Texture - Science topic

I think that Progress in relation to the democracies today can be seen in the global acceptance of democratic values and principles, such as the rule of law, human rights, and free and fair elections. This progress is seen in the increasing number of countries that embrace democratic principles and processes, as well as the increased number of international organizations dedicated to the promotion of democracy. Additionally, there has been progress in the development of systems, technologies and processes that support the functioning of democracies, such as secure voting systems and digital tools for citizen participation. In terms of the "ethno-quantic domain" of democracy mentioned in the discussion question, I feel this can be seen in the examination of democracy from various perspectives, including cultural, philosophical, economic, geographic, and environmental. In particular, there has been progress in the research of the interplay between different aspects of democracy, such as the relationship between civil society and the state, between different forms of representation, and between different forms of political engagement. Additionally, there has been progress in the understanding of how democracy is shaped by local, regional and international forces, as well as by history and culture. Finally, there has been progress in the exploration of how technology can both facilitate and impede the functioning of democracies.

I apologize for the delay in responding to you. I have been trying to find a copy of that article, but have so far been unsuccessful. Since graduating, I no longer have access to my university‘s online library. I will keep trying, and update you if I can find it… Good luck!

Ali Akbar Jamali, Really???

The texture coefficient is a measure of the amount of scattering that occurs when light is incident on a textured surface. It is defined as the ratio of the scattered light intensity to the incident light intensity. The texture coefficient can be used to characterize the scattering properties of a surface and can be useful for predicting the visibility and appearance of the surface under different lighting conditions.

To find the number of diffractions and total number of reflections for the texture coefficient, you can use the following steps:

It is worth noting that the texture coefficient is just one measure of the scattering properties of a surface, and there are other measures that may be more appropriate for certain applications. For example, the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) is a more comprehensive measure of the scattering properties of a surface, and it can be used to predict the appearance of a surface under a wide range of lighting and viewing conditions.

This url may help and has an example:

The following is just a suggestion: include any KML or KMZ files you used with included "Snapshot View" to replicate the view you made and provide the files from a git repository.

Dear Ms. Kamde,

I worked in a project that we needed to measure powder systems with DRX.

If I understand your question, I guess you need to describe your samples structure by a quantitative way that could be perform through the Relative Texture Coefficient, RTC(hkl), which can be calculated by the comparison between the diffraction intensities [I(hkl)] of samples determined by the diffractogram lines of them and a standard, which you are comparing the samples [I0(hkl)]. The denominator of the equation is a sum of the correlation of al peaks orientation in the diffratogram. The relation is showed in the added picture. I think if you have a range of crystalline samples in powder you could try to mesure the RTC for everyone, alloy or crystal salt.

You can do a quick survey with an inexpensive short wavelength UV LED flashlight.

Here are some of the links to access the soil pH, moisture, temperature, NPK, Carbon content, texture, etc.

@ Layth, to change soil texture is very difficult and it involves considerable mechanical and financial input. If your soil is mucky clay, you can improve its texture and structure by adding sand and compost. Sand will quickly improve the texture by separating some of the smaller mineral particles and allowing more openings for air and water circulation.

With regard to the general question of the crystallographic orientation dependence of the hardness and the mechanical hardening (be it in the case of mechanical indentation or also other forming- or material testing methods), it must first be noted that the Schmid factor alone has only a relatively low significance as soon as the mechanical load case is tensorially more complex than in the case of uniaxial tensile or compressive loading (as described in textbooks for uniaxial conditions).

The reason for this is that in more complex load cases, the mechanical boundary conditions of the often somewhat more complicated applied imposed deformation state (such as indents) can never be achieved with a single glide or twin system alone, so that multiple slips occur immediately. In such cases, the Tailor-Bishop-Hill factor is more helpful for estimating the orientation dependence of such test methods and, above all, the orientation-specific strain hardening must be taken into account.

As a result, the differences in indentation between the different texture components ( crystallographic orientations) are usually somewhat smaller than would be expected from the single crystal tensile test and the use of Schmid factors alone.

A little more information on this can be found here:

(a) indent mechanics and orientation dependence:

(b) crystal kinematics pertainign to these questions:

and

(c) class notes on the mechanics:

Good luck!

