Science topic

Titanium - Science topic

Titanium is a dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts; atomic number, 22; atomic weight, 47.90; symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures. (Dorland, 28th ed)
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How to measure the sheet resistance of a titanium silicide film of less than 10 nanometers with only one photomask, or what measurement methods are available?
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Four -Point Probe or micro 4-point probe (probing on blanket wafer) can be used. Transfer Length method is also recommendable.
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I am currently developing a novel coating for titanium implants, and I have encountered some challenges with one of my experimental groups.
In this group, I used electrodeposited calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings on titanium as a positive control due to its proven osteoconductivity in the literature. However, when I cultured periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) on the CaP-coated titanium, I observed significant cell death. To address this issue, I conditioned the CaP surface with fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 1 hour before cell seeding and refreshed the media every three days. Although these modifications reduced the cell death rate somewhat, the viability of the cells remains unacceptably low.
I would greatly appreciate any advice or suggestions you might have regarding methods to improve cell viability on CaP-coated titanium implants.
I look forward to any guidance you can provide.
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Below, I offer several additional considerations that may further enhance the robustness of your approach:
Advanced Characterisation of the CaP-Cell Interface
In addition to SEM and FTIR, atomic force microscopy (AFM) could provide invaluable insights into nanoscale interactions between the periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and the substrate. AFM can offer precise measurements of surface roughness and topographical cues, which are instrumental in modulating cellular adhesion and mechanotransduction.
In Vitro and In Vivo Bioactivity Assessment
Beyond the physicochemical characterisation of the coating, it is imperative to assess its bioactivity under conditions that emulate the periodontal microenvironment. Investigating osteogenic differentiation through quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) or Western blot analysis of osteogenic markers, alongside mineralisation assays (e.g., Alizarin Red staining), could provide critical insights into the functional integration of the PDLSCs with the coated substrate.
Hybrid Coating Strategies for Enhanced Performance
Rather than employing a monolithic CaP layer, the incorporation of hybrid coatings—such as calcium phosphate in conjunction with bioactive polymers (e.g., chitosan or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA))—could offer dual benefits. Such composites may modulate the degradation profile of CaP, facilitate controlled biomolecule release, and ultimately create a more favourable microenvironment for cell attachment and proliferation.
Optimisation of the Mechanical Interface
The adhesion strength of the CaP coating to the titanium substrate is of paramount importance for long-term implant stability. Employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) could yield critical data regarding the stability of the coating in physiologically relevant conditions, thereby allowing for predictive modelling of its long-term performance in vivo.
Computational Modelling and Theoretical Simulations
The application of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations or finite element modelling (FEM) could provide profound insights into ionic diffusion dynamics within the CaP coating and their subsequent interactions with the cellular milieu. Such approaches may enable the prediction of long-term cellular responses and optimise coating parameters accordingly.
By integrating these methodologies, you could attain a more comprehensive understanding of the CaP-coated titanium interface, thereby maximising the viability and osteogenic potential of PDLSCs. Have you considered implementing any of these approaches within your current research framework?
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Hi all,
I am designing a calibration Kit for 2 port calibration. So for the further work, to design a load of 50 ohm we have decided for a 23 nm Titanium thin fim resistor by electron beam evaporation. In order to design the load with a specified length and width, we need to know about the resitivity of the thin film resistor.
If any one has idea about that or leads to some papers regarding it, it would be a great help.
Thank you for your help!
Cheers,
Jojo
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Dear Jojo,
The sheet resistance of thin layers of Ti cannot be calculated by using the bulk value of Ti resistivity. For thin films, especially yours of 23 nm, the resistance is determined for the major part by the way you have deposited the Ti. For this you should look up Thornton's model for vapor deposition. It shows how morphology of thin layers is changed by process parameters like material melting temperature, actual surface temperature during processing and process pressure. Depending on these parameters you will get polycrystalline, microcrystalline, transition (T) structure of fibrous grains or columnar pillar growth. The average free electron path in metals is ca. 50 nm. If you go below this value in layer thickness, morphology of the film has a tremendous impact on resistivity. So you have to characterize the resistivity at this thickness of 23 nm in terms of the process settings.
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Would it be possible to use sodium in liquid anhydrous ammonia (Birch reduction) to reduce titanium dioxide to titanium metal?
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Yes, it is theoretically possible to reduce titanium dioxide (TiO₂) to titanium metal (Ti) using sodium in liquid anhydrous ammonia, although this would be an unconventional and challenging method.
Here’s a breakdown of why it might work and the challenges involved:
Theoretical Basis
Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) can be reduced to titanium metal through various methods, and one potential method involves using a strong reducing agent like sodium (Na). Sodium, being a highly reactive alkali metal, could potentially reduce the titanium dioxide to titanium metal by donating electrons to the titanium ions in TiO₂.
The reaction could follow a general form like this:
TiO2+4Na→Ti+2Na2O
In this case, sodium (Na) reduces Ti⁴⁺ (from TiO₂) to metallic titanium (Ti), while sodium itself is oxidized to form sodium oxide (Na₂O).
Role of Anhydrous Ammonia
Anhydrous ammonia (NH₃) is a strong solvent that can stabilize alkali metals like sodium in their liquid state, as well as facilitate certain reduction reactions. In liquid ammonia, sodium is more reactive and could potentially facilitate the reduction of TiO₂. Ammonia also acts as a medium that might lower the activation energy for the reaction and help maintain a low temperature, which is beneficial for reactions involving alkali metals.
Potential Mechanism
Nucleophilic Attack: Sodium in liquid ammonia could interact with TiO₂, likely through a nucleophilic attack on the titanium atom. Sodium could donate electrons to titanium, reducing it from Ti⁴⁺ to Ti⁰.
Stabilization of Sodium: In liquid ammonia, sodium exists as solvated Na⁺ cations, which could facilitate electron transfer and make the reduction process more efficient. The ammonia would also stabilize the highly reactive sodium metal.
Practical Challenges
Temperature Control: The reaction between sodium and titanium dioxide would likely be highly exothermic. Handling the reaction at temperatures appropriate for liquid ammonia (−33.3 °C at standard pressure) would be crucial to avoid uncontrolled reactions.
Formation of Na₂O: Sodium oxide (Na₂O) would form as a by-product, and removing this product from the reaction could be challenging. Na₂O is hygroscopic, meaning it would absorb moisture from the air and form NaOH, so controlling the reaction environment is critical.
Reaction Kinetics: The reaction between sodium and titanium dioxide could be slow or require specific conditions to proceed efficiently. Sodium typically reacts more readily with oxygen compounds, but reducing titanium from its highest oxidation state in TiO₂ to metallic titanium might need careful tuning of the reaction conditions.
Safety Hazards: Sodium metal is highly reactive, especially in the presence of water, and ammonia is a toxic, corrosive gas. Handling these chemicals requires proper safety precautions, including inert atmospheres and temperature control.
Alternative Methods
The most common industrial methods for reducing titanium dioxide to titanium metal are the Kroll process and the Hunter process. These processes involve reducing titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄) with magnesium or sodium in high-temperature reactors, and they are far more established than the potential sodium-ammonia route.
In summary, while it is theoretically possible to reduce TiO₂ to Ti using sodium in liquid ammonia, this would be a highly experimental and difficult process. It would require precise control of temperature, atmosphere, and the reaction environment to work effectively.
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Titanium dioxide is a covalent molecule and I wanted to ask if it might be reduced to titanium metal by the Wolff-Kishner Reduction in the same manner that organic carbonyls are reduced to alkanes.
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Dear Christian Everett,
Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) cannot undergo reduction to titanium metal through the Wolff-Kishner reaction, as TiO₂ is an inorganic compound, while the Wolff-Kishner reduction is a reaction specific to organic chemistry. Instead, the reduction of TiO₂ to titanium metal requires high-temperature chemical methods.
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I am a chemistry student conducting an experiment to electrochemically deposit nano-copper onto Titanium foil using Chronopotentiometry (CP). I applied a current of -15 mA/cm² for 142 seconds. The three-electrode system consisted of Titanium foil as the working electrode (WE), a platinum wire as the counter electrode (CE), and an Ag/AgCl electrode as the reference electrode (RE). The electrolyte was a mixture of 50 mL containing 0.02 M Cu(NO3)2, 1 M H2SO4, and 0.1 M HNO3.
After 142 seconds, a reddish-brown layer formed on the Titanium foil. However, after removing it from the system and exposing it to air, the reddish-brown layer gradually disappeared within a few minutes, leaving nothing visible on the Titanium foil.
Could this be due to copper being oxidized into copper oxide, but the deposited amount is too small for the black color of CuO to be observed?
The synthesis process follows the work of Ortiz et al., 2014.
Ortiz, G. F., López, M. C., Alcántara, R., & Tirado, J. L. (2014). Electrodeposition of copper–tin nanowires on Ti foils for rechargeable lithium micro-batteries with high energy density. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 585, 331–336. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.09.163
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in this case I recommend that you consider the following points:
*Try to reduce the acidity of the environment,
* use chronoamperometry instead of chronopotentiometry,
* after electrodeposition, place the plate in distilled water.
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I mixed tungsten and titanium and sintered it in cylinder shape diameter 50mm with thickness 4mm. I would like to observe the fracture morphology under SEM. But to study the fracture morphology first I need to break it. WTi is very hard material. I unable to do tensile or compression test to break as the sample is too small. Is there any way to break it like using chemical or how? In published paper they do not mentioned in details how they break it.
Thank you in advance,
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Jp Wu Nice suggestion. Thank you for your reply.
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The research we have conducted is not yielding any result despite following the proper protocol :
Titanium nanoparticles were synthesized, calcinated and stored under proper conditions.
To perform photocatalysis :
We added 0.05g of TiO2 nanoparticles, 0.5 ml hydrogen peroxide to a 50ml solution of methyl orange in a set of two beakers, stirred in the dark for half an hour to achieve the absorption - disorption equilibrium.
One beaker was kept under the UV light of biosafety cabinet since we do not have a photoreactor. But after 3 hours of irradiation, it did not degrade the dye.
The other beaker containing nanoparticles and methyl orange solution was irradiated using tungsten bulb with a distance of 5 cm on a constant stirrer for 3 hours.
But after 3 hours of exposure to light there was no sign of degradation.
We also tried balancing the pH by adding HCL dropwise to make make the solution Acidic so that methyl orange has a negative charge and titanium nanoparticles would carry a positive charge.
The experiment does not yield result in either of the above mentioned light sources. What are the factors that need to be changed or are missing for dye degradation to occur.
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I have some ideas that may help:
-Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration: Choose a ratio where the H₂O₂ concentration is at least twice that of methyl orange. This will enhance the oxidation process.
-UV Light Source: Ensure you have information about your UV lamp, particularly its maximum emission wavelength. Compare this with the molar absorption spectrum of methyl orange, as a high molar absorption could cause it to act as a filter for photons.
-pH Considerations: Work around the point of zero charge (pHzc) of TiO₂, which is about 6.2. Research the pKa of methyl orange, as it is a pH indicator. -Start with a small concentration of dye may also be beneficial 5mg/,10mg/l ...ect .
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I fabricated Ti3C2Tx using concentrated HF 40%, I plot an XRD as attached image below.. please let to know if I obtained it or not.
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Dear Wedad,
you can find multilayered Ti3C2Tx MXenes XRD patterns in these papers:
Your XRD pattern has some similarities to MXenes; however, the MAX phase quality and pretreatment can significantly influence your synthesis products. I suggest using Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the synthesis products and ensure MXenes' quality.
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why delta glaze is applying to titanium ingot before starting an forging operation
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Dear Francois ,
How we can dispersion sodium metasilicate solid particles in which solution water based formulations ?
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I want to know more about exploration of Ti deposits.
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Dear Gholamreza Fotoohi Rad please do recommend my answer if helpful
Field primary exploration of a titanium mine involves several key steps to evaluate the potential of the site. Here's a comprehensive approach to exploring a promising titanium deposit:
### 1. Preliminary Research
**A. Desktop Study:**
- **Literature Review:** Collect and review existing geological, geophysical, and geochemical data about the region.
- **Historical Data:** Examine previous exploration reports and mining records.
- **Remote Sensing:** Utilize satellite imagery and aerial photographs to identify geological features indicative of titanium deposits.
**B. Regulatory and Permitting:**
- **Permits:** Secure necessary exploration permits and licenses from relevant authorities.
- **Environmental Considerations:** Conduct an initial environmental assessment to understand potential impacts and regulatory requirements.
### 2. Fieldwork Planning
**A. Logistics:**
- **Access:** Plan for transportation to and within the exploration site.
- **Accommodation:** Arrange for temporary field camps or nearby lodging.
- **Safety:** Implement safety protocols and ensure availability of first aid and emergency response plans.
**B. Equipment Preparation:**
- **Sampling Tools:** Shovels, augers, and core drilling rigs.
- **Geophysical Instruments:** Magnetometers, ground-penetrating radar, and resistivity meters.
- **Geochemical Tools:** Soil and rock sampling kits, GPS devices, and sample bags.
### 3. Geological Mapping
**A. Surface Mapping:**
- **Outcrop Examination:** Identify and map visible rock formations and outcrops.
- **Structural Mapping:** Document faults, folds, and other structural features.
- **Mineralogical Analysis:** Conduct preliminary identification of minerals present.
**B. Sampling:**
- **Soil Sampling:** Collect soil samples at regular intervals along predefined grids.
- **Rock Chip Sampling:** Take rock chip samples from outcrops and boulders.
- **Stream Sediment Sampling:** Collect sediment samples from nearby streams and rivers to identify heavy mineral concentrations.
### 4. Geophysical Surveys
**A. Ground-Based Surveys:**
- **Magnetic Survey:** Measure variations in the earth’s magnetic field to detect mineral deposits.
- **Electromagnetic Survey:** Identify conductive minerals through electromagnetic fields.
- **Gravity Survey:** Detect density variations in the subsurface indicative of mineral deposits.
**B. Airborne Surveys:**
- **Aeromagnetic Survey:** Cover larger areas quickly to identify magnetic anomalies.
- **Radiometric Survey:** Measure natural radiation to detect minerals associated with titanium.
### 5. Geochemical Analysis
**A. Sample Preparation:**
- **Crushing and Pulverizing:** Prepare samples for laboratory analysis.
- **Quality Control:** Implement protocols for sample contamination and mix-up prevention.
**B. Laboratory Analysis:**
- **X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF):** Determine elemental composition.
- **Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS):** Analyze trace elements and mineral content.
- **Assay Testing:** Evaluate titanium dioxide (TiO2) content in samples.
### 6. Drilling Program
**A. Core Drilling:**
- **Diamond Drilling:** Extract core samples for detailed geological and geochemical analysis.
- **Reverse Circulation (RC) Drilling:** Collect rock cuttings for rapid assessment.
**B. Logging and Sampling:**
- **Core Logging:** Document lithology, mineralogy, and structural features.
- **Sample Collection:** Segment core samples for laboratory analysis.
### 7. Data Integration and Interpretation
**A. Data Compilation:**
- **Geological Maps:** Create detailed maps integrating surface and subsurface data.
- **Geophysical Models:** Develop 3D models of the subsurface geology.
- **Geochemical Maps:** Highlight areas with high concentrations of titanium.
**B. Resource Estimation:**
- **Grade Estimation:** Calculate the concentration of titanium minerals.
- **Volume Estimation:** Estimate the size of the deposit.
- **Preliminary Economic Assessment:** Evaluate the potential economic viability of the deposit.
### 8. Reporting and Decision Making
**A. Exploration Report:**
- **Findings:** Summarize geological, geophysical, and geochemical results.
- **Resource Potential:** Provide an estimate of the deposit size and grade.
- **Recommendations:** Suggest next steps, including further exploration or development.
**B. Stakeholder Engagement:**
- **Community Consultation:** Engage with local communities and stakeholders.
- **Regulatory Reporting:** Submit findings to relevant regulatory bodies.
**C. Decision Making:**
- **Feasibility Study:** Determine if further detailed exploration or a feasibility study is warranted.
- **Investment Decision:** Assess the potential for developing the mine based on exploration results.
By following these steps, exploration teams can thoroughly evaluate the potential of a titanium deposit, ensuring that all relevant data is collected and analyzed to make informed decisions about the viability of mining operations.
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Hi y'all,
I was trying to meausre the pressure drop under a constant flow rate. For the porous media like titanium fiber felt and sintered titanium, when I use deionized water OR alcohol,the pressure drop kept increasing over time under a constant flow rate. This phenomenon only happened when I used liquid, for nitrogen, the pressre drop could keep constant.
I tried 3 houres of deionized water, the pressure drop increased from 1 kPa to 4 kPa and increasing, when I took it out and dried it, the initial pressre drop could go back to 1 kPa, also increasing, but with a smaller increase rate.
Does anyone know why? Looking for your answer.
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Pressure drop may be increased due to pores occupied with fine particles. You can measure present bed height and compare with initial bed height. The height must be decreases.
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The target type is titanium; the height is 900 mm, the width is 70 mm, the race track height is 750 mm and the width is 50 mm.
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Please check the documentation of the RSD software on
But I added also in attachment.
The info you look for should be on page 40 of the RSD manual.
Good luck!
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Would it be possible to hydrogenate titanium dioxide to titanium metal with a platinum catalyst in ammonia, ethylamine or ethylenediamine?
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Hi Christian,
I don't know much about the chemistry you are describing here. Yes it makes sense that you can dissolve some titanium and/or aluminum oxide in liquid ethylamine (probably not tens of grams per liter like your supplier states), and conductivity would be a good method to monitor the dissolution (although it won't tell you the concentrations unless you are prepared to engage in a laborious little research project to correlate conductance and concentration).
I think it does make sense NOT to ship anhydrous ethylamine IF what a client wants to use is an aqueous solution. Anhydrous ethylamine is very flammable and of course very volatile, so it's a significant shipping hazard. But if what you need is the anhydrous stuff, it can be done for the right price. Talk with your supplier some more.
If you do embark on this little adventure, please pay a lot of attention to safety, for your sake and for your lab mates'. Also, my hunch is that to get reproducible results you have to work in a tightly closed system under nitrogen or argon, so the amine doesn't absorb water (which will change a lot of parameters) and an errant spark doesn't cause an explosion.
Best of luck!
Emanuel Cooper
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My task is to achieve maximum shielding effectiveness.
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Through the construction of material structure, such as core-shell structure, multilayer structure
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I tried to synthesise different morphologies by adjusting the ratio of DMF to methanol. When the DMF and ethanol ratios were 9:1 and 7:3, the XRD images of the samples showed a diffraction peak not belonging to MIL-125 at around 8°. When the DMF and ethanol ratios were 5:5, The XRD of the sample is completely different from MIL-125. I can't determine the composition of the sample.
Why is this happening?
What is the composition of a 5:5 sample?
I'd appreciate it if someone could respond.
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The overlapped traces are much better for comparison and showed two completely different crystalline structures. In addition, the crystallinity of the one in colour was much lower than the other and may contain much higher amorphous content.
Interestingly, both showed the diffraction peak at about 8deg, as you said, not belonging to that of MIL-125, indicating potential impurities in your two samples.
If you don't have other techniques to characterise your samples, you could run more xrd on your samples after different treatment of your samples, such as drying in oven and/or purging with nitrogen gas, in short and longer time; or simply grinding gently and coarsely, to see the changes in xrd if applicable.
BTW, xrd is not the technique to define the materials composition but only their crystallinity, i.e. crystalline structyres and amorphous content. Having said that though, it is good to spot on different polymorph if applicable and impurities.
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I am trying to do a reduction reaction of 4-Hydroxybenzophenone using TiCl4/Zn. Can anyone suggest me which form of TiCl4 (for example Titanium(IV) chloride, 1M soln. in dichloromethane, Titanium(IV) chloride, 99.99% (metals basis), Titanium(IV) chloride, 99.9%) is ideal for this reaction in laboratory scale.
Thank you
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Victor Murithi Thank you so much. Could you please explain the handling protocol of this chemical. Since it is highly volatile and reactive how can it be weighed accurately and safely?
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Does anyone have or let me know where to find the ICCD or JCPDS file of pure titnaium metal (01-1197 )
Many thanks in advnace
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Thank you Haobam Samananda Singh for your answer. Appreciate your kindness.
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Hi Team,
We are evaporating Ti/Au 20nm/300nm film. The film is fine, post-evaporation. However, after annealing it in the furnace at 350c with N2, the film has black dots all over it. Please see pic attached.
What is the reason and how to fix it, any help will highly be appreciated. Thanks
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It appears that the black dots that appear on the film after annealing it in the oven at a temperature of 350 degrees Celsius may be the result of several factors, including:
1. Film contamination: There may be contamination in the annealing process, whether it is from the atmosphere or the materials used in the annealing process.
2. Chemical reaction: A chemical reaction may occur between the film components and the environment at the annealing temperature, leading to the formation of black dots.
3. Formation of a metallic layer: Film annealing may cause the formation of an unwanted metallic layer, which appears as black dots.
To fix this problem, you can try the following steps:
1. Clean the oven and equipment well before annealing to reduce contamination.
2. Check the annealing conditions such as temperature, pressure and gas used to ensure that they match the requirements of the annealing process.
3. Verify the quality of the materials used in preparing the film and ensure that there is no contamination in them.
4. Conduct experimental tests using different annealing conditions to determine the optimal conditions that limit the formation of black dots.
If the problem persists, you may need to consult industry experts for additional assistance.
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I am trying to synthesize MXenes (Ti3C2Tx), using the MILD etching method (in-situ formation of HF by reaction of LiF + HCl). I am taking equal amounts of LiF powder (Sigma Aldrich, >99.99% trace metals basis) and Ti3C2Tx powder with 10ml of 9M HCl. LiF and HCl are stirred for around 30 minutes, followed by a slow addition of MAX precursor. The etching is done at 35 deg Celsius at 300 rpm for 24 hrs. The product is then centrifuged 10 times (10 minutes each). The supernatant after the last centrifugation is collected, and its SEM micrographs (also EDS mapping) show very high traces of fluoride particles (~1 um) and a much lesser trace of Titanium. Why did fluoride particles remain undissolved or not removed in the decant of the first few centrifuges? Also, is it possible that Titanium is also getting etched out?
Note: 1) Traces of Aluminium are also present, even more than Titanium.
2) The mixture of LiF and HCl remained fuzzy even after 30 minutes of stirring at 300 rpm.
3) All these are done in ambient environment
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LiF has poor solubility in water. Increase the number of washing cycles and try to use warm water to improve LiF solubility.
The presence of Al in EDS/SEM can indicate that the etching time was not sufficient. You can corroborate this with simple XRD analysis.
You do not specify the centrifugation parameters, but 3500-4500 rpm @ 5min should be sufficient to precipitate the impurities you have (Al, LiF, etc).
So:
  1. check you centrifugation parameters
  2. increase washing cycles and use warm water
  3. take XRD/EDS/Raman of sample to see if LiF and Ti3AlC2 peaks are still present
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As we are using alkali activated slag for injection, we need it with flowability for about 10 minutes. Usually these materials are known to set quickly. I am asking if there is any type of retarder working on AAS ?
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This paper will definitely help you:
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Dear ResearchGate ,
I hope this message finds you well. I am currently engaged in research that requires fine mesh size of Titanium powder, and I am seeking guidance regarding its procurement.
Could anyone kindly suggest reputable sources or suppliers from whom I could acquire fine mesh size powder? My specific requirements pertain to titanium fine powder ( mesh size - 325) .
Any insights, recommendations, or past experiences in obtaining similar materials would be greatly appreciated.
Thank you in advance for your assistance.
Best regards,
Mr. Ajit payer
IIT Patna
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department
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You're welcome.
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all of alkoxy groups of Titanium
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Dear friend Hossein Ghassemi
Hey there! Let me dive into the world of titanium catalysts and lateral alkoxy groups. Now, when we talk about titanium catalysts, particularly in the realm of olefin polymerization, the lateral alkoxy groups play a crucial role.
One common example is titanium-based Ziegler–Natta catalysts used in the production of polyolefins. These catalysts typically involve titanium compounds with various ligands, including lateral alkoxy groups. Examples of lateral alkoxy groups you might encounter in such catalysts include ethoxy (OCH2CH3), isopropoxy (OC(CH3)2H), and butoxy (OC4H9).
The choice of lateral alkoxy groups can significantly influence the catalyst's reactivity, stereoselectivity, and overall performance in polymerization reactions. It's like assembling a team of superheroes for a specific mission – each member (alkoxy group) brings unique abilities to the table.
Now, let's go conquer the polymerization universe! If you've got more questions or want to chat about the fascinating world of catalysts, bring it on!
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If 2% sulphur is to be doped using thiourea as a precursor in TiO2 (using titanium butoxide as a precursor), What is the formula to calculate the amount of S dopant precursor and the amount of titanium butoxide needed in grams?
Is there any particular formula to calculate it from mol% and weight%?
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Dear friend Kuljit Kaur
Now, let's dive into the realm of dopants and precursors in style.
To calculate the amount of dopant needed, you can use the following formula:
Amount of Dopant (g)=[(Dopant Mol%/100)​×Total moles of TiO2​×Molar mass of S)
Let's break it down:
1. Calculate the total moles of TiO2 required:
Total moles of TiO2​=​Desired weight of TiO2​ / Molar mass of TiO2​
2. Calculate the amount of dopant precursor (thiourea) needed:
Amount of Thiourea (g)=Amount of Dopant (g)×(Molar mass of Thiourea / Molar mass of S​)
3. Calculate the amount of titanium butoxide needed:
Amount of Titanium Butoxide (g)= (Total moles of TiO2​×Molar mass of TiO2​−Amount of Dopant (g)​)/ Molar mass of Titanium Butoxide
This formula takes into account the molar percentages of sulfur and the desired weight of TiO2.
Please note:
- Ensure consistency in units (either grams or moles).
- Be cautious with molar masses and conversions.
Feel free to plug in your values and calculate away! If you Kuljit Kaur have more questions or need clarifications, just throw them at me! 🚀
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using solution based method
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You can create titianium metal nanoparticles from titanium tetrachloride by hydrolysis of TiCl4 using water and glycerol solvent system You can find the attachment below for reference: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60518
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I've never seen these kind of peaks before,what reason can cause it,I'm really confused.
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David J. Morgan Thank you! my sample have Bi, so it could be Bi4d3/2.
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Hi everyone
im trying to evaporate gold with electron beam evaporation. but haven't shown any adhesion.
i have used microscope slides as well as Titanium as a adhesion layer but there haven't seen any adhesion between titanium and gold.
can any body help me?
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Several steps can be taken to improve gold adhesion during e-beam evaporation. Firstly, cleaning substrates thoroughly using solvents like acetone and isopropanol, then deionized water, and drying with nitrogen is crucial. Plasma cleaning can be considered for a more thorough cleaning. Secondly, depositing a very thin layer of titanium before a gold deposition can promote adhesion (a few nm), and depositing gold immediately afterwards can prevent titanium oxide formation. Additionally, controlling deposition rates, and substrate heating during deposition. You can consider an interlayer such as chromium, and post-deposition annealing which can improve adhesion during e-beam evaporation.
Here are some references you may want to check:
10.1021/la063738o 10.1149/1.2108651 10.1039/c5ta07515g
10.1002/admi.202100068 10.3390/coatings8050186 10.3938/jkps.66.726
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Hi anyone, I am starting using Ti foil for zinc-ion battery current collector, but i want to know how to clean the Ti Foil. Thank you
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I'm not sure if you asked me, but this is what I know. I have never used HNO3. But it can be tried. I don't think we can know until we try it... As far as I know, sulfuric acid is more preferred in battery making. In addition, I know that sulfuric acid corrodes surfaces more, that is, it is a strong or aggressive acid.
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Dear all, I am student from Malaysia. I just want to try to use DAMAKS for my research. Does anybody have example of yaml file for titanium and ss316. For titanium, I would like to have taylor homogenization (alpha and beta). Can someone help ?
Regards
Zulhilmi Izhar
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DearZulhilmi Izhar,
For the possibility of using "DAMAKS" you can contact Prof. N. Tonchev. You can find a song with it on the links below:
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I am looking to deposit a single-layer titanium nitride layer with a sheet resistance of approximately 60 ohms and a layer of TiNx (x value should be in the range of 0.8 to 1.2).
The developed layer will have potential applications in buildings and facades. Could anyone suggest in which way the layer development is needed to process the deposition using the DC magnetron sputter coating system?
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Do you really want to deposit a single layer, which would be one layer or atoms, or do you mean something else? Depositing closed layers by sputtering gets increasingly harder for thinner films and I'm not sure you can do a single layer.
When it comes to the stoichiometry, a temperature and pressure variation as it was done here might be what you are looking for:
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Currently i am calculating the DFT+U for monolayer titanium disulfide. The problem is, due to the lack source of computer and core, the calculation takes many days to complete just one calculation for the 3x3 monolayer.. the question that i want to ask is , if i calculate the hubbard parameter for the single atom of titanium disulfide.. can i used that hubbard parameter to my 3x3 monolayer titanium calculation??
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As mentioned by Mohammadali Ahmadzadeh, using the Hubbard parameter calculated for a single atom of titanium disulfide in your 3x3 monolayer titanium disulfide calculation can provide a reasonable approximation, but it may not capture the full electronic correlation effects present in the extended system. The Hubbard parameter, also known as the U parameter, is employed in DFT+U calculations to account for the on-site Coulomb repulsion between electrons in localized d or f orbitals. By tuning the Hubbard parameter, you can effectively treat the system with a more accurate description of electronic correlation effects. When applying the Hubbard parameter obtained from a single atom calculation to a larger system like a 3x3 monolayer, it assumes that the electronic correlation effects are similar across the entire system. This approximation can be valid if the interactions between the atoms are weak, and the electronic properties are largely dominated by the individual atoms. However, in more strongly interacting systems or materials with significant interatomic interactions, the Hubbard parameter might not be transferable to the extended system accurately. To obtain a more reliable description of electronic correlation effects in the 3x3 monolayer titanium disulfide, it is generally recommended to perform a separate Hubbard parameter calculation for the extended system. This calculation would involve considering the interactions between neighboring atoms and capturing the collective electronic correlation effects present in the larger structure.
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Is it possible to remove the titanium-based coating using any solvents/ acids or other chemicals from the steel without affecting the surface of the steel?
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@ uoyThank
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I am starting with 220 emery paper to smooth the surface followed by 340, 400, 600, 800, 1200 with 200 rpm and 1500 and 2000 emery paper with 125 rpm followed by 3 micron but i am getting deep scratches on my sample.
If someone can suggest additional input how i can get scratch free sample for microscopy.
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Hello
I would advise you to start with the emery paper of 600 till 2000 and do not use the 200, 300 and 400 ones.
You should follow this by metal polishing paste with rag wheel brush which is attached to a low speed dental motor to get a surface roughness of about 0.05 - 0.07 microns.
The emery paper especially the rough ones without the use of a polishing paste will cause surface scratches and high values of surface roughness.
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I was conducting EBSD (Electron Back Scatter Diffraction) of a forged beta titanium alloy (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al).
The alloy cylinder was heat treated (solutionized + aged) after forging in beta phase field. However after conducting EBSD (along and perpendicular to direction of forging) the phase fractions turned out to be different. It is similar to what was found in this paper (on Page 4) ( ).
Can someone pls explain why we are getting this difference?
I am getting 60 percent beta 40 percent alpha along Longitudinal direction but 85 percent alpha and 15 percent beta along transverse direction.
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If you have anisotropic 3d microstructure you can - performing 2d-type analysis - have highly non-representative defect densities. In case of dislocation densities (counting density of intersection points) you can have this if all dislocations are parallel to one direction. Also in the case of a strictly lamellar microstructure, the phase fractions can be highly different, if you the lamellae normal is perpendicular or inside the 2d section.
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Titanium Carbide
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In this paper( ) they have mentioned the jcpds card no. as 032-1383
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Hello,
I´ve been trying to synthesize TiO2 nano-particles via sol-gel by the hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide without success. Every time I end up with a white suspension that tends to sediment. I´ve tried both acid and basic pH, as well as both heating and cooling.
My synthesis consists in dissolving TTIP in isopropanol and then dropwise adding a solution of isopropanol under either stirring or ultrasound.
Any tips would be appreciated.
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Jose Nicolas Cardenas Espana Good question and one that's been asked for many years. First thing - TiO2 in all its 3 major forms has a high density (~ 4.2 g/cm3) and this means it will settle pretty easily. Carry out a Stokes' Law calculation to determine what size of particles could remain in free Brownian motion (the ASTM standard for DLS - ASTM E2490-09 (2021) Standard Guide for Measurement of Particle Size Distribution of Nanomaterials in Suspension by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS) has a table with a material of density 4.2 g/cm3 in it together with predicted settling times. This is to mimic TiO2). The fact you have a white precipitate tells you that the size of the particles is >> 100 nm (and thus they'll settle - a true nano colloidal suspension won't settle and will be close to transparent). So, what does that tell me about your preparation conditions? It's the fact that your concentrations of the TiO2 precurosor (the usual isopropoxide) is way too high. Small sizes are favored by low concentrations so that the formed particles have less chance of rapid recombination. Dilute your TTIP in IPA by a factor of 10 or 100, or maybe even 1000, as a starting point. You should end up with a clear, or faintly blue opalescent, liquid. You may also need a stabilizer. In aqueous media the optimum concentration of phosphate is used for charge/electrostatic stabilization. In organic media you may need to look for a steric stabilizer such as 50 kDa PEG or PEI.
The is more on TiO2 in this webinar (free registration required):
Dispersion and nanotechnology
Keep the colloidal suspension in the liquid form. Do not attempt to dry or filter or you'll lose the 'nano-ness' of the system. Good luck with your research.
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I am specifically referring to a product sold by sigma where they do not specify this information. The 10-15% was determined via Na2S2O3 titration, which makes me suspect that it is in w/w, but that is kind of useless given that I dont know the density of the solution. I would hope it is in w/v, meaning grams per liter. Anyone have any insight on this?
I called sigma and they didnt know
Product number: 14010 (Titanium(III)Chloride)
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Reading the Sigma Certificate, I see 10-15% is the acceptable range, and in this instance, what was found was 11%, ie the product complies with the range. It is unclear from the information given whether the 10-15% range is active component, or impurity, merely that the tested sample complies with the requirement. Sorry, as i do not think this will not move you very far forwards.
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I want to prepare a solution of TiCl4 in Millipore water for the Titanium nanoparticle synthesis.
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Perhaps the maths are simple enough: 1 mole TiCl4 means ~ 190 g , so simply dissolving 19 g in 100 ml would do. The problem is, TiCl4 rapidly hydrolyzes to Ti-chloro-Oxyhydroxides and HCl, so the solution cannot be stable at all. I suppose Mahima Yadav is asking for what chemical component to add in which manner and which amount, regarding equilibrium target concentration is required for the purpose. I think such solution is virtually impossible to remain stable at ambient temperature and pressure
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I am not the author of Functional Titanium Substrates Synergetic Photothermal Therapy for Enhanced Antibacterial and Osteogenic Performance via Immunity Regulation. Who can help me to delete this technically? Thank you!
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Thank you very much.
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Hello everyone,
I have been trying to synthesize Ti3AlC2 MAX phase from elemental powders namely, titanium (99.9%), aluminum (99.9%) and graphite (99.9%) in an inert box chamber furnace. However, literature commonly reports the use of high temperature Quartz tube furnaces.
The common SOP for such an inert box furnace is to vacuum it and purge it with high purity argon gas. We repeat this process up to three times to ensure an inert environment۔
Currently, we have operated in temperature ranges starting from 1250 to 1450. Most samples are prepared at 1400 and 1450 C. The holding time for the samples is 2, 3 and 5 hours. The heating rates have been 5 C/min and 8 C/min for different samples.
Currently, I've been unable to obtain 002 and 104 peaks characteristic of Ti3AlC2. Can the experts in this field comment if using an Inert box chamber furnace for the synthesis of Ti3AlC2 the main problem in this regard?
Any insight or literature recommendation will be greatly appreciated.
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The main problem with your project is oxidation of aluminum and titanium. Powders of these elements are always oxidized and these oxide layers cannot be reduced by carbon when temperatures are below 1500°C. In this way, carbon does not come into contact with metal and no carbides are formed. In the course of heating, the oxide layers on Ti and Al particles become thicker and thicker despite an argon atmosphere, because a low oxygen partial pressure is present even in the best argon.
For the reasons given above, a synthesis of Al and Ti carbides from metals is only possible when temperatures are so high that the reactions of Al and Ti oxides with the carbon take place. Such temperatures (from 1800°C) are realized in industrial production in electric arc furnaces.
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Hello!
I performed LA-ICP-MS experiment using NIST 610. I also measured the concentration of different elements on NIST 612 for quality monitoring and control puroposes. I noticed that for all elements of interest, their calculated concentrations in the NIST 612 sample was very close to the accepted standard value, with the exception of Titanium which was way higher than the accepted one. What could be the reason of this?
Thanks
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So, according to my table of isotopes (Pure Appl Chem 1989 vol 63 no7 p991-1002), 48Ti is 73.8% of total TI composition, but there is also an isotope 48Ca which represents 0.187% of total Ca.
Could you be getting some 48Ca in your 48Ti measurement?
It probably won't cost you any extra time or money to measure 47Ti (7.3%) or 49Ti (5.5%), neither of which have isobaric interferences.
Perhaps 46Ti (8.0% of Ti) with 46Ca (only 0.004% of Ca) might be an option too.
I haven't used an LA-ICP-MS, so there may be some other things that other users might know about.
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There is a satellite peak in Cu2+ but it is absent in titanium. What factors are responsible for the appearance of satellite peaks? Please elaborate.
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The appearance of satellite peaks in XPS can be attributed to various physical processes and interactions occurring during the photoemission process. These processes include:
Shake-up and Shake-off Excitations: When a core-level electron is excited and ejected by an incident X-ray photon, energy is transferred to the remaining electrons in the atom. This energy transfer can lead to excitations of other electrons, causing them to be promoted to higher energy levels. The subsequent relaxation of these excited electrons can result in the emission of additional photoelectrons, leading to the observation of satellite peaks.
Auger Electron Decay: After the ejection of a core-level electron, the resulting core hole can be filled by an electron from a higher energy level within the atom. This filling process may be accompanied by the emission of an Auger electron, which carries away excess energy. The kinetic energy of the emitted Auger electron can overlap with the binding energy range of the main peak, resulting in the appearance of satellite peaks.
Plasmon Excitations: Plasmons are collective oscillations of electrons in a solid material. When the incident X-ray photon interacts with the material, it can excite plasmons within the surface region. The relaxation of these plasmons can lead to the emission of photoelectrons with higher binding energies, contributing to the observation of satellite peaks.
Final State Effects: The interaction between the emitted photoelectron and the surrounding atoms or lattice can influence its kinetic energy. Final state effects, such as screening and charge rearrangements, can cause a shift in the binding energy of the emitted electron, resulting in the appearance of satellite peaks.
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Hi,
I recently did the plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb. When it comes to potentiodynamic tests - they're getting stuck because of the curve is below 0 current density and the polarization resistance is about 1,5 MOhm. The curve is reversed compared to that for normal tests. When I took my multimeter - it show that the coating don't conduct the electricity into the metal. Does it means that the corrosion cannot take place on that coating?
Best regards
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Grzegorz
Use phosphate electrolyte.
Dr. K
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I am trying to electrospray nanoparticles onto Titanium fiber felt. However the nanoparticles are not sticking onto the surface of the felt when using PTFE polymer as a binder with a weight % of 60% binder of total deposited solids.
The steps that I follow after electrospraying are drying in an oven at 105 C. Then sintering under Nitrogen at 350 C for 1 h.
Any thoughts on where I could be going wrong?
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Try baking in air instead of nitrogen. PTFE is very inert. It needs to be made less inert.
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Hi, What is the crystal structure of a Titanium-Tungsten film? Titanium by itself is hexagonal close-packed (HCP) while Tungsten is body-centered cubic (BCC).
my other question, why is TiW is a better barrier while Ti is not? does this have to do with the packing/density of the atoms?
Thanks,
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O titânio é o quarto metal e o nono elemento mais abundante da crosta terrestre. É um metal de transição do bloco d, reconhecido como um material com alta resistência mecânica (LEE et al., 1999). Tungsten is body-centered cubic (BCC).
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Among diamond, tungsten and titanium which one yields the maximum bullet proof capacity? Interpretation with material physics please.
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Dear Patrick,
Its Okay. Good physics is there in sublime approach of question answer.
Regards,
Ashish
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I am currently working on FE simulation of cold spray with TiN coated using Johnson-Cook material . However, I've been unable to find the JC values. Can anyone provide these values?
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Abhishek Agarwal Thank you for your answer. If it does not bother you, could you share the link to these journals with me? Because I search for it on google scholar but doesn't found.
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we coated titanium gold by sputtering method, recently the surface is very bad, maybe it's because the surface is not clean? soiled?
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A ceramic coated surface refers to a surface that has been coated with a thin layer of ceramic material. This coating is typically applied through a process called thermal spraying or plasma spraying, where ceramic particles are melted and sprayed onto the surface using a high-velocity gas stream.
Ceramic coatings can provide a range of benefits depending on the application, including increased hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and thermal resistance. They can also improve the aesthetics of a surface by adding a smooth, shiny finish.
Ceramic coatings are used in a variety of industries, including aerospace, automotive, and medical, among others. They are commonly applied to components that are exposed to harsh environments or subjected to high stress, such as turbine blades, engine components, and medical implants.
Some common ceramic materials used for coatings include aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, zirconia, and silicon carbide, among others. The specific material chosen depends on the application requirements and the properties needed for the coating to perform effectively.
It is possible that the poor surface quality of the titanium-gold coating you have sputtered is due to surface contamination. Sputtering is a physical vapor deposition technique that requires a clean surface to achieve good adhesion and uniformity of the deposited material. If the surface is contaminated or soiled, the adhesion of the coating may be compromised, resulting in poor surface quality.
Contaminants on the surface can come from various sources, such as oils, grease, dust, or other particles that may have settled on the surface. These contaminants can interfere with the sputtering process and prevent the deposited material from adhering properly to the substrate.
To avoid surface contamination, it is important to properly clean and prepare the substrate before sputtering. This typically involves cleaning the surface with a suitable solvent, followed by rinsing with deionized water and drying with a clean, lint-free cloth. It is also important to handle the substrate carefully to avoid introducing new contaminants.
If you suspect that the poor surface quality is due to contamination, you may want to try cleaning the substrate thoroughly before attempting to sputter again. If the problem persists, there may be other factors affecting the sputtering process that need to be addressed.
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Ti6Al4V has 6% aluminum, 4% vanadium and 90% titanium. It can withstand upto 1700 degree centigrade.
What is the best and fastest way to know mechanical properties if a material has 7% aluminum, 5% vanadium and 88% titanium?
Thank you
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There is no theoretical way to accurately calculate the properties of an alloy, you can only make an estimate. So it can be said that Ti6Al4V and Ti7Al5V have fairly similar properties. In order to get accurate mechanical properties, the alloy has to be manufactured in reality and tested on testing machines.
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Because of the HF content of Kroll's reagent which is very dangerous to handle, I would like to know if there is/are other etchants for titanium aluminium alloys. Thanks.
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Yes, there are alternative etchants to Kroll's reagent (a mixture of hydrofluoric and nitric acid) for titanium aluminum alloys. Here are a few options:
  1. Aqua regia: a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acid that can be used to etch titanium aluminum alloys.
  2. Murakami's reagent: a mixture of hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide that can be used to etch titanium aluminum alloys.
  3. Alkaline etchants: alkaline solutions such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide can be used to etch titanium aluminum alloys.
  4. Mixtures of organic acids: mixtures of organic acids such as acetic acid and citric acid have been reported to be effective etchants for titanium aluminum alloys.
It is important to note that each of these alternative etchants has its own set of advantages and limitations, and the specific choice of etchant will depend on the specific application and desired outcome. Additionally, it is important to handle all etchants safely and appropriately, and to follow all necessary safety protocols and guidelines.
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I tried to obtain TiO2 nanoparticles by combining a solution of titanium isopropoxide (TTIP 1 mM, dissolved in isopropyl alcohol) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG 1 mM, in water), but, even though UV-Vis spectrum indicated the NPs were formed, I couldn't obtain a precipitate. Probably the nanoparticles are still soluble in isopropanol? Does anyone have any idea what is going on in the reaction between TTIP and EGCG and how can I purify the nanoparticles?
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Bogdan Andrei Miu If they're genuinely nano (< 100 nm) then they will not precipitate out (Brownian motion will keep them suspended) but will remain in clear suspension. The liquid will be as clear as water for such systems (or colored for other small colloids such as a Au sol).
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I just want to know if like titanium isopropoxide, titanium (IV) sulfate also needs to be handled in a glovebox? Thanks!
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Thanks a lot Asif Mohd Itoo
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Greetings everyone,
I work in a facility where we need to cut thin sheets (3–4 mm = 0.12–0.16 in) of Ti6Al4V Eli using wire EDM. The parts we’re cutting are neither simple nor complicated (imagine cutting a spoon shape—without the concavity—out of a thin metal sheet); those parts are then heated and bent to the final shape (which, again, is usually not very complicated, practically similar to the bends found in an ordinary spoon). The issue is that we have an excessive amount of waste titanium sheets after cutting, and we were wondering how we could reduce waste while also making the entire process more efficient in terms of raw stock. One of my coworkers suggested that we use thicker (12mm = 0.5in) plates and then orient the parts sideways so the wire EDM machine can cut the bends while still inside the machine in-situ. He argues that by optimizing the layout of the sideways-oriented parts on the plates, we can fit more parts into each plate and thus reduce the waste material. I’ve attached some illustrative drawings to illustrate what I mean more clearly.
I personally think that, although we might be able to get some waste material back, the whole process may not be worth the effort. First of all, the mechanical integrity of the part must not be compromised in any way, and I don’t think that the mechanical properties of the parts that were cut normally and the mechanical properties of the parts that were cut sideways are going to be the same. In fact, I believe that cutting the parts sideways might make the final product worse and less durable since metal plates are not isotropic, and we, at the very least, might need a new heat treating step to recover or maintain the mechanical integrity of the final product. This, of course, defeats the whole purpose of this initiation.
I am fully aware that I’m not professional nor do I have experience in these topics; I'm a newly graduated BME engineer, and I might have gotten all of this wrong. In either case, I kindly ask someone with sufficient and relevant experience to help me, or at least to guide me on how to search for such topics. I need to professionally and/or scientifically prove that this idea may or may not work. I’ve been searching the internet for a couple of days now, and the amount of information is intimidating. I’m going from one rabbit hole to another and keep getting lost in the details, which is why I believe I need someone more experienced to show me where to look or how to start.
Thanks to everyone in advance. Your help is much appreciated.
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Model : F Type
Table travel (X x Y) : 630 x 800 mm
Table size (L x W) : 660 x 1100 mm
Max. cutting thickness : 500 / 800 mm
Taper angle : 0 derajat / 6 derajat / 60 derajat
Load of table : 3000 Kg
Machine weight : 4500 Kg
Precision : kecil sama 0.015mm
Roughness/Ra : kecil sama 2.5 um (oonce cutting) kecil sama1.5 um (multi cutting)
Max. machining current : 6A
Max. cutting speed : 150 mm persegi/min
Ball screw and guide way : High precision ball screw and linear guide way
Control type : Step motor control
Double direction wire tension : Adjustable
Motoorized Z axis : Standard
DRO : Standard
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what structural property/properties of Titanium makes it one of the suitable suitable for adsorption?
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Thanks.
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What should be the acceleration voltage used for EDS analysis of plasma electrolytic oxidation coating (6 μ) on titanium?
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In addition to the accelerating voltage (in general 15 kV), you may consider increasing the probe current to about 10 uA. This will give you more signals and more accurate results.
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I didn't use Titanium (IV) isopropoxide (CAS: 546-68-9) for a long time, and now that I came to it I see that it is divided into an aggregation part sedimented and a fluid part over it. Why is it so and how to mix them together again?
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@Sadegh Pouriyan Zade. I am also facing the same problem. Have you solved it? If so kindly share me what to do!.
Thank you.
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Hello everyone. please help me
I want to know why titanium nitride(TiN) has better electrical conductivity than titanium oxide(TiO2).
Thesedays, i did some experiments about PEMFC bipolar plate.
I installed TiN coating to titanium substrate. And, interfacial contact resistance was improved.
But. I dont know why transition metal nitride (CrN, TiN etc) has good electrical conductivity.
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Good day, Ho Seong Heo!
I hope that you will find an answer on TiN conductivity phenomenon here:
Best of luck in your research!
Yours sincerely,
M. Sc. Vadym Chibrikov
Department of Microstructure and Mechanics of Biomaterials
Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences
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steel shows fatigue limit due to dislocations being trapped by cottrel atmosphrere of carbon, and a minimum level of stress needed to keep the dislocations continously moving. WHich is the element responsible for same behavior in Titanium? Does pure Ti (and Pure Fe) devoid of solute elements also show fatigue limit? if yes, why?
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Respected Sir,
Titanium is a transition metal with an incomplete shell in its electronic structure enables it to form solid solution with most substitutional elements having a size factor within ±20%. In its elemental form titanium has a high melting point (1678˚C), exhibiting a hexagonal close packed crystal structure (hcp) α up to the beta (882.5˚C), transforming to a body centered cubic structure(bcc) β above this temperature.
Titanium alloys may be classified as either α, near-α, α+β, metastable β or stable β depending upon their room temperature microstructure. IN this regard alloying elements for titanium fall into three categories: α-stabilizers, such as Al, O, N, C, β-stabilizer such as Mo, V, Nb, Ta, Fe, W, Cr, Si, Ni, Co, Mn, H and neutral, such as Zr. Α and near-α titanium alloys exhibit superior corrosion resistance with their utility as biomedical materials being principally limited by their low ambient temperature strength. In contrast, α+β alloys exhibit higher strength due to the presence of both α and β phases. Their properties depend upon composition, the relative proportions of the α/β phases, and the alloy’s prior thermal treatment and thermo-mechanical processing conditions. β alloys(metastable or stable) are titanium alloys with high strength, good formability and high hardenability. β alloys also offer the unique possibility of combined low elastic modulus and superior corrosion resistance.
Ti-6Al-4V is generally considered as a standard material when evaluating the fatigue resistance of new titanium alloys. The mechanical response of Ti-6Al-4V alloy is, however, extremely sensitive to prior thermo-mechanical processing history, e.g., prior β grain size, the ratio of primary α to transformed β, the α grain size and the α/β morphologies, all impacting performance, particularly high-cycle fatigue lifetime (HCF). For example, maximum fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance is achieved with Widmanstatten microstructures resulting from a β recrystallization anneal. However, this microstructure results in inferior HCF performance, the development of a bi-modal primary α plus transformed β microstructure being preferred to prevent fatigue crack initiation. Indeed, the transition to fine equiaxed, fine lamellar, coarse equiaxed, and coarse lamellar leads to progressive reductions in lifetime.
Hope this information is useful.
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Most papers were using Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as a precursor for preparation of Titanium photo catalyst. Is there any difference using Titanium butoxide in place of (TTIP)?
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It also works and the hydrolysis of TBT is slower.
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Does Etching using a concentrated hydrochloric acid provide superior surface modification effects in titanium?
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Titanium is able to withstand the effects of sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, in addition to resistance to chloride solutions and most organic acids; However, titanium may corrode by the action of concentrated mineral acids. As extrapolated from the negative oxidation/reduction potential value, titanium is thermodynamically .Chemical
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I am using PVD machine for gold plating on ceramic products. there are 20 sources of titanium, reactive gas N2 and Ar,
I am having trouble when vacuuming 2.0x10-2Pa , adding Ar and N2 gas and bombarding the titanium source, the vacuum is lost and cannot be coated (7.0x10-1 ~ 9.0x10-1) the more sources titanium open, the more vacuum is lost
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At least in the setups where I have had (or have seen other people have) this problem, tightening the target did not help and the membrane needed to be exchanged completely. In my current setup a description from the manufacturer was available, does anything like that exist in your case?
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Normally, I make TiO2 sol with titanium isopropoxide, ethanol, distilled water and hydrochloric acid. But I don't know which chemicals how need use to for hydrophobic sol.
NOTE: I working on glass coating that's why solution must transparent.
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Also check please the following useful RG link:
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The sintering of 18Ni300 will encounter the enrichment of titanium and aluminum elements on the grain boundaries. Is there any possible reason? How to avoid its occurrence to achieve densification?
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The reason for poor sintering and enrichment of particle surfaces with aluminum and titanium is that your oven has too high an oxygen partial pressure. Oxygen or water in the furnace atmosphere contributes to the oxidation of the most active elements of the alloy (aluminum and titanium), which form oxide films on the surface of the sintered particles that prevent sintering. In addition, the oxidation of titanium and aluminum on the surface is the driving force for the diffusion of these elements from the depth of the metal to the surface, as a result of which both of these elements are concentrated on the surface of individual particles and at the grain boundaries of the already sintered material. The worse the vacuum in your furnace, the more active the above mechanism is manifested.
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Hello dear Researchers,
I've been working on to produce Mo-Ti alloys via powder metallurgy method. Yet, I've come across a problem: I can not properly distribute Titanium in Molybdenum host. I'm using mechanical alloying technique with planetary type of mill. So far, I've tryed 1 to 8 hours milling time. What can you recommend to distribution of Ti .. modification of milling would be enough? (time, ball to powder ratio, rpm etc.) or should I look for different situations? Also I need to increase the Strength and I'm thinking forging(hot or cold) process for that.. Any idea on incresing the strength would be appreciated..
Thank you
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Dear Selim
The small particle size of both powders leads to agglomeration and well distribution will be difficult, as well as the mixing time should be avoided to prevent work hardening.
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According to the great difference between titanium propreties and Aluminum ones, especially the melting temperature. We have to make an other alloy between Aluminum and Titanum to weld them using RFW technique, for example, we have thaught about the copper. Do you agree ?
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Dear Abdelghani May,
You can use wolfram (W) or cobalt (Co) as the mixing material. They are resistant to wear and have poor thermal conductivity.
I wish you success in your research.
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We are trying to coat HAp (hydroxyapatite) on the titanium plate by electrophoretic method, but the formation of the coating cannot be observed. Although we increased the voltage and time settings, there is no coating on the plate. I would be very grateful if you could help with this situation?
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You are most welcome dear İsmail Gündüz . Wish you the best always.
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Hello,
During the analysis of twin transfer or slip transfer of alloys, the criteria of displacement gradient accommodation (DGA) and stress-driven accommodation (SDA) were used.
I tried to figure out the correlation among them with the grain orientations, boundary conditions, slip/twin systems, and external loading. But I still did not get the fundamental cores.
I hope it can be written like m prime or Schmid factor with a clear explanation.
Hope someone good in this field can provide constructive guidance!
Best wishes,
Biaobiao
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Hello Yang,
This is still an open question, because SDA & DGA have different driving forces. In the first method the most stressed system is selected. In the second, the configuration which minimises the strain (or displacement) is selected.
We attempted to separate these effects for the related problem of stress/strain induced phase transformations:
From our experiment and calculations, it appears that there is no correlation between stress-driven & strain-driven changes.
One thumb-rule could be that when the strains are very large (eg. martensite in steels), the DGA-type approach is favoured, and at low strains (or displacements), the SDA-type approach is favoured.
In the actual problem of slip transfer, we've done some experimental work that seems to match the DGA-type approach more:
Hope this helps!
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Why is titanium precursor dripped drop by drop on TiO2 synthesized by the sol gel method? and why not use HMTA?
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It depends on your methodology. I have synthesized in the past TiO2 sol-gel without adding the Titanium isopropoxide drop by drop. You can use a chelating agent such as acetylacetone.
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I am currently working on differently coated titanium disks in order to investigate any antimicrobial/bacteriostatic effect. Taking a cue from the literature, I'm incubating the disks with a known concentration of bacteria for 8 and 24 hours (in order to allow biofilm formation), then I gently wash and sonicate them. This procedure allows detaching adherent bacteria that formed a biofilm on the surfaces, and the medium in which the disks have been sonicated is used to count CFU on agar plates.
Overall this procedure seems to work, but now I have an issue: the coating I'm testing now detaches from the titanium, even with a weak vortex. The coating is not soluble and thus does not spread in agar, so I can't apply a modified Muller-Hinton test and I don't have the possibility to read absorbance after colorimetric assay, nor special microscopes.
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What is the type of acid, temperature, voltage or amperage of the electropolishing jet and how are the settings made?
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Hello dear colleague
Thank you, for further explanation my example is pure commercial titanium and all areas are the same. Now help if possible. Thank you very much
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We put titanium dissopropoxide bis (acetylacetonate) in a freezing section for 1 day. Now the chemical is crystallized and segregated with the solvent. It won't go to a mixed state by itself. What do we do to recover the chemical?
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Dear Mikhail,
thank you for sharing this interesting chemical problem with the RG community. Commercially available titanium-disopropoxide-bis(acetylacetonate) normally comes as a 75% solution in iso-propanol. Chances are that in your case the compound just crystallized out of the solution upon standing over night in the freezer. Thus I think that slight warming of the bottle in hot water (ca. 40-50 °C) will leed to re-dissolution of the compound and formation of a clear solution again. If it does not dissolve again, this could be an indication the moisture has been sucked in and some hydrolysis has taken place.
Good luck with your work
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I want to synthesise Titanium carbide Mxene for modification of Electrode and Titanium carbide Mxene is prepared by etching of Ti3AlC2. So I want to buy the powder of Ti3AlC2.
But there are too many types of Ti3AlC2 powder available so I am confused about which product is better for making Mxene.
Can you give suggestions on that?
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I discovered two distinct phenomena when cracks begin to form at α and β phases in titanium alloys. How does this difference mechanism come about?
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Dear Hasfi,
The reasons for the initiation of cracks are related accumulated internal stresses between the α and β phases in titanium alloys. These external stresses in the process of operation tend to balance. Cracks can be observed in both solid particles and softer particles of the structure. To avoid this negative effect, normalization is performed to a certain extent or the chemical composition of the spawn is changed in order to reduce external stresses.
With respect
Emil Yankov
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is there any feasible method to convert titanium metal to soluble precursor ?
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Dear Vyshakh viswanath.n, may be it works with Ti-complexes, which involve the solubilization of the metal in strong acid solution followed by the formation of a given complex. Please have a look at the attached file. My Regards
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Suggestions for small scale Plasma treatment instruments
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I want to know the lifetime of a titanium sol (TIO2).
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Thank you for your responses
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I have done Vicker's hardness analysis with titanium and thin-film coated titanium and I'm trying to show the hardness of the coated titanium. I plotted the graph of hardness versus load from 0.1 to 30Kgf, however, for the titanium - the graph was declined as the load increased, and for the coated titanium - the graph went up as the load increased.
I'm not understanding how to conclude from the graph?
Thank you in advance.
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Thin films are very accurate and sensitive. It can not carry as much weight as those used by the Vicker hardness . I agree with Dr. Gedvidas Bikulcius that you find another way to measure the hardness, milligram or microgram (hardness tester ).
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I Need Wire EDM Facility availability in India to perform Machining Titanium Based Alloys By Varying Machining Parameters as part of the project.
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Hi, the dielectric should be considered during your experiments.
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I want to work on a hydroxyapatite coating on grade 5 titanium, but I do not know which is better between the three sol-gel, electrophoretic methods with chemical vapor deposition and plasma spray???!!!
Glad to share your suggestion on this topic.
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In practice, only plasma-sprayed coatings are used. This is due to the fact that it is impossible to obtain the necessary combination of properties from the coating by other methods:
Sufficiently high mechanical strength of the coating itself and its adhesion to titanium + sufficiently large thickness and porosity of the coating to interact with bone tissue + relatively low cost of the coating + good manufacturability of the process and its suitability for mass production.
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I'm using silicone resin for paint formulation (zirconia as a filler material) and It doesn't cure at atmosphere and elevated temperature also. And I tried titanium 4 isopropoxide, it dried but film becomes flakes while exposed to 250 degree Celsius in muffle furnace. Resin was bought from dow chemicals, the technical data sheet attached below for your reference
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Dear Abishek Palanivelu, the following chapter summerizes the different curing processes depending on the type of the resin. My Regards
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To prepareTiO2 thin film following this method using Titanium isopropoxide ,Ethanol and Monoethanolamine...I have used 0.5 M and 5 ml of TTIP and total 10 ml  amount of ethanol(2.5 ml) and monoethanolamine (7.5 ml) but after 15-20 minutes stirring at 80C i got very viscous gel.
   After that M not able to make thin film...Is this doping concentration And quantity is correct..or let me know another idea..
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Actually now we are also trying to make metal oxide doped Tio2 layers. But we are having the solution of titanium isopropoxide. but when its mixed with zinc or magnesium after some time it will become gel.Initially we were stirred with proper solvent like ethanol and few drops of sulphuric acid. but for spray pyrolysis we need complete solution without any gel formation. we couldnt coat due to this problem. kindly suggest any other solvents for better dissolving?
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Hi
I working on Titanium sol gel. I dried glass at 100 Celcius for an hour and calsination at 500 Celcius for an hour. After this process, the glass is waiting in furnace all day for cooling. When I was looking my sample, I see cracks on surface. Glass is 24x24x0,14 mm.
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Cracks occurred when the critical value for thickness of the thin films is reached. Now, the thin film thickness is in turn directly proportional to the viscosity of the precursor sol. So controlling of the viscosity to an optimum range is very important in the deposition process to obtain a crack-free TiO2 thin film where at below and higher this range, cracks observes in different types. Therefore you should practice different ionic concentration of sol., in [1] and [2] you find a helpful methodology.
Best regards
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Ceramic cookware are all the latest craze in regards to safe cookware. However, they tend to lose their non stick properties within a year or so. From what I can understand, the nonstick property is derived from a surface layer glaze on the ceramic that smooths and fills micropores in the base layer metal or ceramic, and excessive heating and heating cycles cause the glaze to change. Is the general root cause of failure the failure of the glaze to adhere and remain rigid, failure of a primer, or just surface scratches?
Ceramic is also a poor conductor of heat, so has there been research on dispersing metal particles within the glaze or ceramic?  
Also, has anyone heard of research on nano-textured non stick coatings? 
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Hi
Mechanical is in coating the container with a substance or polishing the surface so that there is no porosity
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The Alpha Titanium is known to be non heat treatable but it is strengthened by Ti3Al precipitate for increased aluminum content. Doesn't this constitute a contradiction?
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Seems like a tough question. All Al-Ti phase diagrams cannot agree of whether the alpha-Ti field is continous with a narrow channel between beta-Ti and Ti3Al fields, or does the Ti3Al field touches and cuts the beta-Ti field to make a peritectoid reaction and splits the alpha-Ti field into two.
In both ways, if you heat 15-20% Al-Ti , you can dissolve Al-Ti intermetallics, quench and slowly heat-treat to precipitate Ti3Al. But note carefully, The solvus line of ALpha-Ti taking Ti3Al is very much sharp, meaning quite significant undercooling would not provide too much supersaturation but kinetics would be slowed down to percipitate out Ti3Al. And also, the alpha-to-beta phase transition line is also quite steep and dangerously close to Ti solvus line. At 20% Al, only 80 C superheat to dissolve all preexisting Ti3Al for precipitation hardening would bring you into alpha-beta 2-phase zone. For 25% AL, this gap is less than 30 degrees! So you see, controlling Precipitation hardening and polymorphic transition simultaneously would be a severe hassle. But still, precipitation hardening would be theoretically possible
For the other part of alpha-Ti, stable only above 1120 C or so, the strengthening phase would be TiAl. As Ti would be quite softened at that temperature, higher %Al would provide more precipitates and better strength. But I am not sure whether quenching this Ti structure would retain metallic phase, or a double-intermetallic of TiAl-Ti3Al would form.
In short, theoretically, if Solid solution stenthening, or even composite formation of Ti-Ti3Al is done, higher Al means higher strength. But considering the kinetic condition, making this structure by heat treatment is extremely difficult.
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Good day, dear colleagues.
I have an interesing question for PVD technology specialists.
We use an equipment (Picture 1) for Arc-PVD technology with titanium cathode (picture 3) for glass surface coating (Picture 4).
But we faced with problem of nonequal coating thickness on the surface. In the central part of surface (under cathode placed) the thicknes is OK. On the corner parts the coating thickness is low (Picture 2).
What is the reason of this not uniform thickness?
Is it possible to create aproximately similar coating thickness on the all surface zones? Do You know any technical methods to rich this goal?
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Hello Dmitry,
If possible, use a rotating sample.
In your case, the thickness reduces quadratically with the distance to the cathode.
Yours
R. Mitdank
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I'm working on superhydropobic coating with titanium sol-gel. I use titanium isopropoxide, ethanol, distilled water and HCI. After dip coating, I put glass to in desiccator and dried 50 C for 1 hour. After drying, there were flake-like structures on the surface of the glass and not transparent. How can I fix this problem?
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Dear Atakan Barkınay, I think you didn't finished the experimental procedure. The following statment is taken from the reference below. My Regards
'.... The TiO2 was prepared from a titanium butoxide (Ti(OC4H9)4 and isobutanol (C4H9OH) precursor solution with dip coating at 50 °C, air drying, and then hydrothermal treatment at 120 °C for 7 h in water or steam to achieve coating densification. '
Ref.
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The heat transfer coefficient is a important parameter during the simulation of dissimilar metal welding. But it is technically difficult to determine, especially in laser welding, due to the extremely fast heating and cooling rates of molten pool. During the laser welding brazing of aluminum and titanium, the molten aluminum was spread on the unmelted titanium and heat transfer happened between them. From the existing literature, I have gotten the heat transfer cofficient during casting was about 1000~3000W/m2/K. But there is none literature about the heat transfer cofficient between molten aluminum and unmelted titanium during laser welding-brazing. If you have some favorable suggestions, please share them with me. Thank you very much!
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Maybe this will help. Materials are different, but the procedure should be the same. It is for the heat transfer between the molten aluminum and metallic mold.
"Effect of pressure on heat transfer coefficient at the metal/mold interface of A356 aluminum alloy"
paper is freely available.
Best regards,
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Hi
can anybody please tell me what is  the value (-0.157) next titanium concentration in my soil sample means?
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This is a good question.
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I need to deposit the anatase TiO2 layer on ITO and FTO glasses, considering the experimental parameters, I found the optimum heat treatment temperature for 450 C. However, the substrate can not bear higher than 200 C. Is it possible to decrease crystallization temperature by playing with experimental parameters? which parameter is more effective in decreasing crystallization temperature?
PS. I used Titanium butoxide as a precursor and propanol as a solvent.
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Dear Mahsa,
this is a very interesting technical question. Unfortunately I cannot provide you with a qualified expert answer, as we work in organometallic chemistry. However, I just came across the following potentially useful review article which might help you in your analysis:
Low-temperature crystallization of solution-derived metal oxide thin films assisted by chemical processes
Luckily this very instructive review article has been posted by the authors as public full text on RG. Thus it can be freely accessed and downloaded as pdf file. I'm sure it will be of interest for you.
Good luck with your research and best wishes, Frank Edelmann
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I have synthesized Titanium carbide (Ti3C2) from Ti3SiC2 tiranium silicon carbide using wet chemical etching method.but for xrd analysis I am using xpert software and Jade.but in these two software I can not get the elemental composition of my sample.Xpert sofware is showing " No candidates found" I don't understand what is the problem.If its related to PDF cards then please send me the pdf cards of Titanium silicon carbide and titanium carbide?
here is my email id ; noorabbasi94@yahoo.com
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Qandeel Noor, I'm attaching a CIF file for Ti3SiC2 that I built, based on lattice parameters from various articles. Generally, not all MAX phases are listed in most databases, as we're still discovering them even till today.
For MXenes (Mn+1XnTx), the CIF is more complicated. Generally, the c-lattice parameter varies based on M (Ti, Nb, V, etc.), X (C/N), n (1-4), Tx (surface groups), and most importantly the intercalated molecules in between the MXene sheets. It also depends on if the MXene is multilayer or delaminated flakes. This is because the MXene flakes will either be delaminated and all align in one direction, or will be multilayer and held in the accordion-like arrangement. Because of this, any CIF/card that you get on MXenes will only be accurate for the exact same synthesis/drying conditions. I recommend instead to analyze the MXene structure by hand. This article describes exactly how to do this:
Look at Figure 6 in this article, and the description around it. In this article, I spend a great deal of time explaining exactly what you see with each type of MXene and how it's processed.
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For c-TiO2 layer onto FTO, I need to make 30 mM titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (TDBA) solution for spray-pyrolysis.
As far as I know, TDBA is usually sold as a solution in IPA (75wt%).
How could I make 30 mM titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (TDBA) solution using TDBA in IPA (75wt%) solution?
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Is your question about how you should do the dilution from 75%wt to 30mM?
if it is, you should first calculate what is the concentration in mol/L of your 75% stock solution (be careful because the percentage is a wt% so you have to get the density of IPA to get the concentration in g/L that can help https://www.researchgate.net/post/What-is-a-25-wt-solution-of-tetramethylammonium-hydroxide-in-methanol-mean )
then calculate what is the dilution factor you should apply.
for that you need the molar mass of your precursor in g/mol and the density of IPA in g/ml. (I'm not sure if that's the answer you were looking for but I'm sure it could help someone).
zakaria
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The through hole is done using a 8mm electrode and surface roughness has to be calculated on the side walls of the titanium grade 5 workpiece of size (25*25*5) mm.
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C. Serra-Rodríguez Thankyou for your answer
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I want to validate these results which are showing in pictures. I am using SRIM software. I do not know about the hydrogen ratio in this combination. I read many research articles but do not find right solution. I mention below the paper link..
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Waheed, please reformulate your question, because it is unclear.
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I am doing CFM with K3Fe(CN)6/PBS on the cathode side and whey with K. pneumoniae on the anode side. The problem is that the volume of the cathode is decreasing and the volume of the anode is increasing. It is a closed double chamber with graphene electrodes, titanium wire and Nafion membrane. Voltage will be generated, but the amps show 0 on the multimeter.
And I don't know what's going on. I am doing the measurements in open circuit (directly connected to the multimeter without the electrodes being linked by an external load).
Could someone tell me what's going on or how do I fix this, please?
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Hi,
Does this happen without voltage? It could be an osmotic pressure effect and solvent getting through the membrane. Try to have the same osmolarity on both sides.
Kyle
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I need to synthesis a composite of LDH included titanium cation in (+2 and +3) as an oxidation state.
However, what are the materials that I need to synthesis?
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Dear Hissah A. Alqahtani thanks for posting this interesting technical question on RG. Let me answer by asking a question myself: Do you really titanium(III) nitrate? Aqueous solutions of titanium(III) trichloride are commercially available and are not very expensive. In this context please have a look at the following useful literature references:
Reduction of hydrazines to amines with aqueous solution of titanium(III) trichloride
and
A Ti(III) reduction method for one‐step conversion of seawater and freshwater nitrate into N2O for stable isotopic analysis of 15N/14N, 18O/16O and 17O/16O
(see atached pdf file)
If you really need to work in the absence of chloride ions, you can try to generate [Ti(H2O)6](NO3)3 in situ by adding 3 equivalents of AgNO3 as suggested by Shafikul Islam. By the way, the +2 oxidation state of titanium is not stable in aqueous solutions.
Good luck with your research work and best wishes, Frank Edelmann
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Steps in preparation of Titanium reagent required for Catalase analysis?
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  • Titanium dioxide | TiO2 - PubChem https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Titanium-dioxide Titanium dioxide is a titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications. It has a role as a food colouring. Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium (IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium.Molecular Formula: O2Ti or TiO2 PubChem CID: 26042EXPLORE FURTHER Titanium Dioxide in Food — Should You Be Concerned?www.healthline.com
  • In which solvent can TiO2 can be dissolved easily?www.researchgate.net Titanium dioxide - Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org Titanium dioxide - Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org Titanium dioxide (TiO2) - Structure, Properties, and Usesbyjus.com Recommended to you based on what's popular • Feedback
  • US7771679B2 - Process for the recovery of titanium dioxide ... https://patents.google.com/patent/US7771679B2/en The present invention seeks to improve beneficiation of a titanium oxide-containing composition (such as a low-grade or highly radioactive TiO 2 ore) by combining a roasting and selective leaching steps.Cited by: 7 Publish Year: 2004 Author: Animesh Jha, Vilas Dattatray Tathavadkar
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I am currently working on some magnetic multilayer stacks. I am thinking if it could be possible to grow magnetic layers on top of a TiN seed layer. Usually I use TaPt as my seed layer.
I can do room temperature sputtering deposition and directly deposit TiN (non-reactive) on to thermally oxidized silicon wafer. Could someone give some insight into this?
Thanks!
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I was looking into several articles where Propagating surface plasmon (PSP) and localized surface plasmon (LSP) are excited in Titanium metal gratings (square) at different wavelengths. For PSP, the well-known dispersion wavevector needs to be matched with the diffraction wavevector. However, for exciting LSP, I couldn't find any specific logical formula, rather than the simulated electric field profiles showing LSP coupling. I was trying to figure out whether it is possible to excite only LSP in metal gratings (square), but no PSP excitation. If so, what should be the mathematical condition for LSP?
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Seemesh and Manuel
Thanks a lot for your valuable suggestions. I also believe PSP needs momentum matching with grating diffraction (from dispersion curve k vs w). However, LSP can be observed in gratings when size<< incident wavelengths, also Cabs~a^3 and Csca~a^6 (a=particle size), so smaller size means Cabs will dominate.......
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Hello everyone,
Normally, metals have a higher coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) than ceramics. I would like to know how the higher CTE of hydroxyapatite than titanium would be explained?
CTE (hydroxyapatite)≈ 14.6×10-6 °C-1
CTE (Ti64)≈ 8.6×10-6 °C-1
Thank you.
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Hi
On what metal and ceramic but You can make two samples and tasted in dilatometer
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Hello.
I'm currently trying to fabricate a Titanium metal wire via e-beam lithography.
However, when I use bilayer ER (PMMA / MMA), the resistivity of deposited metal was significantly higher than use of monolayer ER (PMMA)
Someone had solved this problem?
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Dear Tae-ha Hwang,
It is likely that the bilayer materials either diffused into your metal wires more than monolayer material does.