Trauma - Science topic

Suppose SADISTIC NARCISSISM is indeed widespread, what are the implications?

Suppose what I argue, is both conscious as it unconscious, one finds that SADISTIC NARCISSISM is manifested in different ways, whereby it is infused as a inner (lack of) moral compass, how might they be expressed?

Many Germans are appalled by Trump. Even back in 2017, I came across Trump ghost written Think Big book at a train station, probably Hanover. I was sitting in a carriage. A highly respectable man, maybe in his 30s, clad as they often do (expensive glasses, shoes and white shirt - crisply ironed), tried to convey something to me, think in Englisch, because I was reading an English book afterall, as politely as he could, but what he really wanted to say was: How could you be reading such a book?

With Trump 2.0, one comes across such articles:

They face the same trumas as anybody else: loss of close ones, own disorders, search for partner and perhaps loss of him and so on. Perhaps fears of all kinds depending on their previous experiences.

Here is a link:

Reproductive Loss and Its Impact on the Next Pregnancy | SpringerLink

978-3-319-65724-0.pdf

Dear Elizabeth

Thank you for sharing your point of view.

Las estrategias de afrontamiento adaptativas que favorecen el crecimiento postraumático en adolescentes incluyen:

1. Reestructuración cognitiva: Reevaluar experiencias traumáticas para encontrar significado.

2. Expresión emocional: Expresar emociones a través de la escritura o el arte.

3. Apoyo social: Conectar con amigos y familiares para obtener apoyo.

4. Mindfulness y relajación: Practicar técnicas de meditación y respiración.

5. Establecimiento de metas: Fijar objetivos realistas y alcanzables.

6. Desarrollo de habilidades de resolución de problemas: Aprender a enfrentar desafíos de manera efectiva.

7. Educación sobre el trauma: Informarse sobre el trauma y sus efectos.

8. Voluntariado: Involucrarse en actividades altruistas para aumentar el bienestar.

Referencias:

- Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). *Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence*. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18.

- Bonanno, G. A. (2004). *Loss, Trauma, and Human Resilience: Have We Underestimated the Human Capacity to Thrive After Extremely Aversive Events?* American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28.

- Frazier, P., Conlon, A., & Glaser, T. (2001). *Positive and Negative Effects of Interpersonal Relationships on Adjustment to Trauma*. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(3), 387-403.

Your question connects well to the famous ACES study, linking early childhood trauma and other adverse childhood experiences to adult physical and mental health problems. I'd recommend reading about that study if you have not already and looking at associated links to help you.

In terms of formulating a problem statement, you may want to pick a particular traumatic experience and a particular mental health outcome.

Does the experience of X lead to Y? You would want to specify your population and time frame too.

It's interesting to see the SCIMAGO journal rankings for Orthopedics and Sports Medicine for 2023 and note the representation of Indian journals within this list. While it's notable that four Indian journals have made it onto the list, their positions within the ranking provide insight into their perceived impact and influence within the field compared to other international journals.

The fact that the highest-ranked Indian journal, the Journal of Orthopaedics, is positioned at #121 indicates that it is recognized for its contributions but may not yet have achieved the same level of global prominence as some of the top-ranked journals. However, being ranked within the top 200 or 300 journals in a specific field still demonstrates credibility and relevance within the academic community.

For Indian researchers and practitioners in the field of orthopedics and sports medicine, these rankings can serve as a reference point for identifying reputable journals for publication and staying updated on the latest research and developments. Additionally, it highlights areas where Indian journals may seek to improve and compete more effectively on a global scale, potentially through collaborations, increased visibility, or enhancing the quality and impact of their publications.

Overall, the inclusion of Indian journals in the SCIMAGO rankings reflects the diversity and contributions of researchers and practitioners from around the world to the field of orthopedics and sports medicine, and it's encouraging to see the representation and recognition of Indian scholarship within this domain.

