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I recently started working with zebrafish and confocal microscopy. My samples are double transgenic for gfap_mcherry and pcna_gfp. gfap labels Müller glia in the retina, and pcna is a proliferation marker facilitating DNA polymerase during proliferation. I should start imaging at d3 using multiple confocal microscopes to decide the most suitable one but I got very diffused gfp signal with all microscopes. What can be the reason for that?
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If your PCNA-GFP signal is diffused in zebrafish larvae during confocal imaging, several factors could be contributing:
  1. Expression Levels: Low expression of PCNA-GFP might lead to a weak or diffused signal. Verify expression levels with techniques like Western blot or qPCR.
  2. Fluorescence Bleaching/Phototoxicity: High laser intensity can cause signal fading. Reduce exposure time and laser power.
  3. Microscopy Settings: Incorrect settings such as gain or pinhole size can affect resolution. Optimize these settings for GFP detection.
  4. Background Signal: Non-specific or autofluorescence can create a diffused signal. Perform controls to check for background fluorescence.
  5. PCNA Localization: Ensure proper fixation and sample preparation to maintain nuclear localization of PCNA during DNA replication.
  6. GFP Stability: If GFP degrades or doesn’t fold properly, the signal might be weak. Consider using more stable GFP variants.
  7. Zebrafish-Specific Factors: Zebrafish larvae may have autofluorescence that interferes with GFP detection. Adjust settings to distinguish GFP from autofluorescence.
  8. Developmental Stage: PCNA expression might vary by stage, so try testing at different time points.
  9. Misfolding: Fusion proteins like PCNA-GFP can sometimes misfold, affecting signal generation. Verify construct functionality with Western blot or antibody staining.
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I would like to known what is the hygromycin concentration usually used in selection media to select and regenerate transgenic MicroTom tomato plantlets.
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I used to use 6mg/L, it works, but grows very slowly...
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I've recently come across the method of agroinjection and vacuum infiltration of various plant tissues (seedlings, potato eyes, tomato fruit). These methods are new to me and very fascinating but I've been having a hard time finding answers regarding these methods.
1) Are these methods only for transient expression? Are the chances of creating a chimera, which then will produce transgenic seeds, extremely unlikely? Of course I would like to establish a stable transgenic line but transient expression might do for the experiment I have in mind.
2) Would multiple injections or vacuum infiltration sessions result in multiple integrations into the host genome? The outcome would probably still be a chimera, but I would think that multiple transfection rounds could greatly increase transgene expression, integration events and maximize the chances of producing seeds for a stable transgenic line. Is this a valid train of thought?
3) If my transgene encodes for a His-tagged protein and I am really only interested in purifying the His-tagged protein, transient expression alone can satisfy my needs. Is there an certain plant species or explant which is ideal for the production/purification of protein?
Thank you so much for any thoughts or suggestions while I continue to investigate this subject.
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James Carrillo If your task as specified in the #3 "If my transgene encodes for a His-tagged protein and I am really only interested in purifying the His-tagged protein, transient expression alone can satisfy my needs." - the answer is yes.
Exact plant species /plant part which is ideal for the production/purification of your protein can be found only by experiments. My colleagues used lettuce plants (commercial hybrids) grown in commercial hydroponics or tobacco.
For task #1 "Are the chances of creating a chimera, which then will produce transgenic seeds, extremely unlikely?" - sure, you create a chimera, and there is a chance to obtain transgenic seeds, but this is very far from the task of obtaining a stable transformed line. GM plants must have only a single insertion of T-DNA, the site of insertion into plant genome must be characterized and stability of the insertion and transgene expression must be tested in several generations of seed propagation. This part takes 95% of all work, so, transient expression looks more suitable for your purpose.
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Hello,
Apologies if there's an obvious answer to this, I'm a first year PhD student and this task is entirely new to me. I'm including a lot of detail to convey my question clearly.
In D. melanogaster, the QF system is used to regulate the expression of transgenic constructs inserted within the genome of a specific fly line (similar to the UAS/Gal4 system).
In this system, the protein QF acts as a transcriptional activator, where in its active form it binds to a QUAS promoter and recruits transcriptional machinery.
One can easily obtain a fly stock which expresses QF from a stock centre like Bloomington. However, I need to design my own vector which will carry an insert that looks something like this:
Tub > QS - P2A - QF
Tub = Ubiquitous tubulin promoter, QS = Repressor of QF, P2A = "Self=cleaving" peptide, QF = Transcriptional activator
For this, I need to obtain the sequence of QS and QF; I have already obtained the former as its wild-type form is sufficient and easily accessible in NCBI.
However, I need a specific modified version of QF designed by Riabinina et al., 2015.
The modified QF protein, QF2w, is less toxic than the wild-type protein and is more robustly repressed by QS.
Is it possible to use online resources to obtain the sequence of QF2w and include it in my vector design? Or is my only option to contact the authors that designed this modified protein?
Best,
Panos
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Thank you both! Sabine Strehl and Robert Adolf Brinzer
Addgene was indeed the way to go.
For reference:
From the 2015 paper:
"pCasper-act(B)-QF2w-act_term (Addgene #46126). QF2w was excised from pAC-QF2w by digestion with BamHI/NotI and ligated into pCasper4-
actin5cB-QF2 digested with BamHI/NotI to excise QF2."
I downloaded the sequence of Addgene #46126 and opened the .gb file in Benchling.
I then used BLASTp on the translated AA sequence of the insert from this plasmid, which gave me 99% identity with a synthetic construct on NCBI, UOF75596.1.
The difference between my queried AA sequence and the identified subject sequence was only in the last two AAs, where in the queried sequence the last two amino acids were changed from EQ to KK.
From the 2015 paper:
"In QF2w(eaker) the QF AD was mutated to reduce activity by altering the charge on the C terminus."
I think it is thus safe to assume that the #46126 plasmid indeed carries the sequence of QF2w, where its only difference with QF2 (UOF75596.1) are the last two amino acids which were purposely mutated to reduce activity by altering the charge.
So I have now obtained the sequence of my modified QF2w protein and can move on to generate my transgenic line.
Thank you both for your advice.
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When we transfer plasmid in fungi for developing a transgenic fungi then how we can know that the fungi which grow on the media plates are transgenic or not?
Can we screen out fungi by adding antibiotics like Ampicine or kanamycine which is present in the plasmid?
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I agree with Amy Klocko that it will depend whether there is an appropriate promoter that will be expressed in fungi to express a resistance gene. Ampicillin is not going to work against fungi, however if expressed the kanamycin resistance gene will confer resistance to G418 which is a kanamycin analogue that works against eukaryotic cells.
However the best verification is to to PCR to verify that the gene of interest on your plasmid is actually present in your fungal strain after transformation.
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A thin layer resembling a white callus was formed on the stem of a tomato plant transplanted from rooting food to soil. Is this dangerous for plant growth? No such situation was observed in the control plant.
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No, the white callus-like layer on the stem of a new transgenic tomato plant is typically not harmful to the plant itself. The formation of a callus-like layer on the stem of a transgenic tomato plant is a normal response to the tissue culture process used to generate the transgenic plant. This callus-like layer is not harmful to the plant, but rather a sign that the transformation process was successful and that the plant has ability to regenerate from the genetically modified cells. Once the transgenic plant is regenerated from the callus, the callus-like layer may remain visible on the stem as a white or off-white tissue. this tissue is not determined to the plant's growth or development, as long as it does not interfere with the vascular system or significantly restrict the stem's ability to expand as the plant grows.
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Use of auxotrophic mutants lines for transformation of fungi is a traditional practise but it does not enable future discrimination between the wild type and transgenic line. Could basta gene serve to enable selection of the transgenic line from the wild type or from the back mutants of the transgenic line?
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Thank you Guilermo. Your answer helps alot.
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I need to check copy number in my transgenic rice plants. I am not able to get radiolabeled nucleotides here, so I have to buy a kit for southern blotting. Is these kits can also be used for doing EMSA?
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Southern blotting and Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) are two different techniques that require different reagents and procedures
A Southern blotting kit is designed to detect specific DNA sequences in DNA samples. It involves the transfer of electrophoresis-separated DNA fragments to a filter membrane, and subsequent fragment detection by probe hybridization.
On the other hand, EMSA, also known as a gel shift assay, is used to study protein-DNA or protein-RNA interactions1. This technique involves the use of a labeled nucleic acid probe that is mixed with a protein of interest1. The mixture is then run on a non-denaturing gel1. If the protein binds to the probe, it will cause a shift in the probe’s mobility, which can be detected on the gel.
While some components of the kits might overlap (like buffers), the specific reagents and procedures are different. Therefore, a Southern blotting kit would not typically be suitable for performing EMSA.
There are specific kits available for performing EMSA, such as the LightShift Chemiluminescent EMSA Kit from Thermo Fisher Scientific1. This kit provides a fast, easy, and sensitive method for detecting DNA-protein interactions.Before proceeding, please make sure to consult the manufacturer’s instructions for the specific kit you’re using.
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Is it possible?
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Yes, if two independent single copy genes are inserted into the same binary vector construct, they can produce identical transgenic proteins. This is because the binary vector serves as a delivery system to introduce the gene of interest into the host organism.
The binary vector contains T-DNA repeats from the Ti-plasmids and a gene of interest to be inserted into the plant genome. The T-DNA binary vectors usually contain an origin of replication or ORI for E. coli or OriE, a particular element on the plasmid for starting its replication in E. coli. This component is useful for allowing maintenance of the vector in E. coli.
