as banners for the ongoing election campaign, put on advertising banners, in promotional videos aired in various media, and, in the form of articles, place in controlled local government magazines or published by NGOs and associations specially established for the elections. Recently, before the local elections, a rapturous number of local government officials are now talking about the need to create urban pocket parks, while just a few years ago the so-called concretosis was developed on a large scale in many cities. Of course, it's a good trend that in many cities local government officials have finally now noticed the demands that have been made for years by many residents and by researchers that have been made for at least a dozen years. In a situation where, due to previously improper land use, incorrectly implemented zoning plans in many cities in the past, green areas have been eliminated in order to create a concrete plaza or widen the asphalt surfaces of parking lots, sidewalks and so on. green areas in many cities have been significantly reduced and in some cities have been completely eliminated altogether, and as a result, the quality of life in cities has deteriorated significantly in many respects, and there is no possibility of creating large urban parks, then the creation of urban pocket parks although to a small extent, but nevertheless will help urban residents by improving the conditions of existence, living, functioning, etc. in a certain urban agglomeration. Even through the establishment of urban pocket parks, the number of trees, shrubs, flower meadows and lawns in cities can be significantly increased, which will translate into a decrease in the temperature near them during the summer heat. In addition, the humidity of the air will also increase, which is also important during the summer heat. Placing benches in the areas of urban pocket parks will also increase the number of places where residents can relax. Near the creation of urban pocket parks, children's playgrounds and physical exercise facilities, so-called gyms and outdoor climbing walls can be established, thanks to which the number of places for recuperation and active rest from the urban hustle and bustle and after work offered to residents will increase. Established flower meadows will help protect pollinating insects, whose numbers of individuals in populations of bees and other pollinating insects have been declining rapidly over the past few decades. For this purpose, it is worth putting up houses for insects but also for birds in urban pocket parks and other parks being created. In larger urban parks it is also worth creating water reservoirs, ponds which can also significantly improve the natural qualities of the park, can increase the biodiversity of flora and fauna found in the park and improve the issue of microclimate and also increase the natural, aesthetic, etc. attractiveness of a specific park from the point of view of residents. In view of the above, the creation of urban pocket parks also fits perfectly into the realization of the pro-environmental, pro-climate and pro-social goals of sustainable development, can be an important part of the green transformation of the economy, and can be an important element of urban development in accordance with the concept of sustainable, green, smart cities.

Key aspects of the negative effects of the ongoing process of global warming and the associated necessary acceleration of the processes of green transformation of the economy in order to decarbonize the economy, slow down the process of global warming, protect the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems I described in the article:

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Hi!

How does predictor importance calculate in SPSS Modeler? ( It is mentioned with the help of SW that the predictor importance is relative, So, it is not based on OR?)

In different models of DT such as C5.0 the branches of a tree are not according to the results of predictor importance. I mean the root is not the most important predictor followed by the next tree layers! why?

Also, how does predictor importance work in boosting?

The pic of the tree branches is attached.

I am doing research on invasive species more specifically the ailanthus altissima tree. I know that originally it is from China but I'm quite sure how and when did it arrive in South Africa

Guys, I need help with phylogeny. I am very new to this field and currently trying to position a bacterial strain. I have selected four crucial loci for the genus, but I am encountering limitations in employing a multilocus approach. I attempted to use Paup/Mrmodelblocks - Mrbayes; however, even though the individual tree for each locus yields an acceptable topology (confirmed through marker sequences), concatenating the different genetic sequences results in a significant error in the tree's topology. I have tried various solutions to rectify this issue, but despite seeking assistance from experienced friends, I haven't been able to resolve it.

This led me to explore new approaches, considering a phylogeny based more on genomes using orthofinder. Initially, it worked well, but when I attempted to repeat the process, my PC couldn't support it, even though it is a robust computer. I'm using Linux, and every time I try to use orthofinder again, the system restarts. Consequently, I sought another approach, utilizing iqtree. I repeated the process using a multilocus strategy, but once again, I can create individual trees for each region, yet I struggle to obtain an acceptable topology when concatenating the regions to generate the tree for the four chosen regions.

The program does concatenate the sequences, but when I try to run the command to generate the tree with nucleotide substitution models, it produces an error due to the size of the concatenated sequences.

I am in need of tips and alternatives on how to address this issue. Although I successfully used the new cognac package in R, considering it's a recent approach, I need to validate my data. Please assist me with any possible alternatives. Thanks.

Has anybody studied how tree leaves shape and other tree characteristics control runoff?

Thanks for your help.

Elias

I have just started doing LiDAR point cloud research, and I feel that the processing algorithms for LiDAR point clouds are generally segmentation, reconstruction, completion, etc. This isn't very interesting. I have an idea: design a deep learning network so that the network can autonomously summarize formulas from point cloud data. For example, the potential theoretical formulas of leaf area index and tree diameter at breast height were summarized from forest point clouds. Is this possible? Are there any similar studies that we can learn from?

Investigating tree connections in forests showed that some are connected to many others via direct root connections or via funghi. These connections via funghi seem to be evolutionary at least 300 Mio years old. Is it already settled, how the trees communicate (substances) and if electrical signals also play a role?

What is the average growth of jujube tree circles to determine age per year?

I want to establish a phylogenetic relationship of our fungal species of interest along with the other fungal species belonging to the same order (Hypocreales). In order to perform this, we have done sequencing of our fungi using ITS and TEF regions and then performed a BLAST analysis in NCBI for identifying the closest members depending on similarity index. This was followed by retrieving some of the existing sequences (FASTA format) of other fungal species belonging to different families but sharing same order i.e. Hypocreales, available in NCBI. Next, we performed a multiple sequence alignment of the retrieved sequences and our own sequence of interest using MEGA X. We further removed the gaps, trimmed the extra regions and build the tree based on most suitable model using 1000 bootstrapping. However, the tree generated after the analysis is showing poor bootstrapping values in majority of the branches (some are below 20). How to improve this?

Hello, I want to construct 16s rRNA gene phylogentic tree. I have retrieved the similar sequences from NCBI and alligend that sequences through clustalx . I have installed Paup4 to my PC what should I do know to construct a tree with bootstrap values and also how will I save that tree?

I have height and DBH data for all trees that are > 1 cm DBH, from several 20 X 20 m plots, spread over a large landscape. Most of the trees are between 1 to 10 cm DBH, therefore, I assume that most of the trees in the plots are not fully mature. Very few trees are above 30 cm DBH.

I need one formula that can be generally applied to tropical deciduous trees. I have some species-wise formulae for many tree species, but I believe they can be only applied to mature trees.

The hardness of the peel of pomegranate fruits is affected by irrigation, the environment, and the number of fruits on the tree, so it is difficult to rely on the hardness of the peel in determining the harvest date.

Please any relevant literature review or helpful materials on the above poets and their poetry. I am using these poems; for Sylvia Plath:

- Lady Lazarus

- Daddy

- Mirror

- Ariel

- Tulips

- The Moon and the Yew Tree

Anne Sexton:

- Her Kind

- Sylvia's Death

- Wanting to Die

- Live

- Cinderella

- The Truth the Dead Know

I am using classical psychoanalysis for my analysis, Thank you.

I found the node of error from result tree. At that node i haven't specifically applied any constraint and it is at the intersection of beam and column

How does the Iroko tree (Milicia excelsa) impact the environment in Western African Region, and what steps can be taken to ensure its conservation for a healthier ecosystem?

I am calculating water demand for crops by multiplying A-pan evaporation and crop factors using WR90 data (from water resources of South Africa study) and I get the result in mm. I subtract effective rainfall from from the crop water demand and the deficit is provided by irrigation.

The problem I have is determining the volume required for irrigation. Do I take into account the tree density or this has already been incorporated in the crop factors? In other words, is the irrigation supposed to be calculated simply as Deficit * Field area (assuming 100 % irrigation efficiency)?

Due to the rapidly increasing level of plastic waste pollution in the green transformation of the economy, plastic packaging is being replaced by packaging made from biodegradable plastic substitutes, materials of organic origin, produced from vegetable crops, or packaging made from paper, wood. Unfortunately, the production of packaging from paper and/or wood is not a pro-environmental solution either, as it generates the cutting down of trees, increases the scale of forest deforestation. On the other hand, in connection with the still increasing scale of greenhouse gas emissions, the accelerating process of global warming, the processes of forest deforestation should be replaced by the processes of aforestation of civilizationally degraded areas, post-industrial areas, areas with sterilized soil, etc. In view of the above, there is a growing need to create green technologies and material eco-innovations, where it would be possible to create and implement paper production technologies from other forms of flora, plants other than trees, e.g. from shrubs, grasses, perennials, fallen leaves, straw, waste from crop production and/or lumber waste.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion on this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I need to download the sequence of seven housekeeping genes (i.e., AAT1a, ACC1, ADP1, MPIb, SYA1, VPS13, and ZWF1b) of ST C. albicans to do phylogeny tree

This question is focused on creating a list of tree species from the Lacandona Rainforest that could be used for a government project that seeks the equilibrium between an ecological restoration project and market production

Hi there,

I'm really struggling to get any tree file to work in BayesTraits. I was able to generate a tree successfully in Seaview of the phylogeny I need (attached). The coding that generates this tree is the exact same that I put into BayesTree (also attached). When uploading into BayesTree, it only generates the first 6 taxa in a tree. I was *hoping* that this was potentially a display error (as the tree generated fine in Seaview) but I have the same issues in BayesTraits (attached).

Thoughts?