I have tutored many students over the years, and they all needed tutoring because their grades were the worst they could be. During the first couple of sessions, I always had to make time to not only assess where their difficulties were but also to deconstruct this idea they had of themselves that they were either "too stupid" or "would never achieve a better grade." And this idea was usually built on the myth that this one particular subject would forever be their weakness. Without exception, they all had stories of being ridiculed, humiliated, and belittled by their teacher of said subject. Some stories were truly horrifying to hear. Their self-esteem was so broken, and their relation to the subject was negative in every way. I heard "I just hate English" so many times... Some even had physical symptoms, like headaches or stomach issues, before class or our tutoring session. It is sad that many teachers don't work with a more resource-oriented perspective rather than always highlighting deficits. I found a good strategy is not to use their regular class materials for the first couple of sessions and instead to work on their interests and how to include the subject in their lives. For example, if a student loves sports, we talk about that in English, focus on having an enjoyable tutoring session, and then later work on grammar, tenses, etc. In general, I believe that saying "the student is lazy/stupid" is an easy way out instead of doing the investigative work of "where your student is" and how you can "meet them there" (figuratively speaking). Also, many neuroscience studies prove that the brain cannot learn under stress, so yelling at them will never yield long-lasting, positive results.

Thank you so much for your reply. It’s unfortunate that this is such a persistent problem. I like the term you used “educational rigidity” to describe the lack of understanding & support by educators and parents. There is certainly a need for more “educational flexibility” - the ability to research, inform, and pivot to a better response toward children.

Please note that you wrote to the ResearchGate community, not to the RG team. However, users are expected to apply corrections themselves. I guess you mean the paper https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378847947, for which some automated algorithm has added wrong author names. See "Adding, editing, and removing co-author information" in https://help.researchgate.net/hc/en-us/articles/14292798510993-Authorship for instructions. See also "How do I edit my research item's details?" in https://help.researchgate.net/hc/en-us/articles/14293081125777-Reviewing-editing-and-featuring-your-research.

Nutrition plays a crucial role in the management of critically ill patients by providing essential nutrients to support metabolic demands, maintain organ function, optimize immune function, and promote recovery. Adequate nutrition is particularly important in the ICU setting, where patients often experience metabolic stress, catabolism, and increased energy expenditure due to critical illness, trauma, or surgery. Here's a discussion on the role of nutrition in the management of critically ill patients:

In summary, nutrition plays a pivotal role in the management of critically ill patients by providing essential nutrients to support metabolic function, optimize immune response, promote tissue repair, and facilitate recovery. Tailored nutrition support strategies based on individual patient needs, clinical status, and nutritional assessment are essential components of comprehensive care in the ICU, aiming to prevent malnutrition, minimize complications, and improve patient outcomes.

Trauma may play a part in whether one uses a given substance (possibly as self-medication) or continues to use the substance.

However, there is a wealth of evidence that genetics and epigenetics play a large part in addictions. Genetic vulnerability for becoming addicted has been established in a variety of studies covering a range of substances. It is interesting to note the number of people who report a memorable experience with their fist use of a substance while most individuals do not have such vivid recollections. That means that the substance provided a "kick" or euphoria not experienced by many of us.

Epigenetics is when the use of one substance or other factors alter the gene expression. For example, some studies have found that being addicted to nicotine makes the effect experience by other substances, such as cocaine more profound. In other words, use of some substances man make the probability of becoming addicted to another more likely.

Te bottom line is that there is no singe simple answer for a very complex phenomena. Genetics, trauma, other environmental factors, etc. pose the possibility of a variety of ways a given individual may become addicted to a given substance or substances.

Thank you so much Norman G Hoffmann I will check it out! For some time, I have been interested in modifications to the ACES so glad to hear about your work. Further, I am interested in trauma across the lifespan so am very interested to look into WCUs PhD program. I currently live in the Charlotte area so glad to hear about the program. Thanks again!

Of course, you can use multiple linear regression. The results will show which variables have a stronger effect on your dependent variable after controlling for childhood trauma. Considering mediation analysis and attachment styles research, I can suggest that you should consider whether you measure the two dimensions of the attachment scale of romantic relationships or attachment styles as a classification. The second one is whether your sample is clinical or healthy. In this case, if you had not preregistered your study, you can try to analyze the effect of attachment styles or dimensions on personality via childhood trauma after controlling for family functioning. You can use JASP, adding attachment dimensions as independent variables, personality as the dependent variable, and childhood trauma as the mediator, with family functioning as a background confounder. At first, you can use it without a background confounder, and in the second model, you can use it with a background confounder. But I think if you had used romantic attachment styles, attachment styles could be independent variable, family functioning as the mediator, personality as the dependent variable, and childhood trauma as a moderator

Best regards,

Good to get two such informed answers so quickly.