However, it’s important to note that while the binary vector construct is the same, the resulting transgenic proteins could still exhibit differences due to factors such as post-translational modifications, differences in expression levels, and environmental influences on the host organism. Therefore, while the binary vector construct is identical, the resulting transgenic proteins may not be identical in every aspect.
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We have numerous previous articles and specific protocols by which you can regenerate transgenic rice plants. However, following the existing methods/protocol, if you do not get the positive outcome, I.e., no transgenic plants, what would be the possible reasons behind the failure to produce transgenic ones?
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Roksana Aftab Three questions:
1) Have you got any other transgenic plants besides rice with the same Ag strains/plasmids using the same or other protocols?
2) Have you got high frequency rice regeneration with the same genotypes without transformation?
3) Have you done a transient expression with the same Ag strains/plasmids?
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Hi, I did a quantitative analysis for my transgenic and control plants. The statistical analysis (p<0.05, One Way ANOVA, Turkey) showed that there are no significant differences between both plants. May I know how to indicate that data on the graph? Should I use the same alphabet on both plants to indicate it? Or there are other ways to indicate it?
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Shakeel Ahmad May I know how to confirm mutagenicity?
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Triple-gene Transgenic Cotton Exhibits Tolerance Against Insects and Herbicide.
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Hellow fellow academics
I am currently in a dilemma and I would really appreciate some suggestions/guidance on the matter.
Situation:
I have overexpressed my gene of interest (GOI) from wheat in Arabidopsis using the floral dip method and with strict screening on MS-Hygromycin, obtained my T3 transgenics. Now the problem is that while the selection, on the media has been successful, I am not able to get a band of my GOI on agarose gel after doing semi- RT-PCR. Initially, I thought that maybe my overexpression was unsuccessful so I took the T3 seeds to screen again on the media, but, the result was the same; the overexpression was successful and met the segregation ratio requirement of 100% germination. As this is my first time working with transgenics, please enlighten me on where I could be going wrong.
Please advise. Thank you for your time in advance.
Dee
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Ok, that helps a lot. So, if your GOI is controlled by the 35s promoter there are a few possible explanations for the lack of expression in your assay.
It is possible (but not common) for an overexpressed gene to be toxic and thus silenced by your plant.
It is likely that your expression assay is not working properly and could use more controls. Here is what I suggest.
1. genotype your T3 plants for the 35S:GOI fusion construct (F primer in 35S, R primer in GOI), this is standard end-point PCR on gDNA
2. use a housekeeping gene as a control for your RT assay (actin is a good choice) in general
3. re-try the RT of your GOI, use a kit for the RNA extraction, be sure to DNAse treat your RNA, and use oligo-dT for the cDNA synthesis reaction.
hope this helps!
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Because expression has not always linear relationship with phenotype
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I'm in favor of using several homozygous lines that appear to have single insertions and a range of gene expression levels. That way you can see if there is a trend for expression level and phenotype of interest.
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We are considering different brands of stereo microscope to set up a small C. elegans laboratory. Looking for recommendations and any general advice on microscope features that you feel are important for C. elegans culture and research.
Features I expect are critical in deciding on the microscope we choose:
- Micrometer eye lenses - helpful for selecting/screening larval stages by size?
- Fluorescence capability - we won't need this at the start for wild-type strains, but I expect this is going to become a critical feature for transgenics. Have looked at the Nightsea fluorescence adapter, but leaning more towards an integrated system.
- Optical quality - we are looking into live worm tracking software - Is this possible with cheaper stereo microscopes or does the quality of the optics play a critical role in the software tracking accuracy?
- Ergonomics - C. elegans culture requires a lot of time on the scope - what precautions do you take for reducing neck and eye strain (e.g. is it best to have a scope with adjustable/tilting head?)
Thanks for your responses!
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C. elegans is a model organism widely used in biological research, and its study can involve various microscopic techniques depending on the research question. Here are some considerations for microscope features that would be suitable for C. elegans culture and live worm tracking:
  1. Magnification: Stereo microscopes with a range of about 10x to 40x should be sufficient for most C. elegans work. This allows you to visualize the worms easily and to select/screen larval stages.
  2. Micrometre eyepiece: A micrometre eyepiece can be helpful for size estimation, although it may not be strictly necessary if you become familiar with the size and appearance of different larval stages.
  3. Fluorescence Capability: If you plan on working with transgenic C. elegans strains in the future, having a microscope with fluorescence capability would be beneficial. An integrated system would typically offer superior performance compared to add-on solutions like the Nightsea fluorescence adapter, but the latter could be a cost-effective alternative.
  4. Optical Quality: Good optical quality can improve the effectiveness of live worm tracking software. High resolution and clear contrast can make it easier for the software to identify and track individual worms accurately.
  5. Camera Integration: For live worm tracking, your microscope should be able to integrate with a digital camera. This will allow you to capture images and videos for analysis by tracking software.
  6. Ergonomics: Given the significant amount of time spent at the microscope, ergonomics are very important. Look for features like an adjustable/tilting head, eye-level adjustments, and comfortable hand rests. Also, consider the setup of your workspace overall to minimize physical strain.
  7. Temperature Control: If you plan on doing longer observations or tracking experiments, consider a microscope with a stage where the temperature can be controlled since C. elegans are sensitive to temperature changes.
In addition to these features, the specific brand or model of the microscope can impact its performance and suitability for C. elegans work. You might want to contact other labs that work with C. elegans to see if they have specific recommendations based on their experiences. It would also be beneficial to consult with microscope vendors to discuss your specific needs. They may be able to provide demonstrations or trial periods for certain models, which can help you make an informed decision.
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I have been thinking that I will just use EGFP to know whether my attempted transfection was successful, but I've been coming across some publications that say over expression of GFP can cause cell death. I need to create a stable line of transgenic organisms that have rather delicate embryos, and the organisms themselves are mildly fluorescent, so I am concerned that I need to hit a sweet spot of fluorescence that may be difficult to achieve. Too much and my cells die and too little and its not detectable. Does anybody know of another method that doesn't require expression of fluorescent proteins and doesn't require me to kill my organisms for sequencing? Thanks.
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For western blot sample preparation of mice brain tissue (control and transgenic groups), I used RIPA with stainless steel beads for homogenization. After centrifugation, transgenic samples had a muddy pellet of tissue with steel beads, but control only had the beads and no visible tissue. I used the supernatant of both groups for BCA assay.
Protein concentrations from control group turned out to be great (at least 10 mg/ml). Transgenic tissue concentrations on the other hand were almost 10 times less. Around 1 mg/ml or under. Obviously, it's because the tissues did not get disrupted as well as the control tissues. I repeated the procedure for transgenic samples, nothing changed.
Any ideas and help would be much appreciated. Thank you!
Edit: I am attaching my sds-page gel photo to give an idea of how different the results come out. First four samples are control, last four are transgenic. Each sample is calculated to be 20ug.
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Hey, this is indeed weird.
The problem is very likely the extraction but it is not clear why the difference between your controls and transgenics groups given that there's no anatomically difference between them. On the other hand, when you said no differences at all I'm assuming you also checked brain sections as well as stained for aggregates and fibrils, etc. Am I right? Nevertheless, you could try the following: Perform you homogenization as usual but then add regular laemmli buffer (containing SDS/b-mercaptoethanol/DTT, etc) to the tube to reach 1X of it and boil it for 10-15 minutes and check whether you can clear the pellet. You can do the same for the control for comparison. If this works, you'll need to think in harsher lysis buffers (i.e containing sarkosyl, or high SDS or another ionic detergents).
Best,
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Hello seniors! I am stuck in my work now I really need your help. I have a transgenic rice crop. For this, I got positive bands for my transgene in T1 & T2 generation plants. But in Generation 3 I am not getting any single positive band.
What I did do? I did the gradient PCR to check the correct annealing temperature. In my PCR I am getting positive bands for plasmid and for housekeeping gene but no bands for the transgene. Is it Gene's escape? or some other reason? Kindly guide me in this.
Your suggestions will be appreciated.
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Dear Aqsa,
It is possible your transgene of interest got silenced in the next generation. Unfortunately it happens and one would have to go back to T2.
However, from your text I wasn't sure if you ran the T1 and T2 PCR products on the same gel as your T3 samples? This would be important to check whether everything technically is the same between the PCRs ran on T1, T2 and T3. I would go back to the original DNA samples and redo the PCR and run the gel at the same time. This would give conclusive evidence it is not a technical artifact, and whether your gene really got silenced. One could also go back to the DNA samples of all generations and try 1 or 2 more primer pairs on your transgene if still unsure.
Good luck!
Sjon
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For transformation purpose
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@Nashir Uddin, I need to know about a stable transgenic line of Nipponbare rice.
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I constructed the transgenic vector, which had no problem in transiently expressing the protein first, and then transformed the Arabidopsis thaliana by dipping. The positive lines were screened by resistant medium first, and the DNA of T1 generation plants was extracted. The PCR identification results were correct, but the protein expression could not be detected by Western.
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If the protein was not detected, maybe because is highly unstable....., I recommend to repeat two or three times in order to be sure that the problem should be on western.
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Hi! I need some help please guide me. I have Transgenic rice seeds. For PMI gene the PCR results are positive. But when i germinate that seeds on PMI selection media no germination occurs. What its means? either PCR gave false positive result or my seeds are not transgenic?
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If they are transgenic or not, and the seeds are viable, they should germinate on the right medium. Regards.