Hi Abdul Fattah, how about shining a beam of light in the perpendicular direction? In theory, light hitting the engravings should scatter in different directions, hence make it visible. Sometimes different lighting colors can help because of the different scattering based on wavelength. You may also use lasers, but I wouldn't look into the eyepiece with naked eye then 😃

By mixing fertilizers with water, some organic matter (compost, aged manure, plant waste products, etc.) plus psyllium as a tackifier, you can start the process of the mosses growing and stabilizing the soil first. If you wanted to accelerate that process, you could add some crushed dried moss pieces to your slurry, as is described at

Also see article about propagation of desert mosses at https://plantmethods.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13007-021-00740-7

MIRS spectroscopy generally overestimates the clay percent, if the soil has a high organic content (>5%). The magnitude of the variation would therefore depend on the organic content, the more the OC , more will be the clay content shown by MIRS. Nevertheless, the variation reported (twice in your case) still appears to be high. It is acceptable around 60-70%.

We can gaze qualitatively (high, medium, low etc.) about the organic matter content in soil according to the soil texture. But we can't quantify the OM content of soil on the basis of soil texture.

Has anyone used Phonic? https://www.phonic.ai/product/surveys . I would like to use it for speech research, but I don't know anyone who has yet.

Thanks for the reply, but I also want to know if Rigaku's data needs special processing, because when I import it, it always prompts me that some parameters are incorrect.@Benoit Beausir

First of all 3% agar is pretty high, 1.5 to 2% is more normal. Also, are you autoclaving the agar in water separate from the other components. High concentrations of some amino acids or of glucose can interfere with the agar.

Dear Faezeh Malakouti Khah

Texture in ceramics can enhance their functional and structural properties. Current methods for texturation in dense ceramics employ plate-like particles or microplatelets as starting powders and processes that drive their orientation into specific directions. Using ultra-low magnetic fields combined with slip casting, it is possible to purposely orient magnetically responsive particles in any direction.

Textured porous ceramics with tunable grain dimensions and orientations are promising for filtering, biomedical or composite applications.

Also

Textured ceramics use a process called templated grain growth. Small crystal particles are oriented in a particle matrix and when the mixture is heated, the particles tend to induce the rest of the mixture to grow in a single direction. The result is very similar to the uniformity of single crystal.

In the lab, thin strips or tapes of the ceramic mixture are stacked on top of one another by hand, typically by a graduate student, and then heated to induce the grain growth. The process is tedious, even to make small samples for testing.

Sincerely

from refs.

(Porous textured ceramics with controlled grain size and orientation)

(https://www.mri.psu.edu/mri/newspubs/focus-materials/advanced-manufacturing/textured-ceramics-lab-experiments-viable)

Milton Whitney (1911) quantitative basis of triangle

Davis and Bennett (1927) first equilateral textural triangle.

Saeed Sadeghpour Ekaterina Zolotukhina thank you very much for the illuminating answers.

Good replay

I have a colleague researching in the area of sensorial analysis of olive oil and he says in this area up to 20% of variation is accepted in a panel of at least 8 analysts.

Thank you, Dr., but it's not the case; I intended to conduct another analysis and already did it.

The preferred orientation could be interpreted in two ways (in my understanding). One what thermo-mechanical properties favor and what we intend to have in the material as a requirement favoring intended properties. For example in ferritic stainless steels the preferred cast texture is {hkl}<001>. Similarly, in FSS, during thermo-mechanical processing recovery precedes re-crystallization and results in texture {001}<110> and 001}<110>.

In Ferritic stainless steels for better formability properties {111}//ND texture is intended; hence the thermo-mechanical processing is optimized to instill recrystallization to increase the volume of {111}//ND orientations than the cube or Goss orientations. In this case all the orientations are preferred orientations depending upon the processing of the material. This intended preferred orientation would change on the application of the material.

Coming to the Texture, all the major orientations in the material could be defined as Texture.

Hydrogel reduces the mineralization of humus in the soil and the denitrification process of nitrogen.

Visit kindly the following useful RG link:

In data tree on the dataset do right-click and rotate data. In the pop up window do rotate by pole figure like in attached image.

Thanks Dr. Sepideh Pourhashem and Dr. Rayappa Shrinivas Mahale

The answer of your question might be found in this reference,,

In theory, one can talk about a chemical transformation when a solid mineral loses gases when the temperature and pressure change. For example, water can exist in minerals in the form of crystal hydrates, which emit water vapor when they decompose. That would be a small change in the chemical composition of the mineral.

Dear Sanjeet Kumar Paswan, we called the preferred orientation if the sample is powder. The texture is for bulk samples such as rolled steel etc.

MAUD is one of the best software for handling textures/preferred orientation.

It should be used a suitable extraction method and it is also to consider a specific type of solvent according to the desired metabolite. Of course, the fractions process of the prepared extract is also recommended for achieving into the appropriate result in these cases. However, the existence of various impurities are also observed in some cases.

Shangharsha Thapa

Thank you bro

Dear Seyedeh Razieh Jafari,

It must be said that information about your subject is extremely rare, try to see those links, maybe you can foud some thing that interests you on the subject.

Best regards

Dear Aleem Zahid,

For 1x1 cm^2 sample, the surface area will be 1 cm^2 for flat surface, however, surface area > 1 cm^2 for textured surfaces. So the film thickness will be lesser on textured surfaces compared to flat surfaces. You can check the effective area of your textured surfaces using their AFM images. Hope this helps.

Dear Mariane Souza Reis

These articles might be useful, have a look:

1. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/19/3910/pdf

2. https://d-nb.info/1216634467/34

Kind Regards

Have a look at https://www.lasersystemseurope.com/feature/artificial-intelligence-optimises-laser-processing

Improvement and management of saline and alkaline soils

These soils are usually treated in three different ways to prevent the harmful effects of saline and alkaline soils: the first method is to remove these salts. The second method is to convert harmful salts into less harmful ones. The third method can be called control. In the first two methods, the goal is to remove the salts or to change them, while in the third method, the soil management and agricultural operations are regulated so that the salt is evenly distributed throughout the soil, concentrating the high concentration of salt in one The point is prevented.

Salt excretion

The most common ways to remove salt from the soil are two types: underground drainage and soil washing. Applying these two methods together, ie washing the soil after draining it, is the most effective and satisfactory means of removing salt from the soil. We discharged salts that enter the soil solution through rainfall or irrigation through drains.

Rehabilitation of saline and alkaline soils is effective when the water used is high in salt but low in sodium, because the use of low-salt water may exacerbate the problem of alkalinity because of the excretion of neutral salts. The release of neutral salts increases the percentage of exchangeable sodium in the soil, increasing the concentration of -OH ions in the soil solution. It can eliminate this undesirable phenomenon by converting sodium carbonates and bicarbonate to sodium sulfate. This can be done by adding calcium sulfate or gypsum to the soil before washing.

Convert salts

Adding gypsum to the soil converts carbonates and sodium bicarbonate to sulfate. This usually requires several tons per hectare of gypsum. To speed up the related reactions, it should keep the soil moist and it should mix the gypsum with the soil.

Adding sulfur also improves this soil. Sulfur is oxidized to sulfuric acid, which not only converts carbonate salts to sulfate but also reduces the alkalinity of the soil by lowering the pH.

Control

The third method of improving saline and alkaline soils is the control method. One way to control the harmful effects of salt is to reduce the amount of evaporation from the soil. This not only maintains soil moisture but also prevents the transfer of salt from the lower layers of the soil to the root growth area. In irrigation agriculture, it should avoid excessive water use, unless it is necessary to wash the salt. Low but intermittent irrigation is a useful method because it keeps the salt concentration in the soil relatively low.

Irrigation time is also very important for saline soils, especially in the planting season. Because of the extreme sensitivity of the buds to salt, watering before and after planting is necessary. Plants, after sufficient growth, become more tolerant of salt. Cultivation of salt-resistant plants such as sugar beet, cotton, corn, barley, clover, and alfalfa is also an effective method of using saline and alkaline soils.

Dear Trad khodja Abdallah ,

welcome!

I would like to agree with Manuel Schnabel .

The texturization function is to reduce the reflection coefficient. So, the smaller reflection coefficient the better is the texturing.

However texturing affects the surface flatness and the surface recombination velocity. So, it may also affect the contact resistance to the top metal electrode.

It can also affect the dark current and the the photocurrent to some extent.

As the surface recombination velocity decreases which means better passivated surface it will lead to smaller dark current and larger photocurrent.

Best wishes

The distribution of spin/magnetization vectors in magnetic/non-magnetic substances give rise to different interesting structures depending upon the anisotropies and other interactions (DM interaction, exchange etc) present in the system. These spin structures are called magnetic texture. There are number of textures such as vortex, skyrmion, meron, spiral, helix etc. Skyrmion is one of the current hot topic of research. You can see such structures once you plot the magnetization vectors in the plane.

