Traction - Science topic

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Read the full research paper here:

Large format additive manufacturing is gaining traction with equipment capable of larger formats. Nowadays we see equipment with multiple lasers, multiple deposition heads or using new (old) ways of slicing to improve the size of parts. This is visible for polymers, but also metals and ceramics.

What major challenges are in equipment, software and materials that are enablers of large format additive manufacturing.

There are many anchoring mechanisms for soil and rock.

Some resist traction, others resist compressive loads

What is the world record and what is the strongest traction anchorage known in soil and rock?

Hello,

I would like to compute de the stress tensor of a Timoshenko beam at its Gauss points, to be able to implement an elastoplastic law in my finite element calculations.

Firstly,I know the displacement field at any point of my beam thanks to the relation u(x) = N(x) U, where U is the matrix of degrees of freedom at the nodes of my beam tU = (ux1, uy1 , uz1, θx1, θy1, θz1, ux2, uy2, uz2, θx2, θy2, θz2)

Then, I took as an expression of N the form given in this article https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236659875_Shape_functions_of_three-dimensional_Timoshenko_beam_element#fullTextFileContent , which corresponds to a Timoshenko model.

I deduce the deformations for small strains with ε = 1/2 (grad(u) +tgrad(u)), I obtained the equation shown in the picture.

I then apply Hooke's law to find the stress.

I then obtain that for a traction test (ux2 = constant, the other components of U are zero), the displacement field and the strain tensor are constant on my beam in particular along a cross-section, with only εxx non-zero, on the other hand the stress tensor has non-zero components other than σxx.

I conclude that my model shows that the cross sections are non-deformable, with therefore additional "virtual" forces, which prevent the beam subjected to traction along x, from being refined along y and z in accordance with the Poisson effect . On the other hand, I would like to have a "natural" behavior where the beam is refined according to y and z.

Do you have any articles for this?

Thanks a lot

This is a most important part of my thesis. Locomotives have to have their bogie wheels replaced every three years because of slip and slide on the rails. Serious damage is done to the railway lines caused by slipping and sliding.

The principle in my design is to measure the circumference of each bogie wheel with an encoder while the locomotive is on a straight track. I do not ues the speed of the axle. The circumferential speed is recorded and if any bogie wheel dares to change from the recorded reference, then the DTU inverter will immediately correct that speed. Each bogie wheel is powered separetly by a permanent magnet 3 phase motor.

Bonjour,

Je m'appelle Jean-Claude ANDONISSAMY et je suis actuellement étudiant en seconde année de master en biomatériaux pour la santé. Dans le cadre de mon stage de master 2, je suis amené à effectuer des essais de traction en Analyse Mécanique Dynamique sur des fibres individuelles de coton. Le problème, c'est qu'il est actuellement impossible de placer les échantillons sur les pinces du porte-échantillon de l'appareil (DMA Q800) car les dimensions de la fibre ne le permettent pas (trop fine). Je me tourne donc vers vous pour avoir des idées quant à la résolution de ce problème.

Je remercie d'avance celles et ceux qui voudront bien éclairer ma lanterne.

Bonne journée !

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hello !

My name is Jean-Claude ANDONISSAMY and I am a master 2 student in biomaterials for health. Because of my internship, I have to perform traction assays by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis on individual cotton fibers. The problem is that it is impossible to place the samples on the clamp of the equipement (DMA Q800) because they are really thin. So i am here to search for ideas to help me solve this problem.

I thank every person who will be glad to give me a hand.

Have a nice day !

Especially on Electrical Traction and Driving Control.

Hundrends of millions have been invested in this feat, after some initial promise such as the Ashtekar's reformulation of GR, the Wheeler DeWitt equation etc (i. E. 100m to a research Group baseb on Imperial college, UK in early '00s).Reseasrch however cumilated to weird theories such as Loop Quantum theory that lost traction by the early'2020s.

Now research is based on 3 premises

GR focused

** diffeomorphism invariance (aborting the meaning of some SR results)

** shape dynamics

QM focused

** restoring locality if the wavefunction update if seen as physical process

Hello everyone!

This is my outward normal traction vector expression: y2-y1/((x2-x1)^2+(y2-y1)^2)^1/2. And I want to impose this expression in ABAQUS but I have no idea to deal with it. So is there any way that can help me to solve the problem? Since I want to impose the traction load on the element face as in the sketch below.

I'm trying to model a cohesive element in 3D that will glue parts together. two parts (bulk material) are going to be glued using a cohesive element. I'm willing to do so using the offset solid mesh tool method in the mesh edit module, but the instructions in the Abaqus manual are unclear (Reference: Abaqus manual, 21.3 Creating a model with cohesive elements using geometry and mesh tools) . the options are sharing nodes, or tying surfaces of the cohesive element to the bulk material.

any clues to doing so will be gratefully appreciated.

PS: Here is the link of the Abaqus manual for cohesive element using mesh tool

http://130.149.89.49:2080/v6.13/books/usi/default.htm?startat=pt04ch21s03.html)

Is there anyone interested in my development for railway traction. This is my PhD subject:

Proposed PhD thesis by Bernard Schaffler. BSc Eng. MSc Eng. FIEAust. CPEng. MIEE

I want to see the behavior of a simple rectangular part made with elastic>Traction option and assigned cohesive section and cohesive option in meshing element type under displacement-controlled loading in Abaqus. But I get either wrong results (zero stresses) or the following errors:

zero forces problem will occur when I try to connect two parts using a thin cohesive element part using the tie option.

I will share a Minimal Working Example file of the problem. Any help would be appreciated

Hello,

I've been doing some simulations with cohesive elements with traction separation law. On a very simple model, everything behaves well, but when more complex geometry a denser mesh comes I can not see a cohesive zone opening. SDEG shows 1 on a few elements near the edge of the geometry, but they still transfer stress.

Anybody has any idea why do they have such behavior?

Regards,

Domagoj

Hello community,

I'm trying to simulate cracks with cohesive elements (in Abaqus), but I would like to reproduce reality as much as possible. Therefore, I would first like to have elastic behavior after which plasticity comes which brings plastic strain. Then after some accumulated plastic strain, I would like an opening of cohesive elements like a formation of a crack.

I've started examining this case with perfect plasticity or with a slight hardening, I've also tried with proper hardening but can not get a cohesive zone. All dissipation goes in plastic flow.

Do you have any advice on what to do to get first some plastic flow (like in reality) and the formation of the cohesive zone that finally breaks like a genuine crack?

Material is steel:

E: 200000 Poisson: 0.3

Plasticity starts at 250 (perfect plasticity)

Cohesive zone_ Traction separation law

Elastic properties 6000000, 6000000, 6000000

Damage int: ????

Damage evolution0.0001

With Damage Initiation, I was trying different things 250 like where plasticity starts, or with hardening, and then put initiation on 251 or 255 and different combinations. Nothing works.

Thanks a lot in advance,

Domagoj

Is the use of non salient pole PMSMs a good idea in automotive traction applications?

What are the issues to be encountred when flux-weakening of PMSM at large speed intervals?

I find that PR controllers are often used in scenarios with high sampling frequency and high switching frequency (like several kilohertz) but rarely seen in electrical drive traction scenarios. What are the limitations of PR controllers at low switching frequencies?

Dear all

It is generally very confusing how to define knn kss and ktt, some videos on the internet directly specifies them as elastic modulus, some videos defined them using E/Enn, E/Ess and E/Ett using traction type of the elastic properties, can anyone professional please clarify this isssue?

Thank you very much.

I am looking for a software designer for my thesis. It looks like I will get a research grant to build the traction Simulator. I need a software designer to write the software for four inverters that will drive each wheel of a locomotive. The digital speed of each wheel must be compared with the master wheel and corrected immediately if there is a difference. Each gearbox will be fitted with a digital encoder output. The inverters must be Direct Torque Controller type. (DTC) and the motors must be 3-phase permanent magnet motors.

If you are interested then please email me at bschaffler@schafflerconsulting.com and i will send you detailed information. This system will not accept a drawing from me.

A scientific method must prove the results experimentally

The scientific method begins with the "observation" of one or more natural phenomena which are constantly repeated and we take them for granted.

The following is a hypothesis of a model based on the "observations" we have made before, examining new data resulting from the synthesis of the natural phenomena of the hypothetical model.

Then we examine <experimally> the data resulting from the synthesis of the natural pThe more experiments and hypotheses are repeated and agreed upon, the more the approach to reality and truth is enhanced.

I noticed that

1) If we screw an object on the floor it does not tip over.

2) If we compress a stack of unbound books then we can move them without breaking the stack even in a horizontal position.

3) I noticed that a part of an iron scaffolding alone can not even stand upright, while if we connect it to another with a cross link it is very difficult to overturn.

4) I noticed that when we lift a car with a mechanical jack on soft ground, first the ground recedes until it condenses and then lifts the car. I also noticed that as long as the jack lifts the car it is impossible to pull it out and take it out from under the car by hand.

5) I noticed that when the branches of the trees bend in the elastic area, one side of them stretches and grows and the other side of them compresses and shrinks. But I noticed that if you put a string in a shooting bow it loses its elasticity in one direction, and if you join the two bow bows together they become rigid.

6) I noticed that a wood rod before it breaks has an elastic deformation in which no cracks are observed, and if we remove the force that causes the deformation, the rod will return to its original form.

7) I noticed that the trains have front and rear springs or hydraulic systems to absorb the stresses that develop when they collide with each other.

I take these <observations> for granted because they are constantly repeated in our daily lives.

Based on the above data <observations> I constructed a <hypothetical> seismic model which mainly aims to stop the inelastic deformation of the vertical structural elements of the structures, as well as their total or partial overturning.

The constructions consist of the vertical and the horizontal structural elements of the bearing organism, which are joined in the nodes and necessarily the deformation of one is transferred to the other.

Deformation of the joints can occur either from the tendency of the columns to overturn, or from the bending of their trunk. If the bend is within the elastic range there is no problem, so we must prevent inelastic displacement and tipping moment if we do not want failures.

1) I stopped the overturning moment of the walls by joining their base to the ground.

2) In order not to cut their trunk near the base by the abrupt displacement of the ground (cutting base) I imposed compression on their cross section.

3) I used walls instead of pillars so that they do not tip over easily and put a lot of strain on the mechanism of the anchoring in the ground. To have a reversal reaction in both directions of displacement caused by the rocking of the earthquake, I anchored the sides of the wall to the ground on both sides.

4) I made a similar mechanism like the mechanical jack of the car, which under hydraulic traction expands and tightens firmly in the ground at the depths of a borehole to then anchor with the help of a tendon the base of the wall to the ground.

5) In the rigid wall, in which in its cross section there are imaginary, the two joined arches, I applied pressure on its two sides with tendons without relevance to stop its inelastic deformation.

6) By imposing compression on the cross section of the wall, its elasticity is not lost and it does not form cracks.

7) To help the cross-sections of the walls to receive part of the elastic stresses, removing these stresses from the anchoring mechanisms, and on the other hand to smoothly and not abruptly dampen the stresses of the mechanisms, I placed a hydraulic system on the upper part of the tendon. or a spring or a tire.

Experiments

I did two separate experiments with the same experimental model but under different conditions.

The first is prestressed and packed with the seismic base and the second simulates the current seismic design.

With my own design method

With the trampled method.

The conclusion is yours to make.

The strengths of the mechanism in different sizes, placed at different depths and types of soils, remain to be investigated.

Anchoring the mechanism to the rock is considered safe.

For the reduction of the deformation as well as for the cutting base, there are the very good results of simulation and numerical investigation which were done (and I have them) in the anti-seismic research laboratory at the Technical University of Athens by Professor Manolis Papadrakakis and his then assistant Vangelis Plevris.

Either an elliptical plate solicits in biaxial traction by 4 concentric nodes, only the surface forces that the Matlab Pdetool software accepts in the boundary conditions window, how can I apply a concentric force.

While looking for a suitable solution for my Pavement Performance modeling- i found ANN or GA is getting traction. The type of data I got is longitudinal data along time. Which software performed well in these cases?

“It is frequently stated that if more women were in charge of foreign policy, the world would be a more peaceful place. However, despite the fact that women have played important roles, little research has been conducted on the actual foundations of this claim. While female leadership is gaining traction, women in International Relations-related jobs, whether in academia, diplomacy, international organizations, government, or international business, face greater challenges in climbing the seniority ladder than women in other fields, also despite evidence of women’s role in the diplomatic and international arena, the core historical narrative of international politics remained depleted of women....

1) I introduce a new external force without mass, coming from the ground, onto the structure, to help the structure to respond to the earthquake and to receive and deflect seismic loads, outside the structure, into the ground, thus controlling the displacements of the structure which deform it above the breaking point and knock it down. 2) I built a mechanism which is the first mechanism in the world that has the ability from the foundation surface with the help of hydraulic jacks to exert horizontal pressure on the ground towards the slopes of a borehole, along its entire height, and at the same time to exert vertical pressures on the ground surface, before the construction of the project. The result of this technique is to compact the ground from the foundation surface and in all directions, in order to stabilize on the one hand and to obtain a strong anchorage of the mechanism, twice the design intensities. Filling the borehole (after condensing) with concrete offers a deep foundation higher than the width they make today, because it has the ability to receive greater intensities of compression and traction. 3) I am the first to insert the double pre-tension using the same pre-tension tendon. I apply the first pre-tension between the ground surface and the anchoring mechanism, and the second pre-tension between the nodes of the top level and the anchor that preceded the ground. The result is that the construction joins the ground like a sandwich. This mechanism does not differ from the prestressed cantilevers of the bridges which rest on pedestals.

I am trying to model adhesive in fiber metal laminate layers. Does anyone know how to measure experimentally and use test data to find these parameters in ABAQUS?

I am referring to cohesive element material property. Where we define elastic : Type (Traction ) ->E/Enn, G1/Ess, G2/Ett and Damage for traction separation :Quads damage . Would anyone be knowing how to calculate these values?

How to define or What should be the Approximate value for Elastic > Traction (E/Enn, G1/Ess, G2/Ett )for cohesive region deletion.

I could not find it in the literature.

In the literature I can only find is Normal strength, Shear strength, Damage evolution values.

Dear Research Gate members,

I have question regarding IGBT blasting in traction converter.

What we have observed that IGBT Pair of ARM gets short circuited and IGBT blasted.!!

I would like to understand scenario that: What might would have happened at Inverter that causes Pair of ARM short circuited ?

Might it be a problem of High modulation index or something else ?

Any reference to relevant documentation is highly appreciated...

I do experiments to find the tensile strength of a new deep anchoring mechanism and it is very useful for me to know the strength of the other anchorages so that I can compare them with my own anchoring.

Thanks a lot in advance!

Hi

in a traction compression uni-axial test on cylindrical samples, I use a set of 3 extensometers spaced at 120° around the sample to obtain the average deformation of the cylinder. this allows me to determine the stress and strain tensor in the sample. now, if I decompose the cylinder in tree equal sector cylinders (decomposition along the axe of loading) is it possible to obtain the stress and strain tensor of each sector cylinder from the stress and strain tensor of the hole cylinder?

I have a thesis on Utilize the electrical power from Regenerative Braking in 750 Vdc Traction by simulation in the Program MATLAB Simulink. I made the Power Load flow from 24kV to Traction Transformer and Rectifier to supply 750 Vcd but how to do it next on the supply regenerative power back in the source which to be up the voltage to 840 Vdc in the simulation.

Hello all,

I'm working in Cohesive Zone Modeling with an Exponential softening. As you know, there are two types for Damage Evolution namely Energy and Displacement.

When I choose Energy, the traction (stress) exceeds the ultimate limit! Why does this happen?

Attached:

Obtained Traction-Separation Law.

Inputted material definition.

I have applied DLOAD in the load section of the input file (AEK3) and specified the element number and nonuniform traction loading following that. 

The UTRACLOAD gives the magnitude and direction and in that, I have specified two different loads for different elements as shown in the file below.

However, Abaqus is exiting with errors when I am trying to run this.

I ve modelled concrete as C3D8 and rebar as T3D2 elements as Concrete Damage plasticity model and Damage for Traction Separation Laws as Maxps Damage . Also defined XFEM crack .Also checked in output variable as PHILSM, PSILSM and STATUSXFEM.

But also i m not getting a crack .

Hello all,

I'm currently working on setting-up a 2D bone remodeling problem of a femur from literature. I take a 2D femur geometry and give it an out-of plane plane stress/plane thickness in ABAQUS. Now, there are three loads which are provided in literature as concentrated loads. Since I give thickness, if I choose to apply this concentrated load as distributed load over 3-4 elements, I get the area as length*thickness, where length is the in-plane edge length over the 3-4 elements.

Once I get the area, I get the distributed load as F/A and use surface traction (normal) to apply it as distributed load. I choose surface traction instead of pressure because I need to apply each load at an angle with the vertical axis (i.e., not necessarily perpendicular to the surface at the area of application). Is this the correct way to convert point loads to distributed loads in 2D problem with plane stress/plane strain thickness? I really appreciate any help that I can get.

Thank you,

Balavignesh

Hello, I need to plan the capacity of stationary energy storage device for DC tram service, which has an acceleration current is almost 800A. And such 2 trams are running in one section, where I want to build a stationary energy storage device. My priority would be a flywheel. During brakes, Tram can generate nearly 600 A (negative value). The voltage of a line is 800V, the substation which does supply has a capacity of 2500A. I have taken measurements with segments of 75 ms (10^-3seconds) of traction current in A and voltage in V or power in kW. I would like to know which parameters I should take into consideration while doing a calculation?

Thank you for your interest.

(Please explain it in easy way other than vector and tensor)

If anyone wants to pursue research on above mentioned areas in power electronics, which universities he can join? Help in this regard will be highly appreciated!

Ideas are developed everyday and have been since time immemorial. Some ideas died a premature death or failed to gain traction. Others however, have changed how we view and do things. Two such ideas are, 1) Michael Porter's Five (5) Forces and; 2) Clayton Christensen's Disruptive Innovation Theory.

Which of these two ideas, in your view, had the biggest impact on the world you live and work in? Please share with us, how the idea changed your world.

Thank you in advance.

I have model for masonry wall with brick and and contact surface to surface , drucker praker plasticity model and traction separation law

I am faced with the task of designing a Power supply having parallel DC-DC Convertors connected to two different energy sources (Li-ion Battery Pack and Supercapacitor Bank) (alongwith a 4 Quadrant Buck-Boost Topology).

The DC-DC Convertors should enable unequal current (load) sharing amongst themselves, the exact ratio of the sharing will be determined by my Control Algorithm.

This system is to be implemented as a Hybrid Energy Storage System for a Two wheeler to improve the Specific Energy and Specific Power characteristics of a Traction battery for an EV.

Could anyone please share reliable source/reference material for the aforementioned problem?

Could you please share some good references for designing the aforementioned system?

Regards

Akshay Walvekar

Dear all,

I am trying to use analytical mapped field in Abaqus to apply loading that I have calculated in a 3rd party software to nodes of my Abaqus model.

My problem is that instead of applying the loads that I have defined to the points that the load is corresponding from the analytical field, Abaqus is distributing the loading across the entire model, and also it creates even more points that i have defined in the analytical field.

I have tried using pressure and traction functions of Abauqs, but both ask me to select a surface.I am using a 3rd party model for my project, so I don`t have a part in the model tree. Just a mesh.

When I select the entire surface of my model, it does what I have described previously.

Also I need all of my force to be aliened to the global coordinate system, and not be perpendicular to the faces of each element. (what Abaqus is doing now, even though that I have selected the global coordinate system in the menu when defining the mapped field.

I think that when I select the entire model, Abaqus neglects the location of each load (that I have defined in the mapped field) and distributes them over the selected area.

In my case, I have 8000 loads, if I have to define a surface for each one it defeats the purpose of using a mapped field.

I am attaching a picture where I am showing how I have defined my mapped analytical field. In it my Z coordinate changes just 3 times. So basically all my loads should be applied to 3 cross section, and not the entire model.

Thank you very much for your time!

Kind regards, Ivan.

P.S. I am using Abaqus 6,14

Hello Guys

I know so many of you have the same question when you start using cohesive element in abaqus.

This section is a bit confusing E/Enn does not mean dividing. It simply means Young modulus (E) or Stiffness (Enn).

Now the question is which one you need to use:

This depends on what type of section you are gonna select. when you want to create section you have three options:

1-use analysis default

2-use nodal coordinate

3-specify

**If you use first one then abaqus assume cohesive thickness 1 therefor you need to use stiffness (Enn) for property. in order to calculate stiffness you can simply divide your Young modulus to the thickness of cohesive element.