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Hello everyone
I want to extract and isolate a plasmid from transgenic worms. Is there a specific procedure or a protocol for this purpose?
Thanks
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Currently, I am working on detection of transgenic genes in corn plant, but I am facing many problems. For example, in some primers, the non-transgenic (control as witness) sample gives band as a PCR result while in some primers it doesn't. I have to add that we must not see a band in the non-transgenic sample.
What can be done to eliminate non-transgenic pollution?
The second question is that we do the negative control test with utmost care, why do we regularly see water contamination in some primers such as DEP98? What temperature and time cycles do you recommend to avoid such mentioned problems?
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Dear Shabnam,
Though your question is not completely clear, I will give you some suggestions to minimize contamination. Always grow your control plants in isolation from your transgenic lines to avoid mixing up due to endophytes, and other vectors. Kindly use separate Micropippets for dispensing solutions. Replace old ingredients with all fresh ones (water, PCR mix, dNTPs, buffer, Primers, etc., ) or try to perform it in another lab. If you still get contamination then there could be a possibility that your primer is contaminated, so order a new pair.
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why do we use negative selection marker genes in transgenic plants as they won't survive?
and can we grow transgenic cells by negative selection?
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You are welcome dear Yuan-Yeu Yau . Wish you the best always.
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I treated them with 70% alc, 2.5% NaOCl, 0.1 HgCl2, and 1g/l bevastine. These chem were used in diff combinations and for diff time periods. Infection still occurs. Please suggest any other way of disinfection and sterilization.
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Was the forceps you used to move the sterilized seeds to medium sterilized too? We autoclave our forceps beforehand. Alos, we dip it into 70% ethanol, flame it briefly before touching sterilized seeds (after cooling down from the flame).
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There are only few reports on the development of transgenic and tissue culture manipulations in indica rice. What could be the genetic, molecular, physiological reasons? which make indica cultivars to be more recalcitrant to tissue culture regeneration and transgenic developments.
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Phenomena: In a recent study, RLB (RICE LATERAL BRANCH) gene were demonstrated to control the plant height of rice. A loss-function mutation of the gene led to reduced stature. However, when the authors overexpressed the gene, the transgenic lines also showed reduced plant height. The authors further determined the expression levels of endogenous and transformed RLB copies, and found that both of them were decreased to very low levels.
Question: RLB gene was proofed to positively regulate the plant height of rice, we expected that overexpression of RLB may cause overaccumulation of the RLB gene transcription and increase to some extent, at least not reduce the plant height.
Why overexpression of RLB resulted in reduced transcription for both endogenous and transformed RLB copies and caused the similar phenotype with the mutant?
Based on the knowledge we have learned about small RNA biogenesis and functions, please:
1) give the possible explanation of the phenomena;
2) describe the mechanism may cause the above phenomena;
3) design experiments to proof your hypothesis.
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1) The phenomena you described here may be the reason of RNA interfere.
2) When you transformed the copies of RLB into plant, amounts of double strand RNAs were processed into numerous small RNA and secondary small RNA under the help of RDR and DCL, which are RNA binding protein and dsRNA ribonuclease, respectively. Eventually, the endogenous transcripts of RLB were knocked down.
3) A simple experiment can be used to proof the hypothesis. Transforming the RBL-contained vector into rice protoplast together with P19 (a virus protein, which can repress the formation of dsRNA), and detect the transcripts of RBL.
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Hello,
I work with a knockout model infecting cells with cre-adenovirus to induce the deletion.
I am analyzing my qPCR results and I am not quiet certain about the best statisticalmethod to use, because I want to analyze the correlation of cre-adenoviral infection and animal genetic status (basically, I want to know how much of the gene expression is affected by cre-adenoviral infection by itself and how much is as a result of the mutation).
To evaluate that I have four groups:
- Wild-type cells not infected
- Wild-type cells cre-infected (n=3 for wild-type cells)
- Transgenic cells not infected
- Transgenic cells cre-infected (n=6 for transgenic cells)
I have tried different statistical models, but I believe I am still lacking understanding about choosing a statistical method.
PS: the reason for sample size differences was the unexpected result of gene expression being significantly affected in wild-type cells infected with cre-adenovirus - when I proved that wild-type cells were also affected, I did not have the opportunity to gather more samples.
Thank you
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This is a typical 2x2 design: you have two experimental factor with 2 levels each:
  • genotype (levels: wild-type and transgenic)
  • infection (levels: yes and no (verum and mock))
There are several differences in gene expression that can be related to these factors. There can be:
  • a genotype-effet in infected animals
  • a genotype-effet in uninfected animals
  • an infection-effect in wild-type animals
  • an infection-effect in transgenic animals
Some of these might be interesting, others no so. For instance, the innfection-effect in wild-type animals would be interesting to show that the infection actually worked.
The most relevan scientific question, however, is about the difference in infection-effects between the two genotypes. This is addressed statistically by the interaction of the factors genotype and infection in a two-factorial model.
Practically, you would do a two-way ANOVA (using the dCt values) and look at the interaction term.
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In a recent study, RLB (RICE LATERAL BRANCH) gene were demonstrated to control the plant height of rice. A loss-function mutation of the gene led to reduced stature. However, when the authors overexpressed the gene, the transgenic lines also showed reduced plant height. The authors further determined the expression levels of endogenous and transformed RLB copies, and found that both of them were decreased to very low levels.
Question: RLB gene was proofed to positively regulate the plant height of rice, we expected that overexpression of RLB may cause overaccumulation of the RLB gene transcription and increase to some extent, at least not reduce, the plant height. Why overexpression of RLB resulted in reduced transcription for both endogenous and transformed RLB copies and caused the similar phenotype with the mutant? Based on the knowledge we have learned about small RNA biogenesis and functions, please:
1) give the possible explanation of the phenomena;
2) describe the mechanism may cause the above phenomena;
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Use your class notes to answer your homework. This is a site to ask questions about research projects, not a place for students to cheat on their assignments.
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Our lab uses tissue culture to maintain populations of Populus trichocarpa Nisgually, Populus tremula x alba INRA 717-1B4, and transgenic Populus deltoides x nigra plants (created via agrobactrium-mediated transformation). Recently we have noticed what appears to be callusing and sometimes leaf formation on the basal part of the stem in our fresh subcultures (see pictures), which then do not form roots. This problem has emerged within the last month, although some more established rooted cultures also have small leaves growing on their roots or out of the parts of the stems submerged in media. The media itself doesn't appear to be the cause, since the callus phenotype is only present in a subset of plants cultured in media prepared on a given day. We have also observed callusing in plants from all three populations, and it seems possible that the causative agent may be being passed on from older plants to fresh subcultures or between plants that are being subcultured from on the same day. There are also no visible signs of wounding or contamination in the affected plants. If anyone has seen or dealt with a similar issue, your input is much appreciated. Thank you!
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Many causes can be mentioned. I thought that the article in this link , can help you understand better.
Stay Safe!
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If a transgenic mouse expresses transgenic T cell receptors that recognize an antigen derived from E. Coli presented by an MHC-class II allele expressed by the transgenic mouse, what is the likely scenario for this transgenic mouse?
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Go check your notes for answers to your homework.
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How do you justify the usage of antibiotics in PTC at the time of
1) explant sterilization, or 2) within the plant tissue culture media.
is it suggestable/ethical to use antibiotics in normal tissue culture experiments? (not for the transgenic selection etc)
if yes how?
if not why?
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Isolate the contamination with loop, and check it under a light microscope. Sometimes it looks like bacteria by need eyes, but it might be yeast after a close look. Once you define the contamination type, apply an efficient chemicals. If it is bacteria, go through with its cell wall (- or +), then figure out the antibiotic and its concentration starting from 20 mg/L upto 100 mg/L. If it is not bacteria, go with an anti fungal agent depending on concentrations. Silver nitrate would be an effective chemical, but it reduces callus formations at high concentrations (>1 mg/L) in general. Good luck
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I have applied initially the one-way ANOVA followed by TUKY and Kramer. May I ask you to verify if the method I used is appropriate for the data and advice?
I have 10 different transgenic arabidopsis lines (plants)  containing viral protein; hence I have 10 different Genetically modified plant lines. These 10 are compared to a standard plant that has not been GM, i.e., lacks the viral protein, companions between the different transgenic lines, and responses of each line at each of the concentrations.
  1. In the first experiment, these transgenic lines, including the standard, were treated with different concentrations of hormonal precursor, and seedlings length measurements were taken.
  2. In a second experiment, these transgenic lines, including the standard, were treated with different inhibitor concentrations, and seeds germination rates were taken.
Factors affecting the experiments
Hormonal Experiment
  1. Different modified lines  ( different genotype)
  2. Hormonal concretions ( 5 concertations )
  3. Different responses between the tested lines
    1. The hormone has a stunning impact on plant growth and will show different stunting degrees between the tested lines.
Inhibitor Experiment
  1. Different modified lines  ( different genotype)
  2. Inhibitor concretions ( 5 concertations )
  3. Different responses between the tested lines
    1. The inhibitor has a lethal impact on plant germination and will show different germination and mortality rate between the tested lines.
  • First, all tested transgenic lines were compared to the wildtype plant, followed by a  series of comparisons between the tested transgenic lines.
Statistical analysis
Statistical differences in the seedlings' total length between the different tested Arabidopsis lines under different hormone concentrations were assessed by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Analysis System – JMP (SAS JMP®, 14.0.0; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). If the ANOVA implied significance (p ≤ 0.05), then the means were tested with Tukey-Kramer Honestly Significant Difference post hoc test to determine the differences.
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By design, your experiments have 2 factors: first is the genotypes, second is the concentrations (hormone or inhibitor), therefore, the optimal choice here is to do a two-way ANOVA analysis, followed by a post-hoc test like Tukey.
You can choose to do one-way ANOVA, but you'll lose any insight on which factor causing the differences. It would be equivalent to coding the treatments as A, B, etc. without knowing what treatment A or treatment B actually is - you can't separate your factors into levels because now they're all clumped up into one big "factor", and there's no way to tell the relationship between [ line 1 - 10 mg/l ] and [ line 2 - 20 mg/l ]. Your discussion would be very limited in that way.
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Perhaps this is a naive question but I'm relatively new to flow and am trying to learn about the correct way to gate. I am using bone marrow chimera mouse model to assess peripheral immune cell infiltration into the brain. GFP+ bone marrow was used to reconstitute non-GFP recipient animals, so GFP+ cells in the brain are indicative of cells from the periphery. I am interested in having a very general idea of which groups have the most infiltration (i.e. %GFP of parent population) and have the raw data that I'd like to gate myself.
My question is, can the exact same gating be used for each sample? They are different genotypes and done across different days, but they are virtually indistinguishable from each other and in my mind it makes sense to have a consistent definition for what I'm considering a singlet or GFP+. I'm gating out debris, then single cells with FSC and SSC, then gating GFP+. No antibodies are used here, just the GFP from the transgenic line. Thanks!
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Hello! from our experiens with plants it is important to use the same gating for all genotypes, otherwise we can not compera one genotype with another.
We use flow cytometry for genome size evaluation and we need to compare genome size variability among genotypes. All related articles on this topic mentioned that gating parameters has to be the same for all samples if you want to compare one sample with another.
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Hello all, I am wanting to grow sorghum seed on skoog media with antibiotic to begin a genotyping process of transgenic lines. The seed is mature. If this is possible, would anyone be able to provide a protocol? If this is not possible, is there any other possible method that would work?
Thanks in advance!
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yes
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Hello, everyone. I used a transgenic vector for SCNT and successfully obtained cloned individuals. I screened the cloned individuals for the presence of vector by PCR and distributed individuals into 2 groups: Group 1 containing transgenic vector and Group 2: without transgenic vector (called control). Next, I performed QPCR to evaluate the expression of gene. I found individuals with transgenic vectors (Group 1) also had overexpression of gene. But there were also few individuals in group 1 that although contains a transgenic vector but the expression of the specific gene was similar to the control group (without vector). So, need an expert opinion that why the few individuals who presented normal gene expression was with transgenic vector?
Thanking you in Advance.
Kind Regards
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Dear Muhammad Ameen Jamal:
You said that you have transgenic plants, i.e. integrating transgene in the plant genome. However, there was no transgene expression.
In such case, the absence of expression might be due to many different causes. Among the causes were as follow (there should probably be more reasons):
(1) The integrated transgene may be incomplete, i.e. part of the integrated transgene is missing (either lack of the promoter, lack (part) of the coding sequence or lack of terminator. There have been reports indicating broken or incomplete transgene may actually be integrated into the genome, which eventually causing no expression of the integrated transgene.
(2) The transgene may have been integrated in the heterochromatin region (Positional effects) which results in no transgene expression in the plant tissues. Because of the transgene integration position is in the heterochromatin region, the inserted contruct was not expressed.
(3) The integrated transgene was not expressed because of silencing phenomena. In this case, even if the transgene was integrated in the euchromatin (therefore there is no positional effect), no expression was observed because of the gene silencing.
Which of those were the real cause of no expression need further studies (supporting data) before ones can conclude the reasons.
Hopefully these explanations help you figure out what were going on in your experiment. Good luck
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Which approach is better for in vivo calcium imaging in the brain with miniscope: image in virus-injected (AAV GCAMP6) or transgenic GCAMP6f animals?
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just in case somebody reads this again. Now AAV-CAG-SomaGCaMP6f2 that is only expressing in the soma is available. That is probably the best solution for miniscope imaging:
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Give three examples where this method is/was used. May you please send links of journal articles.
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Pronuclear injection for the production of transgenic mice
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Dear colleagues,
for my research purpose i want to cross a transgenic GFP-reporter strain with a mutant strain. What is the optimal procedure to obtain a strain which inherits the transgenic genotype as well as the allel of the mutation? Can anyone provide a very detailed protocol to proceed the crossing including the observation of the transgene and the single-worm PCR?
Best regards
Fabian
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1. Prepare males of your transgenic (30°C 5h, small plates, 5 hermaphrodites, 5 plates, avoid crowding). Adult males will be ready in 3-4 days.
2. Cross the transgenic males with your mutant hermaphrodites (5 males to 1 late L4 hermaphrodite, up to 2 or three hermaphrodites in one small plate) for 2 days.
3. Pick 2-5 hermaphrodites that are positive for your transgene (I assume you can easily observe the transgene) and let them self-fertilize and lay eggs. Eliminate them as soon as you have some eggs to avoid crowding.
4. You should have a couple of homozygous for either one or both transgene and mutation.
5. Proceed to single 20 transgene positive worms, wait for them to have some eggs and genotype the original hermaphrodite for the mutation (primers and reaction conditions are, obviously, up to you and your lab). Keep in mind your primer design needs to differentiate heterozygous from homozygous (e.g. 3 sets of primers or whatever it suits your mutation better)
6. The progeny of the worms that are homozygous for the mutation are going to be either hets or homos for GFP. Just single 2-5 worms from every plate positive for the mutation and observe if their progeny is all positive for the transgene (therefore homozygous).
;)
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I'm trying to buy a Vibratome VT-1000S. What are other brands and model similar to this one. Purpose is to section Medicago truncatula nodules.
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Precisionary makes vibrating microtomes: precisionary.com
Ted Pella used to make a model, but I'm not sure if they still do.
Some other options can be found through electron microscopy sciences. https://www.emsdiasum.com/microscopy/products/equipment/vibrating_microtome.aspx
I know this is a few years late, but I happen to be looking for one myself now and a google search brought up your question, so perhaps this information will help others.
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In the modern precision breading, CRISPR cas 9 techniques of gene editing (deletion, insertion) is taking over the transgenic genetic engineering (GE) of crops and animals of importance to humans. At this point is there any reason for us to worry about GMO safety or adverse environmental effects? Why or why not? Please share us you opinions with supporting literatures.
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Tadesse Fikre Teferra The promising future of gene editing in agriculture is recognised by experts around the world. Gene-editing can have a profound impact on global agriculture through rapid development of crop varieties with diverse desirable traits. Gene editing through CRISPR/Cas9 can create desired variations more precisely without affecting other characters of a variety. Many countries (United States, Canada, Argentina, Japan, China, Australia, etc.) have decided that for minor genome changes there is no need to apply GMO regulations, which as a result both lowers the registration costs of new genome editing products and promotes innovation. Conversely, the European Union, by the judgment of its Court of Justice (CJEU) of 25 July 2018, decided that new genome editing techniques produce GMOs. However, only large international conglomerates have a sufficient financial base to meet the regulatory requirements applied to them.
After years of neglect, Indian scientists have made progress in using gene-editing to develop Vitamin A-rich banana and improved varieties of rice, millets, pulses and tomato even as absence of a regulatory policy prevents their release for commercial use. Though the department of biotechnology (under Ministry of Science and Technology) has prepared detailed guidelines on how to use gene-editing to improve crop varieties, the regulatory body Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) is yet to distinguish it from genetically modified (GM) technology and is still considering the matter solely from transgenic angle despite clarifications from top scientific academies and research institutions.
Best regards, AKC
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The transgenic gene is suspected to be within another gene on mouse chromosome 1. Is there any indication that I can use in order to design a pair of primers? The objective is to ultimately find the location of this inserted gene in order to determine the allele combination of each mouse subject, being homozygous or heterozygous.
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Rescue Cloning or Inverse PCR. You fragment the genome into a few kb pieces, and then circularize them with DNA ligase. Among the resulting circular molecules, there will be some that contain your insert + a small amount of the flanking regions that it inserted into.
Rescue cloning is easier, but works only if your insert contains a bacterial ori + selection marker. You transform the circular fragments into E. coli. Only the ones that contain your insert (+ some of the flanking region that it inserted into) are able to grow. Now you can send these plasmids to sequencing and find out the flanking regions easily.
Inverse PCR works in any case: You design PCR primers against your insert sequence, facing outwards, so that they amplify the unknown flanking regions from the circles. Sequence that.
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After Y1H screening, I got several TFs which can bind with the promoter of my gene. So I want to figure out if these TFs are activators or repressors to my gene. For the next step experiment, do I need to make the stably promoter::EGFP transgenic lines or conduct Dual Luciferase reporter assay? Although my advisor suggested me to make the stably promoter::EGFP transgenic lines, I am a little bit confused why I need the stably promoter::EGFP transgenic lines.
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Dan Wang < Although my advisor suggested me to make the stably promoter::EGFP transgenic lines, I am a little bit confused why I need the stably promoter::EGFP transgenic lines.>
This is what I think: your advisor first want to know when this gene is precisely expressed during plant development through promoter::EGFP transgenic lines. After he found out *when* the gene is expressed, he then want to find out which TF is associated to this particular gene through their expression profile (ex. most expressed) during this time, from your fished-out TFs. So, in his experiment design, when you see a plant glows with GFP, you know the TF is working on it; then test the TFs expression profile at the same time.
