Trade - Science topic

the impact of trade opening on economic growth in saudi arabia

Analyze agreements on technical barriers to trade

1. Digital currencies could be in limelight; providing opportunities for payments and investments.

2. Sustainable Finance drives green financing and ESG investments.

3. Artificial Intelligence and Robo-advisory to revolutionize financial decision-making.

4. Emerging markets to have robust growth opportunities apart from technology adoption/upgradation.

5. Geopolitical tensions to impact trade, investments, and market stability.

6. Growth of decentralized finance to challenge the conventional banking models.

7. Volatile interest rates to influence global debt markets and liquidity.

8. Regulatory landscape to address data privacy and cross-border financial operations.

all over sudden, several 'researchers' start following me:

not based at research institute but in trade and commerce.

Seems new way to trap people...

Donald Trump's re-election in the 2024 US presidential election will undoubtedly have a profound impact on the international economic and trade field. Trump's "America First" policy during his term and his tough stance on trading partners have caused trade frictions around the world. With his re-entry into the White House, what changes and challenges will the international economic and trade landscape face?

Does the US-China trade war enhance China's development?

The Price of Life begins with a simple yet transformative observation: nothing in matter or energy moves without a source of energy. The global economy – production, transportation, trade, consumption – is intrinsically dependent on the energy that sustains all processes.

But how do we reconcile this reality with the traditional view of the economy as something abstract and independent?

I invite researchers and readers to reflect: how can we rethink the economy by understanding that energy – invisible yet essential – is the true cornerstone of all human activity?

Currency and Trade: Silver was a primary medium of exchange, particularly in Mesopotamia, where it served as a standard of value. Gold, being rarer, was used for luxury items and international trade.

We are excited to invite researchers and practitioners to submit their work to the upcoming Workshop on Combating Illicit Trade, organized by Working Group 4 of the EU COST Action GLITSS. This workshop will focus on leveraging data science, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and blockchain to address the global challenge of illicit trade.

Scope:

Illicit trade spans a wide range of domains, from trafficking of historical artifacts, human and wildlife trafficking, to environmental crimes. In this workshop, we aim to:

Topics of Interest:

Important Dates:

This workshop offers a unique opportunity to contribute to the global fight against illicit trade using cutting-edge technologies. We encourage authors to submit their research and join us in advancing this important field.

For more details on submission guidelines and registration, please visit https://icpram.scitevents.org/DSAIB-IllicitTrade.aspx.

Looking forward to your submissions!

I used to learn International Economics and Trade for 4 years during my undergraduate period, now I'm learning MA of Inertnational Relations and Diplomacy and find that I know little about IR theories and some professional acknowledgement. What should I do? And , I also want to get PhD degree and afraid of can't achieve that. Could you please give me some advice? It'a a bit urgent. Thank you.

The integration of IoT and blockchain technology offers powerful solutions for enhancing the security and transparency of global trade and investment. IoT devices can track shipments, monitor environmental conditions, and ensure that goods are transported safely, while blockchain provides an immutable ledger for recording transactions and verifying the authenticity of data.

This combination can address challenges such as fraud, delays, and lack of trust between trading partners. Blockchain ensures that data is tamper-proof, while IoT devices offer real-time monitoring, making the supply chain more efficient and secure. By using smart contracts, payments and other processes can be automated, reducing human intervention and ensuring smooth cross-border transactions.

This innovative approach not only streamlines logistics but also boosts confidence in global investments. Investors can trace the origin of goods, track performance metrics in real-time, and validate the credibility of their partners, resulting in more secure trade practices.

We, the Team Tech Wing, are actively working on IoT-driven blockchain solutions and are open to collaborations with like-minded innovators.

Target: Publishing in AIB's prestigious conference

Regards

Kazi Redwan

Lead,

Team Tech Wing

THE LITERATURE REVIEW (CHAPTER 2)

Call for Papers

Geopolitical Economy Stream

World Association for Political Economy (WAPE)

2-4 August 2020, Panteion University, Athens, Greece

Geopolitical Economy: globalization or imperialism? Development or war?

As conflicts and crises of every kind – from Ukraine and Gaza to the Korean Peninsula, from trade to technology – proliferate, few today doubt that the international order is undergoing seismic shifts and faces stark choices. In this context, inherited frameworks in the study of international relations – realism, liberalism, globalization, U.S. Hegemony – have neither anticipated nor explained these developments and the accelerating trend towards multipolarity or, as Hugo Chavez, referring to the diversity of economic forms in the more numerous poles of the world economy, called it, pluripolarity. The need for a new approach to understanding the international relations of our time is urgent.