Nevertheless, the limited perception of colonialism needs to be addressed. Can I ask, Brajesh, freedom fighters where and for what, especially giving African countries acceptance of Russian dominance? Many African countries were not fought over but given their independence within a time scheme. But colonialism is not just about control by another country but cultural impress that makes irrelevant a native culture, for example. For many African societies nakedness carried symbolic importance but was suppressed by monotheism.

Thank you for your response Ali Alchlaihawi . What I'm proposing is, "what happens if you don't catch your breath in time" (before the diaphragm spasm "lets go")? Hypoxic syncope would occur followed by cardiac arrest in 2 min. So, it may be incorrect to think all winding injuries are nonlethal (celiac/solar plexus syndrome).

Thank you. And thank you for contributing with your work; it is interesting. I appreciate it. However, I am interested in tailoring my topic to a question including early trauma, leading to mental health and the effectiveness of the early trauma approach as an intervention. I did not manage to find enough papers to include all three elements. I understand I might have to readjust my perspective on approaching my topic.

Yes, therapy dogs can be beneficial in helping children who have experienced trauma. Interactions with therapy dogs, often referred to as animal-assisted therapy (AAT) or pet therapy, have been shown to have a positive impact on the emotional well-being and recovery of children who have experienced trauma.

Here are some ways in which therapy dogs can help:

It's important to note that therapy dogs are typically accompanied by trained handlers who ensure that the interactions are safe and beneficial.

Additionally, therapy dogs are not a substitute for professional mental health care, but they can be a valuable complement to therapy and other interventions for children who have experienced trauma.

Before incorporating therapy dogs into a trauma treatment plan for a child, it is essential to consult with mental health professionals who can assess the specific needs of the child and determine whether animal-assisted therapy is an appropriate and effective option for their recovery.

Cathy Caruth's Trauma Theory is not a traditional trauma theory in the sense of a well-established and universally accepted framework. Instead, it represents a significant development in the field of trauma studies that challenges and expands upon traditional approaches.

Caruth's work has had a profound influence on how we understand trauma, particularly in the context of literature and cultural studies.

Here are some key points about Cathy Caruth's Trauma Theory:

In summary, Cathy Caruth's Trauma Theory represents a departure from traditional trauma theories by emphasizing the complex, elusive, and delayed nature of trauma experiences.

Her work has had a significant impact on the study of trauma, especially within the fields of literature and cultural studies, and has encouraged scholars to approach trauma from a more interdisciplinary and nuanced perspective.

There is evidence to suggest a potential link between childhood trauma and the development or exacerbation of adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms.

However, it's essential to understand that the relationship between childhood trauma and ADHD is complex and not fully understood.

Here are some key points to consider:

In summary, there is evidence to suggest a potential link between childhood trauma and adult ADHD symptoms, but the relationship is complex and influenced by multiple factors.

Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying this association and to inform more effective approaches to assessment and treatment for individuals who have experienced trauma and exhibit ADHD-like symptoms.

If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of ADHD or the effects of childhood trauma, seeking support from a qualified mental health professional is advisable for proper evaluation and guidance.

Yes, seven reverse scored questions.

The PDF fincham.info may be the most helpful item on this list. Good luck.

Chapter 7 Reverse scoring | Tutorials

PsyTeachR

https://psyteachr.github.io › tutorials › reverse-scoring

This trick will work whenever you have a scale with N scale points that goes in integer steps from 1 to N (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). You subtract Xs (each observe...

Hanover College Psychology Department

https://psych.hanover.edu › classes › jamovi › reliability

To reverse score, we take 7 + 1 = 8, and subtract our scores from that. 8 - 7 = 1, 8 - 1 = 7. Voila. How to Reverse-Score in Jamovi. To do this in Jamovi,...