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How to find the candidate genes to validate their role through functional genomics experiments such as cloning, transgenics, over-expression, localization, and its interaction with other proteins and DNA, etc.
1)Do we need to study a lot of literature and see which genes role is not deciphered in particular traits e.g. drought stress?
2.) Do we need to perform our own transcriptome or comparative genomic studies or analyze already published studies from literature?
3. ) Do we need to perform our own marker traits association(QTLs) study or already published studies?
4.) Some people functionally characterize already known genes(say arabidopsis) to plant of their interest (legumes). But is it a significant or novel research problem to work upon?
5. all of the above.
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Hey Shubham,
it depends on what questions you would like to answer with your experiments. I'm also not sure if i fully understand your question but maybe this helps:
1) -> it is always useful to read and know the important literature.
2) -> transcriptomic data and comparative genomic studies are useful to identify relevant genes for a certain issue. When it comes to transcriptomic data a useful approach is to expose your organism/cells to a certain stress to detect up-/downregulated genes compared to non exposed cells. Therefore it is important to design your own experiments to answer your individual questions.
Finding only homologous genes/proteins, you can use several bioinformatic databases (BLAST, UniProt...) in this case you should know your target genes.
4) -> characterizing already known genes of the same organism/cells is not useful. Why would you do that when it's already reported? But you can investigate homologous genes of another organism (not reported!) to check if comparable gene sets/proteins are involved in e.g. draught/starvation etc... Finding completely unknown genes and classify them to a cellular event is not that easy as you might think :)
good luck!
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Many of my colleagues are trying to improve stress tolerance in stress-sensitive crops through a transgenic approach, because of climate change and the potential to use marginal lands. However, there has been very little progress in the applied aspect of it. We are also involved in a similar project and cloned 25 genes from various sources to test their potential to improve stress tolerance in yeast and Arabidopsis some of them were also transformed in eggplant and in tomato, generated several transgenic lines. Some of these genes have already been shown to confer stress tolerance in various publications, such as NHX1, TRK1, HKT1, etc., however, none of them produced any significant results in our lab. It turns out that stress-mediated reprogramming resulted in draining transgenic plants valuable resources by executing a stress response, even though the transgene imparted stress resistance trait. Our initial data suggests that the use of PGP microbes can improve environmental fitness by overriding the stress-mediated reprograming constraint, thereby suggesting a combined approach might be more practical and applied.
I would like to initiate an interactive discussion in this regard so that we can move this transgenic approach towards practical application.
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Yet, some GE modified crops were successfully developed for tolerating environmental stresses and went into markets. For example, the DroughtGuardTM maize. DroughtGard maize contains transgenic gene for “cold shock protein B” (cspB) from Bacillis subtilis. Cold shock proteins were discovered (and named) due to their rapid accumulation in cold shocked bacterial cells.
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I established the stable cell lines to express the protein driven by CMV promoter. It seems CMV promoter is easy to lose the expression of transgenic gene after several times cell passages. Does anyone suggest which promoter is the best to establish stable cell lines in colon cancer cell lines? 
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Use either CAG or EF1a
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I have overexpressed an algal gene in a grass crop. I did the qRTPCR for the gene and can see that the gene is overexpressing in transgenic lines by looking at the result. But since this is not an endogenous gene I cannot normalize the value for non-transgenic as 1 in the double delta Ct method. I have the Ct values for the target gene and the housekeeping gene. I tried the fold change method (Housekeeping Ct- target Ct) but that did not work for my case. I need to find a method to analyze my data.
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Thank you @ Katie A Burnette. How could I use the Ct value of non-transgenic for ddct method if the algal target gene doesnot have any similar sequence in the grass genome whatsoever?
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What are the conditions for the vonversion? in many countries where conventional agriculture predominates, it seems something very difficult or impossible to achieve, I am referring to the conversion of large-scale conventional systems to agroecological systems.
I would like to know your opinion or experience, because I only know small-scale agroecological productions.
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I think you proposition is very common in coutries with large scale production and developped agriculture.
In small coutries, we only finding basic agriculture with limited production.
But, i think as ecologist or agro ecologist we must following this large-scale possibility?
For example, in Algeria we using a limited area without any network between production and agro systems!!!
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Genotyping PCR is used to determine the genotype of an organism (e.g., WT vs. mutant, or WT vs. transgenic)
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The so-called "left" and "right" border primers both are supposed to face outwards into the genomic region where the TDNA insert landed. Most folks use a gene-specific primer (F primer or R primer that you design) paired with a left border primer because the left border of the TDNA is more likely to be present due to the way the TDNA inserts into the genome.
F primer LB RB R primer
[gene of interest]<--[TDNA]-->[gene of interest]
The assumption is the the TDNA insertion is so large that you can't make a product from F to R. You use the estimated location of the TDNA from the stock center as a guide for designing these primers. General rule, see where they say the insert is, back off ~500 bp, and look for a good primer.
So, you set up PCR with F + LB; F + RB; R + LB; R + RB to see which way the insertion is facing in the gene of interest.
Let's say the F primer and LB give a good strong band in your mutant allele. The F + R give a strong band in the wild type allele.
Set up 2 PCR reactions for each plant you want to genotype.
Homozygous wildtype: band from F + R; no band F + LB
Heterozygous: band from F + R; band from F + LB
Homozygous mutant: no band from F + R; band from F + LB
Include a FULL set of controls and double-check any that you think are homozygous (PCR can fail for lots of reasons).
In reality, TDNA insertions are complicated, often contain insertions or deletions or multiple TDNAs or chromosomal translocations (or some combination of all of those things). That was the basis of my thesis.
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Hello,
Which of these genetically altered organisms is more suitable for Scientific research? Is it the Transgenic hybrids or the Mutagenic organisms? Which is more genetically stable to be used as vectors for genome editing of plants?
Thank you in advance
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Both are genetically stable, but which is the most appropriate to use will depend upon what you are attempting to do or select for.
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I found the morphological mutation on my CRISPR/Cas9 transgenic potato tuber, in detail, which didn't enlarge ,was tiny and highly branched (secondary grew?), so that I want to know whether there are potato mutants of which phenotype is similar to my mut-tuber.
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I worked with Arabidopsis thaliana, I think it is easy to deal with. So, I recomend AT for you.. Good luck..
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I am planning to sort transgenic hESC lines based on reporter lines fluorescent markers, to see if FACs sorting of progenitors results in greater Da yields. For my control study I have included a scrambled gRNA subculture. I wondered if I would have to make all subcultures, even those which will not be sorted (for comparison of sorted vs unsorted) reporter lines as a control?
Alternatively, if this is not necessary i will just compared transgenic sorted culture outcomes with original hESC?
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I have two sets of qPCR data taken from the same sample type at two different points in time: one was acquired by researcher A two years ago with parameters A (Ta = 57 ºC, etc.); the other by researcher B recently with parameters B (T = 59 ºC, etc.). The data compare expression levels of a single gene between wild-type and transgenic animals. Reconciliation of these two sets would avoid further animal experimentation and increase sample size. Is there any way I can peacefully do this without feeling guilty? Thanks.
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Bruno J. Moraes As far as you sure about the specificity of primers (i.e. you are getting only one peak in melting curve reaction), you can combine the data after normalising them with internal control genes analysed at respective time.
It is likely that you would get only one band at 57 C as well as at 59 C, if primers are very much specific.
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I'm trying to do genotyping of mouse DNA by the use of qPCR.
I'm using HTRA1 primer and GAPDH primer and SYBR green.
My problem is that I do not see a difference between my transgenic and the wildtype? I would expect a difference in the HTRA1 gene between the transgenic and the wildtype.
Anyone with the same problem?
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every change in genome structure can have a deep impact on transcriptome answer. by transgene you mean that the HTR1 gene comes from an other species?
but first, did you test your primers to be specific to your targets? the best way to do it is on UCSC website with its in silico PCR tool. efficiency of the primers on amplification in qRT-PCR is also a landmarq for this method.
did you use the delta delta method as derived from this paper ( )?
fred
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I am interested to know the whole procedure for segregation including population size for segregation analysis to get homozygous transgenic plants.
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Plants with flowers are dipped into Agrobacterium solution ---> plants set seeds---> select seeds on selection agents (ex. kan)---> individual transgenic plants obtains, and set seeds ---> seeds from individual transgenic plant are used for 3:1 ratio analysis (single copy screen (to avoid gene silencing)) ---> if in a plate, 3:1 (1AA:2Aa:1aa) resistance:susceptable plantlets are observed, the survived plantlets should have homozygous plantlets: heterzygous plantlets (for the transgene) at 1:2 ratio. qPCR can be used to find out which one is homozygous and which one is heterozygous.
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Dear all,
I am trying to find an alternative to southern hybridization for copy number detection in transgenic Arabidopsis. I have attempted the QD PCR protocol (T.Kihara ) for the protocol but I am unable to really understand its rationale.
If anyone can provide me an alternative for copy number detection or provide me a simplistic reasoning behind the gel images from QD PCR, it would be of great help.
Thank you!
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Hi Bipasha,
Hope you can find some good information from the below paper:
"Simple Identification of TransgenicArabidopsisPlants Carryinga Single Copy of the Integrated Gene"
Best
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I have transgenic lines of arabidopsis expressing aequorin in the tonoplast, and am using them to determine calcium fluxes in week-old seedlings after certain treatments. The issue I am running into is that I am not sure if I am normalizing my readings from the luminometer to the summation of all the luminescence readings taken during the experiment, or only after discharging the aequorin with 2M CaCl2 in 20% EtOH. And if so, do I integrate those readings with respect to time or simply leave it as the sum? Thank you for any help, I appreciate it!
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You must incubate the transgenic lines of arabidopsis expressing apoaequorin in the tonoplast with coelenterazine (2.5 uM final conc. in dH2O) in dark conditions for the reconstitution of aequorin and avoid exposing them to any light before inserting them in the luminometer.
If the luminometer you're using is not able to dispense solutions and take measurements at different times, you'll have to measure the background noise first, then dispense the stimulus and take periodical measurements, finally discharge the maximum aequorin content and take the last measurements. Afterward you should use the background and the discharge for normalizing.
There are at least two isoforms of aequorin being used at the moment and each has its own calibration method.
I know that Prof. Knight from Durham University worked on one and the Prof.Votknecht from Bonn University worked on another.
I did my thesis with the latter and her group has a calculation sheet including macros for the calibration called CALIPSO, but I don't remember it being public.
I attach some useful literature:
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Hello everybody,
I would like to create a transgenic line for several proteins using a fusion-protein approach with Halo, SNAP or CLIP-tag. However, I cannot find a single paper where any of these tags have been fused with any protein to make a transgenic line.
I am mostly worried if how the ligand cannot reached the nucleus and thus the fusion-tag protein. I have read in mammalian cells, they are immersing cells in a bath containing the tags, that traverse the cell membrane and can find its target.
Does anyone has experience with these tags genetically encoded in model organisms?
Thanks a lot!
Noemie.
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SNAP
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I want to make 10 transgenic Arabidopsis lines. After I collected T0 seeds, I stored them in room temperature for about 1 week. I sterilized the seeds with 70% ethonal alcohol for 7 min. The plates were dark and 4 degree for 3 days. Then they were transfered to white light. However, after 7 days, 2 cases of seeds were about 100% germinated. The other 8 cases were about 10% germinated. How could that happened? I don't think the seeds were died during I sterilization.
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Possibly but it is perfectly natural for seeds not to germinate at the same time. It helps to guarantee that the species can survive by avoiding adverse conditions.
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I am using rice variety Taipei 309 for generating transgenic. I have collected T0 seeds and want to know how long are they viable?
Thanks
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1 year in 4 'C
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I have been trying to generate transgenic poplar plants NM6 in WPM media and with different rooting hormones. My plants haven't been rooting so far.I transferred some into 1/2 MS with IBA, but there are still no roots. I welcome any suggestions you might have!
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try salt MS media
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I am trying to isolate total protein from transgenic brassica roots but the samples are getting degraded due to proteasas so could anyone tell me what is best way to inhibit these proteases and isolate total protein from roots?
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Hi,
In my experience whatever method or buffer you are using you need to add a protease inhibitor, especially if your material is limited. There are many options but the one I have used is protease inhibitor cocktail by Roche. I add it from the very beginning in the extraction buffer which is TRIS-based. It is good enough for a western blot or purification but I have no data regarding other protein analysis.
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I got first generation of transgenic line, and did PCR screening. but when i inoculated PCR positive seeds to antibiotic plates for segregation analysis, I am not getting the mendelian Ratio. Can anyone please suggest me, what to do and how could I screen the transgenic plants?
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Probably, there may be three reasons:
1) Low population size-getting expected ratio in small size population is difficult and it is only by chance/luck that any one can get. Mendelian ratio is based on large population size.
2) There may be false positive.
3) Mechanical mixture may be another reason.
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I can get good hairy roots by Agrobacterium rhizogenous, but when I infect explants by A.rhizogenous that contain recombinant plasmid, I couldn’t get any hairy root. How much is possible to not get hairy roots and express a transgene coincidently in the infection by A.rhizogenous. In other words, if I transfer recombinant plasmid into A.rhizogenous there isn't any hairy root. But if I use A.rhizogenous by itself without any change, I see lots of good hairy roots.
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First you have to confirm all the genes including the rol gene on the plasmid transformed in Agrobacterium, then to optimize the transformation conditions again with strong selective agent. Better incubate the explants in dark after co-cultivation period. Good luck
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Why is it difficult to grow Arabidopsis thaliana from callus (Single cell/transgenic cell)? Are there any technical limitations (if yes, then what)?
On the other hand, it is easy to grow other plants from callus (e.g. Brassica Napus).
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I think it not so hard, If you maintain proper safety and environmental factor then it will grow.
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Hi all, I have to give some low Nitrogen treatment in ms medium plates to my transgenic tobacco seedling, but i don't know how to prepare Ms modified plates with low Nitrogen.
As 1/2 ms medium powder already have N source, so my question is how to modify N source in MS medium for different treatments.
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Duchefa (Netherlands) sells preformulated MS with reduced nitrogen levels (called mod 3: 1/2 NH4NO3 and mod 4 (no NH4NO3). With mod 4 you can add your own NH4NO3 to any desired level.
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Ahoy,
I am working with transgenic vas::eGFP Zebrafish which I have to euthanize (ice slurry) at 29dpf. After euthanasia I am assessing the fluorescence signal of the ovaries; using fluorescence microscopy; in the whole fry, which at this stage is very small and more or less completely translucent. I am only looking at how big and how bright/fluorescent the ovaries are. I am not interested in cellular/ultracellular patterns.
Because I am working with large numbers of larvae it would be incredibly handy to be able to freeze them so that I can spread my assessment over several days instead of having to do it all in one very very frantic session.
Doe any of you have experience with freezing eGFP tissue or even better whole eGFP Zebrafish larvae?
Thank you!
Tim
ps: Yes, it will be really easy to just test it empirically but I won't have any fry ready for another 20 days so asking around is all I can do for now.
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We have found in much much younger fish (approx. 24 hours old) that the GFP is stable for months if culled then fixed in PFA before storing either in the fridge or transferring to methanol to store in the freezer
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Hello everyone, i am using GFP as marker for transgenic plant confirmation but the problem is, whenever i check the GFP positive roots, there i also found too many fake/false roots (without GFP) and i need only the transgenic roots with GFP. So everytime i need to cut those negative roots that waste a lot of time. I always use antibiotics AS ( Acetosyringone ) and Timentin (TMT) (Ticarcillin disodium salt/potassium) in the MS medium when co-cultivating the explants but all in vein .
Is there any solution that i can only got positive roots with GFP?
Thanks
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I am compelled to chime in here. The 35S promoter was never great for me when I made composite plants, but I now know that the version I previously used lacked a translational enhancer (Tobacco Mosaic Virus Omega works quite well). Alternatively you might consider using the Arabidopsis thaliana Ubiquitin 10 promoter, or the Glycine max Ubiquitin 3 XL promoter (with the 5' UTR enhancing intron). Also, I would highly recommend that you replace GFP with tandem Tomato localized to the endoplasmic reticulum; tdTomato-ER will be considerably brighter, and targeting of this protein to the ER enhances brightness by taking advantage of the highly invaginated nature of this organelle.
I have to caution against the suggestion of trying to regenerate stable transgenic plants from hairy roots. If you are successful at doing this (and this is no guarantee, since it is apparently impossible in some plant taxa to force the hairy root out of the hairy root development pattern (our experience in soybean, 2 years of futile effort)), the resulting plants will be phenotypically aberrant due to the expression of the rol genes.
There are reports in the literature describing the successful use of herbicide/antibiotic mediated selection of transgenic roots. For this strategy to work you will need to modify your plasmid to carry a transcriptional unit that confers resistance to the transgenic roots against the selective agent of choice. The risk with this strategy is that each transgenic root is essentially an independent event (which, as the other respondents have previously noted could be a contributing factor to your observation of imperfect penetrance of the GFP expression phenotype) so just as the GFP expression was variable, so too will be the expression of the selection marker. There is also the issue of long-distance translocation of the selective agent to the plant shoot, which is in your case wildtype, with potentially negative consequences.
Composite plant work is hard work. In order to extract meaningful data one must make very careful, frequent, detailed observations, and it is absolutely necessary to have multiple biological replicates, as well as multiple experiments. My work that earned the cover of The Plant Journal in 2012 was the result of more than 9 independent experiments with more than 20 plants per treatment/experiment. My wife is a saint for having helped me nodule counting. I don't know what your biological question is that you are trying to answer, but you should prepare yourself for some very critical questions from reviewers upon publication submission if you haven't provided enough replicates and corroborative data.
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I'm looking for latest research articles on transcriptomics and proteomics study on transgenic sugarcane under drought stress
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If yes, how to get about this problem? How to inform the consumer about the benefit and risk of "transgenic" food ?
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There is definitely excessive misinformation available to the transgenic plants/food to the general public influenced by antiGMO organisations and politicians for their own benefits or supporting their businesses.
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I'm planning to do a stable transformation of BY-2 cells using Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58C1 with plasmid containing hygromycin resistance gene marker. What concentration of hygromycin I should use to select transgenic BY-2 calli?
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Hello, you can use 30ug/mL hygromycin B on 0.8% agar plates.
Good luck!
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Hello Everyone,
I did crossing of the arabidopsis (both parents were transgenic) and selected my positive F1 plants on the selection media.
I want to know how can I select homozygous plants in the future progenies?