Both testing are implemented for obtaining the coefficient of friction. The limits for that depends on the design speed and class of the roadway.

If you can share more specific info about your problem then probably it can be sorted out. message me if you are comfortable in sharing ur data.

regards

chandan

The reason behind that is the grains of a material was deformed or grown in one direction, so if you are looking from the top view section then you will see the grains (moving from left to right for example) more likely line shapes. But if you are looking from side view section you will see the section of the grains only more likely round shapes.

There can be scope for an 'Escape route' as an alternate and safe route to exit from the area in case of emergency situation.

A way to make crop classification through SAR measurements is to adopt a classifier, like MaxVer or anothers, and feed it using textural metrics capable of optimizing the separation of classes.

See here we are talking about the feature extraction and texture so let us handle it separately to under stand in a better way and texture is a feature used to or in the partition images into regions of interest and then later on to classify various or those selected regions whereas the feature extraction is nothing but a method of capturing the visual contents of the images which will be or may be for indexing and then alter on retrieval. Statistical based or model based and transform based methods are used in case of feature extraction and in case of texture this itself is characterized by the spatial distribution of level in the particular region.

There are several methods to achieve a thematic map based on points, and the right technique will depend on what you are looking for. I mean that if you are looking for precise boundaries, you will need to blend several layers to accomplish the map, in other words, for sure at least a coverage classification one, but if you are only looking for a spread data into a layer, you can use an interpolation method as Kriging, AI, Kernel or dominance interpretation as Voronoi or so on. People are used to marrying with a method, but you will have to consider that every method has particular conditions to perform a good job, and that will depend on the aims of the research.

your very welcome Craig Fleming yeah precisely,

Stay Happy Stay Healthy.

Dear Kanticha Korsesthakarn , may be the following testing tools would be useful for your work:

Hope it helps.

you can take help from these:

The texture height should be approximately of the same order as that of minimum film thickness in order to get improved tribodynamic performance.

You have mentioned in your query that, you are getting less maximum pressure with textured bearing. That means, your texture height is very large, which are effectively behaving just like an oil reservoir, but not as an flow restricting pressure dam.

Therefore, I would suggest you to try with smaller texture heights which are approximately of the same order as that of the minimum film thickness.

You can start with the simple spherical textures (which are also very easy to fabricate in real conditions), then proceed with changing the texture shape, position and aspect ratio.

I totally agree with Hairi Ismaili

Dear Sjds Sjds ,

Look the link, maybe useful.

Regards,

Shafagat

Dear Hatem Ksibi ;

You can measure the porosity of coated according to ASTM E2109. The percentage area of pores on coating can be measured using ImageJ analyzer software. Measurements based on the circularity range of pores between 0.3 to 1. The circularity of pores was measured from the formula, 4 ×pi × (cross-section area of the pores shape/perimeter of the pore shape ^2). The value of 1.0 circularity indicates that the shape is a perfect circle. As detailed in the following reference;

you cannot compare with the outcome in solution - Measuring air? - do you place an identical glass as used for coating? - or is air 'nothing' on cell holder?

Putting a glass with or without coating into the optical path you will have transmission and reflection and scattering, the latter may be reduced by the coating.

Dear Lina Kenzler , I have an alternative to the sylgard if you allow me: a colleague taught me to coat the pipettes with parafilm. For my recordings, I can see a reduction in fast capacitance from 7.5/8 to 5/6 pF (my bath is kinda deep). If that suits your needs, just cut thin stripes (2-3 mm) of parafilm and wrap the first 0.5 cm of the pipette with it. I like this method because its fast and not messy at all! I attached some pictures to illustrate it. Hope it helps!

Dear Dr. Radwa Algazzar ,

I suggest you to have a look at the previous, interesting question, present on RG:

- Layer thickness measurement on glass substrate?

Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Layer_thickness_measurement_on_glass_substrate

Best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

Dear Prabhukrupa Chinmaya Kumar for a good overview on this topic with man additional references please see this book chapter entitled

The chapter os freely available as public full text on RG.

Dear Kherrati Younes

You can try the Abaqus2Matlab software for linking Abaqus with Matlab. This enables you to transfer data and results from Abaqus to Matlab and vice versa. You can download and install the software from the following link:

Extensive assistance and support is provided to users of this software.

Thank you very much in advance.

Best regards.

Thanks, Sunil Kumar & Vivek Saxena for sharing your opinions.