Geopolitical economy is one such approach (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitical_economy). Rooted in the classical Marxist tradition, critical of many of its current avatars, putting the understanding of capitalism and its contradictions and of imperialism and anti-imperialism at its core, giving states their rightful due, alongside classes, as key actors shaping the modern capitalist world, drawing on classical political economy and other traditions critical of neoclassical economics, geopolitical economy aims to investigate the international relations of the capitalist world in a historical materialist manner.

At the 17th World Association for Political Economy conference in Athens, in keeping with its overall theme of ‘Political Economy versus Economics in a Turbulent Multipolar World’, we launch the Geopolitical Economy stream of WAPE with this call for papers.

We invite papers on the broad theme of ‘Geopolitical Economy: globalization or imperialism? Development or war?'. We especially encourage papers that engage with – both positively and critically – the existing geopolitical economy literature and develop its many themes on a variety of topics, including, but not limited to, the following:

• Understanding imperialism in an age of advancing pluripolarity

• The sources and resources of anti-imperialism

• Classical Marxist understandings of the international relations of capitalism

• The problems with existing paradigms, including ‘globalization’ and ‘U.S. Hegemony’

• The geopolitical economy of trade, investment, finance and technology

• War, Proxy Wars and Sanctions in our times

• The uses and misuses of international law

• The UN System, its history and contemporary problems

• New forms and organizations in international governance

• Shifting trade, investment, credit, migration and technology flows

Please send Abstracts to Pluripolarity@geopoliticaleconomy.org

•Deadline for abstract proposals: 29 April 2024

•Notice of acceptance: 20 May 2024

•Deadline for full paper: 1 July 2024

Contributions are not limited to those attending the WAPE conference in Athens; we encourage submissions from all interested scholars.

Selected papers may be published in Pluripolarity: Journal of Geopolitical Economy, a new journal being established by stream organisers, Radhika Desai (Radhika.Desai@umanitoba.ca and Efe Can Gürcan (e.gurcan@lse.ac.uk).

The China-African trade policy has been one sided since inception. China's main OFDI priority has been to target resource rich African nations with huge markets and very poor institutional quality index.

The policy is mixed and deceptive because it focuses on few resource poor African nations BUT with huge market, highly unskilled-cheap labour workforce with very corrupt leaders.

Most resource rich African nations are indebted to China with repayments plans skewed in China's trade interest.

Thus, making it arguably that China-Africa trade relations will end up with

the economic colonisation of most African nations by China.

Before now natural rubber producers have always been advice by experts to reduce production/supply whenever there is fall in price of natural rubber. The recent fall in the price of natural rubber is not as a result of over supply/low demand of the produce but as a result of the trade war between the USA and China. What advice will you give to the natural rubber producers

I'm working on a small study on the performance of IDEXX Colilert media after it expires. We have new (unexpired) media and media that expired 4-10 years ago, but we need some expired Colilert packets with expiration dates from 2020-22.

Does anyone have expired media that you would like to trade for unexpired? (I am posting this October 4th, 2023. I anticipate that we will complete the project by Dec 2023.)

Using the example of a specific country (India), analyze the relationship between foreign direct investment and trade in services.

In my postgraduate classes at the University, and in our 360-degree FORUMS especially the Speakers' Corner, the issues surrounding the current CLASH OF TITANS: USA VS CHINA were raised for open trade debates. it is clearly apparent that BOTH superpowers could not see themselves engaged in such a futile trade war which will provide no sustainable solution to both sides at the end of the thin red line. What is a workable solution that could resolve the fundamental differences? And how smaller countries could in fact devise a STRATEGIC PLAN for a FINAL SOLUTION for the benefit of mankind as a whole?

I am exploring non-linear impact of energy consumption on trade openness, employing ARDL . The findings of the study shows that linear term is negative and insignificant whereas non-linear term is positive and significant. What does it mean? Does there is non-linear relationship between the two? How should I explain this?

Can anyone help me with this

Could you recommend some articles on Hainan Free Trade Port?

Digital platforms provide tools for payment processing, logistics management, and customer service, streamlining operations and reducing costs. How has these operations impacted on expansion of international trade.

