Toxicology - Science topic

choose one OA from MDPI

Rinse from detergent in running tap water up to 15 times. Rinse in running water for laboratory analysis 3-4 times. Dry at room temperature or in a desiccator at 80-100 °C.

Rinse with running tap water and boil for 15-20 min in 1-2% hydrochloric acid solution, then rinse with water for laboratory analysis.

The quality of removal of synthetic detergents and detergents-disinfectants is assessed by pH value. For this purpose, use pH-indicator paper with a step measuring range of no more than 0.3 units. Preliminary determine the pH of the water used for rinsing dishes at the final stage. Control measurements of pH are carried out by applying pH-indicator paper to the surface of washed wet glass, treated. From 3 to 10 units of glassware are randomly selected for control.

The pH value of water obtained as a result of the control shall correspond to the pH of distilled water used for rinsing.

These are very interesting topics for PhD level research.

I hope you found a way; if not, you can send an invite link if the research associate has coauthored any of your studies and the same has been published in Researchgate.

check this site:https://www.scimagojr.com/

yours,

Prof. Salem y mohamed

Thank you for your support. The recommendation for SSEP has been received.

Is there a question?

Hi,

Entomotoxicology is a pretty new branch/discipline of forensic investigation. Forensic entomology gains even greater significance in death investigations by detecting drugs or poisons in insects and larvae that feed on decomposed bodies. The metabolisms of these compounds by insects and larvae are worth studying.

I am a Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Honoured Worker of Science of the Russian Federation, besides I am a Colonel of Medical Service, etc. I am the author of an important discovery (read Russian Wikipedia). My Hirsch index =13. (According to the Russian Federation - this index I have about 20). Many outstanding scientists in Russia have this index less than 13. Therefore (my Hirsch index), I am not suitable for you as a co-author of a future article. And this may be very sad.

"The strokes associated with Parkinsonism are termed small vessel strokes as they aren't normally catastrophic. 1 It typically takes several small strokes to produce the symptoms of vascular Parkinsonism. 2 Diagnosis of small vessel strokes can be confirmed with tests such as CT or MRI of the brain."

https://www.verywellhealth.com/stroke-as-a-cause-of-parkinsons-disease-3146424#:~:text=The%20strokes%20associated%20with%20Parkinsonism,or%20MRI%20of%20the%20brain.

Dear friend Jake Ellis-Williams

Alright, let's tackle this like I would!

Designing a pharmacokinetic study for a new CNS drug, eh? Now, we're talking real science. First things first, if you Jake Ellis-Williams don't have any toxicology data, you're in a bit of a tight spot. But I dont shy away from challenges!

1. **Start Low, Go Slow:**

- In the absence of toxicology data, the golden rule is to start low. You Jake Ellis-Williams don't want to accidentally turn your rats into rocket ships, do you? Use a dose that's unlikely to cause adverse effects.

2. **Reference Similar Compounds:**

- Check out similar drugs in the antidepressant family. It's not a perfect science, but it gives you Jake Ellis-Williams a ballpark figure. Look at the literature, see what doses they used, and take a leap from there.

3. **Consider Route of Administration:**

- Are you Jake Ellis-Williams going oral or intravenous? Oral is more common, but if you're feeling adventurous, go IV. Adjust your dose accordingly; IV doses are typically lower due to higher bioavailability.

4. **Species Matters:**

- Rats are not humans. Shocking, I know. Their metabolism differs, so don't just scale up a human dose. Consider allometric scaling, a fancy term for adjusting doses based on body surface area.

5. **Monitor Behavior:**

- Keep a close eye on your rats. If they start tap-dancing or speaking French, you Jake Ellis-Williams might have gone a bit too high. Watch for signs of toxicity and adjust your doses accordingly.

6. **Pilot Studies are Your Friends:**

- Before diving into the big show, run some pilot studies. Test the waters with a few rats. It's like a movie trailer – gives you Jake Ellis-Williams a taste without committing to the full feature.

