Tobacco Control - Science topic

Given that who benefits from a subsystem have an interest in maintaining a certain status quo, these systems of limited participation are considered to be highly resistant to change (Cobb & Elder, 1983).

But yes the significance of punctuation is an United States Supreme Court case in the development of American administrative law: FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp in 2000. The Court ruled that the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act did not give the Food and Drug Administration the authority to regulate tobacco products as "DRUGS".

Regulation of tobacco by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration began in 2009 with the passage of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act by the United States Congress. With this statute, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given the ability to regulate tobacco products.

Sheer label of DRUGS is apparent choice of the buyer and an illustration of punctuation.

Still one perspective of the American Tobacco Industry. A Big Tobacco firm operating across 180 populations, with Net Annual revenues of roughly $8.056 trillion and spending no less than $8.2 billion on advertising is in violation of Section 307 of the US Tariff Act of 1930 ; when leaf cultivation in the exporting country occupies a tremendously vulnerable age group between 6 and 18. A factual deprivation and unfair practice cloaked in cultural distortions that ultimately perpetuate poverty—compels for the abolition of child labour across NTA tobacco contract farming as a structural reform, beginning with PMI.

The best intervention at educational institute level could be the implementation of Tobacco Free educational institute guidelines through the School management committees (SMCs). However at health institute level the flying squads shall be accountable to ensure compliance.

Please also have a look at the following PDF attachments.

Ban on advertising will definitely have an impact on consumption from future generations. It's worth it.

The population at large @ majority are smokers including the policy makers, politicians interest, economy generator etc. On the other hand, when the tobacco, cigarettes are expensive due to the tax, alternatively the smokers shift to smuggling tobacco. This event occurred mainly in developing nation and Malaysia not exempted because 60% of Malaysian are heavy smokers.

'mankind addiction' is new unexplored research opportunity.

The term ‘‘tobacco constituent’’ is defined as a substance naturally present in tobacco. The term ‘‘tobacco ingredient’’ is defined as a substance (except water) that is added to tobacco during the manufacturing process and having a specific function on the final tobacco product. Tobacco ingredients are classified as flavours and additives. In 1960, a little over 200 chemical constituents had been identified in tobacco leaf of all types and less than 450 had been reported in smoke. Today, approximately 3000 have been identified and characterized in tobacco leaf and some 4000 in smoke. Estimates are that the total number of chemical constituents in leaf exceeds 4000 and there are over 6000 in tobacco smoke. Mixture tobacco for cigarette consist flue-cured tobacco- virginia, air-cured tobacco-burley, sun-cured tobacco. reconstituted tobacco (RECON) and expanded rib which differ according to the chemical composition. The smoke composition is depend from composition of tobacco mixture.

best regards

Hi Joyce, I am now Professor Emeritus (2014) from George Washington U (2014)

and have moved to Florida. I published the 5th edition of my "Evaluation ..." textbook with Oxford U, Press (2015) and continue to be involved with smoking and drinking research with pregnant women. I think one of the primary issues with NRT and youth (< 17) is age and Informed Consent. I also suspect that legal liability is an issue. Cheers

Richard

The following articles may be of interest:

Mela, M., & Luther, G. (2013). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Can diminished responsibility diminish criminal behaviour? International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 36(1), 46-54. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.11.007

Case studies included in citing below.

Wartnik, A. P., & Carlson, S. S. (2011). A judicial perspective on Issues Impacting the trial courts related to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. The Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 39(1), 73-119. doi:10.1177/009318531103900104

Empirical quantitative study included in citing below.

Stinson, J. D. (2014). Characteristics of people with intellectual disabilities in a secure U.S. forensic hospital. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 7(4), 337-337. doi:10.1080/19315864.2014.930549

I hope these are of value to your research!

Either do I. pr.g.dubois@wanadoo.fr

Maybe a good strategy is to  encourage smokers you know  who have developed  lung cancer to sue the tobacco  companies?  Such actions certainly  create awareness about the grubby nature of the industry and the danger  of their products. 

A Florida jury has fined the Reynolds Tobacco Co. US$23.6 for punitive damages in a lawsuit filed by the widow of a smoker who died of lung cancer in 1996.

The case is one of those filed in Florida after the state Supreme Court in 2006 threw out a US$145 billion class action verdict. That ruling also said smokers and their families need only prove addiction and that smoking caused their illnesses or deaths.

In 2013, Florida’s highest court re-approved that decision, which made it easier for sick smokers or their survivors to pursue lawsuits against tobacco companies without having to prove to the court again that Big Tobacco knowingly sold dangerous products and lied about the hazards of cigarette smoking.

As expected the Reynolds senior management grizzled about the verdict.

I  use Normalisation Process Theory  a lot in my work, which focuses on the implementation of complex interventions into practice. I find it very good for considering the work that needs to done in understanding an intervention, engaging others, work enacting it, monitoring and adapting. Have also applied it to policy. See my papers - and those of my colleagues Frances Mair and Carl May.