What are some articles on digital trade?

Wood (“Give Heckscher and Ohlin a Chance!” Review of World Economics, V. 130, No. 1, 20-49) argues that since capital is internationally mobile, capital cannot be the basis for comparative advantage. It is skills, or knowledge –embodied in humans – that determines the pattern of international trade. In a very neo-classical manner, Wood observes that capital intensity is a positive function of the wage. Thus, countries with more high-skill workers have higher labour-costs (wages) and should be those with relatively greater capital intensity.

From a Neo-Ricardian perspective, Yoshinori Shiozawa (A new framework for analyzing technological change Journal of Evolutionary Economics (2020) 30:989–1034) reverses the conclusion. For him, it is the technological progress that makes the economy more productive and affluent. But in previous work, he gives a central role to the production cost (labour) in explaining the rise of developing countries as main players in global supply chains.

My question: in practice, international differences in wages are not only the result/cause of productivity and capital intensity as mentioned above, but also result from differences in cost-of-living (a Post-Marxian would say: the cost of labour-force social reproduction): cost-of-living determines the reservation wage (the lowest wage rate at which a worker would be willing to accept a particular type of job). And cost-of-living is mainly determined by the cost of non-tradeable services (housing, health, taxes, …).

Can you recommend me some literature analysing determinants in cost-of-living differences and their impact on trade competitiveness?

Maritime transport, also known as sea or ocean transport, is the process of moving goods and passengers over water using ships and other vessels. It is a crucial component of international trade, accounting for the majority of global trade by volume. Key aspects include:

1. Types of Ships. There are various types of ships used in maritime transport, including container ships, bulk carriers, tankers, passenger ships, and specialized vessels.

2. Major Shipping Routes. Significant shipping routes include the Panama Canal, the Suez Canal, and major international trade lanes like the Asia-Europe and Trans-Pacific routes.

3. Port Infrastructure. Ports are critical hubs in maritime transport, providing facilities for loading, unloading, and storage of cargo. Major ports include the Port of Shanghai, Port of Singapore, and Port of Rotterdam.

4. Regulations and Safety. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) sets global standards for the safety, security, and environmental performance of international shipping.

5. Environmental Impact. Maritime transport has environmental implications, including emissions from ships and potential pollution from oil spills. Efforts to mitigate these impacts include adopting cleaner technologies and stricter regulations.

6. Economic Importance. Maritime transport is vital for the global economy, enabling the efficient movement of large volumes of goods, which supports trade and economic development.

Research articles aimed at addressing direct policy issues are NOT welcome by academic journal, what is the reason?

What is the collection of articles on digital trade?

I am doing my research on the topic of the impact of digitalization and trade openness on energy efficiency: comparative study of developed and developing countries. The time pert of my work is 2008-2021.

When a developing country has shifted developed in 2014. How should I consider it? ( my mean is should I consider it as developing or developed?)

Has medicine become a trade and not a humanitarian profession, but rather a commercial and investment profession?

Me encuentro realizando una investigación sobre La Historia del Comercio Internacional de Colombia, En el Primer capítulo me encuentro abordando los imperios Latinoamericanos precoloniales como el Azteca, Inca y Maya; busco información relacionada en temas Geopolíticos, Económicos y similares de Latinoamerica Precolonial.

1. What is the nature of international trade performance in Sri Lanka since 1980?

2. How will this trade performance have a short-term and long-term impact on the economy?

3. What are your alternative solutions to this economic crisis?

How are the wto dispute settlement bodies work in line with recent pronouncement in antidumping

The increase in global tensions, especially internal conflicts that have lasted so long that they have become cross-border and threaten the region and subsequent regional and global peace. First, the Syrian war, which has been ongoing for more than 12 years and has become a regional disaster, and the internal Iraqi, Turkish, Iranian, Yemeni, Libyan, Sudanese, and Russian-Ukrainian internal conflicts. Secondly, the underlying sources of tension, the Taiwan problem, border problems in most African countries, and Latin American conflicts. Third, the economic crises will be the decisive and supportive factor in the outbreak of World War III, and the economic indicators are: the Chinese-American trade war, the problem of global trade, especially in the Red Sea, global inflation, environmental degradation and rapid climate changes.

