Travel - Science topic

Soumendra Nath Thakur

ORCID: 0000-0003-1871-7803

Tagore's Electronic Lab, India.

March 09, 2025

In the calculation of light's speed, the observer's motion is not factored in, as light is considered to travel at a constant speed independent of the observer's velocity.

The principle of special relativity asserts that the laws of physics remain the same for all observers in any inertial frame of reference. As a result, the current understanding of light’s constant speed originates from Einstein’s theory of special relativity (1905), which states that the speed of light in a vacuum is a universal constant, unaffected by the motion of the light source or the observer.

Einstein’s general relativity (1916) introduced the concepts of spacetime curvature and time dilation to explain why the speed of light remains unchanged, suggesting that the ratio of space to time must remain constant.

Mathematically, this is expressed as:

λ f = c

where:

c represents the speed of light,

λ is the photon's wavelength,

f is the photon's frequency.

The equation

λ f = c

can also be rewritten as:

f = c/λ

This highlights the inverse relationship between wavelength and frequency while maintaining the constant speed of light. However, in logical terms, this inverse relationship implies that their ratio must always yield c, which can be represented in reasoning-based notation as:

λ : f ⇒ c

Since the speed of light remains mathematically constant due to this inverse variation, the relationship can also be expressed as:

λ : f ⇒ c

or equivalently:

λ : (1/t)⇒c

where

t corresponds to Planck time (tP).

However, the equation λ f = c is primarily a mathematical convenience derived from the known frequency-wavelength inverse relationship. While effective in describing wave behaviour, it does not fully explain the fundamental reason why light's speed remains constant.

A more fundamental perspective must consider Planck units—including Planck length, Planck frequency, and Planck time—which Max Planck introduced in 1899, well before the development of special relativity (1905) and general relativity (1916).

Since light consists of photons, the speed of light is ultimately determined by the behavior of photons, rather than being solely a consequence of relativistic effects.

According to the principles of Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), a photon possesses negative apparent mass (-Mᵃᵖᵖ), which, unlike matter mass (Mᴍ), exhibits an anti-gravitational property.

As a result, photons tend to move at unrestricted speeds only if:

Their observable wavelength is not constrained by the Planck length (ℓP).

They are unbound by a gravitationally bound system, such as a galaxy.

However, Planck units impose a fundamental limit, restricting the smallest possible wavelength to the Planck length (ℓP) and the shortest measurable time to the Planck time (tP), thereby constraining a photon's behaviour within permissible limits.

Within a gravitational field, a photon expends energy while escaping, leading to a redshift in its wavelength. However, beyond significant gravitational influence, a photon's speed—defined by the ratio of its wavelength (λ) and frequency (f)—further changes due to the cosmic recession of galaxies, resulting in an additional energy loss.

The Planck length (ℓP) and Planck frequency (fP), as defined in Planck units, are derived from Planck’s constant and other fundamental constants. They establish a theoretical limit on the smallest meaningful measurements of space and time, where our current physical understanding, including relativity, breaks down and quantum gravity effects become dominant.

In classical mechanics, speed is determined using the values of distance and time associated with a given motion. The fundamental equation for speed is:

S = d/t

At the quantum scale, this equation is expressed as:

ΔS = Δd/Δt

where:

Δd corresponds to the Planck length (ℓP),

1/Δt corresponds to the Planck frequency (fP), where Δt represents the Planck time.

Thus, the equation

ΔS = Δd/Δt

can be interpreted as:

c = fλ

where:

ΔS represents c (the speed of light),

Δd represents the photon's wavelength (λ),

1/Δt represents the frequency (f).

Additionally, the speed of light can be expressed in terms of the Planck scale:

c/ℓP = fP

Since the Planck length (ℓP) is the smallest meaningful spatial unit, and the Planck frequency (fP) is the highest fundamental oscillation frequency in the universe, their ratio is equivalent to the ratio of a photon's wavelength to its inverse frequency (which corresponds to the Planck time).

I have previously mentioned that photons tend to follow unrestricted speed when external influences or observable limitations (as per Planck units) are absent. This distinction is crucial in understanding the fundamental difference between the speed of observers and the speed of photons.

Since photons are composed purely of negative apparent mass (-Mᵃᵖᵖ) while observers possess positive matter mass (Mᴍ), their respective gravitational properties are inherently different:

Photons exhibit an anti-gravitational nature, meaning they follow the dynamics of negative apparent mass, which aligns with negative effective mass (-Mᵉᶠᶠ) contributions in the universe (similar to dark energy).

Observers and massive objects exhibit gravitational properties, meaning their motion is bound to the gravitational pull of the universal potential centre (i.e., the tendency toward gravitational collapse).

Because the forces governing these entities are opposite in nature, their respective speeds must also be opposite in direction. The observers’ movement is toward the universal gravitational potential centre, while photons move away from the universal potential centre due to their anti-gravitational nature. This opposition results in an effective cancellation of speed components between the two systems.

Moreover, since the measurement system itself is dictated by the dominant mass-energy contribution, we must recognize that:

The negative measurement system dominates due to the overwhelming contribution of negative apparent mass (-Mᵃᵖᵖ) and negative effective mass (-Mᵉᶠᶠ), which surpasses the contribution of positive matter mass (Mᴍ).

Gravitational deceleration in a positive mass system corresponds to anti-gravitational acceleration in a negative effective mass system, reinforcing that the observer’s motion is measured within a negative measurement framework when compared to photons.

The speed of photons in the anti-gravitational system (negative measurement system) is vastly superior to the speed of observers in the gravitational system (positive measurement system). This makes the gravitational motion of observers negligible compared to the anti-gravitational motion of photons.

Thus, the ultimate outcome is that the speed of observers with positive mass is rendered insignificant when contrasted against the anti-gravitational speed of photons with negative apparent mass, which follows an opposite trajectory—away from the universal potential centre. The dominance of the negative measurement system further amplifies this effect, reinforcing the fundamental asymmetry between the two domain

I am planning to purchase Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 from another university, and it will be placed in nutrient agar (NA) broth. Given an estimated travel time of 5-7 days, I am concerned about its viability during transit.

How long can E. coli ATCC 8739 survive in NA broth under these conditions? What are the best storage and transport methods to ensure its viability upon arrival? Any insights or experiences would be greatly appreciated.

I am interested in the development of applications using Quantum computers; so I am looking for use cases related to my background:

Computer vision: Measuring wall stress of the ventricles,

Portfolio optimization of stocks: Getting highest profit with lowest investment,

Earthquakes: Forecasting,

Cybersecurity: Identifying and fixing criptographic vulnerabilities,

Machine learning: Recommendations, Sentiment analysis,

Optimization of last mile delivery: Travelling salesperson problem

I am travelling at speed u and another object is travelling towards me at spped v. I can only see the light from the object tarvelling towards me. everywhere else it is dark. Then what is the velocity of object from my frame.

Assume you could travel back in time and make changes. Would those changes be local or impact and alter the whole universe or just certain parts of the universe?

Can anyone guide me towards existing datasets of dugout and plank boats travel time in open water?

Initial Straight-Line Trajectory: The photon starts along a straight path from the source, traveling at speed c. As it moves away from the gravitational well of the source, a slight redshift occurs, indicating a small increase in wavelength (Δλ > 0).

Interaction with External Massive Body: As the photon approaches an external massive body, it undergoes a temporary blueshift (Δλ < 0) while moving toward the body. Once the photon passes the body and begins to move away, it experiences a redshift (Δλ > 0), returning to its original wavelength. This reversible shift reflects the energy gained and lost by the photon in response to the external gravitational field. The photon’s inherent energy drives its straight-line path, but the external field temporarily adds energy, altering its trajectory in an arc-like fashion. After completing this interaction, the photon resumes its original straight path, with no net change in wavelength (Δλ = 0).

Return to Original Trajectory: After passing the gravitational influence of the external body, the photon’s trajectory returns to its original straight-line path, maintaining its inherent energy and wavelength. The photon’s wavelength remains unchanged beyond the initial shift caused by the source’s gravitational well.

To go to the end of the universe, I don't think we need to look for superluminal speeds. I think an interstellar travel machine needs to dilate local time. Dilate local time can lead us to travel infinite distances even with a small speed, at that point, it is space and time that allow the machine to be brought where it wants to be in an extremely short time!

I think there are areas of the universe that are conducive to allowing us to travel in time, these special areas dilate time and therefore create shortcuts in space. I'm not talking mainly about glass holes!

We must now, in my opinion, build machines that are not intended to reach the speed of light but we just need, for example, a tenth of the speed of light to look for these special areas that are not very far from us I think and then enter them!

By my calculations, we can travel ten to the power of thirty-eight meters in eighteen hours, ours!

Through the analysis of light generation, traveling and interaction with the matter, it was found that Special Relativity theory is not correct. The detailed explanation is given in the attached file. Since 1905 when Special Relativity theory was proposed, understanding of light behavior such as generation and interaction with matter has significantly been improved through experiments and detections. This analaysis and interpretation is based upon those results. I would like to ask the critical review of my interpretation, and comments. Thank you very much.

Netnographic research is a methodology adapted from traditional ethnography. The research studies online communities and cultures by analysing digital interactions on the internet. One of the key characteristics of netnography is its ability to gather extensive qualitative data from online platforms, such as social media, forums and blogs. Data collection involves various methods, including participant observation and content analysis.

I am considering using netnography in my doctoral study about how online travel platforms can adapt their business models by leveraging GAI and blockchain technologies to benefit all stakeholders, including shareholders, hosts and travellers.

Your insights and recommendations will be appreciated.

7) How is Einstein's world of relativity?

Abstract—If time is forced to be relative as Einstein did in Special Relativity, the Relativity Factor or the Time Dilation Factor will not be constant for an inertial frame and the relative time will be directional and dependent on the angle to the direction of motion of the frame and hence there are infinitely many relativity factors for an inertial frame. The path of light can only be altered by the change of medium. The path of light cannot be altered relative to observers, both internal and external. A vertically moving arrow in a moving train is vertical relative to all observers. A vertically moving arrow does not tilt relative to observers both on the train and off the train. A Light burst is a massless and momentumless arrow. The time it takes for an arrow to hit the ceiling is not relative. Average Relativity Factor in Special Relativity for forward and return time is not applicable for one-way motion. Einstein’s lateral plane Relativity Factor cannot be forced onto other directions for one-way motion. Einstein’s Relativity Factor that was derived for a direction orthogonal to the motion of the frame is not constant for the entire inertial frame. If time is relative, time will be directional and depends on the angle to the direction of motion of the frame and the polarity of the speed of the frame. Directional motion cannot generate non-directional time or a non-directional Relativity Factor. Time must be non-directional and hence cannot be relative. In Special Relativity, Einstein forced the lateral plane Relativity Factor onto the direction of motion of the frame by redefining the time as the average forward and backward time of a beam of light, and by forcing the average forward and backward length in the direction of motion to contract by the inverse of the lateral plane Relativity Factor. The forcing of Einstein’s Relativity Factor, which was derived for a direction orthogonal to the direction of motion of the frame, onto the direction of motion of the frame cannot make it the constant Relativity Factor for the entire frame. Special Relativity is self-contradictory. A theory that claims that the speed of light is observer independent cannot contain the terms (c-v) and (c+v). The Relativity Factor in Special Relativity contains the terms (c-v) and (c+v). The terms (c-v) and (c+v) cannot exist unless the speed of light is observer dependent. The presence of both terms (c-v) and (c+v) also indicates that Special Relativity is based on the average forward and return motion. Real-time systems do not operate on average forward and return dynamics. Special Relativity cannot describe real-time systems that operate on instantaneous time. The average has to be calculated off-line by taking separate measurements for forward and reverse motion. Average is not available for measurement. Average does not exist for instantaneous time. On-line systems do not run on average forward and return time of a beam of light. Motion dynamics of an object is not determined by the average forward and backward motion. A theory based on average forward and return time, and average forward and return length contraction cannot model real-time systems that run on one-way instantaneous time and one-way instantaneous distance. Dynamic systems do not operate on average forward and return motion dynamics. A moving object has no information on the average forward and return time and the average forward and return distance. Clocks do not run on the average forward and return time of a beam of light. Clocks are incompatible with Special Relativity. Measuring sticks do not measure average forward and backward travel distance. Time is a definition. Clocks do not determine the time. We define a time width, a day or a year, and engineer clocks to break it down into finer intervals. Clocks measure time delay, not the time itself, Time delay is independent of an instance of time. Distance traveled is independent of space coordinates. Space and time cannot be brought into the equation. Average forward and backward time and length exist on paper in textbooks, not in real-time dynamic systems. Special Relativity exists on paper as both mathematically and conceptually invalid theory, not as a dynamic system that operates in nature. The forcing of Einstein’s Relativity Factor, which is derived for a direction orthogonal to the motion of the frame, onto the direction of motion of the frame cannot make it the Relativity Factorfor all the other infinitely many directions. Einstein’s Relativity Factor that is derived for one direction and forced onto one more direction is not applicable for infinitely many other directions. Einstein’s Relativity Factor is the Relativity Factor only for the directions orthogonal to the direction of motion of the frame. There is no one single constant Relativity Factor for an entire frame. Relativity Factor is direction dependent. If time is assumed to be relative, relative time is directional. A non-directional relative time cannot be generated by directional motion. Time must be non-directional. Time dilation is not necessary in Special Relativity. Special Relativity without time dilation is possible. Time does not have to be relative in Special Relativity since the relative time can be made absolute by allowing angle dependent contraction in all directions. If the distance at any angle is allowed to contract by the inverse of the Relativity Factor at that angle, the time will be absolute, frame independent. The mass of an object is absolute and frame independent. The mass of an object is not determined by observers. Observers measure the mass. If the measured mass of an object varies with its speed, it is the measuring instrument that is speed dependent, not the mass itself. What is relative is the measuring instrument, not what is being measured. The rate of a clock is not determined by observers; it is determined by engineers. The path of a moving entity is not determined by observers. It is the relative position of the path that is displaced against the observer motion while the path remains unaltered. Relative displacement of the path relative to observers does not alter the path and the speed of an entity on its path. Observers cannot derail trains. Special Relativity does not deal with space and time. What Special Relativity deals with is the distance traveled and the time delay taken to travel the distance. The distance traveled and the time delay taken to travel the distance are independent of the coordinates in space and instances of time. Distance-delay is not spacetime. Space and time are mutually independent. Space and time cannot be brought to the equation since there is no frame of reference independent of space and time. Time is independent of space coordinates. The massless has no momentum. Light does not have momentum and does not behave as golf balls. Emission of light cannot generate momentum. There is no radiation pressure on a radiation-source in a vacuum. The radiation pressure is due to the temperature gradient generated by emitted electromagnetic waves in the presence of medium, charge particles. Light cannot generate energy, temperature, and pressure in a vacuum. In Special Relativity, the derivation of momentum and energy relationships based on radiation pressure are invalid, and the mass of an object is not relative. Light cannot be forced upon a momentum by proclamation. If the mass of an object is relative, the energy will not be real and unique. The rest energy of an object of mass m in Special Relativity is imaginary, E=j(mc)c. Light cannot be relative since both the speed and the path of light are constants that can only be altered by the change of the medium. An entity that has no standstill existence cannot have momentum. Light does not propagate relative to observers since light has no momentum. Maxwell equations cannot be transformed onto an inertial frame. The Lorentz Transform cannot transform Maxwell equations onto an inertial frame uniquely. If the Lorentz Transform is used for the transformation of Maxwell equations, the magnitudes of transformed electromagnetic fields are unbounded as the speed of the frame reaches the speed of light. Neither the direction nor the speed of light can be altered relative to observers or gravity. Gravity has no effect on light in the absence of a medium. Gravity has no effect on the massless.

It is well known that the key to resolving the Twin Paradox is to realize that the situation between the twins is not symmetrical. In order to leave and come back home, the traveler needs to accelerate. Thus, a popular way to resolve the paradox is to assume that the traveler travels away from the Earth at constant speed, makes an instantaneous U-turn, then comes back at constant velocity. This leads to calculations that require only basic algebra, but the instantaneous U-turn results in a non-physical infinite acceleration and leads to objections from many people.

In order to solve this problem, I present in the tutorial below an exact and rigorous resolution of the paradox by considering a realistic acceleration of the traveler. The situation is analyzed from the points of view of both twins, who ultimately agree that it is the traveler who ends up younger.

Watch my tutorial here: https://youtu.be/QFWF90bch3c

If you like this tutorial, please share it!

Hello, I was running a 12% SDS Page electrophoresis on few granulosa cell samples and got this result after the ponceau staining. The total protein lysate seem to aggregate at 70 kDa ladder mark and doesnt travel further down the gel. I isplated the proteins with RIPA and then denaturated (95C, 5minutes) the sample dilution of 1x LD buffer and 1 ul 1M DTT per 25ul of sample. Any help?

In my article, "Assessing the Feasibility of Vacation Homes and Vehicle Rentals in India: Understanding Market Needs, Developing Tailored Offerings, and Crafting Digital Marketing Strategies for Idle Properties and Vehicles," I explore the potential for Drive and Dine Homes (D&D Homes) to expand into the Indian market. This study aims to understand the diverse needs of tourists, domestic travelers, executives, and families. By identifying key market segments, evaluating competitive dynamics, and proposing tailored marketing strategies, the article aims to develop a strategic go-to-market plan that leverages India's unique demographic and economic landscape, ensuring successful market penetration and growth for D&D Homes. Join me in this journey to redefine travel, blending home-like comfort with travel freedom. Share your views.

This is the code I have. I would need:

In a storm, the sequence is light, sound , water.

Light, sound, object

We can't create thunder in a lab set up.

I want to share a few thoughts of mine on extraterrestrials that I haven't read or heard of anywhere.

Astronomer and SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) researcher Jill Tartar says the world needs a cosmic perspective and we need to think in a way where we see ourselves as similar. I suggest the similarity isn't restricted to us earthlings but can be extended to all aliens. This admittedly strange way of thinking can be traced back to comments made by the English scientist Brian Cox (famous for his TV documentaries). Prof. Cox has said Earth is probably the only planet in the universe that gave rise to intelligent life. His reason for saying this is evolution. Personally, I believe the origin of life cannot be explained by biological evolution, though its validity to that already-originated life can't be doubted.

But evolution's not the point here - the point is that intelligent life is here (I think) and that we've started exploring space. I further believe that, someday, we'll be able to use the Riemann hypothesis and Wick rotation to travel billions of light years in the blink of an eye. The Riemann/Wick things will also allow time travel (into both the past and future), using General Relativity's concept of curved time (which is made circular via Wick rotation and future warping of space-time). Walking on the Moon would have been fantasy and science fiction hundreds of years ago - instant travel anywhere in spacetime may be everyday events centuries from now.

Time travel plus instant space travel permits us to explore and colonize any place in space, anywhere in the past or present or future. Those colonists will surely be very different from us in some respects because they'll have to adapt to very different environments. Some of the changes will be due to natural adaptation, and some to selected bioengineering that we haven't even dreamt of yet. But the aliens' origin will be human and they'll always be more similar to us than different. The aliens could be anywhere and everywhere in space and time.

If they set up a colony thousands or millions of years in our past, they'd make today's civilization on Earth look like the activity of insects - or, as Prof. Michio Kaku has said, squirrels - and we couldn't blame them for not being terribly interested in contacting us at the moment. It'd be in our best interest for them to leave us alone for now since we might not be able to even comprehend their being millions of years ahead of us - we might arrogantly dismiss them as ignorant because they couldn't accept what we firmly believe to be facts.

To sum up - the movie "Interstellar" seems to be correct when it says people will someday be able to do things they can't do now.

Quantum Entanglement, an explanation.

I don’t know if this is a current explanation for quantum entanglement, but I think it works. I would really like to know if it makes sense, For those of you who don’t know entanglement is when two particles are connected such that what one affects the the other instantaneously, thus transmitting information faster than the speed of light, which violates relativity.

If spin is conserved and two particles are emitted at the same time each having a 50-50 chance of being up or down and Alice measures spin up for particle A, Bob has to measure spin down for particle B even if he measures it at the same time as Alice. Since he does measure spin down then particles A influenced particle B instantaneously, which means they communicated in such a way that the speed of light limit was violated.

Let’s suggest the reason for this is not because the particles are entangled but that because Alice and Bob are entangled. Bob knows Alice is going to measure particle A at 12:00 PM so he measures particle B at 12:00 PM. This I would like to suggest is traveling faster than light, because what is traveling the speed of light but two things happening at the same time over distance because in the light speed reference frame something is traveling infinitely fast because at the speed of light time does not go by.

This is what Alice and Bob are doing, since their consciousnesses are entangled, they are traveling the speed of light. Photons can travel the speed of light because they are massless. But Alice and Bob are massless, they are separated by distance, but with synchronized clocks, they are entangled so the results are entangled. They are massless because their clocks are synchronized, their consciousness is entangled, and consciousness affects the outcome of the experiment in Quantum Mechanics as happens with the double slit experiment.

E(x)=Eo exp^-g.x , g is complex propogarion constant.

Why not: E(x)=Eo/ x² ; or E(x)=Eo / x

Dear Research Gate community,

I am struggling in coming up with a research topic for my phd studies. in the travel insurance industry. My Phd is in Systems Engineering, but due to employment contract, I am required to keep my research within the travel insurance realm. Topics involving IOT, AI, machine learning are preferred.

My struggle at this point is to how to turn a seemly "market trend" such as for example "IOT fitness wearables could provide additional data points to assist insurance risk management", into an actual "research topic" and more specifically for travel insurance

I really appreciate your support on this. Any guidance is welcomed.

Regards

Flavio

I need to know the most important unverified manuscripts written by Muslim geographers and travelers after the third century AH, corresponding to the ninth century AD.

📷

"Paper 4: Mathematical Framework for the Alcubierre Drive Using New Quarks: Unifying Dark Energy and Dark Matter"

The Dodecahedron Linear String Field Hypothesis (DLSFH) provides a viable theoretical foundation for the Alcubierre drive. By defining new quarks with the necessary properties to generate negative energy density and manipulate spacetime, this framework supports the feasibility of faster-than-light travel.

I invite the community to discuss this grand idea and our understanding of the need to explore new physics to fill the gap that Quantum Mechanics currently is missing!

A Theoretical Physicist, above all things, must have imagination and be a philosopher before he can part any knowledge of the Universe!

Gravitational time dilation and time dilation for a moving object are fundamental concepts in the theory of relativity, expressing the equivalence between density and distance traveled in time. In this context, density can be defined as a length in space-time, representing the concentration of mass and energy within a given region of the universe.

Gravitational time dilation occurs in the presence of a gravitational field, where time is experienced differently depending on the strength of the gravitational field. This phenomenon is a direct consequence of Einstein's general theory of relativity, which posits that massive objects cause a curvature in space-time. As a result, time passes more slowly in regions of stronger gravitational fields, such as near massive celestial bodies like stars or black holes.

On the other hand, time dilation for a moving object, also known as relativistic time dilation, arises from the principle that the speed of light is constant for all observers. When an object moves at a significant fraction of the speed of light, time for that object appears to pass more slowly from the perspective of a stationary observer. This effect becomes increasingly pronounced as the object's velocity approaches the speed of light, leading to significant differences in the passage of time between the moving object and the stationary observer.

The equivalence between density and distance traveled in time is a profound insight into the nature of space-time and the interconnectedness of mass, energy, and the passage of time. It suggests that the concentration of mass and energy within a given region of space-time directly influences the experience of time within that region. Furthermore, it underscores the intricate relationship between gravitational forces, relative motion, and the fundamental fabric of the universe.

In summary, gravitational time dilation and time dilation for a moving object reveal the intricate interplay between density and distance traveled in time within the framework of Einstein's theory of relativity. These concepts have profound implications for our understanding of the nature of space-time and the fundamental laws governing the behavior of mass, energy, and the passage of time.

Hi all pls i am working on a topic detecting faults on HVDC system using travelling waves .I tried using discrete wavlet transform toolbox on matlab to decompose the signal to enable the location of the time of arrival of the wave.The issue is its been very difficult due to the transient and nature of dc current .Pls if there is any advice on how this can be done i would appreciate ?

In order for the passing of time to occur, time has to have the ability for change: time has to be able to cause its own passing. Instead, consider that each particle individually has the ability for change, and time is a measurement based on how much a particular particle changes (photon). In this context, light travels the furthest distance relative to any other particle, and thus our light clock allows us to invent the concept of time based on how far light travels. When light travels a greater distance in one region of space relative to another, the number of passes inside of the light clock in each RF differs giving rise to time dilation. This would solve many of the philosophical problems that plague cosmology. This would explain why each RF measures their speed of light to be c.

It is mentioned in A Biography Albert Einstein by Alice Calaprice & Trevor Lipscombe, JAICO, 2023, p.35: "If light is a wave, what does it travel through?...... Light, surely, had to travel through something. This unknown "something" was what physicists back then called the ether. Many theories were proposed for the ether, but none of them stood up to experimental tests...... Einstein, in 1905, showed that the ether hypothesis simply wasn't needed."

But, recent confirmation by the physicists of the existence of background hum of the universe has confirmed that light wave travels through ether (Akash Tattwa). According to Eastern Philosophy sound is the subtlest and minutest particle, technically known as tanmatra, of ether (Akash Tattwa). According to His Holiness Maharaj Sahab (1861-1907), 3rd Spiritual Head of Radhasoami Faith describes that, 'Akash, accordingly, serves the purpose of vehicle of higher forces in the economy of creation'.

Thus, it is clear that light wave definitely travels through ether (Akash Tattwa) and Einstein's views on this need corrections. It is also imperative to conduct extensive research work on ether (Akash Tattwa) keeping Eastern Philosophy in Frontline.

Hi colleagues,

I am working on a travel medicine study and would like to draw a map using GIS software as follows:

The map should show the number of deaths that occurred among travelers to different countries by country of origin. So, we have three columns:

Country of origin, country of death, number of death

Please give me any visualization ideas. It will be a map in our manuscript.

The following map shows the number of deaths only for travelers to Peru as an example, but in my case, I will have the data for many countries, not only one.

Reference for the map: https://academic.oup.com/jtm/article/31/1/taad163/7486527

AstroTourism means astronomical tourism

Hello everyone,

My question is regarding the behaviour of a (same) plasmid in two different forms: circular versus linear.

If two identical plasmid, whereas one is in circular form (undigested) and the other in linear form (once digested), is being run in a gel, which one is being expected to migrate faster (travel a longer distance) through the gel?

Thank you in advance.

Ideas are NEVER absolute, so the individual‘s soul (unique consciousness and capacity to reason) travels to another dimension after death.

Sources:

Dear Friends, the 123rd finding in my TOU (Theory of Universality) is that : the high-energy neutrinos carrying energy of the order of 10^21 eV, with a size equal to that of an electron travel with a speed of 1.9527 x 10^23 m/s; which agrees with the speed of dark matter, calculated and proved (theoretically) earlier as 2.1456 x 10^23 m/s. In other words, neutrinos do travel at the speed of dark matter. To be published in the next Annexure.

Please, join :

"There is neither a past which would change the future nor there is a future which would change the past." If you are travelling to the past, you are basically travelling forward in time, to your past which in your future however, since this future is already happened in the past way back when you decided to time travel at the first place which indeed lead to this precise moment of you travelling to the past in the future, would have no effect, everything has happened; the past and the future has already happened. This can be visualize with a circle - there would be neither a starting point nor an ending point for that circle, yet it will NOT loop around.

One thing that most of us completely ignore about Time Travelling precisely about Time Travelling to the past is that "your time" would be ticking completely at a normal rate (for you) when you are travelling anywhere and anywhen in time. Time Travelling to the future, would make "your time" tick slow relative to others, that means time would "actually" slow down for you - your biological process would slow down and even the travelling of neurons in your brain would slow down, so does the process of thinking, so basically you wouldn't have any idea that time slowed down for you. However, people outside your frame of reference (who are stationary relative to you) can indeed notice the difference in your clock and their clocks. Time Travelling to the past. This is a highly mis-conceptualized approach that we always think about WITHOUT considering the basic factors into account. We just believe that it would be possible to travel to the past and interact with the past, as precisely shown in MANY science fictions, however, that is just the human understanding to make the complex impossible thing possible ANYHOW. Anyways, we never consider what would happen to us "biologically" when we travel to the past? Do we age or "de-age"? If you are travelling to the past, you would still travel "forward" in time, as you would age however, you will be travelling to the past, which is now in "your future" and this future has already happened in the past, so basically it would be the past in the future that was in the past but now is in the future. You would NOT change anything in the future-past but you would create it as it suppose to be.

How can tourism companies collaborate with destination marketing organizations, local businesses, and travel influencers to collectively promote destinations and experiences through digital marketing initiatives?

let assume we are in spacecraft travelling in speed of light , droplet of ink drops in a cup of water ..theoritcally Time stops !

what is the behaviour of the droplet when it hits the water ?

Background, Historical, Theoretical, conceptual and contextual perspectives

A seemingly obvious explanation for redshift in light that has traveled distances on the order of hundreds of millions or billions of light-years would be a slight loss of energy resulting in redshift. The loss could come, for example, from some quantum event resulting in very occasional loss of a photon, or from some other phenomena. Given the ubiquitous appearance of entropy in nature, there seems no reason to expect light would propagate over extreme distances without some degrading.

If entropy were the cause of redshift it would be expected that the amount of redshift would be based on the distance traveled. Since this conforms with the detected data, it seems this explanation, whatever the objections may be, is a reasonable candidate as the cause of detected redshift. At first glance, this would seem a better candidate than a conjectured but undetected new entity such as “dark energy”.

This is such an obvious explanation for redshift, I am assuming that it has been advanced before, likely numerous times. I am interested in getting up to speed on arguments for or against entropy as an explanation for redshift.

I am currently researching people’s motivational attributions and social pros and cons of proactively meeting strangers during travel. I have tried to find out from the research on travel behavior, but I have not gained much. If there are related papers or research fields Please provide me, I appreciate it.

Hello dear researchers,

If you are aware of any Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAOs) related to tourism and hospitality, please let me know!

Thank you in advance!

For the photons which began to travel in the universe since the big bang there must exist a space. Would this space has been created by a fundamental wave which propagates at the same speed, c? And if so, what do we call this possible wave, let's say creator of space?

In fact photons created at the beginning of the big bang should have a space to travel until now , is the possibility that all the space vibrate create and extend this space for photons at the speed of photons?

Is it obvious that VR can help medical education? Yes.

Then why are so many academic institutions resistant to implement this technology?

I would like to personally extend an offer to demonstrate hands on to any medical school interested and give a live demo opportunity to anyone in this sphere to learn about this technology.

I will travel anywhere in the world to promote this know how. It’s a rising tides float all boats equation. The VR community is in its diapers stage.

lets collaborate! Please see our progress on www.vral.ca and email me hmaresky@vral.ca

Someone help me with this, what am I missing in this question.

There are 2 people A and B starting at the same point such that the distance travelled by A is twice the distance travelled by B at all times. Now when you see, at all times when you observe it you will find that A is always ahead of B by half the distance traversed by A or as much distance covered by B. Now, if you see in order for A to have gotten ahead of B, at every instant of observation, it must get ahead of B at some point during the journey, but no matter how miniscule the time of observation may you choose, you will never find an instance where you will find the A crossing B, except the very first instance? From what I can understand in order for A to overtake B at every instant it should be able to cross B at every instant of observation and not just at t=0(the initial instant, right? Is this the right assumption and should I be confused about it? Also, is my assumption wrong that for A to get ahead of B it needs to do so at every instant past t=0? Is this assumption necessary or not, I mean should this condition always hold true?

I mean 1.609344 km could be the measure of the wavelength of a gravitational wave!

I asked other questions on my RG pages related to the subject some examples:

-Do you think that the absolute time for light to travel exactly one mile should emerge from an ultimate theory?

- What is the energy needed for a photon to travel, one, two, three, ...., etc terrestrial miles (1.609344 km)?

- Could the earth mile (1.609344 km) be the length of a fundamental wave, possible electromagnetic one?

..

I am working on writing a grant proposal to travel to ASCME. The following criteria is required for writing a competitive grant application. I've attached a copy of my proposal. I would appreciate any feedback on my work. Thank you.

“Provide a summary of your research project or travel. Include all pertinent background information to properly introduce the travel event or research topic. Reminder: Your audience comes from a diverse group of graduate students, please write accordingly.”

2. PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES

“Provide the goal(s) of the proposed research or travel, personal goals, hypotheses (if presenting or conducting research), and your expectations of the research or travel when applicable. If you are presenting during your travel, please give a brief description of your presentation.”

Your personal goals for attending the conference or conducting the research should be included to strengthen the application.

3. INTELLECTUAL MERIT/SIGNIFICANCE

“State why this research or travel is important to the greater community and how it contributes a deeper understanding of the proposed subject matter.”

4. PROCEDURES/METHODS

“Briefly outline the methodology and/or techniques that will be used to successfully conduct your research.”

5. SCHEDULE

“Include a schedule in table format outlining key components of your research or travel.”

Research: Include expected landmark dates, time frames, and goals.

Travel: Include a link to the entire conference itinerary and a personal schedule of events to be attended. If no schedule is presently available, state that one is not available and include your departure and return dates in table format (If a schedule is not available, please specify in your narrative that it is not available).

In a currently running following Youtube video, the British Astrophysicist and Professor Brian Cox claims that there would be 10 km difference/error in position per day for GPS location, if Einstein’s relativity is not used to make a correction in the GPS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mpw68rvF4pc

The engineers. H.F. Fliegel and R. S. DiEsposti of the GPS Joint Program Office of the Aerospace Corporation involved in the development of the GPS system back in 1997 in a published paper came to the following conclusion: “Except for the leading γ [gamma] factor [in their final equation], it is the same formula derived in classical physics for the signal travel time from the GPS satellite to the ground station. As we have shown, introducing the γ factor makes a change of only 2 or 3 millimeters to the classical result. In short there are no ‘missing relativity terms.’ They cancel out.” General Relativity Theory is not needed”. : https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1997ptti.conf..189F

At about the same time (1997), Peter Wolf and Gérard Petit in a published paper on “Satellite test of special relativity using the global positioning system”, wrote: “A test of special relativity has been carried out using data of clock comparisons between hydrogen maser clocks on the ground and cesium and rubidium clocks on board 25 global positioning system (GPS) satellites. The clocks were compared via carrier phase measurements of the GPS signal using geodetic receivers at a number of stations of the International GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS) spread worldwide. In special relativity, synchronization of distant clocks by slow clock transport and by Einstein synchrony (using the transmission of light signals) is equivalent in any inertial frame. A violation of this equivalence can be modeled using the parameter δc/c, where c is the round-trip speed of light (c=299792458m/s in vacuum) and δc is the deviation from c of the observed velocity of a light signal traveling one way along a particular spatial direction with the measuring clocks synchronized using slow clock transport. In special relativity δc/c=0. Experiments can set a limit on the value of δc/c along a particular spatial direction (henceforth referred to as “direction of δc”). Within this model our experiment is sensitive to a possible violation of special relativity in any direction of δc, and on a nonlaboratory scale (baselines >~20000km). The results presented here set an upper limit on the value of δc/c<5×10−9 when considering all spatial directions of δc and δc/c<2×10−9 for the component in the equatorial plane”. Phys. Rev. A 56, 4405 – Published 1 December 1997.

Only 57% of the expenses for urban trains and 40% for suburban trains have been recuperated, a fact that regular train travelers might have observed through ticket prices.

Despite these challenges, Indian Railways has achieved a remarkable milestone in the 2022-23 fiscal year, reporting a record revenue of ₹2.40 lakh crore. This represents a substantial increase of almost ₹49,000 crore compared to the previous year, as highlighted in a ministry statement on Monday. Notably, the freight revenue experienced a significant uptick, reaching ₹1.62 lakh crore, marking a robust growth of nearly 15% from the preceding year, as reported by NDTV on April 18, 2023.

..

I am solving Vehicle routing problem by using python, but i could not do it, i have no enough practice, i request you to solve the problem ,

i have given here the map and distance matrix, solve by using python, 3 vehicle should move with minimum distance travel

http://www.pandualism.com/c/coulomb_experiment.pdf (see pdf of experiment report)

[1] W.G. Gasser, Experimental Clarification of Coulomb-Field Propagation Superluminal information transfer confirmed by simple experiment, (2016). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Experimental-Clarification-of-Coulomb-Field-by-Gasser/75bb57d12e2efc595651f6609f1b737eeba9c92a (accessed August 22, 2023).

This above linked and cited very ingenious experiment [1] is continuously hunting me and I want desperately to replicate and no one seems to care about. If the results are positive form the replication and could also replicated by others, of the experiment then this would mean that the longitudinal radiation pressure component of an EM wave travels at the near-field (i.e. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_and_far_field) faster than the crest of the wave.

This is similar to a localized point distortion to a water volume at rest that creates mixed mode cyclic waves that in the surface travel much slower (i.e. transverse z-axis component) than the longitudinal x-axis pressure component inside the water that travels at a much faster speed, the speed of sound inside water about 2,000 Km/h.

https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/765463/propagation-speed-difference-between-transverse-surface-waves-and-underwater-lon/765847#765847

Positioning a spherical capacitor (i.e. used as an EM signal sensor for the spark signal) in this experiment aligned on the same longitudinal x-axis along the a source spark gap generator was briliant experimental idea from author and creator of this experiment since this allowed him to isolate and sense-measure the longitudinal pressure x-component of the generated spark EM radiation in space.

The author of this research Wolfgang.G. Gasser (w.gasser@gmx.li) claims that he has confirmed speeds of signal group velocity multiple times faster than the speed o light c in a vacuum! The experiment was done not inside an artificial vacuum but in normal room conditions with air and it seems to me it was a pretty good control experiment and he knew what he was doing.

What are you thoughts about this experiment and its results?

(I would be very happy if the author himself Wolfgang.G. Gasser could join in this discussion. The experiment was performed quite recently at 2016).

I think the science and research community have an obligation when presented with such definitive evidence to at least replicate this experiment and verify or falsify the results.

there are students who travel 1hour , 2 hours early in the morning to reach college . doing so does their sleep quality gets affected ?

I am solving Vehicle routing problem by using python, but i could not do it, i have no enough practice, i request you to solve the problem ,

i have given here the map and distance matrix, solve by using python, 3 vehicle should move with minimum distance travel

The Academic Association for Research in Tourism and Services and The Bucharest University of Economic Studies welcomes you to the 9th International Conference on Tourism, CACTUS 2023 – Technologies applied in Hospitality, Travel and Tourism to be held in Bucharest, Romania on 12th-14th of October 2023.

Papers accepted for CACTUS 2023 after the double-blind peer review process, can get the opportunity to be published in AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC, CACTUS JOURNAL or in THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TOURISM RESEARCH.

Gravity can cross dimensions including time.

What if Gravity and Time are the two sides of the same coin? What if they both are same?

We believe Time to be the 4th Dimension, However, that may not explain the existence of time in dimensions behind 4th and beyond 4th. Like how time would act in the 1st or 2nd Dimensions? We don't know.

Time could be like gravity or time is gravity, existing in every dimensions (like gravity). Object that are dimensions apart may communicate through gravity or time.

According to General Relativity, curvature in space-time fabric allows an object to travel to the future which then means, to travel to the past we just have to "pull" the space-time fabric by a "negative mass" (hypothetical). This may allow us to travel to the past.

That means, curvature of space-time fabric could allow time travel literally anywhere; to the past and the future.

Maybe, Past is nothing but a lower dimensional space-time. As bending the space-time fabric adds another dimension into 3 spatial dimensions, pulling it back (by negative mass) would remove a dimension and lead to travelling to the past.

That means, Future is just a space-time of Higher Dimensions whereas, The Past is a space-time of Lower Dimensions.

Space or "something" that existed before the Big Bang would be a "something" of no dimensions at all; No Space and No Time. (That can also be the Future)

...just saying (typing)

The future of the tourism profession is likely to be influenced by several factors. Here are some potential trends and developments that may shape the future of tourism:

It's important to note that predicting the future is inherently uncertain, and these are just potential trends based on current observations. The actual future of tourism may be influenced by unforeseen events, technological breakthroughs, and shifting global dynamics.

Gravity can cross dimensions including Time.

If Gravity can cross dimensions, does it mean that it can travel across different moments in time? Does it mean that Gravity can travel from the past to the future or vice versa?

This could means, if that's really the case, then the Dark Energy that we currently observe (or we don't actually), or observe it's effect; we say the Dark Energy is accelerating the expansion of the Universe.

Maybe, this Dark Energy that we observe, is actually the ordinary gravity but from different point in time (as gravity can cross time), say, singularity; the point from where everything began, from where our Universe began.

The very first singularity is responsible in making the Universe expand.

This whole process may repeat with time.

I know Too Many Assumptions!

We all live in a (3+1) dimension, we are able to travel 3 dimensionally while living in the 4th Dimension. That means, to ever do Time Travel or travel 4 dimensionally, we have to be in the 5th dimension. 

In the 5th Dimension, we would perceive each instants/moments of time right in front of us. However, at that moment we would not be in our physical form, it would be our mental of psychological form, our "True" form, we would be "Mind". 

Maybe inside our Dreams, we actually are in the 5th Dimension, where we are able to perceive multiple possibilities for a single event. However, we remember dream as a 3 dimensional thing because that's how we perceive things right now. 

That's just my theory. 

 - SIDDHARTH

Einstein's Special Relativity and General Relativity show that there is a "time dilation".

Special relativity is "time dilation due to constant velocity travel" and general relativity is "time dilation due to gravity.

The term "time dilation" is well known to the public and has been the subject of numerous science fiction novels and movies. However, I have not been able to understand its content in depth. Even though I looked up "time dilation" in books and on the Internet and read explanations, I could not gain a deep understanding of it.

So I independently simplified special relativity into a one-dimensional line segment and looked at it.　I tried to make the theory more visually understandable in the realm of everyday images, rather than in the world of mathematical formulas.

When I looked at it in terms of one-dimensional line segments, I could intuitively understand "time dilation due to constant velocity motion".　I could understand the fundamental part of Einstein's theory more precisely and deeply than any book or information on the Internet.

Furthermore, I was able to understand the thought process that gave birth to the Lorentz Transformation Principle by thinking in terms of this one-dimensional line segment.

In the same way, when I thought of "time dilation due to gravity" in terms of one-dimensional line segments, I also intuitively understood the time dilation caused by gravity.　Since one genius, Einstein, created both special and general relativity, it was also clear to me that there is continuity in the scientific thinking of both theories. This should be easily understood by those who read this material.

Once the root of the Einstein and Lorentz transformations could be understood, the point of contradiction between them became clear. This is the point of scientific thought in physics that underlies the theory before it is expressed in mathematical formulas.

Furthermore, analyzing Einstein's root from a different angle revealed the problems of scientific thought in the physical world from Einstein to the present.

As you move toward the light source, you see the lightning a little earlier.　Einstein says it is a phantom. Space has shrunk because we moved at a constant velocity. So he interpreted time as slowing down by the amount of travel speed.

Look at Figure 1.　The value of t1 has become smaller.　The meaning of this is that the ticking of the clock in the train has slowed down.　Since it traveled at constant velocity, time has slowed down.

Einstein's time delay should be intuitively known.

Use Figure 1 to derive the equation. It is considered in the same way as the discount rate for a product.

Discount rate (how much slower) = Travel speed v / speed of light C

Amount paid = 100% - Discount rate

= 1 - v/c

The actual formula for the Lorenz transformation is

　　　　　r =1/ (1- V^2/C^2)^0.5

Moving towards the light source has a positive velocity v. Moving away from the light source has a negative velocity v.

The reason for squaring v and squaring c is to cancel out the negative of moving away from the light source by squaring the negative.　The reason for rooting the entire expression is to undo the squared portion.

Strictly speaking, the value of the time delay obtained by squaring v and c would be different.　However, since the speed of light c is sufficiently large, we accept it for convenience.

See Figure 2.　If you move away from the light source, you see the flash a little later. Even in this case, Einstein's theory insists that time is slowing down.

Figure 2 is made from the point of view that Einstein believes is invariant regardless of the inertial system of the speed of light. In Figure 2, t1 is lengthened.　The lengthening of t1 means that the clock in the train is moving faster.

In special relativity, constant velocity travel shortened space and slowed time.　Constant velocity travel away from the light source in Figure 2 caused time to move faster.

The Lorentz transformation is a transformation in which space is shortened even if the movement is in the negative direction.　However, in Figure 2, the space has been extended and enlarged.

These are the discrepancies between special relativity and the Lorentz transformation.

Figure 3 shows the time delay due to gravity.　Einstein's general theory of relativity is based on the assumption that gravity and constant acceleration motion are equivalent.

Constant acceleration motion in the real world is free-fall motion under gravity. Constant-acceleration motion is a function of time and distance.　It can be represented by a one-dimensional line segment in the same way as constant-velocity motion in terms of time and distance.

The concept of time delay in general relativity is the same as in special relativity.

Time is delayed by a constant acceleration motion approaching a source of light.　This is Einstein's hypothesis.

However, the constant acceleration motion away from the light source will see the lightning a little slower. The clock in this iso-accelerating motion is faster in time.　This shows the same contradiction as special relativity.

The time delay due to constant velocity motion in special relativity and the time delay due to gravity (constant acceleration motion) in general relativity can be expressed in a one-dimensional linear form.

Using this one-dimensional linear expression, we can intuitively understand the underlying hypothesis of Einstein's theory of relativity.　It also allowed us to understand the inevitability of the Lorentz transformation and the train of thought that led to it.

Expressed in the one-dimensional linear form of Einstein's theory of relativity, time speeds up as you move away from the source of light, and the theory of relativity breaks down.　Both special and general relativity fail in the same way.

Further examination of the linear form in one dimension reveals a problem in scientific thinking of the physical world from Einstein to the present.　I will discuss this in another article.

end.

We know that Gravity is carried by particles called gravitons, and they travels at the speed of light, just like photon does.

That could mean, just like a light gets old as it travels throughout the Universe, same way, gravity also gets old.

But we don't really feel gravity from far away, do we?

I could be missing something on this. But yeah, that's a way to think about gravity.

What if we could travel 4 dimensionally, i.e., travel in time, for that we need to be in the 4th Dimension, the same as we travel 3 dimensionally while being in the 4th Dimension.

We all are the prisoners of time, we can move anywhere in 3 spatial coordinates, but we are still constrained by the 4th coordinate - Time, we can't move anywhere in time, its time that makes us move.

How about, escaping this prison, and you would see you whole timeline at once, you then would be in a higher dimension, 5th dimension, having all the control over the 4th Dimension.

In this dimension, "When" becomes "Where".

Does anyone think, that we could possibly time travel to the past and can change something there?

Share your thoughts regarding this, I'll start first.

Time is constrained, even if you did travel to the past, you would be bounded by time itself, which will prevent you from doing certain tasks, like killing your grandfather before he met your grandmother. In that way, you would be going to the past, and wouldn't be majorly affecting the past.

Is it infinite?

A electric travel cup which will heats your beverage with little amount of time and can be operated in your car and home with a charger provided ?

I need the opinions of foreign tourists who have traveled to Iran in the last 10 years to research tourism. The questionnaire is online and its link is shared. I would be grateful if anyone could help to share the link or know a way to guide me.

Why isn't the velocity of light given by the speed of the observer plus the speed of the light (addition of velocities)?

Why does the light ray slow down and compensate or speed up and compensate for your motion, so that it is always travels at the speed of light? notwithstanding your motion?

In short, what is the mechanism that means the velocity of light always remains the same, irrespective of the motion of the torch issuing the light ray?

Sandra Leonie Field wrote that Francis Bacon once created a "Sylva Sylvarum" (a forest of forests) book which "contained a miscellany of travellers’ tales, everyday observations, magical recipes, and botanical descriptions" (see, for more: https://theloop.ecpr.eu/data-mountains-and-usable-concepts-a-lesson-from-francis-bacon/).

Bacon's aim in this book was to generate "a collection of empirical materials on which to build a new adequate science, freed from habitual suppositions. Nothing, in Bacon's view, was too trivial, too curious, too odd, to be salient for the construction of our scientific knowledge of the world."

What if we were to do this for democracy? What, say, hundred facts about democracy would you include in such a book? What would your angle be?

An entity completes travelling through a path in 86400 seconds and in the process radiates something it carries at the speed of 300000metres / second(found experimentally) .

What can we deduce from this information?

Hi, I have written a code for solving the second-order Helmholtz-Maxwell electromagnetic equation using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. There is not much material available online for this second-order differential equation, except for its discretized forms. All the algorithms I've found online or offline are based on Yee's leap frog method.

I have been following the book "Computational electrodynamics" by Taflov and a PDF by Prof. John S, which is available online. When I use Yee's grid and implement the Total-Field Scattered-Field (TFSF) method, it works fine. However, when I try to implement TFSF on the code for the second-order Maxwell differential equation code then, it doesn't work at all. I'm following the same method to suppress the leftward traveling wave as mentioned in above books, albeit with slight modification.

If someone has prior experience with this and can help me, it would be of greatly appreciated.

I have seen to many vloger's video to now and noticed, all international visitors that makes those videos gets some difficulties to easily communicate with the local communities during their travels.

So, will these difficulties create some sorts of disatisfaction on those visitors? and will become a pushing factor for a any country of that their community didn't speak a required language by the visitors?

A large percent of of crude oil is consumed by transportation sector globally .

By referring to previous years statistics , more than 60 percent of worldwide oil consumption

belonged to transportation sector .

Corona virus pandemic mainly struck the travel and public transportation industry

in short term , that are part of transportation sector .

So the question may ensue the following questions :

- How many percent of oil consumption belonged to travel and public transportation industry ?

- How many percent the travel and public transportation industry is struck by pandemic in monetary term ?

- And how many percent of travel and public transportation industry costs is allocated to fuel (mostly crude oil products) consumption .

Can anyone introduce some references ?

I need to write my literature review for a research on the text.

I am conducting a study in a developing country and I want to know if urban resident travellers have been categorized to types or described in literature.