7. **Consult the Oracle (Experienced Scientists):**

- If you Jake Ellis-Williams have access to seasoned scientists, consult them. They've been around the block and can provide invaluable insights. Wisdom often comes with gray hair and lab coats.

8. **Ethics Committee Approval:**

- Don't forget to run your doses past the ethics committee. They might not have a Ph.D., but they know a thing or two about keeping experiments humane.

Remember, my science-seeking friend, this isn't a one-size-fits-all scenario. The key is to be cautious, use your scientific instincts, and be ready to adapt as your data rolls in. May the pharmacokinetics odds be ever in your favor!

You'll want to contact researchers at the OSU Tanguay Lab https://tanguaylab.com/ and the USGS Western Fisheries Research Center https://www.usgs.gov/centers/wfrc/science/lead-scientists-areas-expertise?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

NANOPARTICLES (NP). PM2.5

The question you present is interesting and necessary. For more than 20 years, various authors, among whom Oberdörster and Donaldson stand out, have done numerous works on the biokinetics and possible toxicity of NPs.

Briefly, I attach some aspects that may be useful to you.

NP. ENTRY ROUTES TO THE HUMAN ORGANISM

1. Through the digestive system (ingestion)

2. Through the respiratory tract (inhalation, instillation)

3. Through the skin (direct exposure)

4. Injection

TOXICITY INHALED PARTICLES. FACTORS

 Dependent on the type of particle

 Chemical composition

 Shape and size

 Exhibition

 Intensity

 Duration

 Individual

 Purification capacity (defense mechanisms)

 Airway geometry

 Predisposition (Genetics)

In nanoparticles, in addition: Ubiquity, Translocation, Surface area

CONSENSUS OF F-Q PARAMETERS AND CHARACTERISTICS TO ASSESS TOXIC MECHANISMS OF NPs

 Method of synthesis thereof

 Composition

 Size

 Shape

 Distribution

 State of agglomeration or aggregation

 Purity

 Dissolution

 Surface area (NPs have a large surface area per unit mass).

NP TOXICITY. POSSIBLE MECHANISMS

-Card, J.W. et al. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 295: L400-L411 2008

-Li et al: Exp Biol Med. 2010. 235:1025-33.)

Pulmonary disease due to exposure to nanoparticles. B. Calvo Cerrada; A. López-Guillén, P Sanz; G Martí. DOI: 10.1201/9781351008884-26

If you're interested in 6-PPD quinone runoff toxicity-

https://www.ezview.wa.gov/Portals/_1962/Documents/StormwaterWorkGroup/Tian%20et%20al.%202022.%20Revised%20toxicity%20assessment%206PPD-quinone.pdf

The Clarias gariepinus is one of the most extensively cultured fish in tropical and subtropical conditions due to its ability to satisfy aquaculturist and consumer needs; consequently, these fish are regarded as a promising candidate model for toxicological studies and monitoring of pollutants released into aquatic environments. The exposure of these fish to 4-NP affects multiple systems, including the endocrine, reproductive, haematological, and metabolic systems. 4-NP is classified as highly immunotoxic because it downregulates genes associated with immune reactivity, induces pro-inflammatory mediators, and upregulates genes associated with the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.

In the field of pharmacology and toxicology research, there are several innovative methodologies and experimental models being investigated to comprehensively evaluate the long-term consequences and potential hazards associated with the use of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, or environmental exposures. These approaches aim to enhance our understanding of the effects of these substances on human health and provide more accurate assessments of their risks. Some of these methodologies and models include:

These methodologies and experimental models collectively contribute to the advancement of pharmacology and toxicology research, enabling a more comprehensive evaluation of the long-term consequences and potential hazards associated with the use of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, or environmental exposures. By integrating these innovative approaches into research practices, scientists can improve risk assessment strategies and enhance our understanding of the impacts of various substances on human health.

Conjugation or liposomes might enhance uptake which could be beneficial.

Have you considered creating a colloidal suspension of the extract? Or microencapsulating the extract?

Felipe Silva Semaan , there are various in vitro assays and in vivo methods for assessing nanoparticle toxicity. Assay/method choice depends on the model (cell culture, animal model) and the level (cell, protein structure, DNA, etc.) at which nanotoxicity will be evaluated.

Here are a few examples:

- Cell viability - MTT assay, WST assay

- Cell membrane integrity - LDH assay

- DNA damage - Comet assay

- Protein structure - CD, Cryo-EM

- ROS level measurement - DCFH assay

Find more assays/methods in the publications below:

Good luck!

I see this quite often. Depending on what the cause of the effect is, one can certainly see compensatory processes that offset a direct effect, and for some toxins those kinds of relationships have been identified. My understanding is that if the effective threshold for the outcome is below the compensatory threshold, doses that fall in-between will show an effect that is unique. An alternative way of looking at it is with toxins that have multiple mechanisms of action (which is most of them). If those mechanisms have different thresholds and shift the outcome in opposite directions, you will expect a bi-phasic or otherwise non-monotonic curve. Without a lot of data to pull from, it may be hypothetical, but in some cases you may be able to identify specific relationships like that.

A couple of things worth reading:

Beausoleil, C., Ormsby, J. N., Gies, A., Hass, U., Heindel, J. J., Holmer, M. L., ... & Schoenfelder, G. (2013). Low dose effects and non-monotonic dose responses for endocrine active chemicals: science to practice workshop: workshop summary. Chemosphere, 93(6), 847-856.

Vandenberg, L. N. (2014). Non-monotonic dose responses in studies of endocrine disrupting chemicals: bisphenol a as a case study. Dose-response, 12(2), dose-response.

IC50 (Inhibitory Concentration 50%) is the concentration of drug that is required for 50% inhibition of a cellular process in vitro.

LC50 (Lethal Concentration 50%) is is the average concentration of drug or chemical which is required to kill half of the exposed population of animals or cells in a specific condition

If there are no literature data, you start with a range test: five or more concentrations over a very large range, such as 1, 100, 10000, etc

Dear Manal,

Thank you very much for your answer

Dear Luca Romito, thanks for sharing. I wish I saw it earlier. Unfortunately I had to go myself through all the same optimizations steps of the assay before I came across your thesis. Same conclusions although. So, I do recommend all who is going to apply the method to read Luca's thesis first.

I don't know the answer but I can share that I had a dreadful reaction to the Moderna vaccine. It took me 9 months to recover and restore my physical and cognitive function back to a point where I could do my job.

I researched the patents and papers around this technology and was shocked that the toxicity issues with many synthetic lipids have been flagged for nearly three decades.

In my case, I believe the lipid became incorporated into my mitochondrial cell walls (I found a paper about this but cannot access it now). Extensive blood tests showed that my NK57+ (?) levels were abnormally low - something usually only seen with AIDS.

I took a lipid blend supplement (blended to match the average cellular bilayer composition) with the idea that it would help speed up the clearance of this synthetic material.

I suspect in a decade or two, the truth will come to light about the toxicity of all the mRNA vaccines.

If you go for a salt, you will need to do this:

Molar mass of compound (metal salt), Zn(NO₃)₂ =189.36 g/mol, Molar mass of metal in the compound (Zn in Zinc nitrate) Zn2+ = 65.38 g/mol.

1000ppm stock of Zn = Molar mass of compound/ (Molar mass of metal) = 189.36/(65.38) ≈ 2.9g.

Therefore, you need 2.9g of Zn(NO₃)₂ dissolved in 1L of water to prepare 1000ppm Zn stock solution.

100 ppm stock of Zn = Molar mass of compound/ (Molar mass of metal * 0.1L) = 189.36/(65.38*0.1) ≈ 29g.

Therefore, you need 29g of Zn(NO₃)₂ dissolved in 100mL of water to prepare 100ppm Zn stock solution.

You can also purchase a ready made standard of the metal.

Hi,

What we know from available documents ALC-0315 is 1:1 racemate, and a statement from the document below explains that racemate was used:

"This excipient contains two chiral centres, but the excipient is a 1:1 racemic mixture of the diastereomers. The excipient is not optically active."

In regards to impurities of ALC-0315 looks like additional data was collected a year ago. But I'm not sure the data are publicly available:

"5) The sponsor to provide a discussion regarding process development for ALC-0315 with emphasis on the identification and purge of impurities. Due date: July 2021.

9) The sponsor to update the ALC-0315 assay and impurities limits when additional supporting data is available. Due date: July 2021."

Ref:

One comment related to the long half-life. It could be possible in cases when the specific molecule is present in the bile that enterohepatic recirculation of the substance is possible. It can explain extremely long half-lives sometimes. Of course in some optically active substances, the process could be enantioselective (chiral inversion).

As we know ALC-0315 is a mixture of the diastereomers: "Diastereomers are any molecules which have two or more chiral centers. A diastereomer with two chiral carbon has four isomers. Unlike enantiomers, the physical and chemical properties of diastereomers can differ and consequently, their chemical characterization is easy and their biological activities are often different."

Hope could be helpful for future discussions,

Best regards,

Tomasz

My suggestion to Research of Medicolegal Issue, Medical Negligence, Ethical Issues which help in improving the quality of helathcare

I would encourage a good course in Environmental Health as a way to go, if you feel comfortable with the infectious disease aspects. The text 'Essentials of Environmental Health' by Robert Friis is a decent textbook for undergraduates, but using that as background and then assigning readings (research papers, reviews) could work well for a graduate course. A good review article is worthwhile to use in these classes.

Whether spectrophotometry is a suitable method depends on whether the substance you are looking for has an "optical signature". That is, whether it has characteristic absorption peaks. Some substances can be detected indirectly by color reactions. Whether such methods can be used on live/whole fish, I do not know.

Another case of Biphasic Anaphylaxis after Pfizer was reported in Florida.

Hi,

As in your next question, both substances are described in the TGA document:

Please check the document by keyword "ALC" and Ctrl+F, the number of hits is 91.

Best regards

Tomasz

Gerobiotics: probiotics targeting fundamental aging processes

Gerobiotics: probiotics targeting fundamental aging processes (nih.gov)

Hi Monika,

If your specimens are medico-legal related, it should depend on your institutional law regarding the specimen ownership and disposal. Concerning specimen integrity, prolonged formalin storage will harden the tissues and cause formalin pigments (artifacts). Should you need the wet specimens in the future, I would advise changing the formalin solution once in a while.

All metal NPs are more or less toxic. Try silica nanoparticles (SNPs). Highly biocompatible, less toxic.

Tze Tsung Tan I suggest reading these papers:

1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8300981/

2.

3.

Online subscriptions through the local university here indicate 2019 was the last available issue. The Interdisciplinary Toxicology website has not been updated since 2015. http://www.intertox.sav.sk/editor.html I did find some editor contact info whom you can ask:

Editor-In-Chief Michal Dubovický, PhD. Institute of Experimental Pharmacology Slovak Acadeny of Sciences Dúbravská cesta 9 SK-841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia tel.: +421-2-59410664/ fax: +421-2-54775928 e-mail: intertox@setox.eu

Director of Editorial Office Mojmír Mach, PhD. Slovak Toxicology Society SETOX Dúbravská cesta 9 SK-841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia e-mail: intertox_journal@setox.eu

There are also several names of Field Editors that we can look up. The parent organization SETOX is still operating https://www.setox.eu/contact

Very instructive.

nonlinear form

Check https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4213307/

Yes, AI has already been heavily deployed for biological diagnosis through predictions and classifications.