The increase in global tensions, especially internal conflicts that have lasted so long that they have become cross-border and threaten the region and subsequent regional and global peace. First, the Syrian war, which has been ongoing for more than 12 years and has become a regional disaster, and the internal Iraqi, Turkish, Iranian, Yemeni, Libyan, Sudanese, and Russian-Ukrainian internal conflicts. Secondly, the underlying sources of tension, the Taiwan problem, border problems in most African countries, and Latin American conflicts. Third, the economic crises will be the decisive and supportive factor in the outbreak of World War III, and the economic indicators are: the Chinese-American trade war, the problem of global trade, especially in the Red Sea, global inflation, environmental degradation and rapid climate changes.

Do you think it is true, to see a scientific study as a source of income, from the race to be published by the journals to the publication of the symposium? Yes, money is spent on scientific efforts. And, this money must correspond to income. But the inventions, the patents that are the result of these efforts should be traded. I think that organizing so many symposiums, also being in the race for publication of articles by the open journals (or others), reduces the quality of science. What do you think about this?

I want to understand whether these principles are a success in Africa.

Dear friends!

Some years ago, I wrote an article about the Uppsala Model of internationalisation. Uppsala is my alma mater so my question is twofold, firstly, how relevant do you think the original Johansson & Vahlne (1977) model is? Secondly, DO you think think the model can be further developed?

My article which is a good introduction to the discussion can be found here:

I find the topic of the Uppsala School of Economics quite intriguing, and I'm inclined to assert that its relevance endures in the contemporary economic landscape. Here's my take on the matter:

However, it's crucial to acknowledge that the business landscape continues to evolve. While the Uppsala School's core principles endure, contemporary researchers and practitioners may supplement these theories with insights that account for the unique challenges posed by the current global economic context.

I'd love to hear your thoughts on this and engage in a deeper discussion on how the Uppsala School of Economics fits into the broader discourse on international business theories.

Also! Feel free to cite! Warm wishes Henrik

want a write up with references sited on trade mission to south africa

Hi there, I am planning to conduct a research on 'Enhancing the generation of electricity from RES for stabilizing the energy market'. I am thinking to use 'energy trade index' for the EU countries in the model for different years to calculate the degree of energy market integration. Now, how can I get the dataset or from where can I get the dataset? Thanks in advance.

The major export (in dis-aggregated form) for example cotton, cashew nuts, sisal etc

The major imports ((in dis-aggregated form) for example food and live animals, crude materials, chemicals, machinery and transport etc.

Trade balance as a Dependent variable.

Thanks.

Please I need answer with clear and concise responses with citations

I am starting research on the topic of the effects of exchange rate fluctuation on international trade, Can I get a overview on how do I proceed and what all can I analyse for my research

Any help

The question of whether environmental standards hinder free trade is a hotly debated topic. Some argue that these standards create unnecessary barriers, making it difficult for businesses to engage in international trade. On the other hand, proponents argue that environmental standards are essential for ensuring sustainable development and protecting the planet for future generations.

Co-operative are important part in developed and developing countries trades. Including the finacial copperatives (Credit Unions), Coops play an important role on their members economic activities.

Coops are mmber based instituion and does not account its ownership based on the number of shares owned. Coops values and policies encourage democracy and autonomy and provide equal oppotuntiies of its member regarless of the wealth they posses.

I would like to get your feedback, comments review on the cooperative business model and its implication in the local economic development.

Trade facilitation refers to the simplification, standardisation, and automation of customs procedures and other processes related to the movement of goods across borders. It aims to reduce trade costs, increase efficiency, and enhance transparency in international trade. However, the benefits of trade facilitation are not evenly distributed across all income groups and regions. Instead, they often reinforce existing patterns of income inequality and create new ones.

I am trying to find data on the main producers of clean technology and which countries they are exporting these goods to. Does anyone know of a good source to find such data?

I am working on a research on challenges and opportunities that women entrepreneurs face in informal trade.

I am a doing a research paper on the comparative analysis of failures and successes of the World Trade Organisation.

I need annual data for two variables for the global panel of countries i.e.

1) Total fisheries production (metric tons)

2) commodity trade and production value (USD, 000)

Any kind of help or guidance will be appreciated.

what statistical tool is suitable for it please?

RG Members

I am dealing with gravity model of trade. According to the latest version of gravity to control for multilateral resistance, I should generate different fixed effects e.g. (Importer, exporter, time, pair id) fixed effects. I am using Stata 13. 