Example:

Imagine our young modulus is E=8000 MPa and the thickness of cohesive is 0.05 so the Enn= 8000/0.05= 160000

** if you use nodal coordinate abaqus will use the actual thickness in the model therefore you need to use Young modulus (E).

The second way is much easier but sometimes for flexible materials with very low Young modulus (Like less than 5 MPa) is better to use stiffness as you are gonna have better convergence. This is my personal experience so I am not sure if other experienced the same.

check out my tutorials for more information:

dear all

i am trying to implement needleman's polynomial traction separation law in VUMAT explicit subroutine of ABAQUS. I have learnt that it can be only done by defining the tangent or secent stiffness.

however, i don't have much idea regarding both the stiffness. Will anyone please elaborate?

earlier, i have defined the stiffness as a derivative of traction across the fracture surface. The simulation shows negative dilation error due to bad material data. how to rectify that ?

thanks in advance.

Hello, It is found that indentation tends to exceed traction in many areas such as biomechanics, biomaterials, nuclear facilities, hermetically affected area, ... Cordially

Please suggest technical methods and references.

Dear all,

I would like to simulate in Abaqus the effect of dilatancy that occurs between a pile and the surrounding soil when I try to extract the pile. In order to do that, I thought to assign "surface to surface contact" between the two parts describing the pile and the soil, but that simulates only friction and dilatancy is assumed can only be zero. Then I have tried to use zero thickness cohesive elements between the pile and the soil and that doesn’t work neither because Mohr coulomb criterion can’t be assigned with elastic ‘’traction – separation law’’. Abaqus says Mohr Coulomb can only be assigned together with Isotropic material properties. I also tried cohesive element with finite thickness (1 *10^-5) but I still got the same error.

Could you please help me solve this problem?

Thank you.

I am working on a micro mechanical cohesive model through UEL Subroutine in 2D. As I am using UEL so no material property is given for Cohesive element through GUI whereas Traction Separation Law (TSL) based element properties are given instead. But it was observed that element connectivity of cohesive region is not achieved with the base material. For 3D cohesive element there was no such problem as we could assign mesh stack orientation to the top an bottom surface of the cohesive element but in 2D cohesive element it is creating an edge instead of surface. So please suggest me how to create connectivity for 2D cohesive element.

Writting with hope to find people ready to begin international cooperation in following fields of research (post-doctorate level):

- Selective Harmonics Elimination

- Low frequency inverters for traction applications,

- Artificial Neural Networks application for harmonics determination and elimination in traction vehicles,

- Optimization algorythms ,

If I put a displacement ( 4mm ) my force reaction is 5700N for example but 6200N for a displacement of 5mm.

I modelled a micro masonry with :

Maximum normal traction = 1 MPa Maximum tangential traction = 1,1MPa Tangential displacement at the completion of debonding = 2,57mm Normal displacement jump at the completion of debonding = 2,57mm

How can be the reaction get bigger if the displacement increases. Shouldnt my model fail when the given max. normal/tangential traction is reached ?

I am working on the cohesive crack growth modelling using XFEM technique for Mode 1. I follow the steps given in XFEM by Amir Khoei .

Few points are there on which I need clarification:

1. What should be the criterion to select characteristic length of the fracture process zone(FPZ).

2. What should be the basis of crack propagation? Is it correct to take maximum principle stress in FPZ for the same or any other method is there related to traction separation law?

3. To solve the non linearity, Newton Raphson(NR) method is to be introduced, For that total number of degrees of freedom(dof) of domain should be known in advance or NR method is still valid if dof are changing(due to enrichment) wrt propagation of crack.

I am using displacement controlled 3 point bending test.

Also, is there any disadvantage regarding MMC based traction drives. Hoping for prompt & encouraging reply!

Could anyone explain or direct me to relevant literature explaining why there is an absence of dew claws in the species. I've always been under the impression that dew claws played a role in increasing traction and reducing torsion on the rest of the foot and leg during locomotion, and am curious as to why this isn't the case in this instance, assuming that to be true.

i am trying to implement a simple VUMAT traction separation code in my cohesive zone model by using the relation, separation=straininc*charlength. but while implementing i am getting the error as "zero or negative initial dilatational modulus caused by bad material data". i have changed my charlength=1 as it tends for constitutive thickness in traction separation approach. although the dilation error being removed, still i am not able to validate with with my GUI solution of abaqus.

waiting for a reply..

How do we cancel based on movements, the distortion, the flexural behavior, the blatant failure, in particular critical member areas of the reinforced concrete and how we can improve their shear resistance;

Answer. By limiting the walls displacements responsible for all the above tensions.

Question. How do we manage do that? Answer . By joining their upper ends with the ground.

Question. How can we improve their shear resistance; Answer . By imposing compression in cross sections in the context of overlapping.

The embedding of the nodes of the maximum level with the ground limits displacements responsible for all growing tensions

Question. Where? upward tensions of the walls are driven developed from bending and tipping torque? Answer . Received by the mechanism of the invention from the roof and diverted driven (by the tendon which passes freely the wall through a pipe ) in the ground, removing these tensions from the members of the reinforced concrete.

Question. What tensions are being applied on the wall with this reinforcement method; Answer . Only compressive tensions at the ends, above, and below. Tension stresses they do not exist anymore because it is receives by the free tendon and sends them into the ground. This is the reason that the tendon passes freely the walls through a pipe.

Question. How does the embedding of anchoring manage to undertake upward and downward tensions? Answer . The mechanism is so constructed to convert the transverse traction in pressure to the slopes of the drilling where it is mounted. This pressure increases adhesion ensuring a strong anchorage on the drilling slopes capable of taking upward tensions. Maintaining this intensity we fill the borehole with concrete to create a concrete pile to receive and downward tensions. It is initially applied between the foundation surface and the anchoring mechanism so, to apply strong consolidation without burdening the construction with large loads. After ensuring a strong consolidation in the ground we have the ability to apply a second lower intensity on the roof to improve shear strength of the wall.

Working on a research paper on electrification and traction system in Indian railways.

I am trying to validate the fracture energy supplied with the area under traction-separation curve. the traction that i have considered is the principal normal stress in y direction. But i am getting large deviation between both the results.

Eagerly waiting for a reply.

Hi everyone

I was wondering if you could introduce me some electric main units (EMUs) or electric trains with AC traction motors and regenerative braking in AC 25 kV, 50 Hz supply system?

I will be grateful if you can reply by the exact model, brand, year of construction, technical specifications of the EMU.

Regards.

Hossein.

Is vertical-farming another agriculture method that is gaining acceptance? Is it profitable, and if so, is it environmentally correct?

We use a direct boundary element algorithm in time-domain (Mansur, 1983) to investigate the seismic behavior of non-homogeneous geologic features. This algorithm uses fundamental solution of the displacement (as well as traction) to form the stiffness matrices. The employed code (Hybrid, Kamalian, 2005) does not consider attenuation in the analysis.

The problem is that in most cases despite stability of the results of homogeneous analysis, the non-homogeneous results becomes unstable rapidly, in a way that the displacements start oscillating around the correct values, although we examined almost all possible optimum time-step range.

we know that considering attenuation could decrease divergence, but is there any other way (regarding ease of use) to deal with divergence problem in displacement matrices ?

I need to solve K*u = f, where I have a constrain:

Traction (specific DOF) = - Traction (specific DOF)

OR,

Traction (specific DOF) = friction* Traction (specific DOF)

When solving Finite Element Method (here VEM).

Thanks,

I'm trying to design a traction control system modeling the slip of the wheels on the throttle given from the driver, but so far I haven't found a reliable way to relate the throttle to the slip.

I am utilizing bilinear traction separation law in ANSYS. However I am unable to propagate crack INTO the matrix from the cohesive elements. Only results I am getting from APDL are cohesive separations in cohesive elements. Is there any way to create the crack as shown in the snapshot (shown by white pen). I have tried VCCT but since the geometry of fibers is round I am unable to give it a crack path.

There is a traction force at the Fluid Solid Interface along with the pressure variations.Is taking into account traction vital as for flows with high pressures ,the traction is very low compared to pressure .

Please, give me the explanation. Hoping for your prompt & encouraging reply!

Dear all,

I'm modelizing 3D bending test on ABAQUS 6.14. The material is bone. I'm using XFEM crack to modelize fracture. I run two simulations : one is linear (elastic behavior + Traction separation law) and the other non linear (elastic + plastic + traction separation law). The results show the entirely fracture for the linear model whereas its show just fracture initation for the non linear one (see picture enclosed). Do you think it is a computational capacity limit or a modelization issue ?

The job report says «Time increment required is less than the minimum specified» for a value of 1*10^(-35).

Regards,

Yann

Several Outdoor ed and Wilderness medicine schools are dropping traction splints from their curriculum. We know from sad experience that patients often arrive at the ED with traction splints poorly or incorrectly applied and the splint is doing no good what soever and may be causing harm. We have many anecdotes to support the use of traction splints (when applied correctly) for patient comfort. Applying a traction splint to a patient with a suspected femur fracture is not a trivial decision, and the effective application, particularly of an improvised, traction splint is technically challenging and a highly perishable skill. I am looking for data to defend the case for use or not using traction in a back country setting. Thanks!

Initial Pressure and velocity conditions are given. I need the traction to feed it as an input to the Solid Solver for a case of Fluid-Solid Interaction using a partitioned approach. 

Has anyone experience of test results from oil injected twin screw compressors using female drive?

I am asking because rotor contact forces are much higher for a female driven screw compressor compared to a male driven.

How can I find lateral forces acting on the pipeline crossing strike-slip faults (ABAQUS)? I know CNForce and Cpress options in ABAQUS, but how can I calculate lateral soil forces acting on pipeline? 

Longitudinal seal repairs sometimes tend to cause severe instability in motorcycles under dry conditions in corners.  Anecdotally it does not appear to be strongly correlated to road temperature, although on days with higher than normal surface temperatures it does soften causing the front to slide.  I am looking for cases where this was identified as a cause and low-cost solutions to improve the traction of these seal repairs

My hypothesis is that surface ripples cause the following problems and could be an underlying cause of many run-off-road crashes in rural areas:

- in the braking zone the suspension could pack down due to a lack of compression damping causing longer braking distances and hence higher entry speed

- a rider's arms could stiffen up due to excessive forces feeding through the suspension delaying the turn-in point and also slowing the rate of turn-in,

- at the apex the bike is easily destabilised that may cause a mid turn adjustment causing a wider exit radius to be followed,

- on the exit it could cause instability under acceleration causing the rear to lose traction.

I am looking for evidence where surface ripples are correlated to loss of control crashes, and whether this affects all types of motorcycle crashes, or mostly those types that have relatively poor handling attributes (i.e. Cruiser vs. Sportbike designs)

Dear sir, I am PhD student and I have question about the behavior of grease in EHD. The application which Iam intersting is pneumatic actuator seal lubricated with grease ( how to explain loss of grease, leakage of air and in lubricated zone is the lubricant is grease or base oil ).

Best regards

Abdelhak AZZI 

load bearing capacity of elastomeric pads depends on number of steel plated inside the pad.

Displacement control analysis in ansys apdl.

I am simulating a traction test on a metallic rope in ansys. I would prefer to do a displacement control analysis.

Dear all,

I am performing contact analysis for predicting the debonding mechanism between the matrix and the inclusion by using bilinear traction separation cohesive surface method. This cohesive interaction law has been defined at the contact pair algorithm. The simulation has been done based on force control to mimic the experimental behavior but unfortunately the solution is not converging for the given pressure load due to the penetration of nodes at the contact surface. For example, I am getting the following message :

MAX. PENETRATION ERROR 3.78373E-09 AT NODE PART-1-1.84060 OF CONTACT PAIR

(ASSEMBLY_SF_ALUMINA1_WITH_CHROMIUM2,ASSEMBLY_SF_CHROMIUM2_WITH_ALUMINA1)

MAX. CONTACT FORCE ERROR -5.92270E-06 AT NODE PART-1-1.112878 OF CONTACT

PAIR

(ASSEMBLY_SF_ALUMINA1_WITH_CHROMIUM2,ASSEMBLY_SF_CHROMIUM2_WITH_ALUMINA1)

THE CONTACT CONSTRAINT ERRORS ARE WITHIN THE TOLERANCES.

If any one know how avoid this penetration issue kindly let me know.

Thank you