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It will take several generations to get homozygous plants for both genes. The simple way is identifying plants that have both genes (PCR, selection agent...). Grown these plants to have the next generation and screen again to find if they have segregation of the two genes. One you find plants without segregation of both genes at the next generation, the plants should have homozygous of both transgenes
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Hi Guys!
Do anyone have experiences in making transgenic mosquitoes (A. Aedes)? We are having many difficulties in setting up the system in our lab. We couldn't find any help from neighboring labs. I'd appreciate your help.
Many thanks in advance!
W
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Hi Wanshan,
I am the director of the University of Maryland Insect Transformation Facility. Let me say thanks to Heather and Sanjay for recommending that you contact us. There are a couple of ways in which we can help get you going.
First have you heard of the IGTRCN (Insect Genetic Technologies Research Coordinating Network. The IGTRCN (https://igtrcn.org/) is a network with the mission of making connections between people with expertise in genetic modification and those who would like to utilize this technology. For the past 5 years we have hosted the IGTRCN hands-on work shop in our facility. If you are looking to make genetically modified insects I highly recommend this workshop (https://igtrcn.org/2019-igtrcn-technical-short-course/). There are only 24 spots and they are currently accepting applications for this years workshop. We can also set up training for you in hear in the facility and anytime however this is a little more expensive than the workshop.
We also offer fee for service genetic modification either full service or microinjection only. In full service where we inject your constructs, rear all injected individuals (Go generation), sex and mate these Go adults in appropriate sized outcrosses, screen then ship enriched lines. Microinjection only is also available, in this case we can inject the clients construct then ship at a life stage that is most appropriate for shipping. If you are interested in this shoot me an email (harrellr@ibbr.umd.edu) and I can send you more specific information.
Best,
Rob
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I am very new to DREADDs and trying to find the best promotor to use for the Nucleus Accumbens, CaMK2a looks promising. Can anyone confirm that this promotor requires a transgenic animal model that expresses the CAMK2 receptor? If so, do you have a source to buy rats in the United States?
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Hi Aubrey,
Although I work in mice as opposed to rats, I am aware that CamKII is one of the few promoters that can be packaged into AAVs with good, selective expression in CamKII positive neurons. This obviates the need for transgenic animals, and you should be able to use AAVs expressing proteins under the CamKII promoter in wildtype animals. Again, not sure how well this translates to rats...
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Dear,
What is the best concentration of glufosinate ammonium to select transgenic soybeans in greenhouse using spray?
I would like know the best herbicide concentration for transgenic soybean (Glycine max) selection (e.g. 35S:bar or pat genes) in greenhouse condition using glufosinate ammonium (Liberty®, BASF) spray. I've been trying to make a death curve with a national soybean cultivar using water + Silwet L-77 + 64 to 320 mg/L of glufosinate ammonium (Liberty), and spraying when the plants had the first expanded trifolium.
Thank you for feedback.
Best regards.
Marcos
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we use working 100-120 mg/L concecentration for selection of transgenic plants in Arabidopsis thaliana and it works well.
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What are the effects of transgenic DNA in the soil food web? What consequences, if any will these have on soil health?
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Risks are associated with the impact on non-target organisms of the technologies. Studies related to this topic have shown that there is no adverse effect due to the implementation of GMOs on soil arthropod populations. To analyze the possible effects of the release of GMOs in our agricultural systems, we must put them in context in relation to the impact that are generating the technologies that can be substituted by the implementation of GMOs.
The implementation of any technology involves the assessment of risks and the implementation of tactics to mitigate the possible risk.
 
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In some areas where drought is persisting we observe an increase in the salinity of soils. In these areas no irrigation is possible. If you have a reference regarding this question I would greatly appreciate . Thank you!
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Hi Jean-Pierre,
Please see this report: Salt-tolerant wheat now with breeders
"The Tamaroi durum line containing the salt-exclusion gene yielded 25 per cent more on salt-affected areas than the same line without the gene. Similar yield results were obtained in South Australian trials conducted by Dr Tony Rathjen, a durum breeder at the University of Adelaide.
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I am working on transgenic rice. We have standarised the regeneration and transformation protocol for it. But I could see two Albino plants that are regenerated from calli. Can you please help me to short out the issue. For your kind information I want to mention that other plants regenerted with same media and hormone componets including same light condition have not shown such abnormalities. Please find the attached file.
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The transformed rice seeds having kanamycin resistant gene as selection marker can produce albino plant in vitro. This is not unusual as kanamycin at particular concentration blocks ribosomal RNA synthesis in plastids resulting in no synthesis of chlorophyll.
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I am a PhD student currently working with zebra finch. I think that the ability to manipulate the gene expression of specific cells within living zebra finch embryos would be useful for my research questions. Currently, our lab does not have the equipment to perform molecular approaches. For my post doc, I would like to find a lab that is currently performing genetic manipulations in birds so that I could apply these techniques to research questions in my future lab :) I would also appreciate any info about workshops or courses where I could learn about how to generate transgenic birds. Thank you!
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I suggest some papers to you :-
1- Gene editing in birds takes flight
2- Generation of tissue-specific transgenic birds with lentiviral vectors
Good luck
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Hi all,
I am trying to overexpress a human protein in 4T1 cells with a GFP tagged under CMV or CAG promoters. However, when we injected the cells into the 4th mammary fat pad of either NOD/SCID or NSG mice, we lost the signal after about 21 days. The tumors were about 1 cm big at the time of harvest. Have you ever got similar problems and how do you overcome it?
Thank you very much.
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Thank you very much Reza. We will try it.
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For my experiment design, I have one WT plant, and three independent transgenic mutants called RNAi lines, which target the same gene. I have six biological replicates for each. The dataset looks like below:
WT: 39, 30, 34, 39, 42, 43
RNAi-1: 17, 41, 25, 25, 39, 33
RNAi-2: 31, 37, 46, 14, 18, 30
RNAi-3: 32, 33, 36, 39, 37, 17
I did a standard one-way ANOVA and multiple comparison (Dunnett's test). The result indicated there was no significant difference between WT and each RNAi line.
After discussion with my supervisor, he came out an idea. Concerning the RNAi-1, 2 and 3 have similar genetical background, which the same gene was silencing in these three lines. He suggested me to combine the data point from RNAi-1, 2 and 3 to become one dataset, and then try to do a statistical analysis again. The dataset looked like below:
WT: 39, 30, 34, 39, 42, 43
RNAi: 17, 41, 25, 25, 39, 33, 31, 37, 46, 14, 18, 30, 32, 33, 36, 39, 37, 17
In this case, I did a normal t-test, and the result showed significant difference between WT and RNAi.
Because I and my supervisor are not expert for statistics, we are not sure whether this statistical analysis is valid or not?
We understand that misuse of statistical analysis will lead to problematic conclusions. Thus, it would be very nice that someone could give us some hints or advices regarding to this issue.
Great thanks in advance.
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Hello, for 3 and more independent variable better to use linear regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient.
Good luck!
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Invitation for MS contribution in edited book Plant Biotechnology
Plant scientists are cordially invited to contribute a chapter on “Transgenic approaches for improved shelf life and nutritional quality of fruits and vegetables” for edited book on Transgenic Technology Based Value addition in Plant Biotechnology; to be published by Elsevier Inc. Acceptance Deadline Dec 15, 2018
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I have got chapter contribution for this topic. Thanks for being part.
Regards,
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I'm interested in working on transgenic suspension cultures of BY-2 cells. I want to know if I can purchase these cell lines from any online platform. Thanks.
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I'm looking for purchasing BY-2 cells too.
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How much conc of ppt can be used for spray and in media for selection
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Hi Fatima,
as people already stated, PPT is the active ingredient in BASTA. For Arabidopsis the dosage is usually around 5-15 µg/ml medium. So, I guess you could try this for your Brassica as well.
Good luck,
Klaus
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I am checking the expression of a gene in the brain of a transgenic Drosophila using real time PCR and after cross between two prenatal line I extract RNA from 100 heads and make cDNA and run three real time PCR for each sample in triplicate. Actually, I want to know can I use these three independent real time PCR results to draw a conclusion on the difference between parents and F1 or I have to repeat the procedure from the first point and make other crosses? If yes, how many crosses are required in order to reach to reliable data?
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What do you want ? You need to confirm if they were transgenic Drosophila firstly, and it is normally test by DNA and you need several lines. Then you need to confirm if it was a constitutive or inductive expression gene. If it was a constitutive expression gene, you can do that directly by qPCR, but you need three replicate of each sample including wild type and different transgenic lines. If it was a inductive expression gene, you need give the treatment before making samples.
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We are replacing FO and FM in aquaculture feeds. We are studying how would be the best way to achieve it. We are exploring many alternatives in order to get to that so important goal that is to make aquaculture a sustainable activity...
Are we ready to explore feeding strategies involving much more than the actual ingredients that we choose and are we going to do so minding the environmental protection or would be destroying our future in the path of building the idea of sustainable aquaculture using industrial, synthetic and transgenic tools?
Is there a safe way to include all this modern tools?
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Future of aquaculture nutrition will surely be based on knowing the full picture of the nutrition of the species concerned, as well.
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I am conducting qRT-PCR for relative quantification of transcript of my transgene in different transgenic lines. When I include non-transgenic plant in comparison, its values stays at 1 always. What do you suggest, should I include this non-transgenic control plant while preparing graph?
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They shouldn't be 1, they should be zero. Your transgene should not be present in your non-transgenic samples.