What is the easiest way to create these effects or is there any other way to control for Multilateral resistance factor in gravity model. 

waiting for your answers. 

Best wishes,

what statistical tool is appropriate this?

I am examining trade differential and CO2 emissions in SSA. I have T=42years and N=37countries. The model is suffering from cross sectional dependence and heteroskedasticity, which may render the fixed effect estimator biased and inconsistent. Which method is suitable? Thanks advance for your humble suggestions.

Please watch this video.

&

My Friend: Here's the exciting reality: As more and more roles become increasingly complex (be it due to:

* Poor planning

* Poor architecture

* Poor design.)

My Friend: I have noticed that only some managers (Interviewers) can define the job. Fewer still can explain what a successful candidate should be able to accomplish or how to succeed in the role can be objectively measured!

My Friend: Therefore, it becomes my job as a candidate to show the manager how I would make their life better by helping them to define tangible, measurable, and ultimately SMART goals.

(4) Everything around you in the universe, including concepts, has concrete Enduring Goals from one Goal (The majority of things), two Goals (a few of things), and three Goals (Very Rare), and all of them play their roles very well except Actors and legal parties.

My Friend: Gone are the days when having some specialized skills was adequate to get the job done. Instead, most employers seek Jack's or Jill's of all trades.

Jack or Jill of all trades are hypocrites. They cannot do the job, cannot do anything, and are the "Master of none" It points out that a "Jack of all trades" does not truly master any skill or profession. So, it is usually an insult. The idea of a "Jack of all trades" has existed since the 1600s. Why a company? They need someone like this unless they kiss----- !!!

My Friend: There are myriad reasons that the entire situation is inherently dysfunctional, especially in the software engineering domain. Therefore, it's not adequate just to be yourself. It would help if you aspired to be more in this era.

My Friend: We can have dialog and even debate whether cultural factors promote dishonesty, and sometimes it does, but unfortunately, we live in an imperfect world.

Your statement is true, but you are responsible for your roles, and others judge you based on the roles you play anywhere.

My Friend: It's a chicken and egg problem.

Green fund & Information technology

All blood products are red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate transmitted through transfusions but the risk of posttransfusion engraft in some recipient and mount an alloimmune symptoms and signs of transfusion associated with being treating with immunotherapy or chemotherapy due to decreased platelet production.

Source of image: Jaquet Droz automata.

Vegetable species

Hi all,

I am a student and I have a little difficulty conducting this on STATA and would greatly appreciate your support.

I am running a model that tests the impact of labor provisions on the volume of exports.

The model is as follows:

Exports = Labor provisions + depth of trade agreement + country pair fixed effects + exporter fixed effects + importer fixed effects

my data is as follows:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Exporter | Importer | Exports value | Labor provisions | depth of trade agreements

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

France | Austria | 81789189 | 4 | 1.8

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

France | Belgium | 79279100 | 5 | 1.3

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Basically the data includes each countries exports to all other countries in the world.

I want to know how can i include the country-pair, exporter, and importer fixed effects in my model as control variables using STATA.

Thank you in advance.

As Merchant Bank is about the industry as it stands today and what’s on the horizon for the near future of the business, the building blocks for transformation already exist.

Dear Researchers: I hope this message finds you well! Currently, I am in the process of editing a forthcoming publication entitled A Handbook of Research on Plant-Based Natural Products and Herbal Medicine to be published by Apple Academic Press/CRC Press (Taylor and Francis Group), an international publisher of progressive academic research. I would like to take this opportunity to cordially invite you to submit your work for consideration in this publication. Researcher interests and expertise should be in botany, medicinal plants, plants-based natural products, herbal medicine, herbo-nanoceuticals, etc., and I am certain that your contribution on this topic and/or other related research areas would make an excellent addition to this publication. Chapter proposals can be submitted to: akash.saklani777@gmail.com If you have any questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to contact me. Thank you very much for your consideration of this invitation, and I hope to hear from you. ABOUT THE BOOK Herbal medicine is the use of plants for prevention and curing of different ailments/diseases. In general, widespread use in a traditional medicinal system may indicate safety but not efficacy of treatment, especially in herbal medicine, where tradition is almost completely based on remedies containing active principles at very low and ultra-low concentrations. Natural products are obtained from different parts of plants, and their chemical composition varies on different factor; therefore, the effect also varies from person to person. Herbal extracts are prepared on the basis of the information obtained from traditional medical healers. Herbal medicine and natural products have benefited a large number of people in past and have been found to have great benefits in addressing different diseases. So, there is huge potential for future discoveries from plants-based products and other natural products, which, thus, offer great potential in deriving important information about new chemical structures and their new types of action against pathogens. Keeping in mind of above point of view, this book is looking for research outcomes and strategies from academicians, researchers, and workers for better and fruitful outcomes. Objectives/Recommended Topics 1. Herbal medicine and natural products: people, health, and environment 2. Renaissance of traditional herbal medicine 3. Natural products and herbal medicine from medicinal plants 4. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of natural products 5. Herbal medicine in folk tradition 6. The therapeutic potentials of herbal medicine in treatment of different diseases 7. Therapeutic potential of natural products for drug discovery 8. Therapist and patient perspectives of herbal medicine in the treatment for substance dependence 9. Herbal remedies and natural products in pharmaceutical science as nano drug delivery systems 10. Influence of nanotechnology on herbal drugs 11. Nanotechnology in herbal medicines 12. Impact of nanotechnology on global trade of herbal drugs 13. Drug delivery system in Nano greens influence nano-based drug delivery systems: recent developments and future prospects 14. The traditional and modern medicine from natural products 15. Comparison of medicinally important natural products versus synthetic drugs 16. Herbal medicine and natural products: today and tomorrow 17. Development of natural product and herbal drugs in a sustainable manner 18. Herbal medicines: possible risks and benefits 19. Herbal medicine in treatment of different disease 20. Traditional herbal medicines 21. Herbal medicine incorporated nanoparticles: advancements in herbal treatment 22. Herbo-nanoceuticals: a new step towards herbal therapeutics 23. Phyto-nanotechnology: enhancing delivery of plant based drugs

For manuscript preparation guidelines and other details, please contact on the above given email Id

Best wishes, Editors: Dr. Akash Email id for contact: akash.saklani777@gmail.com Our earlier publications: https://www.igi-global.com/book/ethnomedicinal-plant-use-practice-traditional/232298

In some recent papers I have find the mentions of hydroxyl-beta-cyclodextrin, but did not find it as a commercial product. Maybe it is the same, or a trade mark of the hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin?

There are not doubts, being China the biggest trading partner for any country in the world , that Yuan will increase its weight as currency reserve , but its limitation and the relative size of domestic capital market will not be functional in replacing the dollar. Chinese pragmatism and long term view approach scarcely adapt to rapid shift at expenses for stability , considering as well the over 2 tn $ of trade value with western partners .

The King Dollar is about to be Dethroned by Yuan…

Just a year after Russia- Ukraine war:

- China’s Yuan replaces US Dollar as most traded currency in Russia.

- China and #France complete first Yuan-settled LNG trade, signaling the end of using the US Dollar for these energy trades.

- US Dollar used in 59% of world’s reserves, down from 72%

- Saudi Arabia and China to build #refinery for 83.7 billion Chinese Yuan ($12.2 billion)

- China and #Brazil agree to use Chinese Yuan to settle trade rather than US dollars

- President of #Kenya tells citizens to get rid of US dollars.

- #India says they will settle trade in Indian rupees with certain countries rather than US dollars

- Chinese yuan passes #Euro to become Brazil's second-largest currency in foreign reserves

- #Malaysia, a year after the invasion of Ukraine China to Discuss ‘Asian Fund’ to Cut US Dollar Dependency

#Exporting #Inflation, #Sanctions,

Forcing emerging economies to purchase dollars for #oil and #weapons ,

and systemic instability have people looking for alternatives.

Although there is a ban on the drug trade, arms trade, and human trafficking in the whole world. Every country has made strict laws to stop these illegal businesses. In addition, there are international laws. But why these illegal businesses could not be stopped? Every country spends a lot of money on educating the public to prevent these problems. But they could not stop this business, nor did the people stop themselves from getting involved in these problems despite being aware. Now the question is whether the national and international laws to prevent these problems are only shadow policies.

China is now accelerating the combination of internal trade cycle and external trade cycle, what is the impact of this double-cycle trade on environmental protection?

I was told by a colleague that trade exists for grouper air bladder from India -maws from grouper species

Can someone give me more details

na