Check https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X21000035

Kindly check the following review link in which the results of cutting-edge research about the interactions between a range of aquatic species and microplastics, including effects on biota physiology and secondary ingestion have been summarized:

Also, kindly check the attached pdf that may be useful:

Dear Ademi

Please kindly follow the attached document and also my papers regarding the toxicity......,hope they will be helpful !

this site can help you too : https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/

Also check https://www.nature.com/subjects/methods-of-toxicology-studies

Hello Ayush Vikram Singh

The intrinsic cell sensitivity plays an important role in determining the specificity of toxic action of chemicals. This intrinsic cell sensitivity depends on several cell characteristics that are likely to be preserved only in part in vitro. These include chemical biotransformation and binding, membrane permeability and surface determinants, intracellular synthetic pathways, and adaptive and recovery mechanisms. The functional status of the cell is important rather than the cell type which determines the inhibition of a given biochemical mechanism that is critical to the function and survival of the cell.

When the mechanism of toxicity of a chemical is under investigation it becomes necessary to consider specific characteristics of specialized cell types. So, cancer cell lines are used for toxicological studies because they are well characterized and more easily cultured as compared to primary cell cultures. There are also other specialized cell types that have been used in toxicological studies which are derived from liver, lung, heart, muscle, and nervous and reticuloendothelial systems. Therefore, those cells that retain their specialized functions can be used for toxicological studies.

I hope this is helpful.

Best.

Check https://www.lesker.com/materials-division.cfm?section=evaporation-materials

I found this interesting document in which it is it stipulated that people who live near a hazardous waste site, might be exposed to endrin from contaminated air, dirt, or water:

Stay safe

Studies providing the evidence of MSG toxic effects have raised the increasing interest in MSG intake as flavor enhancer. Neurotoxic effects in brain, obesity and metabolic defects, „Chinese restaurant syndrome“ and detrimental effects on sex organs are the most discussed in the connection with MSG intake. http://ibimapublishing.com/articles/JMED/2013/608765/

Also check https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/158887/Nguyen_Thi%20Bao%20Ngoc.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

I think this depends on the availability of the animals, the sets to be used for testing and the previous models usedin previous studies and I feel that rats may tolerate better than mice in toxicity studies. Additionally, the size of animals is bigger in rats that may help in the experiments used.

Try to separate the compounds and test each one alone, or the determined LD50 is LD50 of the mixture.

Also check https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7851056/

Hi Komal, did you end up using glycerol, what percentage and what was the outcome? Best wishes,

Check https://ehs.unc.edu/files/2015/09/hfaexposure.pdf

Check https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/4/1176/pdf

Free medical journals

Dear colleaque ,in 2017 there were 47506 total opioid deaths excluding homicid 43036 unintentional deaths(90.6%),1884 suicides (4%) and 2586 deaths of undetermined intent (5.4%).

Thank you for the answers but I am looking for BMD already calculated, a kind of repository or dataset including list of chemicals with derived BMD

Inorganic chemistry. But..in PhD i will change to biochemistry ☺

Also check https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781483227382500186

Combating antibiotic resistance with natural products: a toxicological perspective.

Possibilities of anti-SARSCoV-2 resistance and the way out from the perspective of toxicology.

Jonathon T. Busch. Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Carbomers-934, -910, -934P, -940, -941, and -962. Journal of the American College of Toxicology 1990; 1(2): 109-141.

If you meant statistical Analysis, there are many viz., medlab, SPSS, metaboanalyst, multivariate, and genstat.

Regards

Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant are antioxidant parameters but malondialdehyde are oxidant markers. The values of these factors are different in the articles. Different laboratory kits, different animal tissues as well as measurement methods can be the cause of this difference. Last but not least is the unit of measurement that should be considered.

I think it would be helpful to search for articles with similar measurement methods to your own work and to compare control groups.

