Titanium - Science topic

Four -Point Probe or micro 4-point probe (probing on blanket wafer) can be used. Transfer Length method is also recommendable.

Below, I offer several additional considerations that may further enhance the robustness of your approach:

In addition to SEM and FTIR, atomic force microscopy (AFM) could provide invaluable insights into nanoscale interactions between the periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and the substrate. AFM can offer precise measurements of surface roughness and topographical cues, which are instrumental in modulating cellular adhesion and mechanotransduction.

Beyond the physicochemical characterisation of the coating, it is imperative to assess its bioactivity under conditions that emulate the periodontal microenvironment. Investigating osteogenic differentiation through quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) or Western blot analysis of osteogenic markers, alongside mineralisation assays (e.g., Alizarin Red staining), could provide critical insights into the functional integration of the PDLSCs with the coated substrate.

Rather than employing a monolithic CaP layer, the incorporation of hybrid coatings—such as calcium phosphate in conjunction with bioactive polymers (e.g., chitosan or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA))—could offer dual benefits. Such composites may modulate the degradation profile of CaP, facilitate controlled biomolecule release, and ultimately create a more favourable microenvironment for cell attachment and proliferation.

The adhesion strength of the CaP coating to the titanium substrate is of paramount importance for long-term implant stability. Employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) could yield critical data regarding the stability of the coating in physiologically relevant conditions, thereby allowing for predictive modelling of its long-term performance in vivo.

The application of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations or finite element modelling (FEM) could provide profound insights into ionic diffusion dynamics within the CaP coating and their subsequent interactions with the cellular milieu. Such approaches may enable the prediction of long-term cellular responses and optimise coating parameters accordingly.

By integrating these methodologies, you could attain a more comprehensive understanding of the CaP-coated titanium interface, thereby maximising the viability and osteogenic potential of PDLSCs. Have you considered implementing any of these approaches within your current research framework?

Dear Jojo,

The sheet resistance of thin layers of Ti cannot be calculated by using the bulk value of Ti resistivity. For thin films, especially yours of 23 nm, the resistance is determined for the major part by the way you have deposited the Ti. For this you should look up Thornton's model for vapor deposition. It shows how morphology of thin layers is changed by process parameters like material melting temperature, actual surface temperature during processing and process pressure. Depending on these parameters you will get polycrystalline, microcrystalline, transition (T) structure of fibrous grains or columnar pillar growth. The average free electron path in metals is ca. 50 nm. If you go below this value in layer thickness, morphology of the film has a tremendous impact on resistivity. So you have to characterize the resistivity at this thickness of 23 nm in terms of the process settings.

Yes, it is theoretically possible to reduce titanium dioxide (TiO₂) to titanium metal (Ti) using sodium in liquid anhydrous ammonia, although this would be an unconventional and challenging method.

Here’s a breakdown of why it might work and the challenges involved:

Theoretical Basis

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) can be reduced to titanium metal through various methods, and one potential method involves using a strong reducing agent like sodium (Na). Sodium, being a highly reactive alkali metal, could potentially reduce the titanium dioxide to titanium metal by donating electrons to the titanium ions in TiO₂.

The reaction could follow a general form like this:

TiO2+4Na→Ti+2Na2O

In this case, sodium (Na) reduces Ti⁴⁺ (from TiO₂) to metallic titanium (Ti), while sodium itself is oxidized to form sodium oxide (Na₂O).

Role of Anhydrous Ammonia

Anhydrous ammonia (NH₃) is a strong solvent that can stabilize alkali metals like sodium in their liquid state, as well as facilitate certain reduction reactions. In liquid ammonia, sodium is more reactive and could potentially facilitate the reduction of TiO₂. Ammonia also acts as a medium that might lower the activation energy for the reaction and help maintain a low temperature, which is beneficial for reactions involving alkali metals.

Potential Mechanism

Nucleophilic Attack: Sodium in liquid ammonia could interact with TiO₂, likely through a nucleophilic attack on the titanium atom. Sodium could donate electrons to titanium, reducing it from Ti⁴⁺ to Ti⁰.

Stabilization of Sodium: In liquid ammonia, sodium exists as solvated Na⁺ cations, which could facilitate electron transfer and make the reduction process more efficient. The ammonia would also stabilize the highly reactive sodium metal.

Practical Challenges

Temperature Control: The reaction between sodium and titanium dioxide would likely be highly exothermic. Handling the reaction at temperatures appropriate for liquid ammonia (−33.3 °C at standard pressure) would be crucial to avoid uncontrolled reactions.

Formation of Na₂O: Sodium oxide (Na₂O) would form as a by-product, and removing this product from the reaction could be challenging. Na₂O is hygroscopic, meaning it would absorb moisture from the air and form NaOH, so controlling the reaction environment is critical.

Reaction Kinetics: The reaction between sodium and titanium dioxide could be slow or require specific conditions to proceed efficiently. Sodium typically reacts more readily with oxygen compounds, but reducing titanium from its highest oxidation state in TiO₂ to metallic titanium might need careful tuning of the reaction conditions.

Safety Hazards: Sodium metal is highly reactive, especially in the presence of water, and ammonia is a toxic, corrosive gas. Handling these chemicals requires proper safety precautions, including inert atmospheres and temperature control.

Alternative Methods

The most common industrial methods for reducing titanium dioxide to titanium metal are the Kroll process and the Hunter process. These processes involve reducing titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄) with magnesium or sodium in high-temperature reactors, and they are far more established than the potential sodium-ammonia route.

In summary, while it is theoretically possible to reduce TiO₂ to Ti using sodium in liquid ammonia, this would be a highly experimental and difficult process. It would require precise control of temperature, atmosphere, and the reaction environment to work effectively.

Dear Christian Everett,

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) cannot undergo reduction to titanium metal through the Wolff-Kishner reaction, as TiO₂ is an inorganic compound, while the Wolff-Kishner reduction is a reaction specific to organic chemistry. Instead, the reduction of TiO₂ to titanium metal requires high-temperature chemical methods.

in this case I recommend that you consider the following points:

*Try to reduce the acidity of the environment,

* use chronoamperometry instead of chronopotentiometry,

* after electrodeposition, place the plate in distilled water.

Jp Wu Nice suggestion. Thank you for your reply.

I have some ideas that may help:

-Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration: Choose a ratio where the H₂O₂ concentration is at least twice that of methyl orange. This will enhance the oxidation process.

-UV Light Source: Ensure you have information about your UV lamp, particularly its maximum emission wavelength. Compare this with the molar absorption spectrum of methyl orange, as a high molar absorption could cause it to act as a filter for photons.

-pH Considerations: Work around the point of zero charge (pHzc) of TiO₂, which is about 6.2. Research the pKa of methyl orange, as it is a pH indicator. -Start with a small concentration of dye may also be beneficial 5mg/,10mg/l ...ect .

Dear Wedad,

you can find multilayered Ti3C2Tx MXenes XRD patterns in these papers:

Your XRD pattern has some similarities to MXenes; however, the MAX phase quality and pretreatment can significantly influence your synthesis products. I suggest using Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the synthesis products and ensure MXenes' quality.

François Cardarelli

Dear Francois ,

How we can dispersion sodium metasilicate solid particles in which solution water based formulations ?

Dear Gholamreza Fotoohi Rad please do recommend my answer if helpful

Field primary exploration of a titanium mine involves several key steps to evaluate the potential of the site. Here's a comprehensive approach to exploring a promising titanium deposit:

### 1. Preliminary Research

**A. Desktop Study:**

- **Literature Review:** Collect and review existing geological, geophysical, and geochemical data about the region.

- **Historical Data:** Examine previous exploration reports and mining records.

- **Remote Sensing:** Utilize satellite imagery and aerial photographs to identify geological features indicative of titanium deposits.

**B. Regulatory and Permitting:**

- **Permits:** Secure necessary exploration permits and licenses from relevant authorities.

- **Environmental Considerations:** Conduct an initial environmental assessment to understand potential impacts and regulatory requirements.

### 2. Fieldwork Planning

**A. Logistics:**

- **Access:** Plan for transportation to and within the exploration site.

- **Accommodation:** Arrange for temporary field camps or nearby lodging.

- **Safety:** Implement safety protocols and ensure availability of first aid and emergency response plans.

**B. Equipment Preparation:**

- **Sampling Tools:** Shovels, augers, and core drilling rigs.

- **Geophysical Instruments:** Magnetometers, ground-penetrating radar, and resistivity meters.

- **Geochemical Tools:** Soil and rock sampling kits, GPS devices, and sample bags.

### 3. Geological Mapping

**A. Surface Mapping:**

- **Outcrop Examination:** Identify and map visible rock formations and outcrops.

- **Structural Mapping:** Document faults, folds, and other structural features.

- **Mineralogical Analysis:** Conduct preliminary identification of minerals present.

**B. Sampling:**

- **Soil Sampling:** Collect soil samples at regular intervals along predefined grids.

- **Rock Chip Sampling:** Take rock chip samples from outcrops and boulders.

- **Stream Sediment Sampling:** Collect sediment samples from nearby streams and rivers to identify heavy mineral concentrations.

### 4. Geophysical Surveys

**A. Ground-Based Surveys:**

- **Magnetic Survey:** Measure variations in the earth’s magnetic field to detect mineral deposits.

- **Electromagnetic Survey:** Identify conductive minerals through electromagnetic fields.

- **Gravity Survey:** Detect density variations in the subsurface indicative of mineral deposits.

**B. Airborne Surveys:**

- **Aeromagnetic Survey:** Cover larger areas quickly to identify magnetic anomalies.

- **Radiometric Survey:** Measure natural radiation to detect minerals associated with titanium.

### 5. Geochemical Analysis

**A. Sample Preparation:**

- **Crushing and Pulverizing:** Prepare samples for laboratory analysis.

- **Quality Control:** Implement protocols for sample contamination and mix-up prevention.

**B. Laboratory Analysis:**

- **X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF):** Determine elemental composition.

- **Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS):** Analyze trace elements and mineral content.

- **Assay Testing:** Evaluate titanium dioxide (TiO2) content in samples.

### 6. Drilling Program

**A. Core Drilling:**

- **Diamond Drilling:** Extract core samples for detailed geological and geochemical analysis.

- **Reverse Circulation (RC) Drilling:** Collect rock cuttings for rapid assessment.

**B. Logging and Sampling:**

- **Core Logging:** Document lithology, mineralogy, and structural features.

- **Sample Collection:** Segment core samples for laboratory analysis.

### 7. Data Integration and Interpretation

**A. Data Compilation:**

- **Geological Maps:** Create detailed maps integrating surface and subsurface data.

- **Geophysical Models:** Develop 3D models of the subsurface geology.

- **Geochemical Maps:** Highlight areas with high concentrations of titanium.

**B. Resource Estimation:**

- **Grade Estimation:** Calculate the concentration of titanium minerals.

- **Volume Estimation:** Estimate the size of the deposit.

- **Preliminary Economic Assessment:** Evaluate the potential economic viability of the deposit.

### 8. Reporting and Decision Making

**A. Exploration Report:**

- **Findings:** Summarize geological, geophysical, and geochemical results.

- **Resource Potential:** Provide an estimate of the deposit size and grade.

- **Recommendations:** Suggest next steps, including further exploration or development.

**B. Stakeholder Engagement:**

- **Community Consultation:** Engage with local communities and stakeholders.

- **Regulatory Reporting:** Submit findings to relevant regulatory bodies.

**C. Decision Making:**

- **Feasibility Study:** Determine if further detailed exploration or a feasibility study is warranted.

- **Investment Decision:** Assess the potential for developing the mine based on exploration results.

By following these steps, exploration teams can thoroughly evaluate the potential of a titanium deposit, ensuring that all relevant data is collected and analyzed to make informed decisions about the viability of mining operations.

Pressure drop may be increased due to pores occupied with fine particles. You can measure present bed height and compare with initial bed height. The height must be decreases.

Please check the documentation of the RSD software on

But I added also in attachment.

The info you look for should be on page 40 of the RSD manual.

Good luck!

Hi Christian,

I don't know much about the chemistry you are describing here. Yes it makes sense that you can dissolve some titanium and/or aluminum oxide in liquid ethylamine (probably not tens of grams per liter like your supplier states), and conductivity would be a good method to monitor the dissolution (although it won't tell you the concentrations unless you are prepared to engage in a laborious little research project to correlate conductance and concentration).

I think it does make sense NOT to ship anhydrous ethylamine IF what a client wants to use is an aqueous solution. Anhydrous ethylamine is very flammable and of course very volatile, so it's a significant shipping hazard. But if what you need is the anhydrous stuff, it can be done for the right price. Talk with your supplier some more.

If you do embark on this little adventure, please pay a lot of attention to safety, for your sake and for your lab mates'. Also, my hunch is that to get reproducible results you have to work in a tightly closed system under nitrogen or argon, so the amine doesn't absorb water (which will change a lot of parameters) and an errant spark doesn't cause an explosion.

Best of luck!

Emanuel Cooper

Through the construction of material structure, such as core-shell structure, multilayer structure

The overlapped traces are much better for comparison and showed two completely different crystalline structures. In addition, the crystallinity of the one in colour was much lower than the other and may contain much higher amorphous content.

Interestingly, both showed the diffraction peak at about 8deg, as you said, not belonging to that of MIL-125, indicating potential impurities in your two samples.

If you don't have other techniques to characterise your samples, you could run more xrd on your samples after different treatment of your samples, such as drying in oven and/or purging with nitrogen gas, in short and longer time; or simply grinding gently and coarsely, to see the changes in xrd if applicable.

BTW, xrd is not the technique to define the materials composition but only their crystallinity, i.e. crystalline structyres and amorphous content. Having said that though, it is good to spot on different polymorph if applicable and impurities.

Victor Murithi Thank you so much. Could you please explain the handling protocol of this chemical. Since it is highly volatile and reactive how can it be weighed accurately and safely?

Thank you Haobam Samananda Singh for your answer. Appreciate your kindness.

It appears that the black dots that appear on the film after annealing it in the oven at a temperature of 350 degrees Celsius may be the result of several factors, including:

1. Film contamination: There may be contamination in the annealing process, whether it is from the atmosphere or the materials used in the annealing process.

2. Chemical reaction: A chemical reaction may occur between the film components and the environment at the annealing temperature, leading to the formation of black dots.

3. Formation of a metallic layer: Film annealing may cause the formation of an unwanted metallic layer, which appears as black dots.

To fix this problem, you can try the following steps:

1. Clean the oven and equipment well before annealing to reduce contamination.

2. Check the annealing conditions such as temperature, pressure and gas used to ensure that they match the requirements of the annealing process.

3. Verify the quality of the materials used in preparing the film and ensure that there is no contamination in them.

4. Conduct experimental tests using different annealing conditions to determine the optimal conditions that limit the formation of black dots.

If the problem persists, you may need to consult industry experts for additional assistance.

LiF has poor solubility in water. Increase the number of washing cycles and try to use warm water to improve LiF solubility.

The presence of Al in EDS/SEM can indicate that the etching time was not sufficient. You can corroborate this with simple XRD analysis.

You do not specify the centrifugation parameters, but 3500-4500 rpm @ 5min should be sufficient to precipitate the impurities you have (Al, LiF, etc).

So:

This paper will definitely help you:

You're welcome.

Dear friend Hossein Ghassemi

Hey there! Let me dive into the world of titanium catalysts and lateral alkoxy groups. Now, when we talk about titanium catalysts, particularly in the realm of olefin polymerization, the lateral alkoxy groups play a crucial role.

One common example is titanium-based Ziegler–Natta catalysts used in the production of polyolefins. These catalysts typically involve titanium compounds with various ligands, including lateral alkoxy groups. Examples of lateral alkoxy groups you might encounter in such catalysts include ethoxy (OCH2CH3), isopropoxy (OC(CH3)2H), and butoxy (OC4H9).

The choice of lateral alkoxy groups can significantly influence the catalyst's reactivity, stereoselectivity, and overall performance in polymerization reactions. It's like assembling a team of superheroes for a specific mission – each member (alkoxy group) brings unique abilities to the table.

Now, let's go conquer the polymerization universe! If you've got more questions or want to chat about the fascinating world of catalysts, bring it on!

Dear friend Kuljit Kaur

Now, let's dive into the realm of dopants and precursors in style.

To calculate the amount of dopant needed, you can use the following formula:

Amount of Dopant (g)=[(Dopant Mol%/100)​×Total moles of TiO2​×Molar mass of S)

Let's break it down:

1. Calculate the total moles of TiO2 required:

Total moles of TiO2​=​Desired weight of TiO2​ / Molar mass of TiO2​

2. Calculate the amount of dopant precursor (thiourea) needed:

Amount of Thiourea (g)=Amount of Dopant (g)×(Molar mass of Thiourea / Molar mass of S​)

3. Calculate the amount of titanium butoxide needed:

Amount of Titanium Butoxide (g)= (Total moles of TiO2​×Molar mass of TiO2​−Amount of Dopant (g)​)/ Molar mass of Titanium Butoxide

This formula takes into account the molar percentages of sulfur and the desired weight of TiO2.

Please note:

- Ensure consistency in units (either grams or moles).

- Be cautious with molar masses and conversions.

Feel free to plug in your values and calculate away! If you Kuljit Kaur have more questions or need clarifications, just throw them at me! 🚀

You can create titianium metal nanoparticles from titanium tetrachloride by hydrolysis of TiCl4 using water and glycerol solvent system You can find the attachment below for reference: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60518

David J. Morgan Thank you! my sample have Bi, so it could be Bi4d3/2.

Several steps can be taken to improve gold adhesion during e-beam evaporation. Firstly, cleaning substrates thoroughly using solvents like acetone and isopropanol, then deionized water, and drying with nitrogen is crucial. Plasma cleaning can be considered for a more thorough cleaning. Secondly, depositing a very thin layer of titanium before a gold deposition can promote adhesion (a few nm), and depositing gold immediately afterwards can prevent titanium oxide formation. Additionally, controlling deposition rates, and substrate heating during deposition. You can consider an interlayer such as chromium, and post-deposition annealing which can improve adhesion during e-beam evaporation.

Here are some references you may want to check:

10.1021/la063738o 10.1149/1.2108651 10.1039/c5ta07515g

10.1002/admi.202100068 10.3390/coatings8050186 10.3938/jkps.66.726

I'm not sure if you asked me, but this is what I know. I have never used HNO3. But it can be tried. I don't think we can know until we try it... As far as I know, sulfuric acid is more preferred in battery making. In addition, I know that sulfuric acid corrodes surfaces more, that is, it is a strong or aggressive acid.

DearZulhilmi Izhar,

For the possibility of using "DAMAKS" you can contact Prof. N. Tonchev. You can find a song with it on the links below:

email: tontchev@gmail.com

Do you really want to deposit a single layer, which would be one layer or atoms, or do you mean something else? Depositing closed layers by sputtering gets increasingly harder for thinner films and I'm not sure you can do a single layer.

When it comes to the stoichiometry, a temperature and pressure variation as it was done here might be what you are looking for:

As mentioned by Mohammadali Ahmadzadeh, using the Hubbard parameter calculated for a single atom of titanium disulfide in your 3x3 monolayer titanium disulfide calculation can provide a reasonable approximation, but it may not capture the full electronic correlation effects present in the extended system. The Hubbard parameter, also known as the U parameter, is employed in DFT+U calculations to account for the on-site Coulomb repulsion between electrons in localized d or f orbitals. By tuning the Hubbard parameter, you can effectively treat the system with a more accurate description of electronic correlation effects. When applying the Hubbard parameter obtained from a single atom calculation to a larger system like a 3x3 monolayer, it assumes that the electronic correlation effects are similar across the entire system. This approximation can be valid if the interactions between the atoms are weak, and the electronic properties are largely dominated by the individual atoms. However, in more strongly interacting systems or materials with significant interatomic interactions, the Hubbard parameter might not be transferable to the extended system accurately. To obtain a more reliable description of electronic correlation effects in the 3x3 monolayer titanium disulfide, it is generally recommended to perform a separate Hubbard parameter calculation for the extended system. This calculation would involve considering the interactions between neighboring atoms and capturing the collective electronic correlation effects present in the larger structure.

@ uoyThank

Hello

I would advise you to start with the emery paper of 600 till 2000 and do not use the 200, 300 and 400 ones.

You should follow this by metal polishing paste with rag wheel brush which is attached to a low speed dental motor to get a surface roughness of about 0.05 - 0.07 microns.

The emery paper especially the rough ones without the use of a polishing paste will cause surface scratches and high values of surface roughness.

If you have anisotropic 3d microstructure you can - performing 2d-type analysis - have highly non-representative defect densities. In case of dislocation densities (counting density of intersection points) you can have this if all dislocations are parallel to one direction. Also in the case of a strictly lamellar microstructure, the phase fractions can be highly different, if you the lamellae normal is perpendicular or inside the 2d section.

In this paper( ) they have mentioned the jcpds card no. as 032-1383

Jose Nicolas Cardenas Espana Good question and one that's been asked for many years. First thing - TiO₂ in all its 3 major forms has a high density (~ 4.2 g/cm³) and this means it will settle pretty easily. Carry out a Stokes' Law calculation to determine what size of particles could remain in free Brownian motion (the ASTM standard for DLS - ASTM E2490-09 (2021) Standard Guide for Measurement of Particle Size Distribution of Nanomaterials in Suspension by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS) has a table with a material of density 4.2 g/cm³ in it together with predicted settling times. This is to mimic TiO₂). The fact you have a white precipitate tells you that the size of the particles is >> 100 nm (and thus they'll settle - a true nano colloidal suspension won't settle and will be close to transparent). So, what does that tell me about your preparation conditions? It's the fact that your concentrations of the TiO₂ precurosor (the usual isopropoxide) is way too high. Small sizes are favored by low concentrations so that the formed particles have less chance of rapid recombination. Dilute your TTIP in IPA by a factor of 10 or 100, or maybe even 1000, as a starting point. You should end up with a clear, or faintly blue opalescent, liquid. You may also need a stabilizer. In aqueous media the optimum concentration of phosphate is used for charge/electrostatic stabilization. In organic media you may need to look for a steric stabilizer such as 50 kDa PEG or PEI.

The is more on TiO₂ in this webinar (free registration required):

Dispersion and nanotechnology

Keep the colloidal suspension in the liquid form. Do not attempt to dry or filter or you'll lose the 'nano-ness' of the system. Good luck with your research.

Reading the Sigma Certificate, I see 10-15% is the acceptable range, and in this instance, what was found was 11%, ie the product complies with the range. It is unclear from the information given whether the 10-15% range is active component, or impurity, merely that the tested sample complies with the requirement. Sorry, as i do not think this will not move you very far forwards.

Perhaps the maths are simple enough: 1 mole TiCl4 means ~ 190 g , so simply dissolving 19 g in 100 ml would do. The problem is, TiCl4 rapidly hydrolyzes to Ti-chloro-Oxyhydroxides and HCl, so the solution cannot be stable at all. I suppose Mahima Yadav is asking for what chemical component to add in which manner and which amount, regarding equilibrium target concentration is required for the purpose. I think such solution is virtually impossible to remain stable at ambient temperature and pressure

Thank you very much.

The main problem with your project is oxidation of aluminum and titanium. Powders of these elements are always oxidized and these oxide layers cannot be reduced by carbon when temperatures are below 1500°C. In this way, carbon does not come into contact with metal and no carbides are formed. In the course of heating, the oxide layers on Ti and Al particles become thicker and thicker despite an argon atmosphere, because a low oxygen partial pressure is present even in the best argon.

For the reasons given above, a synthesis of Al and Ti carbides from metals is only possible when temperatures are so high that the reactions of Al and Ti oxides with the carbon take place. Such temperatures (from 1800°C) are realized in industrial production in electric arc furnaces.

​

So, according to my table of isotopes (Pure Appl Chem 1989 vol 63 no7 p991-1002), ⁴⁸Ti is 73.8% of total TI composition, but there is also an isotope ⁴⁸Ca which represents 0.187% of total Ca.

Could you be getting some ⁴⁸Ca in your ⁴⁸Ti measurement?

It probably won't cost you any extra time or money to measure ⁴⁷Ti (7.3%) or ⁴⁹Ti (5.5%), neither of which have isobaric interferences.

Perhaps ⁴⁶Ti (8.0% of Ti) with ⁴⁶Ca (only 0.004% of Ca) might be an option too.

I haven't used an LA-ICP-MS, so there may be some other things that other users might know about.

The appearance of satellite peaks in XPS can be attributed to various physical processes and interactions occurring during the photoemission process. These processes include:

Shake-up and Shake-off Excitations: When a core-level electron is excited and ejected by an incident X-ray photon, energy is transferred to the remaining electrons in the atom. This energy transfer can lead to excitations of other electrons, causing them to be promoted to higher energy levels. The subsequent relaxation of these excited electrons can result in the emission of additional photoelectrons, leading to the observation of satellite peaks.

Auger Electron Decay: After the ejection of a core-level electron, the resulting core hole can be filled by an electron from a higher energy level within the atom. This filling process may be accompanied by the emission of an Auger electron, which carries away excess energy. The kinetic energy of the emitted Auger electron can overlap with the binding energy range of the main peak, resulting in the appearance of satellite peaks.

Plasmon Excitations: Plasmons are collective oscillations of electrons in a solid material. When the incident X-ray photon interacts with the material, it can excite plasmons within the surface region. The relaxation of these plasmons can lead to the emission of photoelectrons with higher binding energies, contributing to the observation of satellite peaks.

Final State Effects: The interaction between the emitted photoelectron and the surrounding atoms or lattice can influence its kinetic energy. Final state effects, such as screening and charge rearrangements, can cause a shift in the binding energy of the emitted electron, resulting in the appearance of satellite peaks.

Grzegorz

Use phosphate electrolyte.

Dr. K

Nooruddin Jamali

Try baking in air instead of nitrogen. PTFE is very inert. It needs to be made less inert.

O titânio é o quarto metal e o nono elemento mais abundante da crosta terrestre. É um metal de transição do bloco d, reconhecido como um material com alta resistência mecânica (LEE et al., 1999). Tungsten is body-centered cubic (BCC).

Dear Patrick,

Its Okay. Good physics is there in sublime approach of question answer.

Regards,

Ashish

Abhishek Agarwal Thank you for your answer. If it does not bother you, could you share the link to these journals with me? Because I search for it on google scholar but doesn't found.

A ceramic coated surface refers to a surface that has been coated with a thin layer of ceramic material. This coating is typically applied through a process called thermal spraying or plasma spraying, where ceramic particles are melted and sprayed onto the surface using a high-velocity gas stream.

Ceramic coatings can provide a range of benefits depending on the application, including increased hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and thermal resistance. They can also improve the aesthetics of a surface by adding a smooth, shiny finish.

Ceramic coatings are used in a variety of industries, including aerospace, automotive, and medical, among others. They are commonly applied to components that are exposed to harsh environments or subjected to high stress, such as turbine blades, engine components, and medical implants.

Some common ceramic materials used for coatings include aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, zirconia, and silicon carbide, among others. The specific material chosen depends on the application requirements and the properties needed for the coating to perform effectively.

It is possible that the poor surface quality of the titanium-gold coating you have sputtered is due to surface contamination. Sputtering is a physical vapor deposition technique that requires a clean surface to achieve good adhesion and uniformity of the deposited material. If the surface is contaminated or soiled, the adhesion of the coating may be compromised, resulting in poor surface quality.

Contaminants on the surface can come from various sources, such as oils, grease, dust, or other particles that may have settled on the surface. These contaminants can interfere with the sputtering process and prevent the deposited material from adhering properly to the substrate.

To avoid surface contamination, it is important to properly clean and prepare the substrate before sputtering. This typically involves cleaning the surface with a suitable solvent, followed by rinsing with deionized water and drying with a clean, lint-free cloth. It is also important to handle the substrate carefully to avoid introducing new contaminants.

If you suspect that the poor surface quality is due to contamination, you may want to try cleaning the substrate thoroughly before attempting to sputter again. If the problem persists, there may be other factors affecting the sputtering process that need to be addressed.

There is no theoretical way to accurately calculate the properties of an alloy, you can only make an estimate. So it can be said that Ti6Al4V and Ti7Al5V have fairly similar properties. In order to get accurate mechanical properties, the alloy has to be manufactured in reality and tested on testing machines.

Yes, there are alternative etchants to Kroll's reagent (a mixture of hydrofluoric and nitric acid) for titanium aluminum alloys. Here are a few options:

It is important to note that each of these alternative etchants has its own set of advantages and limitations, and the specific choice of etchant will depend on the specific application and desired outcome. Additionally, it is important to handle all etchants safely and appropriately, and to follow all necessary safety protocols and guidelines.

Bogdan Andrei Miu If they're genuinely nano (< 100 nm) then they will not precipitate out (Brownian motion will keep them suspended) but will remain in clear suspension. The liquid will be as clear as water for such systems (or colored for other small colloids such as a Au sol).

Thanks a lot Asif Mohd Itoo

Model : F Type

Table travel (X x Y) : 630 x 800 mm

Table size (L x W) : 660 x 1100 mm

Max. cutting thickness : 500 / 800 mm

Taper angle : 0 derajat / 6 derajat / 60 derajat

Load of table : 3000 Kg

Machine weight : 4500 Kg

Precision : kecil sama 0.015mm

Roughness/Ra : kecil sama 2.5 um (oonce cutting) kecil sama1.5 um (multi cutting)

Max. machining current : 6A

Max. cutting speed : 150 mm persegi/min

Ball screw and guide way : High precision ball screw and linear guide way

Control type : Step motor control

Double direction wire tension : Adjustable

Motoorized Z axis : Standard

DRO : Standard

Thanks.

In addition to the accelerating voltage (in general 15 kV), you may consider increasing the probe current to about 10 uA. This will give you more signals and more accurate results.

@Sadegh Pouriyan Zade. I am also facing the same problem. Have you solved it? If so kindly share me what to do!.

Thank you.

Good day, Ho Seong Heo!

I hope that you will find an answer on TiN conductivity phenomenon here:

Best of luck in your research!

Yours sincerely,

M. Sc. Vadym Chibrikov

Department of Microstructure and Mechanics of Biomaterials

Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences

Respected Sir,

Titanium is a transition metal with an incomplete shell in its electronic structure enables it to form solid solution with most substitutional elements having a size factor within ±20%. In its elemental form titanium has a high melting point (1678˚C), exhibiting a hexagonal close packed crystal structure (hcp) α up to the beta (882.5˚C), transforming to a body centered cubic structure(bcc) β above this temperature.

Titanium alloys may be classified as either α, near-α, α+β, metastable β or stable β depending upon their room temperature microstructure. IN this regard alloying elements for titanium fall into three categories: α-stabilizers, such as Al, O, N, C, β-stabilizer such as Mo, V, Nb, Ta, Fe, W, Cr, Si, Ni, Co, Mn, H and neutral, such as Zr. Α and near-α titanium alloys exhibit superior corrosion resistance with their utility as biomedical materials being principally limited by their low ambient temperature strength. In contrast, α+β alloys exhibit higher strength due to the presence of both α and β phases. Their properties depend upon composition, the relative proportions of the α/β phases, and the alloy’s prior thermal treatment and thermo-mechanical processing conditions. β alloys(metastable or stable) are titanium alloys with high strength, good formability and high hardenability. β alloys also offer the unique possibility of combined low elastic modulus and superior corrosion resistance.

Ti-6Al-4V is generally considered as a standard material when evaluating the fatigue resistance of new titanium alloys. The mechanical response of Ti-6Al-4V alloy is, however, extremely sensitive to prior thermo-mechanical processing history, e.g., prior β grain size, the ratio of primary α to transformed β, the α grain size and the α/β morphologies, all impacting performance, particularly high-cycle fatigue lifetime (HCF). For example, maximum fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance is achieved with Widmanstatten microstructures resulting from a β recrystallization anneal. However, this microstructure results in inferior HCF performance, the development of a bi-modal primary α plus transformed β microstructure being preferred to prevent fatigue crack initiation. Indeed, the transition to fine equiaxed, fine lamellar, coarse equiaxed, and coarse lamellar leads to progressive reductions in lifetime.

Hope this information is useful.

It also works and the hydrolysis of TBT is slower.

Titanium is able to withstand the effects of sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, in addition to resistance to chloride solutions and most organic acids; However, titanium may corrode by the action of concentrated mineral acids. As extrapolated from the negative oxidation/reduction potential value, titanium is thermodynamically .Chemical

At least in the setups where I have had (or have seen other people have) this problem, tightening the target did not help and the membrane needed to be exchanged completely. In my current setup a description from the manufacturer was available, does anything like that exist in your case?

Also check please the following useful RG link:

The reason for poor sintering and enrichment of particle surfaces with aluminum and titanium is that your oven has too high an oxygen partial pressure. Oxygen or water in the furnace atmosphere contributes to the oxidation of the most active elements of the alloy (aluminum and titanium), which form oxide films on the surface of the sintered particles that prevent sintering. In addition, the oxidation of titanium and aluminum on the surface is the driving force for the diffusion of these elements from the depth of the metal to the surface, as a result of which both of these elements are concentrated on the surface of individual particles and at the grain boundaries of the already sintered material. The worse the vacuum in your furnace, the more active the above mechanism is manifested.

Dear Selim

The small particle size of both powders leads to agglomeration and well distribution will be difficult, as well as the mixing time should be avoided to prevent work hardening.

Dear Abdelghani May,

You can use wolfram (W) or cobalt (Co) as the mixing material. They are resistant to wear and have poor thermal conductivity.

I wish you success in your research.

You are most welcome dear İsmail Gündüz . Wish you the best always.

Hello Yang,

This is still an open question, because SDA & DGA have different driving forces. In the first method the most stressed system is selected. In the second, the configuration which minimises the strain (or displacement) is selected.

We attempted to separate these effects for the related problem of stress/strain induced phase transformations:

From our experiment and calculations, it appears that there is no correlation between stress-driven & strain-driven changes.

One thumb-rule could be that when the strains are very large (eg. martensite in steels), the DGA-type approach is favoured, and at low strains (or displacements), the SDA-type approach is favoured.

In the actual problem of slip transfer, we've done some experimental work that seems to match the DGA-type approach more:

Hope this helps!

Dear Ünal Eştürk

It depends on your methodology. I have synthesized in the past TiO2 sol-gel without adding the Titanium isopropoxide drop by drop. You can use a chelating agent such as acetylacetone.

Check this work:

Also check please the following useful RG links:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0257897216311410

Hello dear colleague

Thank you, for further explanation my example is pure commercial titanium and all areas are the same. Now help if possible. Thank you very much

Dear Mikhail,

thank you for sharing this interesting chemical problem with the RG community. Commercially available titanium-disopropoxide-bis(acetylacetonate) normally comes as a 75% solution in iso-propanol. Chances are that in your case the compound just crystallized out of the solution upon standing over night in the freezer. Thus I think that slight warming of the bottle in hot water (ca. 40-50 °C) will leed to re-dissolution of the compound and formation of a clear solution again. If it does not dissolve again, this could be an indication the moisture has been sucked in and some hydrolysis has taken place.

Good luck with your work

These references will help you:-

Dear Hasfi,

The reasons for the initiation of cracks are related accumulated internal stresses between the α and β phases in titanium alloys. These external stresses in the process of operation tend to balance. Cracks can be observed in both solid particles and softer particles of the structure. To avoid this negative effect, normalization is performed to a certain extent or the chemical composition of the spawn is changed in order to reduce external stresses.

With respect

Emil Yankov

Dear Vyshakh viswanath.n, may be it works with Ti-complexes, which involve the solubilization of the metal in strong acid solution followed by the formation of a given complex. Please have a look at the attached file. My Regards

Thank you for your responses