Intimate Partner Violence Attitudes, Endorsement of Myths ...

ProQuest

https://search.proquest.com › openview

by KM Shiota · 2017 · Cited by 3 — utilizing the Revised Intimate Partner Violence Attitude Scale (IPVAS-R) (McDermott & Lopez, ... The scale has 17 item and seven reverse-scored questions....

Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence in Dating ...

https://fincham.info › measures › pa-2008-ipv

PDF

by FD Fincham · 2008 · Cited by 234 — Second, we examined whether the IPVAS scores of respondents who remained in their romantic relationship differed from those who broke up. ...

the process is called epigenetics-it doesnt change the DNA sequence-but effects how a protein may get expressed

Clinical tools and assessments can measure patients' criminality or risk of criminal behaviour. Forensic psychology and psychiatry use these tools to address legal issues and mental health-law issues. The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) is used to diagnose psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder. This tool evaluates impulsivity, deceitfulness, and criminal history to determine a person's future criminal risk. The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) is another clinical tool that assesses violent behaviour risk. This tool evaluates age, substance abuse history, and criminal history to predict future violent behaviour. These assessment tools are not foolproof and should be used with other clinical assessments and observations. These tools should be used with ethical and legal safeguards to avoid unfairly stigmatising or discriminating against patients based on assessment scores.

Mindfulness & meditation play an very important action for every human being .However this depends on every individual way of their thinking passage of their mind & also covering the way of the development in their individual passage of the action .

At the outset a feeling of trauma healing remains a nature of the personal environment of the family joining with the upbringing & development of individual sufferers .

It is in this light a power of prayer silent mediation without disturbance of mind ,firm faith of individual within & development of individual with their power & meditation receiving the grace of divine master play an very important part for the living passage of the sufferers .

This is my personal opinion

Hello Noah,

1. I authored an article in 2016 (attached) on the Rewind Technique to help veterans who suffered war trauma integrate trauma into their lives. There is likely more information since 2016.

2. Another technique for addressing trauma is visualization including mental exercises that snip at the amygdala.

3. There has also been results with hypnosis, although this would need to be done in a therapeutic setting with a skilled practitioner in this area.

4. In my nursing care of trauma patients, I have found that patients find some level of "peace" after integrating their experience into their present reality. There are also expressions of gratitude as the trauma provided some type of lesson, for which they have carried forward into "wisdom."

Considerations

Singularity

research in trauma recovery treatments that address factoring in the need for cultural considerations. Include citations and bibliography

Introduction:

Trauma is a pervasive and global phenomenon that affects individuals across cultures. Trauma recovery treatments have been developed to address the effects of trauma, but often overlook the importance of cultural considerations. Cultural considerations include cultural values, beliefs, and practices that are unique to individuals and groups. This paper aims to provide an overview of research in trauma recovery treatments that address the need for cultural considerations.

Trauma Recovery Treatments:

Culturally Adapted Cognitive Processing Therapy (CA-CPT):

Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) is an evidence-based treatment for trauma-related symptoms. Culturally Adapted Cognitive Processing Therapy (CA-CPT) is a modified version of CPT that incorporates cultural considerations. Studies have shown that CA-CPT is effective in reducing PTSD symptoms in individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds (e.g., Hispanic, Native American) (Resick et al., 2017).

Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT):

Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) is another evidence-based treatment for trauma-related symptoms. The treatment is designed for children and adolescents who have experienced trauma. Cultural adaptations have been made to TF-CBT to ensure that it is culturally sensitive. Studies have shown that culturally adapted TF-CBT is effective in reducing PTSD symptoms in children from diverse cultural backgrounds (e.g., African American, Hispanic) (Cohen et al., 2015).

Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET):

Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) is a treatment that is designed to address the effects of trauma in refugees and other populations who have experienced prolonged and repeated trauma. The treatment involves the use of narratives to help individuals process their trauma. Cultural adaptations have been made to NET to ensure that it is culturally sensitive. Studies have shown that culturally adapted NET is effective in reducing PTSD symptoms in refugees from diverse cultural backgrounds (e.g., Kurdish, Bosnian) (Schnyder et al., 2015).

Conclusion:

Cultural considerations are important in the development and implementation of trauma recovery treatments. The above treatments are examples of evidence-based treatments that have been modified to incorporate cultural considerations. It is important for mental health professionals to be aware of cultural considerations when working with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds.

Bibliography:

Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Deblinger, E. (2015). Trauma-focused CBT for children and adolescents: An empirical update. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(12), 1837-1855.

Resick, P. A., Nishith, P., Weaver, T. L., Astin, M. C., & Feuer, C. A. (2017). A comparison of cognitive-processing therapy with prolonged exposure and a waiting condition for the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in female rape victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(4), 634-645.

Schnyder, U., Müller, J., Morina, N., Schick, M., & Bryant, R. A. (2015). A randomized controlled trial of narrative exposure therapy for refugees with PTSD in Germany. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(5), 952-965.

Here is what I can find I hope it helps.

Yes this is correct

En la pedagogía negra se incluyen, todas las injusticias y acciones negativas que en toda escuela tiene hacia los niños. Haciendo uso de la dureza y exigencia para educar, sin saber que la educación es el más sublime trabajo de los docentes o maestros y maestras. En la mayoría de las situaciones, se produce un trauma en el niño, que le bloquea el cerebro e impide dar continuidad a su escolaridad o tiene deficiencias por que tiene presente los traumas y tratos que se les da en el lugar que consideran un refugio de distracción, convivencia y aprendizaje. Sin lograrlo por los problemas que llevan de casa o que encuentran en la escuela.

1. Raphael and Wooding (2004) discuss traumatic bereavement.

Raphael, B. & Wooding, S. (2004). Early mental health interventions for traumatic loss in adults. In Early Intervention for Trauma and Traumatic Loss, ed. B.T. Litz, pp.147-178. New York: Guilford Press.

2. Prigerson and Jacobs (2001) have suggested a concept of traumatic grief

Prigerson, H. O., & Jacobs, S. C. (2001). Traumatic grief as a distinct disorder: A rationale, consensus criteria, and a preliminary empirical test. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 613–645). American Psychological Association.

I have seen variations on the ACEs scale that include race, for the purpose of measuring the adversity of growing up black in the United States. When I get a chance later I'll look for them.

However, and this might be of interest to you, I'm working on a set of results where a school district in Chicago used the traditional ACEs measure along with demographics for all freshman high school students at 3 urban high schools (a highly diverse sample). Just last weekend I ran a moderated mediation using black ethnicity and ACEs as moderators, while the mediators were internalization, inattention, and personal adjustment as mediators (all are subscales of the BASC-3 SRP), and school problems as the outcome (or Y) variable. Black ethnicity had no interaction effect with ACEs. This isn't to say that there's no contributory factor, but the lack of an interaction effect suggests there is no extra impact other than an additive effect from the "main effects" (main effects are not the correct phrase in moderation models, but I'm not sure how else tp briefly express the idea). I'll be presenting this at a conference in April and then putting out a paper on it.

For this, you can try this free software called- G power.

Software- https://download.cnet.com/G-Power/3000-2054_4-10647044.html

Link to a video on how to use it- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ZZxFD5JaCY

All the best!

If you are thinking of CSA, , may be useful for the reliability of memories. Kamala London

I don't think it makes sense to combine anxious and avoidant attachment scores into a single variable. These are separate dimensions so it would be best to keep them as separate variables. It doesn't really complicate the analysis of interactions too much. Combining two separate dimensions into one would likely cause you a lot more trouble with the interpretation of the results.

Very useful! Thank you!

Mindset means improve my skills with effort and practice. So, I have to think positively, that is to say, you have to say to yourself "I can do it".

Best wishes

Thank you so very much. I am sharing everything with my dissertation chair as I go along. I wanted to get some valuable thoughts too. I absolutely agree that trauma comes in so many forms and each reacts differently. Thank you, Stephen and Beatrice, for sharing.

ICD-11 Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ). There's no specific test for determining whether you have CPTSD, but keeping a detailed log of your symptoms can help your doctor make a more accurate@ diagnosis. Try to keep track of when your symptoms started as well as any changes in them over time.

I don't think it affects children because they have stronger immunity than adults

The Maunder et al one is the one I am aware of.

Another relevant one is https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11346674/

I agree that if you do the regression models you get the benefit of using ML estimation - robust estimation and efficient handling of missing data.

CTQ-SF was derived from the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, a 70-item, Likert scale questionnaire that measures five subsets: emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect.

An interesting paper to read

HEIIO. MY DEAR. IAM NOT SPSS

Although there is robust evidence for the effectiveness of EMDR as a treatment for PTSD, to dogmatically state that (1) it is the least invasive treatment for patient and therapist, and (2) should be first choice, seems (intensionally?) provocative, even insensitive and unscientific, reminiscent of the days when ECT was the first choice of psychiatric treatment. Would it not be better to argue for the prior establishment of a beneficial therapeutic relationship, as well as careful, insightful, clinical evaluation in terms of inclusion and exclusion criteria for EMDR, such as the availability of a therapeutic milieu, to minimize the likelihood of intense emotional reprocessing and seizures, before starting EMDR with persons with PTSD?

Dear Patrick, how will you handle the problem of honesty? - Some refugees do not tell the truth about their motives to migrate. Sometimes they even hide their nationality and pretend a certain kind of persecution.

Bruising in common in the elderly even in those without significant trauma due to skin thinning and fragility secondary to decreased elasticity and resilience as we age. Patients on anticoagulants are even more susceptible. Other causes include low platelet counts, abnormally high PT and/or PTT due to other causes. Bruising should be investigated if the elderly patient has bleeding gums, blood in stool/urine, or bruising in uncommon locations. Hope this helped.

Childhood trauma questionnaire : a retrospective self-report : manual

Author:David P Bernstein; Laura Fink Publisher:Orlando : Psychological Corporation, 1998.

Ask this from your library

-and IV-

In any case, it is highly advisable to enter and see it carefully on this web page, which collects the main points of the WHO in this regard:

[https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/trauma_mental_health_20130806/es/

OF COURSE YES !!: In fact, the DSM -and the current DSM-5- catalog it as such; but the WHO International Classification of Diseases (ICD), currently the "11", TOO.

It could, however, Human rights violations and traumatic events often comingle in victims’ experiences; however, the human rights framework and trauma theory are rarely deployed together to illuminate such experiences.

In self-defense or of innocent and defenseless third parties or in similar circumstances; In this regard, he suggests that the Nobel Prize winner K. Lorenz be read "Aggression that so-called evil."

I find it quite interesting how experiences with rejection at such a young age can be associated with personality disorder development. Enjoy your research!

Hi! Don't forget to evaluate their Shock Index (HR/SBP). If greater than approx. 0.7, that is one indication for the need for massive transfusion. We can also look at whether or not the shock is Pressor-dependent. If it requires pressors, that is another worrying sign. When looking at the labs, if the Hgb is *normal* with the heavy bleeding, that is a sign of a very active bleed where the H&H has not yet caught up to display the downward spiral. Activate your Massive Transfusion protocol and also consider Cyroprecipitate, IV Calcium, and warming blankets. Often forgotten. IV TXA is also a good plan.

We did not see an increase in patients with complicated appendicitis and COVID-19 infection, but the topic is interesting... and it probably depends on the approaches in the treatment of acute appendicitis and the situation with COVID-19 infection. I would like to know the situation in countries with acute appendicitis in the conditions of COVID-19 infection

Thanks to you and equally

The analysis of the poems (al-Fusha and others) sung by Fayrouz will reveal many of these formulations, because they are collected between groups in the Arab country that suffers from sectarian differences the most. Thus art reveals this through songs, revolution poems, cinema, and sometimes novel

A good coverage of PALLIATIVE CARE is enough (including in it "Sedation", even irreversible -or "passive euthanasia") as it alleviates and eliminates psychological and physical suffering ("total suffering"), since the serious thing is not that the patient dies (we all have to die and doing so is an atavistic and universal custom of the human being: everything that lives, sooner or later dies), if not that he dies suffering and, I reiterate, for this are the aforementioned PALLIATIVE CARE - with biomedical, psychosocial and spiritual intervention, as mandated by the WHO -... but, of course, ACTIVE EUTHANASIA is MORE COMFORTABLE AND CHEAPER, WITHOUT ANY MORE.