As Mr. Silber wrote, have a more close look to the initial parameters of your sample. Perhaps its just a filter setting issue. Be aware to know the max roughness values and the corresponding slopes, waviness...

Hi Vittoria, have you considered to use the drako compression ? it is in the flags of the gltf exporter. I use better the gltf + bin + textures for 3d online visualization (browser) through ATON http://osiris.itabc.cnr.it/scenebaker/index.php/projects/aton/

Dear Ebru Erunal you are asking an interesting question. Here's what we do when calculating TOFs for heterogeneous catalysts:

1. We start from its definition:

TOF = rate of reaction/concentration of active sites [=] [(mol reactant/s)/(mol active sites)] = [1/s]. Therefore, as it name implies, TOF is a frequency whose units are Hertz.

2. We consider that the rate of reaction that must be used to calculate TOF must be the intrinsic rate of reaction of the catalytic sites. Therefore, the following conditions must be fulfilled: (i) no transport limitations (mass and temperature gradients) must be present, (ii) as the reaction rate is a function of the advancement of the reaction, the intrinsic rate of the active sites must be as far from full conversion or equilibrium conditions as possible. For this, the rate should be extrapolated to zero conversion and free of the inhibition effects that products may have on the catalytic process. In a fixed-bed reactor, this means that the reactor should be operated in a differential mode; i.e. the conversion should be as close to 0 as experimentally feasible. Also, tests feeding products must also be done. In a batch reactor, this means that the initial rate of reaction is the most suitable for the calculation. For calculating the latter, samples must be taken as close to zero time as possible.

3. Measuring the concentration of active sites may be the most difficult part since one must answer the question: what is the active site for the reaction that you are investigating. Typically, you have the following possibilities: (i) for catalysts based on metallic nanoparticles (supported or not) where the latter are responsible for activating the most stable reactant (e.g. in methane oxidation, methane is hardest to activate than the oxidation agent -O2 or H2O, etc-), the number of moles exposed at the surface of the catalyst is well accepted as a metric for estimating the number of active sites. As you may know, this can be measured by chemisorption of some adequate probe; e.g. H2, CO, etc. (ii) for catalysts based on (supported or unsupported) oxides, sulfides or nitrides, the active site is also normally associated to an exposed metallic center or to a given structural site. Therefore, certain assumptions are always before defining a metric for the concentration of active sites. As an example, MoS2 catalysts have sites located in different parts of its geometrical structure and the specific role of these different sites depends on several factors associated with the type of molecule that is reacting, the reaction conditions, the possible interconversion of sites, among others. (iii) for bimetallic catalysts, e.g. Pd-Pt, one would need to define the specific role of each metal in the reaction. It may be the case that both metals are active in the reaction or that only one of them is. Therefore, as in the case of (ii) certain assumptions about the nature of the active sites -and reaction mechanism- must be made. (iv) For bifunctional catalysts; i.e. those where the support also contributes active sites, one should take into account the same as in (i).

Well, the points above are our rough guide for calculating TOFs. We have got help from literature such as the few ones cited below:

1. Foggler's Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering

2. Chorkendorff and Niemantsverdriet's Concepts of Modern Catalysis and Kinetics

3. Froment and De Wilde's Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design

4. Harris et al. Consequences of product inhibition in the quantification of kinetic parameters, Journal of Catalysis 389 (2020) 468–475

@ Iman, I suggest to take soil samples up to 15 cm depth for grasses and up to 30 cm depth for shrubs.

Following

ok noted and thanks..thanks again.

Sampath Suranjan Salins creo is another type of software right?software for meshing, is it?I already mesh it using TETRA mesh in workbench, unfortunately i tried many technique but i get mesh with low quality..If plain surface, should be no problem because i can use HEXA mesh. Anyway thanks for your feedback.

Prashant Saini thanks for your answer and i will try it...Thanks a lot

If you have found some data, that may be of interest to other too.

Most papers refer to inhouse collections but regarding open data, maybe this could be of use to you:

https://medpix.nlm.nih.gov/search?allen=true&allt=true&alli=true&query=bladder

https://wiki.cancerimagingarchive.net/display/Public/TCGA-BLCA

using correlation regression model in MATLAB using DN Values and field data values can identify

Hi,

You can try using mixture of Phosphoric Acid + Any Surfactant treat your samples with them. Also, you can experiment with the etching time of the solution until you are satisfied with the surface quality.

Regards

Harish V (IITM)

Ok

Intrested

Reading this review article may help you a lot: