Science topic

Titanium - Science topic

Titanium is a dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts; atomic number, 22; atomic weight, 47.90; symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures. (Dorland, 28th ed)
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Because of the HF content of Kroll's reagent which is very dangerous to handle, I would like to know if there is/are other etchants for titanium aluminium alloys. Thanks.
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According to ASTM E407-7, there are many options.
One of them consists in KOH, H2O2 and water.
HF is avoidable, but the aspect of the etching may be different.
Best regards,
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I tried to obtain TiO2 nanoparticles by combining a solution of titanium isopropoxide (TTIP 1 mM, dissolved in isopropyl alcohol) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG 1 mM, in water), but, even though UV-Vis spectrum indicated the NPs were formed, I couldn't obtain a precipitate. Probably the nanoparticles are still soluble in isopropanol? Does anyone have any idea what is going on in the reaction between TTIP and EGCG and how can I purify the nanoparticles?
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Bogdan Andrei Miu If they're genuinely nano (< 100 nm) then they will not precipitate out (Brownian motion will keep them suspended) but will remain in clear suspension. The liquid will be as clear as water for such systems (or colored for other small colloids such as a Au sol).
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I just want to know if like titanium isopropoxide, titanium (IV) sulfate also needs to be handled in a glovebox? Thanks!
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Thanks a lot Asif Mohd Itoo
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Hello, good morning everyone. I'm looking for a cell migration test on titanium discs. For this, I need a fluorescent marker that is not cytotoxic and that allows the cells to be visualized using an inverted fluorescence microscope.
Can you help me with this?
Thank you very much!
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Hi,
Guess you could try any of the cell tracker dyes. (they label the entire cytoplasm usually). e.g. https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/C2925
If you prefer to have a rather distinct point to monitor, you could e.g. overexpress a H2B-GFP or similar fusion protein, which localises to the nucleus. https://www.addgene.org/11680/
Good luck!
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Greetings everyone,
I work in a facility where we need to cut thin sheets (3–4 mm = 0.12–0.16 in) of Ti6Al4V Eli using wire EDM. The parts we’re cutting are neither simple nor complicated (imagine cutting a spoon shape—without the concavity—out of a thin metal sheet); those parts are then heated and bent to the final shape (which, again, is usually not very complicated, practically similar to the bends found in an ordinary spoon). The issue is that we have an excessive amount of waste titanium sheets after cutting, and we were wondering how we could reduce waste while also making the entire process more efficient in terms of raw stock. One of my coworkers suggested that we use thicker (12mm = 0.5in) plates and then orient the parts sideways so the wire EDM machine can cut the bends while still inside the machine in-situ. He argues that by optimizing the layout of the sideways-oriented parts on the plates, we can fit more parts into each plate and thus reduce the waste material. I’ve attached some illustrative drawings to illustrate what I mean more clearly.
I personally think that, although we might be able to get some waste material back, the whole process may not be worth the effort. First of all, the mechanical integrity of the part must not be compromised in any way, and I don’t think that the mechanical properties of the parts that were cut normally and the mechanical properties of the parts that were cut sideways are going to be the same. In fact, I believe that cutting the parts sideways might make the final product worse and less durable since metal plates are not isotropic, and we, at the very least, might need a new heat treating step to recover or maintain the mechanical integrity of the final product. This, of course, defeats the whole purpose of this initiation.
I am fully aware that I’m not professional nor do I have experience in these topics; I'm a newly graduated BME engineer, and I might have gotten all of this wrong. In either case, I kindly ask someone with sufficient and relevant experience to help me, or at least to guide me on how to search for such topics. I need to professionally and/or scientifically prove that this idea may or may not work. I’ve been searching the internet for a couple of days now, and the amount of information is intimidating. I’m going from one rabbit hole to another and keep getting lost in the details, which is why I believe I need someone more experienced to show me where to look or how to start.
Thanks to everyone in advance. Your help is much appreciated.
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Model : F Type
Table travel (X x Y) : 630 x 800 mm
Table size (L x W) : 660 x 1100 mm
Max. cutting thickness : 500 / 800 mm
Taper angle : 0 derajat / 6 derajat / 60 derajat
Load of table : 3000 Kg
Machine weight : 4500 Kg
Precision : kecil sama 0.015mm
Roughness/Ra : kecil sama 2.5 um (oonce cutting) kecil sama1.5 um (multi cutting)
Max. machining current : 6A
Max. cutting speed : 150 mm persegi/min
Ball screw and guide way : High precision ball screw and linear guide way
Control type : Step motor control
Double direction wire tension : Adjustable
Motoorized Z axis : Standard
DRO : Standard
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what structural property/properties of Titanium makes it one of the suitable suitable for adsorption?
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Thanks.
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What should be the acceleration voltage used for EDS analysis of plasma electrolytic oxidation coating (6 μ) on titanium?
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mostnof the metals will be detected by applying 30 kv and maintaining edo from 15-22 mm
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Hi everyone,
I would like to use water soluble Titanium salts for my research work.
Except Titanium nitrate, is there any other water soluble titanium salts.
Please lemme know is anything.
Thanks and regards,
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It is not a salt. But you may check this one out ! Its a water soluble Ti containing compound.
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Hello everyone. please help me
I want to know why titanium nitride(TiN) has better electrical conductivity than titanium oxide(TiO2).
Thesedays, i did some experiments about PEMFC bipolar plate.
I installed TiN coating to titanium substrate. And, interfacial contact resistance was improved.
But. I dont know why transition metal nitride (CrN, TiN etc) has good electrical conductivity.
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Good day, Ho Seong Heo!
I hope that you will find an answer on TiN conductivity phenomenon here:
Best of luck in your research!
Yours sincerely,
M. Sc. Vadym Chibrikov
Department of Microstructure and Mechanics of Biomaterials
Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences
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steel shows fatigue limit due to dislocations being trapped by cottrel atmosphrere of acrbon, and a minimum level of stress needed to keep the dislocations continously moving. WHich is the element responsible for same behavior in Titanium? Does pure Ti (and Pure Fe) devoid of solute elements also show fatigue limit? if yes, why?
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Respected Sir,
Titanium is a transition metal with an incomplete shell in its electronic structure enables it to form solid solution with most substitutional elements having a size factor within ±20%. In its elemental form titanium has a high melting point (1678˚C), exhibiting a hexagonal close packed crystal structure (hcp) α up to the beta (882.5˚C), transforming to a body centered cubic structure(bcc) β above this temperature.
Titanium alloys may be classified as either α, near-α, α+β, metastable β or stable β depending upon their room temperature microstructure. IN this regard alloying elements for titanium fall into three categories: α-stabilizers, such as Al, O, N, C, β-stabilizer such as Mo, V, Nb, Ta, Fe, W, Cr, Si, Ni, Co, Mn, H and neutral, such as Zr. Α and near-α titanium alloys exhibit superior corrosion resistance with their utility as biomedical materials being principally limited by their low ambient temperature strength. In contrast, α+β alloys exhibit higher strength due to the presence of both α and β phases. Their properties depend upon composition, the relative proportions of the α/β phases, and the alloy’s prior thermal treatment and thermo-mechanical processing conditions. β alloys(metastable or stable) are titanium alloys with high strength, good formability and high hardenability. β alloys also offer the unique possibility of combined low elastic modulus and superior corrosion resistance.
Ti-6Al-4V is generally considered as a standard material when evaluating the fatigue resistance of new titanium alloys. The mechanical response of Ti-6Al-4V alloy is, however, extremely sensitive to prior thermo-mechanical processing history, e.g., prior β grain size, the ratio of primary α to transformed β, the α grain size and the α/β morphologies, all impacting performance, particularly high-cycle fatigue lifetime (HCF). For example, maximum fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance is achieved with Widmanstatten microstructures resulting from a β recrystallization anneal. However, this microstructure results in inferior HCF performance, the development of a bi-modal primary α plus transformed β microstructure being preferred to prevent fatigue crack initiation. Indeed, the transition to fine equiaxed, fine lamellar, coarse equiaxed, and coarse lamellar leads to progressive reductions in lifetime.
Hope this information is useful.
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Most papers were using Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as a precursor for preparation of Titanium photo catalyst. Is there any difference using Titanium butoxide in place of (TTIP)?
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It also works and the hydrolysis of TBT is slower.
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Does Etching using a concentrated hydrochloric acid provide superior surface modification effects in titanium?
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Titanium is able to withstand the effects of sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, in addition to resistance to chloride solutions and most organic acids; However, titanium may corrode by the action of concentrated mineral acids. As extrapolated from the negative oxidation/reduction potential value, titanium is thermodynamically .Chemical
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I am using PVD machine for gold plating on ceramic products. there are 20 sources of titanium, reactive gas N2 and Ar,
I am having trouble when vacuuming 2.0x10-2Pa , adding Ar and N2 gas and bombarding the titanium source, the vacuum is lost and cannot be coated (7.0x10-1 ~ 9.0x10-1) the more sources titanium open, the more vacuum is lost
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At least in the setups where I have had (or have seen other people have) this problem, tightening the target did not help and the membrane needed to be exchanged completely. In my current setup a description from the manufacturer was available, does anything like that exist in your case?
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There is a satellite peak in Cu2+ but it is absent in titanium. What factors are responsible for the appearance of satellite peaks? Please elaborate.
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Normally, I make TiO2 sol with titanium isopropoxide, ethanol, distilled water and hydrochloric acid. But I don't know which chemicals how need use to for hydrophobic sol.
NOTE: I working on glass coating that's why solution must transparent.
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Also check please the following useful RG link:
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The sintering of 18Ni300 will encounter the enrichment of titanium and aluminum elements on the grain boundaries. Is there any possible reason? How to avoid its occurrence to achieve densification?
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The reason for poor sintering and enrichment of particle surfaces with aluminum and titanium is that your oven has too high an oxygen partial pressure. Oxygen or water in the furnace atmosphere contributes to the oxidation of the most active elements of the alloy (aluminum and titanium), which form oxide films on the surface of the sintered particles that prevent sintering. In addition, the oxidation of titanium and aluminum on the surface is the driving force for the diffusion of these elements from the depth of the metal to the surface, as a result of which both of these elements are concentrated on the surface of individual particles and at the grain boundaries of the already sintered material. The worse the vacuum in your furnace, the more active the above mechanism is manifested.
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Hello dear Researchers,
I've been working on to produce Mo-Ti alloys via powder metallurgy method. Yet, I've come across a problem: I can not properly distribute Titanium in Molybdenum host. I'm using mechanical alloying technique with planetary type of mill. So far, I've tryed 1 to 8 hours milling time. What can you recommend to distribution of Ti .. modification of milling would be enough? (time, ball to powder ratio, rpm etc.) or should I look for different situations? Also I need to increase the Strength and I'm thinking forging(hot or cold) process for that.. Any idea on incresing the strength would be appreciated..
Thank you
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Dear Selim
The small particle size of both powders leads to agglomeration and well distribution will be difficult, as well as the mixing time should be avoided to prevent work hardening.
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According to the great difference between titanium propreties and Aluminum ones, especially the melting temperature. We have to make an other alloy between Aluminum and Titanum to weld them using RFW technique, for example, we have thaught about the copper. Do you agree ?
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We are trying to coat HAp (hydroxyapatite) on the titanium plate by electrophoretic method, but the formation of the coating cannot be observed. Although we increased the voltage and time settings, there is no coating on the plate. I would be very grateful if you could help with this situation?
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You are most welcome dear İsmail Gündüz . Wish you the best always.
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Hello,
During the analysis of twin transfer or slip transfer of alloys, the criteria of displacement gradient accommodation (DGA) and stress-driven accommodation (SDA) were used.
I tried to figure out the correlation among them with the grain orientations, boundary conditions, slip/twin systems, and external loading. But I still did not get the fundamental cores.
I hope it can be written like m prime or Schmid factor with a clear explanation.
Hope someone good in this field can provide constructive guidance!
Best wishes,
Biaobiao
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Hello Yang,
This is still an open question, because SDA & DGA have different driving forces. In the first method the most stressed system is selected. In the second, the configuration which minimises the strain (or displacement) is selected.
We attempted to separate these effects for the related problem of stress/strain induced phase transformations:
From our experiment and calculations, it appears that there is no correlation between stress-driven & strain-driven changes.
One thumb-rule could be that when the strains are very large (eg. martensite in steels), the DGA-type approach is favoured, and at low strains (or displacements), the SDA-type approach is favoured.
In the actual problem of slip transfer, we've done some experimental work that seems to match the DGA-type approach more:
Hope this helps!
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Titanium Carbide
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Rayappa Shrinivas Mahale Sir please share the card number. i have my xrd plot for the mxene.
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Why is titanium precursor dripped drop by drop on TiO2 synthesized by the sol gel method? and why not use HMTA?
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It depends on your methodology. I have synthesized in the past TiO2 sol-gel without adding the Titanium isopropoxide drop by drop. You can use a chelating agent such as acetylacetone.
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I am currently working on differently coated titanium disks in order to investigate any antimicrobial/bacteriostatic effect. Taking a cue from the literature, I'm incubating the disks with a known concentration of bacteria for 8 and 24 hours (in order to allow biofilm formation), then I gently wash and sonicate them. This procedure allows detaching adherent bacteria that formed a biofilm on the surfaces, and the medium in which the disks have been sonicated is used to count CFU on agar plates.
Overall this procedure seems to work, but now I have an issue: the coating I'm testing now detaches from the titanium, even with a weak vortex. The coating is not soluble and thus does not spread in agar, so I can't apply a modified Muller-Hinton test and I don't have the possibility to read absorbance after colorimetric assay, nor special microscopes.
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What is the type of acid, temperature, voltage or amperage of the electropolishing jet and how are the settings made?
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Hello dear colleague
Thank you, for further explanation my example is pure commercial titanium and all areas are the same. Now help if possible. Thank you very much
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We put titanium dissopropoxide bis (acetylacetonate) in a freezing section for 1 day. Now the chemical is crystallized and segregated with the solvent. It won't go to a mixed state by itself. What do we do to recover the chemical?
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Dear Mikhail,
thank you for sharing this interesting chemical problem with the RG community. Commercially available titanium-disopropoxide-bis(acetylacetonate) normally comes as a 75% solution in iso-propanol. Chances are that in your case the compound just crystallized out of the solution upon standing over night in the freezer. Thus I think that slight warming of the bottle in hot water (ca. 40-50 °C) will leed to re-dissolution of the compound and formation of a clear solution again. If it does not dissolve again, this could be an indication the moisture has been sucked in and some hydrolysis has taken place.
Good luck with your work
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I want to synthesise Titanium carbide Mxene for modification of Electrode and Titanium carbide Mxene is prepared by etching of Ti3AlC2. So I want to buy the powder of Ti3AlC2.
But there are too many types of Ti3AlC2 powder available so I am confused about which product is better for making Mxene.
Can you give suggestions on that?
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I discovered two distinct phenomena when cracks begin to form at α and β phases in titanium alloys. How does this difference mechanism come about?
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Dear Hasfi,
The reasons for the initiation of cracks are related accumulated internal stresses between the α and β phases in titanium alloys. These external stresses in the process of operation tend to balance. Cracks can be observed in both solid particles and softer particles of the structure. To avoid this negative effect, normalization is performed to a certain extent or the chemical composition of the spawn is changed in order to reduce external stresses.
With respect
Emil Yankov
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is there any feasible method to convert titanium metal to soluble precursor ?
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Dear Vyshakh viswanath.n, may be it works with Ti-complexes, which involve the solubilization of the metal in strong acid solution followed by the formation of a given complex. Please have a look at the attached file. My Regards
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Suggestions for small scale Plasma treatment instruments
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I want to know the lifetime of a titanium sol (TIO2).
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Thank you for your responses
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I have done Vicker's hardness analysis with titanium and thin-film coated titanium and I'm trying to show the hardness of the coated titanium. I plotted the graph of hardness versus load from 0.1 to 30Kgf, however, for the titanium - the graph was declined as the load increased, and for the coated titanium - the graph went up as the load increased.
I'm not understanding how to conclude from the graph?
Thank you in advance.
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Thin films are very accurate and sensitive. It can not carry as much weight as those used by the Vicker hardness . I agree with Dr. Gedvidas Bikulcius that you find another way to measure the hardness, milligram or microgram (hardness tester ).
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Hello, I am looking for some platinum ball of 1/4 inch diameter, or platinum coated titanium ball of 1/4 inch. If anyone has idea about any sources, vendors or manufacturers info, or even if anyone can make it in their research lab and my lab can buy it, please let me know. we are trying to develop a system where I am gonna use that electrode. reference and name will be included if it turns out a technical paper.
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OK we are interested too. If you found a commercial company, please let us know.
Thanks in advance
M. Merchan
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I Need Wire EDM Facility availability in India to perform Machining Titanium Based Alloys By Varying Machining Parameters as part of the project.
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Hi, the dielectric should be considered during your experiments.
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I want to work on a hydroxyapatite coating on grade 5 titanium, but I do not know which is better between the three sol-gel, electrophoretic methods with chemical vapor deposition and plasma spray???!!!
Glad to share your suggestion on this topic.
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In practice, only plasma-sprayed coatings are used. This is due to the fact that it is impossible to obtain the necessary combination of properties from the coating by other methods:
Sufficiently high mechanical strength of the coating itself and its adhesion to titanium + sufficiently large thickness and porosity of the coating to interact with bone tissue + relatively low cost of the coating + good manufacturability of the process and its suitability for mass production.
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I'm using silicone resin for paint formulation (zirconia as a filler material) and It doesn't cure at atmosphere and elevated temperature also. And I tried titanium 4 isopropoxide, it dried but film becomes flakes while exposed to 250 degree Celsius in muffle furnace. Resin was bought from dow chemicals, the technical data sheet attached below for your reference
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Dear Abishek Palanivelu, the following chapter summerizes the different curing processes depending on the type of the resin. My Regards
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Hi
I working on Titanium sol gel. I dried glass at 100 Celcius for an hour and calsination at 500 Celcius for an hour. After this process, the glass is waiting in furnace all day for cooling. When I was looking my sample, I see cracks on surface. Glass is 24x24x0,14 mm.
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Cracks occurred when the critical value for thickness of the thin films is reached. Now, the thin film thickness is in turn directly proportional to the viscosity of the precursor sol. So controlling of the viscosity to an optimum range is very important in the deposition process to obtain a crack-free TiO2 thin film where at below and higher this range, cracks observes in different types. Therefore you should practice different ionic concentration of sol., in [1] and [2] you find a helpful methodology.
Best regards
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The Alpha Titanium is known to be non heat treatable but it is strengthened by Ti3Al precipitate for increased aluminum content. Doesn't this constitute a contradiction?
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Seems like a tough question. All Al-Ti phase diagrams cannot agree of whether the alpha-Ti field is continous with a narrow channel between beta-Ti and Ti3Al fields, or does the Ti3Al field touches and cuts the beta-Ti field to make a peritectoid reaction and splits the alpha-Ti field into two.
In both ways, if you heat 15-20% Al-Ti , you can dissolve Al-Ti intermetallics, quench and slowly heat-treat to precipitate Ti3Al. But note carefully, The solvus line of ALpha-Ti taking Ti3Al is very much sharp, meaning quite significant undercooling would not provide too much supersaturation but kinetics would be slowed down to percipitate out Ti3Al. And also, the alpha-to-beta phase transition line is also quite steep and dangerously close to Ti solvus line. At 20% Al, only 80 C superheat to dissolve all preexisting Ti3Al for precipitation hardening would bring you into alpha-beta 2-phase zone. For 25% AL, this gap is less than 30 degrees! So you see, controlling Precipitation hardening and polymorphic transition simultaneously would be a severe hassle. But still, precipitation hardening would be theoretically possible
For the other part of alpha-Ti, stable only above 1120 C or so, the strengthening phase would be TiAl. As Ti would be quite softened at that temperature, higher %Al would provide more precipitates and better strength. But I am not sure whether quenching this Ti structure would retain metallic phase, or a double-intermetallic of TiAl-Ti3Al would form.
In short, theoretically, if Solid solution stenthening, or even composite formation of Ti-Ti3Al is done, higher Al means higher strength. But considering the kinetic condition, making this structure by heat treatment is extremely difficult.
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Good day, dear colleagues.
I have an interesing question for PVD technology specialists.
We use an equipment (Picture 1) for Arc-PVD technology with titanium cathode (picture 3) for glass surface coating (Picture 4).
But we faced with problem of nonequal coating thickness on the surface. In the central part of surface (under cathode placed) the thicknes is OK. On the corner parts the coating thickness is low (Picture 2).
What is the reason of this not uniform thickness?
Is it possible to create aproximately similar coating thickness on the all surface zones? Do You know any technical methods to rich this goal?
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Hello Dmitry,
If possible, use a rotating sample.
In your case, the thickness reduces quadratically with the distance to the cathode.
Yours
R. Mitdank
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I'm working on superhydropobic coating with titanium sol-gel. I use titanium isopropoxide, ethanol, distilled water and HCI. After dip coating, I put glass to in desiccator and dried 50 C for 1 hour. After drying, there were flake-like structures on the surface of the glass and not transparent. How can I fix this problem?
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Dear Atakan Barkınay, I think you didn't finished the experimental procedure. The following statment is taken from the reference below. My Regards
'.... The TiO2 was prepared from a titanium butoxide (Ti(OC4H9)4 and isobutanol (C4H9OH) precursor solution with dip coating at 50 °C, air drying, and then hydrothermal treatment at 120 °C for 7 h in water or steam to achieve coating densification. '
Ref.
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The heat transfer coefficient is a important parameter during the simulation of dissimilar metal welding. But it is technically difficult to determine, especially in laser welding, due to the extremely fast heating and cooling rates of molten pool. During the laser welding brazing of aluminum and titanium, the molten aluminum was spread on the unmelted titanium and heat transfer happened between them. From the existing literature, I have gotten the heat transfer cofficient during casting was about 1000~3000W/m2/K. But there is none literature about the heat transfer cofficient between molten aluminum and unmelted titanium during laser welding-brazing. If you have some favorable suggestions, please share them with me. Thank you very much!
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Maybe this will help. Materials are different, but the procedure should be the same. It is for the heat transfer between the molten aluminum and metallic mold.
"Effect of pressure on heat transfer coefficient at the metal/mold interface of A356 aluminum alloy"
paper is freely available.
Best regards,
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Hi
can anybody please tell me what is  the value (-0.157) next titanium concentration in my soil sample means?
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This is a good question.
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I need to deposit the anatase TiO2 layer on ITO and FTO glasses, considering the experimental parameters, I found the optimum heat treatment temperature for 450 C. However, the substrate can not bear higher than 200 C. Is it possible to decrease crystallization temperature by playing with experimental parameters? which parameter is more effective in decreasing crystallization temperature?
PS. I used Titanium butoxide as a precursor and propanol as a solvent.
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Dear Mahsa,
this is a very interesting technical question. Unfortunately I cannot provide you with a qualified expert answer, as we work in organometallic chemistry. However, I just came across the following potentially useful review article which might help you in your analysis:
Low-temperature crystallization of solution-derived metal oxide thin films assisted by chemical processes
Luckily this very instructive review article has been posted by the authors as public full text on RG. Thus it can be freely accessed and downloaded as pdf file. I'm sure it will be of interest for you.
Good luck with your research and best wishes, Frank Edelmann
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I have synthesized Titanium carbide (Ti3C2) from Ti3SiC2 tiranium silicon carbide using wet chemical etching method.but for xrd analysis I am using xpert software and Jade.but in these two software I can not get the elemental composition of my sample.Xpert sofware is showing " No candidates found" I don't understand what is the problem.If its related to PDF cards then please send me the pdf cards of Titanium silicon carbide and titanium carbide?
here is my email id ; noorabbasi94@yahoo.com
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Qandeel Noor, I'm attaching a CIF file for Ti3SiC2 that I built, based on lattice parameters from various articles. Generally, not all MAX phases are listed in most databases, as we're still discovering them even till today.
For MXenes (Mn+1XnTx), the CIF is more complicated. Generally, the c-lattice parameter varies based on M (Ti, Nb, V, etc.), X (C/N), n (1-4), Tx (surface groups), and most importantly the intercalated molecules in between the MXene sheets. It also depends on if the MXene is multilayer or delaminated flakes. This is because the MXene flakes will either be delaminated and all align in one direction, or will be multilayer and held in the accordion-like arrangement. Because of this, any CIF/card that you get on MXenes will only be accurate for the exact same synthesis/drying conditions. I recommend instead to analyze the MXene structure by hand. This article describes exactly how to do this:
Look at Figure 6 in this article, and the description around it. In this article, I spend a great deal of time explaining exactly what you see with each type of MXene and how it's processed.
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For c-TiO2 layer onto FTO, I need to make 30 mM titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (TDBA) solution for spray-pyrolysis.
As far as I know, TDBA is usually sold as a solution in IPA (75wt%).
How could I make 30 mM titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (TDBA) solution using TDBA in IPA (75wt%) solution?
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Is your question about how you should do the dilution from 75%wt to 30mM?
if it is, you should first calculate what is the concentration in mol/L of your 75% stock solution (be careful because the percentage is a wt% so you have to get the density of IPA to get the concentration in g/L that can help https://www.researchgate.net/post/What-is-a-25-wt-solution-of-tetramethylammonium-hydroxide-in-methanol-mean )
then calculate what is the dilution factor you should apply.
for that you need the molar mass of your precursor in g/mol and the density of IPA in g/ml. (I'm not sure if that's the answer you were looking for but I'm sure it could help someone).
zakaria
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The through hole is done using a 8mm electrode and surface roughness has to be calculated on the side walls of the titanium grade 5 workpiece of size (25*25*5) mm.
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C. Serra-Rodríguez Thankyou for your answer
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I want to validate these results which are showing in pictures. I am using SRIM software. I do not know about the hydrogen ratio in this combination. I read many research articles but do not find right solution. I mention below the paper link..
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Waheed, please reformulate your question, because it is unclear.
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I am doing CFM with K3Fe(CN)6/PBS on the cathode side and whey with K. pneumoniae on the anode side. The problem is that the volume of the cathode is decreasing and the volume of the anode is increasing. It is a closed double chamber with graphene electrodes, titanium wire and Nafion membrane. Voltage will be generated, but the amps show 0 on the multimeter.
And I don't know what's going on. I am doing the measurements in open circuit (directly connected to the multimeter without the electrodes being linked by an external load).
Could someone tell me what's going on or how do I fix this, please?
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Hi,
Does this happen without voltage? It could be an osmotic pressure effect and solvent getting through the membrane. Try to have the same osmolarity on both sides.
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I need to synthesis a composite of LDH included titanium cation in (+2 and +3) as an oxidation state.
However, what are the materials that I need to synthesis?
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Dear Hissah A. Alqahtani thanks for posting this interesting technical question on RG. Let me answer by asking a question myself: Do you really titanium(III) nitrate? Aqueous solutions of titanium(III) trichloride are commercially available and are not very expensive. In this context please have a look at the following useful literature references:
Reduction of hydrazines to amines with aqueous solution of titanium(III) trichloride
and
A Ti(III) reduction method for one‐step conversion of seawater and freshwater nitrate into N2O for stable isotopic analysis of 15N/14N, 18O/16O and 17O/16O
(see atached pdf file)
If you really need to work in the absence of chloride ions, you can try to generate [Ti(H2O)6](NO3)3 in situ by adding 3 equivalents of AgNO3 as suggested by Shafikul Islam. By the way, the +2 oxidation state of titanium is not stable in aqueous solutions.
Good luck with your research work and best wishes, Frank Edelmann
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Steps in preparation of Titanium reagent required for Catalase analysis?
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  • Titanium dioxide | TiO2 - PubChem https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Titanium-dioxide Titanium dioxide is a titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications. It has a role as a food colouring. Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium (IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium.Molecular Formula: O2Ti or TiO2 PubChem CID: 26042EXPLORE FURTHER Titanium Dioxide in Food — Should You Be Concerned?www.healthline.com
  • In which solvent can TiO2 can be dissolved easily?www.researchgate.net Titanium dioxide - Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org Titanium dioxide - Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org Titanium dioxide (TiO2) - Structure, Properties, and Usesbyjus.com Recommended to you based on what's popular • Feedback
  • US7771679B2 - Process for the recovery of titanium dioxide ... https://patents.google.com/patent/US7771679B2/en The present invention seeks to improve beneficiation of a titanium oxide-containing composition (such as a low-grade or highly radioactive TiO 2 ore) by combining a roasting and selective leaching steps.Cited by: 7 Publish Year: 2004 Author: Animesh Jha, Vilas Dattatray Tathavadkar
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I am currently working on some magnetic multilayer stacks. I am thinking if it could be possible to grow magnetic layers on top of a TiN seed layer. Usually I use TaPt as my seed layer.
I can do room temperature sputtering deposition and directly deposit TiN (non-reactive) on to thermally oxidized silicon wafer. Could someone give some insight into this?
Thanks!
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I was looking into several articles where Propagating surface plasmon (PSP) and localized surface plasmon (LSP) are excited in Titanium metal gratings (square) at different wavelengths. For PSP, the well-known dispersion wavevector needs to be matched with the diffraction wavevector. However, for exciting LSP, I couldn't find any specific logical formula, rather than the simulated electric field profiles showing LSP coupling. I was trying to figure out whether it is possible to excite only LSP in metal gratings (square), but no PSP excitation. If so, what should be the mathematical condition for LSP?
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Seemesh and Manuel
Thanks a lot for your valuable suggestions. I also believe PSP needs momentum matching with grating diffraction (from dispersion curve k vs w). However, LSP can be observed in gratings when size<< incident wavelengths, also Cabs~a^3 and Csca~a^6 (a=particle size), so smaller size means Cabs will dominate.......
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Hello.
I'm currently trying to fabricate a Titanium metal wire via e-beam lithography.
However, when I use bilayer ER (PMMA / MMA), the resistivity of deposited metal was significantly higher than use of monolayer ER (PMMA)
Someone had solved this problem?
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Dear Tae-ha Hwang,
It is likely that the bilayer materials either diffused into your metal wires more than monolayer material does.
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Hi! I am doing a search to find catalysts for the reaction of adipic acid and ethylene glycol / diethylene glycol for polyester production, poly (ethylene adipate).
Until now, in my researches, I found titanium butoxide and p-toluenesulfonic acid as the most used. I also found tin catalysts, but I would like to find others that are not made of tin.
Is there any other catalyst that allows a reaction at temperatures below 200°C that is commercially available?
Thanks in advance!
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I have tried doing ebsd but it is not giving a lot of un indexed points. So I dont know if the unindexed points are finer alpha titanium or beta titanium. During electro polishing the softer beta phase is getting etched off giving unindexed points on the IPF map .
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Dear Ketan,
Correct me if I am wrong, but in case you are just interested in the volume fractions of α- and β-phase in your alloy (and if we are not talking about (partial) martensitic structures with retained β-phase or structures in which you have extremely narrow β-regions), shouldn’t one be able to do a simple metallographic approach, e.g. by using one of the point-grid-methods?
After normal grinding and polishing etch the sample with e.g. Kroll’s reagent to make the two phases visible. Take images (depending of the microstructure and the accuracy you need use optical microscopy or SEM, high resolution SEM images might even resolve extremely fine β-laths), binarize the image (e.g. α white, β black) and count the number of black and white pixels (high accuracy) or use a point grid and count the points. In case, high-resolution SEM-images are needed and hence the investigated area per image is small, take a larger number of images to improve the statistics.
In case, you need to do EBSD, I would recommend using vibration polishing as the final polishing step as this minimizes the retained deformation and should, thus, reduce the number of unindexed regions. In case, this still fails, the use of hard X-rays might be advisable, as in contrast to standard XRD also very small volume fractions of phases can be detected.
Kind regards, Carsten
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I don't see any inherent benefit of e-beam over SLM? Since you need a high vacuum for the e-beam and also need a very high-temp heat bed to consolidate the powder to create a conductive path for the e-beam; but it seems it's so widely used for titanium alloys even though titanium can be printed via SLM very well.
Is it just because the process parameter development has been around for much longer?
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Another reason for the diffusion of the technology is the high build rate of the EBM maccine, which allows to realize parts at lower costs, moreover the high superficial riugosity, due to the process (mainly due to the less focused beam of the laser and higher granulometry of the powder), is excellent for the osseointegration and makes the parts made in EBM perfect for the production of prosthesis.
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Hi,
I am a new user to DAMASK SOFTWARE. i have installed DAMASK and ABAQUS software in Linux platform in order to perform a crystal plasticity (CP) analysis (quasi static damage mechanism) using these two software. I have developed a 3D model Titanium microstructure using Neper software. Now i have to export this file into ABAQUS software and need to introduce all the crystal plasticity parameters using DAMASK software but i am not familiar with DAMASK SOFTWARE. Can anyone guide or could share any reference material/ videos so that it can be a good guidance to perform the CP analysis?
Thank you in advance.
karthi
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DAMASK 3.0 (currently in alpha status) has images on dockerhub:
Note that these are for the grid/spectral solver and pre- and post-processing only
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It is generally understood that the McMurry reaction is an organic reaction in which two ketone or aldehyde groups are coupled to form an alkene using a titanium chloride. Can we use some other catalyst instead of titanium chloride herein? I have planned to get heterocyclic ketones as the reaction substrate.
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Dear Khurshed Bozorov many thanks for this very interesting technical question. When you hear McMurry reaction, you immediately think of low-valent titanium as coupling reagent. However, according to the link cited below, a number of other metals can also be employed as metal reagents in this reaction. These include e.g. aluminum, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten, and zinc. The respective original research articles are cited in the following link:
McMurry coupling
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I want to doped Bi on TiO2 surface by anodization method. I've read a journal that said need 1 M Bi(NO3)3 in electolyte and I've tried to dissolved Bi(NO3)3 in the electrolyte (0,3% NH4F, 2% H2O in ethylene glycol) or in water but it can't dissolved perfectly. I doubted Bi can doped on TiO2 if Bi(NO3)3 can't dissolved in the electolyte. is there a way to dissolved Bi(NO3)3 without change the electrolyte?
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Dear Matthew J O'Hara, Thank you for sharing the article.
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We are developing FA-Ti coating on Ti-alloy using plasma spray. The cell culture and in-vitro tests showed that apatite and cell formed around the edges.
The wettability test showed hydrophobic properties of the coating. The XRD examinations revealed that Ti6O and Ti3O phases are existed.
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The XRD considered the best way to identify your compounds.
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I am new to Damask simulation software. I am trying to simulate the tensile stress-strain curve of Cp Titanium. Can anyone explain what parameters should I change in the config file to match them? I am trying to change the To and Tsat values of basal and prismatic slip syaytems. Do I have to keep the ratios of the T0 and Tsat values the same while changing the values or can I change randomly till I get the fit?
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I am referring to version 2.0.3 and plasticity model "phenopowerlaw":
tau0_slip is the initial slip resistance, it determines the yield point. The more you increase tau0_slip, the higher the yield point. You can use this property to match the experimental yield point in the stress-strain curve.
tausat_slip is the slip resistance after all hardening has taken place (saturation). You don't need to keep the same ratio between tau0_slip and tausat_slip.
The second important parameter you should fit is the hardening rate, which is the increase of stress per unit plastic strain. That is determined by the parameter h0_slipslip.
Once you are done with tau0_slip and h0_slipslip, you can fine tune the other parameters, such as tausat_slip.
Trust this helps.
Best Regards,
Nicolò Grilli
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I am carrying out electrochemical anodization of Ti foils followed by certain chemical reactions. How can I effectively measure the change in conductance/ resistance of the material before and after anodization?
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Hello Anjana,
After annealing, the surface morphology and characteristic features of TiO2. With thinner titanium foils, it can cause equilibrium between anodic oxidation tests with in situ measurement of the contact electrical resistance.
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Hello everyone,
Normally, metals have a higher coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) than ceramics. I would like to know how the higher CTE of hydroxyapatite than titanium would be explained?
CTE (hydroxyapatite)≈ 14.6×10-6 °C-1
CTE (Ti64)≈ 8.6×10-6 °C-1
Thank you.
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There are also more illustrative examples of the difference in CTE of mineral and metallic materials:
The CTE of tungsten is about 5x10-6K-1, and the CTE of cristobalite (high-temperature crystalline modification of silicon dioxide) is almost 10 times higher (50x10-6K-1). It is interesting that the same silicon dioxide, but in the form of quartz glass, has a 100 times lower CTE (0.5x10-6K-1).
Unfortunately, there is no single simple explanation for the difference in CTE of different substances; you just have to take it for granted.
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Dear colleagues, I have been recently reading about the twinning system in titanium beta alloys and I learned that either {332}<113> or {112}<111> systems have 12 variants. Does anyone know how to determine the variant of a given twin boundary by EBSD? Is there any available stereographic projection available?
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Azeez Abdullah Barzinjy , Thank you so much for your reply
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Dear All,
I am trying to make titanium nanoparticles via a chemical route. As smaller particles are very difficult to protect from oxidation, how can I achieve bigger particle size via modifying the reaction conditions? Any suggestions are welcome.
Thank you everyone for your time and suggestions.
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Thank you for the additional information. If XRD is showing some rutile then it's there in significant proportion (> 1% by mass probably and at least 0.5%) and this shows that somewhere along the line oxygen has got into the system - either from the reactants, solvents (dissolved O or water), and so on.
The picture is interesting in that it appears that you have some settling/sedimentation from the ring around the liquid level and on the RHS. This is indicative of micron plus material. The flask is quite thick and maybe the concentration high as it's difficult to see any light transmission. Have you the liquid in thinner section (yes, I know it oxidizes), say in a cuvette for UV-VIS work?
Yes, the TEM shows indication of material in the range you indicate but TEM only shows the electron rich part of the particle and not any covering/protective layer (the ammine capping agent).
Annealing at 9000 C will give you a fused set of aggregates - the primary particles (5 - 10 nm?) may still be visible within this fused set. Have you conducted a specific surface analysis on the annealed specimen? This will tell you how much 'nano-ness' you've preserved (if any).
At sizes under 1 micron you'll have no chance in preventing the material oxidizing when it's in contact with air or water/moisture. Making the material to > 20 microns may be more effective. If we look at commercial offerings (for example attached where the word 'nanopowder' is seen) we see a fundamental contradiction in the specification. We see a claim (perhaps supported by the SEM) of 40 - 60 nm particles but the SSA is only ~ 20 m2/g showing that most of the particulate surface is inaccessible to the gas. I attach a rough calculation for your Ti system which will show you the important of SSA. At 5 - 10 nm particles you'd be expecting SSA's in the order of low 100's of m2/g.
SO you do appear to have larger material in the system - adhering to the walls around the ring in the flask.
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Why is when tio2 is synthesized as photocatalysis by sol-gel method "isopropanol" added to titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as a solvent Why do they use this specifically "isopropanol" ?
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Tio2 est très connu par ses propriétés d'attraction des polluants dans leau et dans l'air
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Hello, I am doing my final degree project, I am preparing an implant with an SLM titanium printer, I know that I must blast it with alumina to remove the titanium particles burned by the laser, but I do not know if I should perform the acid etching and what procedure of subsequent sterilization I must carry out, I anticipate my thanks.
Best regards,
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Dear Frank T. Edelmann thank you very much for your answer, in the article it does not mention the post process using alumina blasting, what happens with the remains of Ti partly anchored? and the remains of alumina in the surface?
Best regards,
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I am looking to make some metalographic samples from pure titanium. I found out that the mix of water, HF and HNO3 would be best. However I wonder what proportions would be best or if there is another solution I can use
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Hi Jakub, I tried the proportion of 1:3:5 for HF:HNO3:H2O. Also, I used a solution with HF and H2SO4. You may find other proportions in this Vander Voort paper: Metallographic Preparation of Titanium and Its Alloys.
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Hello,
In my experiment we are deforming pure titanium at high temperature (975 K) on Gleeble plastic deformation simulator. Samples are 10 mm in diameter and 12 mm in height. This is titanium grade 2. Unfortunately, just after temperature is reached the thermocouples are falling off. There is some sort reaction that cases places in which thermocouples are atached to melt. Has anybody had similar problem? Has anybody any idea what may cause such reaction?
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Have you welded the thermocouple to the titanium sample and then heated the sample in air? It is possible that the thermocouple falls off due to oxidation of the titanium surface (welding point is oxidized). It would be better to insert the thermocouple into a deep hole in the sample.
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What could be the possible reason behind the depletion of Ti represented in the spider diagram of ultramafic rocks?
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The sample is titanium nanopowders with an average diameter of 6nm.
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The usual way to prepare it is by depositing an amorphous film over the sample.
Several organic compounds (polymers) are soluble in isopropanol alcohol, acetone that, once put over the sample, after quick-dry, will leave a thin film over the sample surface. Since no further manipulation happens, it is enough to prevent oxygen reaction with the sample during the beam energy interaction, usually the process to be avoided.
Due to the quick-drying process, they are still amorphous, not affecting the crystalline phase X-ray experiment.
Some catalyzers react directly with the beam energy deposition, the only chance to get the experiment is by reducing the beam's power, decreasing voltage and/or current.
Another way is to use a vacuum chamber for the experiment; nevertheless, an elaborate setup demanding instrumentation would be necessary in such a case.
Best regards,
WNM
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In the case of Ti-alloys, it is confirmed that α stabilizer increases the c/a ratio. What is the mechanism of correlation of the c/a ratio with the unit cell? It is true if increases c/a ratio in HCP structure will linearly decrease unit-cell? or vice versa? What is the mechanism to connect these phenomena?
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One can measure volume of a unit cell using unit cell parameters. So, yes if c and a are changed the volume can be changed too, but not significantly.
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I need an explanation of this sentence:
Firstly, SnCl4.5H2O with fixed at 0, 1, 3, and 5 mol% of TiO2 and Titanium (IV) isoproxide (TTIP) with fixed at 10 ml were mixed into 150 ml of ethanol (C2H5OH) and.
what is the meaning of (fixed at), and what is the meaning of (0, 1, 3, and 5 mol%)?
how do I find the volume of SnCl4.5H2O, TiO2, and Titanium (IV) isoproxide (TTIP)?
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I didn't use Titanium (IV) isopropoxide (CAS: 546-68-9) for a long time, and now that I came to it I see that it is divided into an aggregation part sedimented and a fluid part over it. Why is it so and how to mix them together again?
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Have a look at this review, it explains the "why" and how to mitigate the problem.
file:///C:/Users/SIMOKR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/applsci-08-00587.pdf
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I am trying to design CVD Reactor using COMSOL Multiphysics, for this i have to get the some of the unknowns in the Arhenius Rate expression K= A (T/Tre)^n e^(-E/RT). the unknowns are temperature exponent(n) and frequency factor(A) at different temperatures for the thermal decomposition of TTIP(Titanium tetra isopropoxide).is there any software available for generating the mechanisms and the above. I appreciate your suggestions and comments
Thanks and regards
Riyas V
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any data available ?
Best and happy new year.