A lot of this depends on how you want to display your data, but relative quantification between different transgenics is ALWAYS going to be essentially arbitrary numbers. It won't tell you whether line A has 1000000 transcripts per cell vs line B's 500000, or whether the transcripts per cell are actually 1000 and 500: all it will tell you is that line A has twice as many as line B.
If you want to get actual transcript numbers you will need to do absolute quantification (via standard curve of known transcript numbers).
If you're really not bothered about absolute quantification (i.e. you're not claiming line A expresses 'a lot', you're just claiming it expresses 'more' than line B), then any scale would do. Either pick your lowest expression transgenic and call it 1 (thus expressing your other lines in terms of 'multiples of lowest expression') or pick your highest and call that 1 (thus expressing your other lines in terms of 'fractions of highest expression').
Your non-TG sample should (hopefully) always be N/D: not detected. And this is fine to put on a graph: just an empty bar and N/D.
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Dear all,
I am trying to select the transgenic Camelina sativa lines on Hygromycin B. The published literature are reporting multiple concentration for Hyg B selection, however most of them says 5mg/L of Hyg in half strength MS. I want to get in touch with some who has optimized the selection concentration by experiment.
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Asked this question a month ago, In between I did MIC optimization for Camelina seeds. Results are attached if someone come here digging the question.
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transgenic soil salinity resistant wheat cultivar
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1. Check existing literature for genes related to salinity, preferentially those related to salinity in wheat.
2. Identify which genes have already been used to generate transgenics and determine the success (or not) of each.
3. Identify target gene(s) of interest you will use.
4. Decide on vector construction methods and delivery. That is, determine which promoter and terminators to use. Do you want a constitutive promoter or inducible one? Which promoters are available to you? Where do you want the gene to express? Will the gene be expressed in the nucleus or chloroplast? How will you deliver the gene into the plant (Agrobacterium or Gene Gun)?
5. Identify and test transformation methods to generate transgenic plants? Use an existing or new protocol?
6. Generate transgenic plants. This will take a while, consider the length of time required.
7. Use literature to identify ways to screen salinity tolerance.
8. Develop and practice method for screening for salinity tolerance
9. Screen transgenic progeny
10. Evaluate project. Is the transgenic successful? What can be improved?
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I have developed transgenic potato lines expressing a drought stress related gene. How can I confirm gene integration and expression of these lines?
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Agree with Lakkakula Satish . That is how I confirmed over expressed lines in Arabidopsis through PCR on gDNA with control. .
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We have a Thy-1 GFP mouse in our colony. We maintain the mouse as homozygous because the heterozygous animal did not show a strong enough signal. There doesn't appear to be any issues with the line being homozygous. The issues start when we try to cross the line to another transgenic line. We have tried 3 times to cross Thy-1GFP to another transgenic line (3 different lines) and each time the Thy-1 GFP "disappears". We use a standard PCR rxn (can be found on Jax's website) to genotype the mice. Once we cross the Thy-1 GFP mice with another transgenic line, the PCR results are only negative. We rarely get a positive Thy-1 mouse from the cross and we never get any homozygous Thyy-1 mice for the cross. Is there something in the breeding scheme I am missing? Is there a reason why we keep loosing the Thy-1 GFP insertion? Any thoughts would be greatly appreciated!
Liz
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Try doing PAGE. May be it will help you to see the PCR product.
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I did not find any resource.
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Hi guys, has anyone genereated or Cas9 rat already commerially available?
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Basically, I am comparing gene expression in different neuroinflammatory pathways using mRNA Seq in a transgenic (KO) mouse model. The main goal is too see what genes are compensating during a neuroinflammatroy response.
What other experiments often accompany an RNA seq focused project? Western Blot? IHC? qPCR validation? And what would the purpose of those experiments serve in further elucidating the role of this missing gene and the henceforth compensatory mechanisms?
This is for my Masters thesis project so any advice would be helpful!
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Ideally both PCR and WB, but if you have budget for only one the latter makes more sense especially if you plan on publishing. For PCR validation, you could randomly choose several genes that are not differentially expressed and some genes that are differentially expressed. Genes of interested could be in the pathways that are pertinent to your investigation i.e. inflammation. I will give you an example of how my previous PI represented microarray results to give you an idea.
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Can anybody suugest some primary cells or cell lines for IBD/Cronh's diseases? What is the common protocol to induce inflammation in the healthy cells in vitro? Is there any diseased/transgenic cell lines?
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Hi
Cannot see how you could replicate what happens in colonic epithelium in IBD using cells lines. Maintaining normal human colonic epithelial cells in culture is very difficult, and doing the same with inflamed cells from IBD patients likely to be even harder. The dextran sulphate model of acute colitis in rats produces the same histological features and ion transporter/channel abnormalities as seen in human ulcerative colitis. Hope that helps.
Regards
Professor Geoffrey Sandle
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I tried iPCR but not successful. Is there any way to digest the transgenic construct ,three part such as Promoter,Transgene and PolyA by separate enzyme and run iPCR. If someone have any idea please share with me.
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My experience is mostly with T-DNA transformed Arabidopsis plants.
The only ways I know are:
inverted TAIL PCR (can find location of insert)
Southern blot (only tells copy number)
whole-genome sequencing (copy number and locations)
Keep in mind that T-DNA inserts can be tandem, truncated, inverted and any combination of the above. In Arabidopsis, most but not all insertions will have a left border since the right border of the insert is often truncated. If you are CERTAIN that your organism has the transgene (verified by PCR and/or resistance phenotype), then try the iPCR again. Good luck!
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Which of the plasmid copy number detection protocol can help? Protocols on net ? Can anyone specify any ideal protocol? Please send some recent reviews or papers even in animal system if you have..A good statistical explanation is what I am also looking for..
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There are different ways CNVs can be detected or validated, but the method you choose will depend on what you are trying to find.
- If you want to detect CNVs in multiple genes or regions of a genome (other than by WGS) you can use arrayCGH (aCGH, as mentioned above) or by SNP arrays such as (Affymetrix SNP 6.0 or CytoScanHD)
- If you want to detect CNV in a specific gene then  real time PCR (qPCR, as mentioned above) or digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) approach could be used.
in my opinion, i can suggest you to use DDPCR, Digital PCR, an end-point PCR method, does not rely on assumptions of perfect amplification efficiency or on reference standards to reach high precision in copy number enumeration.
for the statistical part it's better to used R software and specially you can use CNVtools ( A package to test genetic association with CNV data ) or matlab bioinformatic toolbox.
for the protocol and how to use you can read this protocol
Chapter Copy Number Variation Analysis by Droplet Digital PCR
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Is there any transgenic Zebrafish line where pancreatic tissues are tagged with GFP/RFP? Insulin - GFP or Pdx -1 GPF tagged?
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Thank you for your valuable suggestions.
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Hello everyone
I'm just curious to know if anyone have used HiFi DNA assembly kit (NEB) for carrying out multiplexing of gRNAs. Actually, I am trying to do multiplexing of gRNAs scaffold regions, but some how not getting desired result. I know there are other methods like Gibson assembly, In-fusion can be done but I would like to know your perspective on using HiFi DNA assembly kit for the same.
Thank you
Roshan
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Hello Roshan,
sgRNAs can be multiplexed by HiFi or Gibson. However you cannot use the scaffold region to assemble them, as it will be identical and the position or number of the sgRNAs you'll try to assemble will vary a lot. I am introducing small unique sequences between the cassettes to assemble them.
I have assembled up to 4 hU6-sgRNA-scaffold cassettes as tandem repeats using Gibson or HiFi. Alternatively I am also assembling polycistronic sgRNAs cassettes using self-splicing Gly-tRNA sequences.
Regarding the second strategy you can have a look at this paper we published:
Although for this work the sequences were synthesised you can have an idea of the cassette structure. To assemble this kind of cassette by PCR and HiFi however you will need the original templates.
Hope it helps
Francesco
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Hi,
I am trying to generate some overexpression lines of Medicago truncatula. I have to go through plant tissue culture and agrobacterium mediated transformation. Earlier I have used pSITE2CA-GFP gateway estination vectors. But I am not able get transgenic lines yet. Can anyone suggest some appropriate vectors for M. truncatula plant tissue culture and agrobacterium mediated transformation?
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Dear Megha
Duque (2010) co-cultured leaflets of in vitro grown Medicago truncatula plants with Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 bearing the p35SAdc-Gus constructs.
Also, Lin et al. (2011) developed a new plant transformation vector, pHairyRed, for enabling high throughput, non-destructive
selection of Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated ‘hairy-root’ transformation. They stated that it can potentially be used to transform a wide range of scientifically and agronomically important plant species, including Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum, Lotus japonicus, and Medicago truncatula.
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I taken a gene from Arabidopsis and overexpressed in rice. Transgenic rice gave different phenotypes. Whether it needs knock out analysis to confirm the effects of the gene?
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Classically, yes you do need to create a knock-out (or knock-down) line to describe the gene function. Most journals will not publish based only on an overexpression phenotype. The benefit of a knock-out line is that it you can demonstrate that you have correctly described the function by "rescuing" the phenotype back to wild type by adding in a wild type copy of the gene. The concern with overexpression lines is that you might just be seeing ectopic expression and forcing a phenotype by expressing a gene in a tissue or a at a time that it's not normally even expressed. And you can't rescue an over expression line since the issue is an excess of gene product. That being said, over expression lines can be useful to give a full description of the gene when presented with knock-out lines.
For example: