Toxicity Tests - Science topic

Background: Schistosomiasis continues to be a major public health concern in Ethiopia. Eliminating the intermediate host snails is an effective and cost-efficient strategy for preventing and controlling schistosomiasis transmission. However, chemical molluscicides have limitations due to their toxicity to nontarget aquatic organisms, environmental...

Maize–soybean intercropping can increase soybean yields and stabilize maize yields, and this practice has been widely promoted in China. Fluroxypyr is a recommended herbicide for maize seedlings, and its drift will cause phytotoxicity to neighboring soybean seedlings. A laboratory toxicity test was performed on soybeans by using a mobile bioassay s...

Recombinant aequorin has been extensively used in mammalian and plant systems as a powerful tool for calcium monitoring. While aequorin has also been widely applied in yeast research, a notable gap exists in the literature regarding comprehensive reviews of these applications. This review aims to address that gap by providing an overview of how aeq...

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality that uses light to activate a photosensitizing agent, destroying target cells. The growing awareness of the necessity to reduce or eliminate the use of mammals in research has prompted the search for safer toxicity testing models aligned with the new global guidelines and compliant with...

Four mononuclear bioefficient zinc coordination complexes [Zn(NN)3](ClO4)2 (A–D) involving chiral bidentate Schiff base ligands have been synthesized and characterized by IR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. X-ray crystal structures of three of the zinc complexes revealed that the zinc metal ion is hexacoordinated, exhibiting a d...

This study represents an attempt toward the standardization of pulmonary NAMs and the development of a novel approach for toxicity testing of nanomaterials. Laboratory comparisons are challenging yet essential for identifying existing limitations and proposing potential solutions. Lung cells cultivated and exposed at the air-liquid interface (ALI)...

The findings of the toxicity test demonstrated the toxicity of exposure to the gliotoxin produced by candida albicans. Elevated medication levels were associated with an increased risk of blood deterioration. At a concentration of 200 µg/mL, the rate of degradation was 2.21%, and at a value of 100 µg/mL, it was 1.97%. The toxicity increased with pr...

There has been a recent drive to replace in vivo studies with in vitro studies in the field of toxicity testing. Therefore, instead of conventional animal or planar cell culture models, there is an urgent need for in vitro systems whose conditions can be strictly controlled, including cell–cell interactions and sensitivity to low doses of chemicals...

Background Montrichardia linifera (Arruda) Schott is popularly known as “aninga,” “aningaçu,” “aningaíba,” and “aninga-do-igapó.” Compresses and plasters made from the leaves of this medicinal plant are used to treat abscesses, tumors, and pain caused by stingray stings. Aim of the study This study aimed to chemically characterize the methanolic e...

The rapid rise of cyanotoxins production poses a serious threat to global freshwater ecosystems and has become an important issue of global public health. In Africa, a continent facing serious environmental problems, including poisoning by cyanotoxins, knowledge of the presence and distribution of these toxins remains limited. The primary objective...

Indonesian people use plants as medicine because they are considered to have fewer side effects. Phanera semibifida (Roxb.) is a climbing plant that has been used by the community to make therapeutic drugs. Phanera semibifida, especially species in western Sumatra, lacks information on phytochemical composition and toxicity capabilities. So the pur...

Approximately two thirds of deaths and millions of nonfatal cases are attributed to organophosphorus pesticides (OPP) annually. Diazinon, a prominent member of the OP pesticides, was introduced for both agriculture and public health usages during. For several decades, the compound was among the top pesticides in use in many countries, including Lib...

The emergence of diseases is one of the main obstacles to the shrimp industry when it comes to intensive aquaculture practices. Ecytocnucleospora hepatopenaei (EHP) is one of the shrimp microsporidia known to cause growth retardation and white discoloration associated with musculature, thereby decreasing shrimp production yield. Prolonged use of ch...

A computational approach was employed to identify potential tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) inhibitors from turmeric and clove extracts, with the goal of discovering safer alternatives to the toxic hydroquinone for skin whitening applications. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the phytochemical composition of the p...

This research aimed to quantify the contamination of Congo River sediments by heavy metals and to evaluate their ecotoxicological effects in the municipalities of Maluku, Gombe, and Kinsuka, Kinshasa Province. Metal concentrations in sediments reached 340 mg kg-1 for Cr, 310 mg kg-1 for Cu, 826 mg kg-1 for Zn, 63 mg kg-1 for as, 1.9 mg kg-1 for Cd,...

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of chitosan‐alginate‐coated phycocyanin (PC) extract from Spirulina sp. on Penaeus semisulcatus infected with Salmonella typhimurium stored at 4°C and 8°C for 21 days. Four groups of shrimp treatments—a control sample (without infection and PC), an infected samp...

Over the last few decades, nanotechnology has established to be a promising field in medicine. A remaining dominant challenge in today's pharmacotherapy is the limited selectivity of active pharmaceutical ingredients and associated undesirable side effects. Controlled drug release can be promoted by smart drug delivery systems, which release embedd...

Objective: This study aimed to determine the molecular activity, toxicity prediction and in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Zingiber officinale Rosc Extract. Methods: The molecular docking method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the main compounds in Zingiber officinale by examining their interaction with DNA Gyrase IIb and Topois...

This report documents the outcomes of the EFSA procurement (OC/EFSA/NIF/2022/01) aimed at identifying in vitro toxicity testing approaches for (novel) proteins in the context of food and feed safety assessment. In the present report, we present an integrated testing strategy for the evaluation of toxicity of novel/toxic proteins. A text‐mining appr...

Background Acute fish toxicity test (AFT) is one of the cornerstones of environmental risk assessment (ERA) of chemicals for the aquatic environment. Despite many efforts to find an alternative able to fully replace the test, there is still lasting pressure from stakeholders for AFT results. Results Here, we present the results of a case study wit...

Achieving food sustainability is one of the biggest challenges in the new millennium. Plant factory cultivation systems provide an alternative for food sustainability, while they often suffer from algal blooms. The overuse of conventional algaecides has caused significant environmental pollution and concerns about food security. Here, we design a n...

This research project aims to investigate the feasibility and sustainability of producing an environmentally friendly oil base mud from Raphia palm seeds. The study will involve the entire process from seed selection to mud characterization, emphasizing the potential benefits and applications in the oil and gas drilling industry. Due to the increas...

The integration of nanoparticle technology in healthcare has revolutionized disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. However, the development and implementation of nanoparticle-based solutions pose significant scheduling complexities and project management challenges. This study investigates the intricacies of scheduling nanoparticle technolog...

Background Fungal keratitis is a serious blinding eye disease. Traditional drugs used to treat fungal keratitis commonly have the disadvantages of low bioavailability, poor dispersion, and limited permeability. Purpose To develop a new method for the treatment of fungal keratitis with improved bioavailability, dispersion, and permeability. Method...

A novel series of 4-aminopiperidin-3,4-dihyroquinazoline-2-uracil derivatives (9a-9 L) were logically designed and synthesized as potent DPP4 inhibitors as antidiabetic agents. Chemical structure of all new compounds were confirmed by different spectroscopic methods. The designed compounds were evaluated using a MAK 203 kit as DPP4 inhibitors in co...

This review paper focuses on the joint toxicity and interaction of carbon-based nano-materials (CNMs) with co-existing pollutants in aquatic environments. It explores the potential harmful effects of chemical mixtures with CNMs on aquatic organisms, emphasizing the importance of scientific modeling to predict mixed toxic effects. The study involved...

The current study, conducted over a year, involved a comprehensive analysis of water samples from the Rainha River. This river crosses the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro Campus to assess water quality and potential applications. The samples underwent rigorous physical–chemical tests, including metal concentrations, pH, turbidity a...

Environmental bioassays, such as sediment toxicity tests, provide a broad survey of toxicity that is crucial for the conservation and protection of marine and estuarine ecosystems. Using odds, risk, and survival probability ratios, this paper presents a critical evaluation of sediment toxicity tests data collected in the New York-New Jersey harbor...

Toxicity testing is an important tool for risk assessment of sediment contamination in estuaries. However, there has been a predominant focus on fitness parameters as toxic endpoints and on crustaceans as test organisms, while effects at the sub-organismal level and on other benthic taxa have received less attention. Also, interactions between sedi...

Dyes and industrial effluents often contain toxic substances that can hinder seed germination and growth by affecting water uptake and nutrient absorption therefore understanding the impact of these pollutants on plants is crucial. The current study aims to test the effects of dye and effluent on the germination and growth of seeds of Vigna radiata...

The rice bug is a pest causing decrease rice production. Meanwhile, binahong leaves and shallot skin contain potential materials for making biopesticides. This research aimed to analyze potential of binahong leaves and shallot skin extract as biopesticides and toxicity tested against rice bug. The research was carried out using Completely Randomize...