There must be a dozen ways of approaching this! Offhand I'm thinking of 2-3 pretty simple ones; I'll leave it to the real statisticians to come up with complex approaches.

1. You have an outcome: change in symptomatic severity. Using your dichotomous trauma variable as the IV, you could just run a t-test comparing the extent of change in the trauma group with that in the no-trauma group.

2. You could also use your continuous trauma variable (none, mild, moderate, severe rated as 0,1,2,3) as the predictor in a regression equation, with the change score as the outcome.

If you wanted to get a little more fancy, you could also incorporate other possible predictors of change into the model and see which ones emerge as statistically significant. Possibilities might include severity of addiction (assuming that's been rated), IQ, SES, age, and sex. There are many procedures for sifting through a set of possible predictors. One option would be to put all the ones you pick in at first, then remove the weakest nonsignificant one, then the next, and so forth (this is the "backward" option). Another would be to start with just one and add others, one at a time, retaining only those that prove significant ("forward"). Just don't use the stepwise procedure!

I don't know how large your sample is, but if it is decent-sized you *might* want to look at how some of these variables interact. For example, does a history of trauma affect males and females differently?

3. Another approach would be to run a repeated-measures ANOVA with trauma history (yes/no) as one IV and the pre/post scores as the other. This would be more sophisticated than my first suggestion and would probably go over better with a picky peer reviewer at a journal, but I will admit that interpreting the output of such a mixed repeated-measures analysis can be tricky. In any case, if there are any significant findings (and there will be, since you already know the pre/post comparison is significant), use a reputable post hoc pairwise significance test to compare the groups. The Tukey test is a good choice.

Hi Marie-Ève Grisé Bolduc. The following may be helpful:

Here are some articles to get you started:

Comas-Díaz, L., Hall, G. N., & Neville, H. A. (2019). Racial trauma: Theory, research, and healing: Introduction to the special issue. American Psychologist, 74(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000442

Anderson, R. E., & Stevenson, H. C. (2019). RECASTing racial stress and trauma: Theorizing the healing potential of racial socialization in families. American Psychologist, 74(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000392

Gone, J. P., Hartmann, W. E., Pomerville, A., Wendt, D. C., Klem, S. H., & Burrage, R. L. (2019). The impact of historical trauma on health outcomes for indigenous populations in the USA and Canada: A systematic review. American Psychologist, 74(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000338

Mitchell, T., Arseneau, C., & Thomas, D. (2019). Colonial Trauma: Complex, continuous, collective, cumulative and compounding effects on the health of Indigenous peoples in Canada and beyond. International Journal of Indigenous Health, 14(2), 74 - 94. https://doi.org/10.32799/ijih.v14i2.32251

Yes, the whole and total politization of the virus produces paranoia. It kills the economy, not the virus and comes with a high psychological cost, concerning the cohesion of human societies. We can only communicate with biological complexity (e.g. by altering our life-style), but never control it. The global synchronization of (many inefficient) 'medical' measures adds to the mass paranoia, and one asks rightly: Who is 'creating' all this irrationality??? Is ist really possible to catch a mosquito with a fishing net?

The neurotransmitters maybe negatively affected.

Hi Ann,

This is something I'm just starting to research in my PhD studies. Here are a couple of articles to get you started.

I'm sure if I understand your question, but perhaps my book will help you: Traumatic Experiences of Normal Development.

Hi David - not sure if this is along the sort of lines you are looking for?In my research the keywords of childhood trauma and functional impact/disability throws up quite few results of longitudonal studies. The American Psych Assoc. and Pearson mention a few online, too.

In the oral surgery clinic, Naval hospital dr Ramelan Surabaya Indonesia , we manage some cases of maxillofacial tumour such as ameloblastoma,hemangioma, odontoma and the most are epulis

Hello

check these website

This is the link to RCR guidelines

https://www.rcr.ac.uk/sites/default/files/docs/radiology/pdf/BFCR(11)3_trauma.pdf