Topography - Science method

INRE:'Percentages versus degrees'. Mostly because of legacy application, 'percentage' is a ratio, basically rise / run, which has been in use because those are immediately available using the crudest tools over thousands of years by surveyors, geologists, civil engineers, etc. ( https://www.sddc.army.mil/sites/TEA/Functions/SpecialAssistant/TrafficEngineeringBranch/BMTE/calcRoadside/roadsideSafetyTutorials/typesOfSlopes/Pages/measuringSlop.aspx )

In modern times, even with super computers, at the most basic level ( over simplification follows ), any math is all operations combining ones and zeros, so addition is fastest, subtraction a little slower, multiplication is tens of times slower than addition, division is ten times slower than multiplication, and trigonometric calculations are 100 times slower and inverse trig functions even slower yet. So, if very simple calculation chains are moving over millions or even billions of cells, it would have a huge impact.

To effectively analyze the spatial and temporal variation of landslides in Badulla District from 1990 to 2020, you can adopt a structured approach using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) along with relevant environmental data. Here’s a step-by-step methodology that could guide your undergraduate research:

1. Data Collection: Gather historical landslide records from government geological surveys or environmental agencies, ideally with information on the location, date, and severity of landslide events. If official landslide records are limited, satellite imagery (such as Landsat or Sentinel data) can help identify landslide-prone areas over time.

2. Environmental and Climatic Data: Obtain data on rainfall (especially intense events), topography, soil types, and land use. You can source rainfall data from meteorological departments or databases like Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation (CHIRPS). For topography and slope analysis, digital elevation models (DEMs) from sources like the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) are ideal.

3. GIS Mapping and Analysis: Use GIS software (e.g., ArcGIS or QGIS) to map landslide events. Create layers for each data type, such as rainfall, slope, and land use, to visualize how these factors correlate with landslide occurrences. Temporal analysis can be achieved by creating maps for each decade, observing changes, and identifying trends.

4. Statistical and Spatial Analysis: Apply spatial statistical tools, like kernel density estimation, to understand the clustering of landslides. Temporal analysis tools within GIS, such as time series analysis, will help visualize landslide frequency changes over the years. Additionally, consider a multivariate regression analysis to assess the influence of rainfall, slope, and land use on landslide frequency.

5. Challenges and Data Limitations: Address potential data limitations, like incomplete records or inconsistent spatial data. If high-resolution data is unavailable, consider downscaling techniques or using proxies, such as vegetation cover, as indirect indicators.

By systematically combining GIS, environmental data, and statistical methods, you can effectively analyze landslide trends in Badulla District, providing insights into their correlation with natural and human-induced factors.

Thank you for your valuable input!

dear Sovanlal Mondal

phase in EFM is related with electrostatic interaction. However sometimes is difficult to find an analytic formula that correlates capacitance and phase to extract further conclusions

For that I would recommend other techniques like HD- KFM or scanning microwave.

99.9% sure that you have a very severe tip artifact, quasi all patterns are identical. The true sample shape could be very small and nicely spherical particles, but your tip is a ca. 100 nm long "L".

As for the "waves", they are very likely oscillations, I would guess electronics (power supply frequency), but the mechanics (fast scanning) can sometimes enhance them, so no surprise you get rid of them at slow scanning.

I am quite sure that a fresh tip (see above) will solve the problem!

I think that several artifacts contaminated these signals. On the other hand, what you are asking is not clear, you may inbox me to clarify the question better.

The practical limit of surface topography that can be measured by an interferometer depends on several factors, including the type of interferometer, the wavelength of light used, the quality of the optical components, and the nature of the surface being measured.

Interferometers are highly precise instruments used for measuring small displacements, including surface topography. They work by splitting a light beam, sending one part to interact with the surface under study (test surface) and the other part to a reference surface. The two beams are then recombined, creating an interference pattern that can be analyzed to determine the surface characteristics.

Interferometers are commonly used to measure two-dimensional surface topography (height maps) with high precision. To measure a three-dimensional surface, additional techniques are often employed to combine multiple 2D measurements or use 3D scanning approaches.

Two common methods to measure 3D surface topography are:

While interferometers can provide accurate 3D measurements in many cases, they do have limitations. For instance, measuring large and highly complex surfaces with steep slopes or discontinuities can be challenging due to restricted measurement range and potential difficulties in data stitching. In such cases, other techniques like structured light 3D scanners or confocal microscopy may be more suitable.

Assuming a common center for all radii and that the radius is known for any angle θ, then x=r.cosθ and y=r.sinθ (0<θ<180 counterclockwise). If the radius is known at discrete values of the angle θ, then intermediate values can be calculated by interpolation.

Although I wrote the mathematics of the two x-ray anodes to make resection and intersection back in 1978, I am not an expert in CT mathematical modeling. Therefore, if you know each voxel's x, y, and z coordinates, then a horizontal section is to pick up all voxels with the same z-value. A profile section picks up all voxels with the same y-value, and a cross-section picks up all voxels with the same x-value. If you need a higher resolution than the voxel size, you make more sections around the location of interest and do interpolation.

Yes that is it Mr @Jens. It's exactly the location of my study area. And your contours are correct.

I didn't understand why mines are wrong. Any way, I would be glad if you can help me with that topo map. Or show me how to do it. Thanks in advance.

FLAC 3D seems to accept DXF and STL file formats, and Kubrix-Geo seems to be part of the Itasca suite ( Ref: "Kubrix Geo - offered by Itasca and described as: a stand-alone product requiring an ASCII STL input file from any solid modeller" in ). So there a great variety of 3D modeling software out there and all of them can import and export DXF and STL.

By 'Topography surface', do you mean a way to make a LIDAR point cloud or DTM/DSM/DEM into a mesh, which can then be imported? A 'simple way' depends of the data you are working with. I've used various CAD programs, GIS software, and utilities like Cloud Compare ( https://www.danielgm.net/cc/ ) and even Blender (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9CH-cg8scc ). All of them have some learning curve.

Hello Fu,

I'd concur with the previous comments: In effect, surface uplift creates potential energy for surficial processes, so translating into opportunity for greater erosion. There are caveats, however, because the climatic regime will have a very important control on the efficacy of this process. For instance, one may consider Tibet - here there has been significant uplift over the last 15 - 20 Ma, yet it remains an elevated plateau with little internal denudation. However, place such uplift in a regime that has high precipitation, elevated temperatures and thus effective weathering, then becomes huge potential for erosion and exhumation. This is certainly the case on the southern fringes of the Himalayan orogen, as affected by the SW monsoon system.

There a many areas around the globe where elevated (orogenic and epierogenic) uplifted regions, or their fragments, remain preserved over long (geological) time spans. It seems that here the climate regime may have had the controlling influence.

I am less certain regarding gravity collapse, though one may regard that orogen-building could well lead to such effects in the crustal regime, whereas significant crustal thinning through erosion and over-burden reduction may act to mitigate such effects.

Dear Benjamin Gérard,

when generating swath profiles that do not follow a straight line there are many pitfalls. Therefore, I suggest the following literature for theory and a tool for generating swath profiles with ArcGIS:

Hergarten, S., Robl, J. & Stüwe, K. 2014. Extracting topographic swath profiles across curved geomorphic features. Earth Surface Dynamics, 2, 97–104, http://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-97-2014.

Pérez-Peña, J.V., Al-Awabdeh, M., Azañón, J.M., Galve, J.P., Booth-Rea, G. & Notti, D. 2017. SwathProfiler and NProfiler: Two new ArcGIS Add-ins for the automatic extraction of swath and normalized river profiles. Computers & Geosciences, 104, 135–150, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2016.08.008.

You make sure that

1. Tip is sharp enough

2. Tip is landed properly on the surface through f-d curve

3. sample is firmly fixed on holder

4. feedback parameters are set appropriately

you may attach a topography image for further comments

Good luck for better images

Hi Zhepeng Rui ,

First it is better to calculate the density of the power spectrum (PSD) of the signals and continue the calculations based on it. The value of the PSD is usually not negative. Delta values are usually higher than other frequency bands. Consider starting the Delta wave frequency range from 0.1 or 0.01 Hz and not from zero. If you have collected signals from several samples and the average PSD of the frequency bands in the different samples is very different, you must first normalize the PSD values calculated from each sample in each frequency band. To do this, first calculate the PSD of the data collected from each sample. Then calculate its standard deviation in each frequency band. Divide the mean values for each frequency band by its standard deviation. In this way the data is normalized. You can now use these values to calculate relative power.

Best regards

I'm sorry Dmitry. My answer was for Mohamed.

Kind regards

There would not have a standard run for an idealized atmosphere with a realistic topography, but you may replace the idealized terrain height with the realistic terrain height by modify the code. For idealized cases, there is no wrfinput file, otherwise you could just replace the terrain height in the file.

Dear Sir,

To develop very high spatial resolution (1-2 km) meterological variables, you may need to downscale the available high/moderate resolution climate data for the region.

You may refer the attached paper for further insight.

Regards.

Dear Heinrich,

These articles may help you:

Hi, If you want to capture all the surface features (pores, cavities) generated during the LPBF process, especially Rv surface roughness with high resolution, use a laser scanning confocal microscope.

See our paper:

"Enhancement of electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance by silver shell‑copper core coating of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg alloy"

Dear Michael John Patrick

Thank you very much for representing this detailed valuable information. It really could help better understand the rules governing the choice of the best area for PTC plants.

Best Regards,

N.Mahdavi

Landsat imagery will be useful along with any DEMs you can access. Even hand-drawn sketches to scale that could be georeferenced can be useful.

The rougher the metal surface, the larger the contact surface of corrosive media and the stronger and more quickly the corrosion. This is a general rule for most cases. In addition, corrosion of the rough surfaces is intensified by prolonged retention of water in depressions. In individual cases, this effect can lead to pitting corrosion. Another characteristic of the corrosion of rough surfaces is the condition of corrosion products: the rough the surface, the thicker the layer of corrosion products can be and the better this layer adheres to the metal.

Thanks for your answer! I finally managed to fix it just by updating the WPS version. WPSV4.1 rises the error but WPSV4.2 works fine.

And about the icosahedral grid, I am using the ICON-EU version with is restricted to Europe and uses regular lat-long grid that is accepted by WR. I didn't try the triangular grid yet, but it would be interesting add the capability of reading those grids in WRF

Topography is the study of the land features on the earth surface and cartography is the science and art mapping features

A distortion will exist or be expected because of dealing with different projections of the same space. A best fit sphere minimizes the error, therefore what I would do is knowing the orientation of the rectilinear coordinate system, determine the center of the sphere and its xyz offsets and orientation, aligning them in that system. Then at a regular angular intervals of choice to cover the required surface area, determine the spherical coordinates.

your very welcome Craig Fleming yeah precisely,

Stay Happy Stay Healthy.

Hi, Meegaswatta hope this answer solve your problem,

Obviously, according to EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), air quality and its pollution level are strongly correlated with elevation and topographical factors. Atmospheric pressures in places with surface elevations above 1200-1500 metres are about 12-18% lower than pressures at sea level. The basics of atmospheric science is that Atmospheric pressure decreases as the height of a surface above ground level increases because as the altitude increases, it results in the no. of air molecules reduced and subsequently the weight of the air also reduced. Hence, it depends on your device through which you examine the level of PM2.5 & PM10. As per my suggestion, you should calibrate the device readings from three different elevations at the same location and later validate them using comparing the values which are more accurate.

it might be due to slow moving landslide on a listeric surface. Sliding on a curved surface such as occurring in rotational landslides (slump) in some cases includes both uplifting and subsiding areas.

Hi Haghighat

If you want to delineate it using an open source tool https://docs.qgis.org/2.8/en/docs/training_manual/processing/hydro.html

Optical profilometry is indeed at the very limit to have a reliable measurement.

AFM should work fine if you can deposit them in a flat surface like mica, glass slide (very clean) or silicon.

SEM should be able to obtain an image with good resolution, but getting a reliable measurement of topography would require some effort.

Dear Mr. Morris,

thank you for your answer and useful links. Can you tell me do you have a sales representative for EU Countries? What is the approximate price of the device?

Best regards

Ladislav

Hello! There are a number of journal articles discussing the use of remote sensing to inventory soil moisture. Would sending these help you?

Hi David,

From yours and László's ideas, here is my suggestion:

Use the points on the perimeter to compute the linear trend - which you call slope.

For each elevation point within your polygon, calculate its distance to the trend plane.

I haven't tried the following solution, so you might need to tweak it.

Let's say you use ArcGIS, with a raster DEM (bathymetry) and a polygon vector. Make sure that the DEM has a projected coordinate system with unit length=meter, like the elevation unit.

1) convert polygon to polyline (to get the perimeter)

2) extract raster values under polyline (Extract by mask: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=2Fs5LBC9T_U)

3) convert extracted raster to points

4) compute trend interpolation (Trend Tool, polynomial order 1) with extracted points, and get the plane equation from the rms file: that file gives coefficients c0, c1, c2

z = c0 + c1 x + c2 y

Or

c1 x + c2 y - z + c0 = 0

5) convert DEM raster to points (RasterToPoint), the field value being Z coordinate

6) add fields X and Y to converted feature class, and calculate the X and Y coordinates

7) add 1 field d for the distance to trend plane, and calculate that distance like this:

Leave out the absolute value in the expression of d because you want to know if the point is above or below the plane.

Good luck!

What i have done many times in designing student projects where especially i want to test specific things i would do the exercise myself. By doing so I test whether the questions I ask are appropriate, by me doing the task do the readings or measurements i get make sense, do i achieve the goal of what the project is all about in terms of taking all the data through an analysis process to ensure results make sense. Normally with some research you start with a hypothesis you would like to confirm as either truth or false, do the conclusions you draw from the experiment make sense? From all this I learn how to ask questions, whether the experiment design is appropriate or even whether the questions asked suit the experiment in question.

What i am getting from your research is you are asking cognitive questions of a subject that is highly specialized, perhaps to determine how easily one may perform the tasks. First an understanding of the terminology (orientation, navigation, topography) used is required and the context within which they are to be used. In the context of land and topographic surveying and geomatics from which these terms and science originate, topography pertains to the slope of the ground as determined through elevations tied to a geographic reference xyz frame. Orientation pertains to what direction you are facing, north, south, east, west, up, down etc. Navigation pertains to how you move from point A to B in such a way that given instructions to follow from A you get to B. Second, all this is accompanied by the complexity of equipment used to accurately accomplish the task. What is the experiment design like, it can be as trivial as using GPS to now as complicated as getting a vehicle to move autonomously from point A to point B.

My suggestion is get a first draft of your questions which you associate with your level of experiment then do it and see if all makes sense. I trust this will help structure your research to make it meaningful.

Not sure what you are looking for exactly, but you can find some average elevation maps measured with CASIA2 and with Pentacam AXL in the supplementary data of: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223770 .

With ArcMap that import capability is found within the ASCII to Raster tool. This tool converts an ASCII file representing raster data to a raster dataset.

Read this document for detailed information:

This Link Maybe Useful:

Following

Nice Contribution Toso Pankovski

Well,

https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/map/working-with-arcmap/using-data-frames.htm

Regards

That's an interesting idea. But why/how would sunlight be an adequate parameter to calculate movement?

I agree with Ali

Hi! If there is land-use continuity (what you need to be sure about.... ususally archaeology is recorded right in the modern villages/settlement spots.. rather due to built-up change and infrastructure then due to the fact that the patterns show 'realistic' archaeological land-use opportunities) you can integrate the NDVI in your friction surface by recalculating the value of the vegetation density:

produce your NDVI map with a remote sensing software (eg multispec, find the guidance for the channel recalculation attached. Download the multicpec software here: https://engineering.purdue.edu/~biehl/MultiSpec/

in your GIS, you can recalculate the values of your raster image to any range you like and finally create no-movement corridors (high values) and potential movement corridors (low values). I am not sure that high vegetation areas would enable movement though...

adding all your raster values to one final raster would result in a friction surface.

in general, you might want to have a look at these books for technical guidance (C/L) and a methodical overview (P):

Conolly/Lake:

Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology (Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology)

Parcak:

Satellite Remote Sensing for Archaeology

Good luck

Michael

Hi Reza,

I tend to recommend Letswave to my students. It uses parts of EEGLab and Fieldtrip and has a nice interface: https://www.letswave.org/

It also requires less programming experience than some programs making it ideal for performing pre-processing and plotting before you are a MATLAB expert.

Kind regards,

Ben

You may want to check next document, available from 'AZ Electronic Materials': http://www.microchemicals.eu/technical_information/gold_etching.pdf

Also about gold etching; at this forum: https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_can_i_regenerate_TiO2_for_gold_photoreductor https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_process_to_clean_Pt_wire_and_disc_electrodes_if_used_in_colloidal_gold_solutions

you can try touse global mapper or coud compare

Hi Sara,

I think that the piranha solution is an effective way to clean silicon substrates and remove organic materials from the surface of the substrate. The solution is prepared by mixing sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide with 3:1 (v/v). Please put sulfuric acid in a beaker first. Then, put the silicon substrate in the piranha solution for 10 minutes, and rinse it for 30 minutes with distilled water.

Best,

Based on similar domain (super resolution) applications it is worth pursuing. I would suggest that you include a comparison study since I could not find a reference directly detailing your proposal (my search was not exhaustive though).

I wish you the best on your research and keep me informed

Thank you for your answer, Guopeng. Hence, our experience is different and it would be interesting to explain way. I think that, apart of soil humidity, it is important to consider soil deeper layers, at least up to 100cm, or the presence of rock in case of shallower soils.

It has been widely documented in the literature how lightning strikes can hit (for instance) the body of a tall tower rather than its tip. Similarly, lightning strikes in the vicinity of a wind turbine do not necessarily need to strike it. In , we show that the attraction zone of wind turbines to downward leaders is also limited, and can be relatively small for low return stroke peak currents. Downward leaders outside that attraction zone will bypass the turbine and strike the ground.

Very Good Ms Herve Parmentier and Rosa Aguilar

The Article: Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance is very important. It is in line with what I mean when I talk about geotechnology. In Brazil, we have a conceptualization that I find quite interesting and comprehensive of GIS. It is proposed by Rosa (2005): Revista do Departamento de Geografia, 16 (2005) 81-90. Title of Article: GEOTECNOLOGIAS NA GEOGRAFIA APLICADA. Author: Roberto Rosa. This author puts a brief initial and interesting summary to the concept of geotechnology in space sciences: "Geotechnology is the set of technologies for collecting, processing, analyzing and offering information with geographic reference. Geotechnologies are made up of hardware, software and peopleware solutions that together are powerful tools for decision making.

Among the geotechnologies we can highlight: geographic information systems, digital cartography, remote sensing, global positioning system and georeferenced topography."

See the integra in the link: http://www.geografia.fflch.usp.br/publicacoes/RDG/RDG_16/Roberto_Rosa.pdf

Herve Parmentier as you can check the links sent by Rosa Aguilar and in this my last link, your links are within the subject. However, I want to know a concept that involves all these and perhaps some other geospatial issues.

@ruslanmelentiev thanks!!

I think, it will depend on the scale of differentiation and distribution, and also on the precision of the climate datasets, as Marco aid. Especially mountains are often not too precise, and for large areas, the climate data are estimated, not measured.

If your uncertainty is only the locality (all occurrence data are correctly identified, and that's where I have my doubts), then big data might work, if there are not too different microclimates on a small scale. On the positive side, I believe, you'd rather risk to underestimate climate niche differentiation than overestimate it.

Please have a look at this useful RG link.

Dear Martinia Ira Glogar,

If you want to measure the roughness on a single textile filament than AFM is the right solution. So you can measure 0.1x0.1mm (a very small spot....)

If you want to measure the overall surface texture an optical method is much better suitable. I suggest focus varition as a suitable tech. With this you can measure also several mm to get a good over view of the textile surfac.

regards

Franz

It is not clear what you specifically want but you possibly need a DEM (elevation raster grid) file for MIKE3. If so, you can create a DEM from the contour lines with interpolation. It can either be done in AutoCAD Civil 3D or in ArcGIS (Topo to Raster tool). You can find some descriptions or tutorials about them on the web.

For anyone to give you really useful information you need to be more specific about your data and why you want to interpolate. According to the graph/plot you have made measurements on some characteristic at each of the "dots"but it is not clear what the characteristic is. With respect to interpolation does this mean you want to generate more curves of dots or does it mean you want to generate values at some prescribed non-data points. What will you use the "interpolated data" for? It is premature to simply recommend that you use spatial analyst or specific algorithms such as IDW or kriging. Although there is no theoretical basis for IDW using it still makes some presumptions about the nature of the data, i.e you have a set of data locations and at each you have a measurement or recorded value, the objective is to generate a value at some pre-selected non-data locations.

Several respondents say or imply that you have to use GIS or GIS software, that is not true. Munir's comment about "drawing a trend" is wrong and also irrelevant but he is correct that there are always interpolation errors. As for kriging, in general it is better than IDW but it is based on various statistical assumptions and there are several different forms of kriging (Simple, Ordinary, Universal, Cokriging). If you are not already familiar with it, you should not just treat the software as a black box. The documentation is not enough to understand how to use it nor how to interpret the results.

Do a search on Google for "variograms and fractures"

Groundwater level / contour follows the topography, whether surface or sub-surface. Hence there will be direct correlation between the bedrock topography and groundwater flow direction + gradient. This condition is in the context of crystalline terrain.

Dear Yubraj Lamichhane ,

The papers on Powder mixed EDM on machining and surface characterisation of

AISI 316 L SS are available in the literature. However, the HA mixed EDM is very recent area in EDM. Few papers on HA mixed EDM are available but they used some other materials for their work.

Liks of few of them is here:

The same happened to Artemis many times in history

And what do you think of anecdotes or rumors or interpretations that degenerate in truth ? I think you can spot them through the "moral value" which is always associated to a bad story. For example, Erostrate: the ugly slave that destroyed beauty (because he wanted to be famous, but so stupid he couldn't imagine any other way), burning up a stone temple. When kid, we were forced to repeat those insanities...

https://www.sciencedirect.com/search?qs=boiling%20curve%20shift&show=25&sortBy=relevance

Dear Jasasvini Peranantham

Please have a look at these useful RG links.

Good luck!

If measuring from the surface, most commonly GPR and ERI are used.

I think that the proofs given above by the European authors sufficiently fully confirm the Dr.'s Romano statement

Hi Noa, it is very easy.

The first thing is to align the 2 point clouds in order to measure only true changes (not the noise of the point clouds). There are 2 options to do this. The first one Align two clouds by picking is if your clouds are not georeferenced. The second one is Finely registers etc. (ICP). You will have to crop the both point clouds to keep the only stable part and apply this second option on the cropped clouds. This gives you the transformation matrix you will have to apply on one of the point cloud (depending on which one you have aligned the other).

Once the two point clouds are aligned, you only have to calculate the distance between the two in order to have a point cloud of the changes (distances). You can use either one or the other point cloud as a reference, or you can define a new point cloud regularly spaced to store the distances. The pluggin to do this is already included in cloudcompare. It is called m3c2. You only have to export the distance point cloud as a raster at the end (interpolation can be also done within a GIS if you prefer but it is much much faster within cloudcompare) by choosing m3c2 distance as active layer to export.

Hope this will help !

Mélanie Bertrand

Thank you very much.

Best regards from southern Chile

Today, we have a plenty of software's to do this. But one software you can use very simple and with full effects. This software is Global Mapper , on this software you can find function of a shade. Try this....

Thank u Mariusz.

Have any work done on this by anyone?

with regards

Dear

Sandeep Kumar

In short laser machining there is continuous arc formation and still stronger than long pulse beam of laser.,Due to this the chances of HAZ in long pulse beam is very high and machining process will not be finished..due to this we r using short pulse laser instead of long pulse laser..

And also the reason behind this is when we used long pulse beam the metal removal rate is too high due to this the finished surface will not found but in short pulse the layer by layer metal removal due to dis finished surface will getting..

I hope so answer giving by me is helpful to you.

Thanku

"After all special relativity theory is the study of the apparent against the physical reality. However I must say most in favor of the apparent which is translated and presented by SRT as reality!"

All theories are images!

"So what is more correct and matters more for science?

The perceptual reality or the physical environmental reality?"

The fundamentals that underpin perceptual reality only get there curtesy of the physically real. The issue is does perceptual reality (experiential reality) that requires us to infer, trump the current scientific image of the real?

In my odd little world the only reality is the relationship we form with the real (experiential reality). This is not to say that experiential reality is entirely veridical etc, just that the fundamentals that drive it have evolved over billions of years from exposure to the environment. They weren't 'invented'! This is likely to be more embedded in the universe than our current conceptual understanding driven by the limitations of our 'inventions'.

So this statement applies to science as well?

"Also one can not neglect the apparent reality because this may lead him/her t o false conclusions for the physical reality special if you misinterpret the apparent reality (supplied by instrumentation) as the physical."

I agree! The mechanism of how we develop the perceptual horizon leads us into a deeper relationship with the real?

Hi Russell. Thanks for your input. Yes, I am talking about remotely-sensed land surface temperature (using Landsat). So, I need not to correct for elevation? To elaborate, I am trying to examine LST against several other variables; I want to make sure what I am measuring is the relationship between those variables and LST and elevation was not confounding one here.