Kintamani slayer orange peel can be extracted into essential oil because it contains terpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, alkanes, alkyl alkanoates, and steroid alcohols. Orange peel contains active substances that can help heal wounds, such as essential oils, ascorbic acid, vitamin E, vitamin A, flavonoids, and polyphenols, and has antioxidant and antiba...

The effect of aqueous stem bark extract of Bridelia ferruginea and butachlor on some kidney markers of Clarias gariepinus was done to determine the effect of the two toxicants on the kidney of Clarias gariepinus. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in serum concentrations of creatinine, urea blood nitrogen, sodium and potassium in the catfish...

Chironomids have a number of characteristics that make them a useful group for investigating the impact of environmental and chemical stressors on their life cycle stages. It is crucial to first understand sensitivities to environmental factors and provide a basis for interpreting the results of toxicity tests. We focused on Chironomus riparius–one...

The artemisinin partial resistance is believed to be spread to artemisinin-based combination therapy partner drugs. As a result, new antiplasmodial compounds are required to treat resistant malaria infections. In the invention of antimalarial substances, claimed medical plants are precious resources. So, the current study was designed to assess the...

Background: The importance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in chickens is undeniable, as they can be applied across various fields, including animal modeling, developmental biology, cell fate research, drug screening, toxicity testing, and gene function studies. However, a widely applicable culture system for chicken ESCs has yet to be developed. Ob...

Accurate liver disease modeling and drug toxicity testing still remain challenging as liver cells in vitro poorly resemble adult hepatocytes, as we previously demonstrated using whole transcriptome and cell identity analysis. To address this, we used our insights into hepatic modeling to develop hepatocyte-like liver organoids (HeLLOs), a novel hum...

Environmental risk assessment (ERA) is critical for protecting life by predicting population responses to contaminants. However, routine toxicity testing often examines only one genotype from surrogate species, potentially leading to inaccurate risk assessments, as natural populations typically consist of genetically diverse individuals. To evaluat...

Microorganism-based ecotoxicity assessment has been widely used as a reliable tool showing direct biochemical impacts of contaminants on ecosystems and the environment. The present study aimed at developing a thiosulfate-utilizing denitrifying bacteria (TUDB)-based ecotoxicity test with high detection sensitivity and favorable reproducibility. To a...

Histones possess significant antimicrobial potential, yet their activity against biofilms remains underexplored. Moreover, concerns regarding adverse effects limit their clinical implementation. We investigated the antibacterial efficacy of human recombinant histone H1 subtypes against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, both planktonic and in biofilms. A...

Nanoemulsions, characterized by their nanosized particles ranging from 20 to 200 nm, are effective carriers for drug molecules. Our novel oil-in-water nanoemulsion, NE-FLO™, formulated from lemon and fish byproduct oils, demonstrates promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, with initial studies indicating nontoxicity to normal skin c...

Background: Jenacid Herbal Product (JHP) used for treating peptic ulcer disease in Uganda, sold over the counter, is approved by the National Drug Authority as a Traditional Herbal Product number THP 482. There have been no published studies on its safety and efficacy. Objective: This study aimed to assess potential acute and subacute toxicity as w...

Landfill leachate that potentially contains toxic compounds harms humans and the environment. Therefore, landfill leachate must be appropriately treated and disposed to avoid its environmental damage. However, conventional physicochemical analysis alone may not be adequate to evaluate the biological effects, therefore, conducting bioassay toxicity...

Bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri is a widely used method for toxicity testing in aquatic environments. Certain complex biological contaminants, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), can interfere with metabolic pathways during toxicity assays. The standard 15-minute Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence assay has limitations when evaluating and...

Background and Objective: Stem-bark of Albizia chevalieri has been used to kill fish by local fishermen over the years in some parts of Nigeria. This study investigated the effect of aqueous stem-bark extract of Albizia chevalieri on the liver and kidney of juvenile African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Materials and Methods: Clarias gariepinus was...

Objective Realgar possesses important medical properties. This article aims to evaluate realgar and emerging artificially optimized realgar to ensure safe clinical use. Methods Multiple techniques were employed to test natural realgar and artificially optimized realgar. Soluble arsenic content in representative samples were measured. Natural realg...

Background: The incidence of resistance among currently available antimalarial drugs, as well as the high economic cost of malaria, has prompted researchers to look for novel antimalarial molecules. As a result, the current study was proposed to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity (in vivo) of Maytenus gracilipes based on the plant's traditional c...

This study conducted acute (48 hours) and chronic (21 days) toxicity tests of nickel (Ni2+), copper (Cu2+) ions, and a mixture of the Ni2+-Cu2+ ions on Daphnia magna (D. magna) under M4 medium. The acute test results showed that the toxicity of Cu2+ was about 15 times higher than Ni2+, demonstrated by the 50% effect concentration (EC50) value of 18...

Objective Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) hold significant promise across various clinical applications. Therefore, regulatory requirements necessitate a thorough investigation of the hUCMSCs safety before clinical trials and potential allergic reactions after transplantation. Methods Abnormal toxicity test employed mice and...

Research on cancer therapies has benefited from predictive tools capable of simulating treatment response and other disease characteristics in a personalized manner, in particular three-dimensional cell culture models. Such models include tumor-derived spheroids, multicellular spheroids including organotypic multicellular spheroids, and tumor-deriv...

Despite the availability of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICBs) significantly prolonging the life expectancy of some lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients, their implementation and long‐term effectiveness are hampered by the growing issue of acquired resistance. Herein, the bioinformatics analysis of immunotherapy‐resistant LUAD patients and the syst...

Background and Aim The use of food dyes can cause certain diseases, such as anemia and indigestion, along with other disorders, tumors, and even cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the chemical nature and toxicity of some commercial dyes locally used in processed foods compared with standard food dyes. Materials and Methods Three type...

Activated carbon (AC) and biochar (BC) are porous materials with large surface areas and widely used in environmental and industrial applications. In this study, different types of AC and BC samples were produced from Sargassum sp. by a chemical activation and pyrolysis process and compared to commercial activated carbon samples. All samples were c...

Liriomyza sativa is a cosmopolitan and polyphagous insect, a key pest of crops such as tomato and melon. The inadequacy of insecticide application techniques has developed resistant populations. The objective of this research was to evaluate the toxicity, insecticidal activity and deterrence of pyroligneous extracts on the leafminer fly. The experi...

Medicinal plants have importance medicinal properties and pharmacological activities. Medicinal value and pharmacological activities of plants are attributed to their bioactive constituents. The efficacy of medicinal plants could not only be considered but also their safety for consumption. The phytochemicals analyses were performed using standard...

Purpose Liver cancer is associated significantly with morbidity and mortality. The combination of low-intensity ultrasound with nanomedicine delivery systems holds promise as an alternative for the treatment for liver cancer. This study focuses on the utilization of folic acid (FA) modified nanoparticles, which are loaded with fluorescent dye DiR a...

Objective: Clove leaves (Syzygium aromaticum) contain compounds, namely eugenol, alpha-humulene, beta-caryophyllene, and caryophyllene oxide with the main compound eugenol, which has anti-inflammatory activity. One of dosage form to treat inflammation on the skin is a topical dosage form because it is quickly absorbed into the skin. This study aime...

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are probiotic microorganisms widely used for their health benefits in the food industry. However, recent concerns regarding their safety have highlighted the need for comprehensive safety assessments. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the safety of L. bulgaricus IDCC 3601, isolated from homemade plain yogurt, via genomi...

Zebrafish have emerged as a central model organism in toxicological research. Zebrafish embryos are exempt from certain animal testing regulations which facilitates their use in toxicological testing. Next to the zebrafish embryo acute toxicity test (ZFET) according to the OECD TG 236, fish embryos are used in mechanistic investigations, chemical s...

Aquatic ecosystems have been shown to be adversely affected by pesticides such as Gammalin 20, which can have an adverse effect on primary and secondary producers. This study investigated the ecotoxicity of gammalin 20 on Nitrobacter vulgaris and Nitrosomonas halophila in Freshwater, Marine water and Estuarine water samples collected from Adoni Loc...

Aquatic ecosystems have been shown to be adversely affected by pesticides such as Gammalin 20, which can have an adverse effect on primary and secondary producers. This study investigated the ecotoxicity of gammalin 20 on Nitrobacter vulgaris and Nitrosomonas halophila in Freshwater, Marine water and Estuarine water samples collected from Adoni Loc...

Insomnia is a common health problem that interferes with quality of life. This study examines the potential of a combination of herbal ingredients in overcoming insomnia, including Valerianae Radix, Myristicae Semen, Eleuthroginseng Radix, and Polygalae Radix. Each ingredient has active components that contribute to its pharmacological effects. The...