Best regards

Pharmacokinetic equations are inverse equations that you can calculate any unknown parameter

Determination of Aluminum in the blood of Aluminum factories employees and correlation with their general health

I had to teach the subject from a historical perspective, and I have used the following book that I found very useful:

- GUPTA, P. K. Fundamentals of Toxicology. Essential Concepts and Applications. London: Elsevier, 2016.

In this book, there is a chapter on "sub-disciplines" of toxicology that gives you this extended list:

"Forensic Toxicology: Forensic toxicology deals with medical and legal aspects of the harmful effects of the chemicals. Clinical Toxicology: Clinical toxicology refers to health problems caused by or associated with abnormal exposure to chemical substance. In other words, it deals with the cause, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical management of health problems/diseases that are caused by or are associated with toxic substance(s). Nutritional Toxicology: The study of toxicological aspects of food/feed stuffs and nutritional products/habits. Reproductive Toxicology: The study of the occurrence of adverse effects on the male and female reproductive system due to exposure to chemicals or physical agents. Development Toxicology: The study of harmful effects of chemicals and drugs on the development of an organism; manifestations of development toxicity include structural malformations, growth restriction, functional impairment, and/or death of an organism. Veterinary Toxicology: This deals with the cause, diagnosis, and management of established poisonings in domestic and wild animals. Teratology: The study of malformations induced by toxic agents during development between conception and birth. Environmental Toxicology: This deals with the effects of pollutants on the environment (food, water, air, or soil) and their prevention. Its specialties could include ecotoxicology, aquatic toxicology, and others. Analytical Toxicology: The application of analytical chemistry tools in the qualitative and quantitative estimation of the agents involved in the process of toxicity. Aquatic Toxicology: This deals with the study of adverse effects of chemicals discharged into marine and fresh water on aquatic organisms and the aquatic ecosystem. It is largely a study of water pollution and its ecological effects. Ecotoxicology: A more specialized area of environmental pollution in populations and communities of living organisms. Ecotoxicology, in general, considers effects of pollutants on organisms other than humans. Food Toxicology: This deals with natural contaminants, food and feed additives, and toxic and chemo-protective effects of compounds in food. Formal Toxicology: This deals with the formal toxicological studies that are prerequisites for the release of new drugs/chemicals (eg, calculation of LD50 and minimum toxic dose). Genetic Toxicology: This deals with the study of the interaction of toxicants with the process of hereditary. Industrial Toxicology: This deals with the clinical study of industry workers and the environment around them. Occupational Toxicology: This deals with assessing the potential of adverse effects from chemicals in occupational environment and the recommendations of appropriate protective and precautionary measures. Regulatory Toxicology: This deals with administrative functions concerned with the development and interpretation of mandatory toxicology testing programs and controlling the use, distribution, and availability of chemicals used commercially and therapeutically. For example, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates drugs, cosmetics, and food additives Regulation: Regulation is the control, by statute, of the manufacture, transportation, sale, or disposal of chemicals deemed to be toxic after testing procedures or according to criteria put forth in applicable laws. Toxicodynamics: The study of biochemical and physiological effects of toxicants and their mechanism of action. Toxicokinetics: The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of toxicants in the body. Toxicovigilance: This deals with the process of identification, investigation, and evaluation of various toxic effects in the community with the aim of taking measures to reduce or control exposures involving the substances that produce these effects. Toxinology: This deals with assessing the toxicity of substances of plant and animal origins and those produced by pathogenic bacteria/organisms. Toxicoepidemiology: The study of quantitative analysis of toxicity incidences in organisms, factors affecting toxicity, and species involved, and the use of such knowledge for planning prevention and control strategies." (pp. 10-11).

@ Jose Ochoa Disselkoen thanks for your help. I have submitted my manuscript to the journal of Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology on May 18 and the status of the manuscript has been changed to review completed. However, I'm not clear with the status of the manuscript, whether it’s rejected or accepted. Please can you make it clear for me about the status of my manuscript? Thanks