Science topic

Telecommunications - Science topic

Transmission of information over distances via electronic means.
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Check at our new paper on 'MLOps: Automatic, Zero-Touch and Reusable Machine Learning Training and Serving Pipelines' that won the Best paper award at the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things and Intelligence Systems (IoTaIS 2023) held in Bali, Indonesia.
ResearchGate Paper Draft Link:
This work demonstrates how an AI/ML model can be taken to production very easily using components from the Acumos AI project and do much more by creating zero-touch ML model infrastructures using Acumos and Nifi.
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The paper describes the framework and toolset to design and deploy AI and enabled microservices within the design of 5G, 6G and Next Generation Network and Security services. The work explains how AI can become a critical path in the design of these Network/ Telecom/ Security services and explores the usage of existing and shareable AI models right from the design phase to the deployment and monitoring phase.
Link to ResearchGate Paper Draft:
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Comarch Network Planning and Design, thanks to innovative architecture and years of technological expertise, addresses the needs of the telecom industry. It enables the preparation of a balanced network strategy and ensures that customers are happy with your services. The Network Planning and Optimization enables CSPs to manage telecom network planning, design and optimization processes comprehensively and efficiently. Process-orchestrated planning is a future-proof way of making network investments, where the business value of the investment becomes ever more important in response to developing telecom opportunities. For the purpose of meeting industry the best standards, Comarch offers a solution including its own OSS software and integration with domain expertise for top class applications available on the market.
Regards,
Shafagat
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Good research topic from telecom
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  1. Energy efficient routing protocols for WSNs
  2. WSN based health monitoring
  3. WSN attacks and countermeasures
  4. Cross-Layer Optimization for QoS in Wireless Sensor Networks
  5. Latency Reduction in WSNs for Real-Time Data
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Evaluating the high impact of Cybercrime on the telecommunication sector in the South Africa market.
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It is a good question. However, you need to define the limits of the telecommunications sector. Because in the modern era, the whole digital economy components are intervened and absolutely difficult to completely treat each and everyone in isolation.
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When Er-doped materials are pumped by 980nm laser, they can emit the light at 1550nm as well as green light due to the energy transfer between different energy level. When all the emission energy come from the pump light, the up-conversion green light should be suppressed in order to maximize the emission energy at 1550nm which is the important for optical amplification at telecommunication wavelength. The question is thus that, how to suppress the up-conversion emission in Er-doped materials and therefore most of the pump energy can be converted into 1550nm?
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spektral fitreleme kullanarak yeşil emisyonu bastırmak için kullanılabilir, böylece istemediğimiz emisyonları optik yolda filtreleriz. Farklı olarak katkılama işlemleri yaparak iyonları doğrudan erbium iyonlarına aktarmak yerine daha verimli şekilde pompa enerjisinin 1550nm emisyonunda kullanımı sağlanabilir. Ayrıca yukarı dönüşüm verimliliği sıcaklıkla düşürülebilirliği ele alınabilir. Çalışma dıcaklığı kontrol edilerek yeşil emisyonu azaltılabilir ve 1550 nm ye olan enerjiyi yenlendirebiliriz R.P. Wang
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Hello All,
I am looking for researchers currently in academia who are interested in research in AI and machine learning applications for the telecom industry to collaborate and write research papers. I am a data scientist with 7 years of experience in the industry and with major telecom clients in the US. My research interests are Network Optimization, Network Operations, Data science for Telecom, Machine Learning, and AI.
Best,
Dileesh.
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The six papers in this special section address the application of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data analytics at different layers and different applications of different types of communications networks. The objective of using these tools is the optimal design and improved operation of networks. These articles feature new opportunities to develop and advance various areas of communications through the use and applications of AI/ML/ deep learning technologies.
Regards,
Shafagat
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What's the role of IT & AI in Telecommunication Industry?
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AI in the telecom industry uses advanced algorithms to look for patterns within the data, enabling telecoms to both detect and predict network anomalies. As a result of using AI in telecom, CSPs can proactively fix problems before customers are negatively impacted.
Regards,
Shafagat
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Which are some of the most reputed journals with an impact factor greater than 4 to publish telecommunications and wireless/wireline networks research?
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IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, and IEEE Transactions on Communications have the highest impact factors and the best reputations among the people working in the field.
There are other IEEE journals/magazines that publish tutorials, surveys, and reviews.
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Dear ResearchGate community,
I am currently exploring 3D printing of telecommunication antennas for deployment in rural areas of Nigeria. The 3D printer available to me utilizes PLA, which is susceptible to melting under prolonged sun exposure. I am seeking advice on suitable coatings to protect the antennas from sunlight.
Additionally, I would greatly appreciate recommendations for research papers that address similar challenges or provide insights into protective coatings for outdoor 3D printed structures as it'll be of immense help.
Thank you for your expertise and assistance.
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Hi, PLA is a terrible choice for this purpose. Can your printer work with some other material like ABS or PETG? PLA has a glass transition at around 60 °C, which means it will start to soften already at 50°C. These temperatures are easily reached on direct sun in hot climate. You must keep it cool. A reflective coating can help, but it will not solve the issue entirely.
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I'll graduate from the Brazilian Engineering Army. For a while, I don't know if I'm going to stay in the military or transition to the private sector. I'm also considering the possibility of leaving the country. Any feedback will be greatly appreciated and helpful to me.
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The current prospects for working in telecommunication engineering are quite positive, with several factors driving strong demand:
1. Growing demand for data and connectivity: The world is becoming increasingly reliant on data and high-speed internet access for work, entertainment, and social interaction. This drives the need for robust and advanced telecommunications infrastructure, requiring skilled engineers to design, build, and maintain it.
2. Technological advancements: The telecommunications industry is constantly evolving with new technologies like 5G, Internet of Things (IoT), satellite internet, and fiber optic networks. This presents exciting opportunities for engineers to work on cutting-edge projects and contribute to shaping the future of communication.
3. Job market growth: The job market for telecommunications engineers is projected to grow faster than average in many countries. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts a 7% growth rate for telecommunications engineers from 2020 to 2030, which is significantly higher than the average for all occupations.
4. Diverse career options: Telecommunications engineering offers a wide range of career paths, from network design and development to systems analysis, software engineering, and project management. This allows engineers to specialize in areas that align with their interests and skills.
5. Competitive salaries: Telecommunications engineers are typically in high demand and can command competitive salaries. The average salary for a telecommunications engineer in the US is around $95,000, with experienced professionals earning significantly more.
However, it's important to note that the specific prospects can vary depending on several factors:
  • Location: Some regions may have a higher concentration of telecommunications companies and more job opportunities.
  • Specialization: Engineers with specific skills in areas like 5G, cybersecurity, or network automation may be even more in demand.
  • Experience and education: Entry-level positions may be more competitive, while experienced engineers with advanced degrees typically have better career prospects.
Overall, the current outlook for telecommunications engineering is bright, offering exciting opportunities for those with the necessary skills and passion for technology. If you're interested in a challenging and rewarding career, telecommunications engineering could be a great choice.
Here are some additional resources you may find helpful:
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I conduct research in the area of security of a telecommunications enterprise. I am interested in obtaining expert opinions as part of an expert interview on contemporary enterprise security risks, with particular emphasis on corporate espionage. As part of the study, I would like to obtain the opinions of experts and researchers in the fields of management, security, cyber security and information technology. I therefore ask you to answer the following questions:
  1. What factors influence the security of a telecommunications company?
  2. How do legal regulations and internal policies impact the security of a telecommunications company?
  3. What are the most commonly observed threats to the security of a telecommunications company?
  4. In what manner should a telecommunications company assess the information security-related risks?
  5. What key aspects are crucial for an information security policy that should be implemented in a telecommunications company?
  6. How should a telecommunications company manage access to confidential information and data?
  7. Which tools and technologies are most effective in preventing information security attacks?
  8. How can a telecommunications company effectively monitor and detect potential cases of corporate espionage, both within its own organization and from external entities?
  9. What role do government agencies and law enforcement bodies play in preventing and responding to cases of corporate espionage?
  10. What changes should be made in terms of legal regulations?
  11. What adjustments should be made in the training and development of telecommunications company employees?
  12. What changes should be implemented in the organizational domain of the company?
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Securing a telecommunications enterprise is crucial given its role in managing and transmitting vast amounts of sensitive data. The telecommunications industry faces various security challenges, and a comprehensive security strategy is essential to safeguard the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of systems and data. Here are key considerations for ensuring the security of a telecommunications enterprise:
  1. Network Security:Firewalls and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS): Deploy firewalls and IPS devices to monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic. Encryption: Implement strong encryption protocols for data in transit to protect against eavesdropping and interception. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): Use VPNs for secure communication over public networks, ensuring the confidentiality of transmitted data.
  2. Access Control:Authentication and Authorization: Implement robust authentication mechanisms to verify the identity of users and devices. Employ role-based access control (RBAC) to restrict access based on user roles. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): Enhance security by requiring multiple forms of verification for user access.
  3. Physical Security:Secure Facilities: Ensure that data centers, network infrastructure, and communication facilities are physically secure with restricted access and surveillance. Equipment Protection: Protect networking equipment and critical infrastructure from physical tampering or theft.
  4. Data Security:Data Encryption: Implement end-to-end encryption to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access, both in transit and at rest. Data Loss Prevention (DLP): Deploy DLP solutions to monitor, detect, and prevent unauthorized access or transmission of sensitive data.
  5. Incident Response and Monitoring:Security Information and Event Management (SIEM): Implement SIEM solutions to monitor and analyze security events in real-time. Incident Response Plan: Develop and regularly update an incident response plan to effectively address security incidents.
  6. Vendor Security:Third-Party Risk Management: Evaluate and manage security risks associated with third-party vendors and partners. Security Assessments: Conduct regular security assessments and audits of vendors to ensure compliance with security standards.
  7. Regulatory Compliance:Compliance Frameworks: Stay informed about and adhere to industry-specific regulatory requirements and compliance frameworks. Privacy Protection: Comply with data protection and privacy regulations to safeguard customer information.
  8. Employee Training:Security Awareness: Train employees on security best practices, the importance of data protection, and how to recognize and respond to security threats. Phishing Awareness: Educate employees about phishing risks and provide training to recognize and avoid phishing attacks.
  9. Mobile Security:Mobile Device Management (MDM): Implement MDM solutions to manage and secure mobile devices used within the enterprise. Endpoint Security: Ensure that all endpoints, including mobile devices, are protected against malware and unauthorized access.
  10. Infrastructure Resilience:Redundancy and Failover: Design network infrastructure with redundancy and failover capabilities to ensure continued operations in the event of a failure. Disaster Recovery: Develop and test a comprehensive disaster recovery plan to recover critical systems and data in the event of a catastrophic event.
  11. Collaboration with Authorities:Information Sharing: Collaborate with industry peers and authorities to share information on emerging threats and vulnerabilities.
  12. Secure Development Practices:Code Reviews: Implement secure coding practices and conduct regular code reviews to identify and mitigate potential vulnerabilities in software applications.
  13. Emerging Technologies:5G Security: Stay updated on security considerations related to the implementation of 5G technology. IoT Security: Implement security measures to protect IoT devices and networks from cyber threats.
  14. Continuous Monitoring and Improvement:Security Audits: Conduct regular security audits to assess the effectiveness of security controls and identify areas for improvement. Patch Management: Keep software and systems up to date with the latest security patches.
By addressing these considerations, a telecommunications enterprise can establish a robust security framework to protect against a wide range of cyber threats and vulnerabilities. Regular risk assessments and updates to security measures are essential to adapt to the evolving threat landscape.
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for example apple company is tech giant so what tactics they use to engage the customer and build strong online community
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Telecommunication firms can do a variety of things to engage their customers, including:
  • Provide excellent customer service. This means being responsive to customer inquiries, resolving issues quickly and efficiently, and being friendly and helpful. Telecommunication firms can also provide proactive customer support, such as reaching out to customers to offer help with troubleshooting or to upgrade their services.
  • Offer personalized experiences. Telecommunication firms can use data and analytics to understand their customers' individual needs and preferences. This information can then be used to tailor marketing communications, product offerings, and customer support interactions.
  • Make it easy for customers to do business with the company. This means having a user-friendly website, mobile app, and customer portal. It also means offering a variety of payment options and making it easy for customers to switch service plans or cancel their service.
  • Create a community around the brand. Telecommunication firms can do this by sponsoring events, creating social media groups, and offering loyalty programs. This can help to create a sense of belonging and make customers more likely to engage with the brand.
  • Reward customers for their loyalty. Telecommunication firms can offer discounts, exclusive promotions, and other perks to customers who have been with the company for a long time or who have referred new customers. This can help to keep customers engaged and prevent them from switching to a competitor.
Here are some specific examples of customer engagement initiatives that telecommunication firms can implement:
  • Create a customer loyalty program. This could involve offering customers points for using the company's services or referring new customers. The points could then be redeemed for rewards such as discounts, free products, or early access to new services.
  • Offer personalized customer support. This could involve using data and analytics to understand customers' individual needs and preferences, and then tailoring the customer support experience accordingly. For example, a telecommunication firm could use this information to provide customers with proactive support, such as reaching out to them to offer help with troubleshooting or to upgrade their services.
  • Create a customer community. This could involve creating a social media group for customers, sponsoring events, or offering online forums where customers can connect with each other and with the company. This can help to create a sense of belonging and make customers more likely to engage with the brand.
  • Provide exclusive content and offers to customers. This could involve offering customers early access to new products or services, discounts on products and services, or exclusive content such as blog posts, videos, or webinars. This can help to keep customers engaged and make them feel valued.
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What is difference in LORAWAN class A , B , C devices and what is spreading factor relation with time to air??
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LoRaWAN Class A possesses bi-directional communication capability and is power efficient. It only initiates uplink communication and this makes it suitable for event-driven applications like alarms, sensors, etc.
LoRaWAN Class B devices can open extra receive windows at scheduled intervals and these devices are also able to synchronize with a network beacon to better coordinate downlink communication.
LoRaWAN Class C devices are open to receive but at the expense of higher power consumption.
Since TOA is critical in LoRaWAN because it depends on power efficiency, network capacity and regulatory compliance. So, the spreading factor is a trade-off that needs to be carefully considered based on the specific requirements of a LoRaWAN deployment.
TOA = preamble time + payload time
Both preamble time and payload time are dependent on the spreading factor, among other things. As the spreading factor increases, these times increase, leading to a higher TOA.
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Should it be measured from the moment the Ringtone is initiated from the receiving end or from the moment the Beep sound is initiated from the transmitting end?
For instance, I have seen there is a large difference (in milliseconds) between these two cases. It's confusing as the Beep Sound and the Ringtone is supposed to be initiated at the exact same time as far my understanding.
From the XCAL DRIVE TEST, the captured signalling messages scenarios are pointed below:
in VoLTE case,
the time duration between these two signalling messages are not same:
SIP Tx INVITE and RINGING
and
SIP Rx INVITE and RINGING
(Why?)
Similarly, in case of LTE,
The time gap of these two signalling messages are not same for UE to eNodeB and eNodeB to UE:
extendedServiceRequest- ALERTING
(why?)
Thanks!
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Call Setup Delay is an important performance metric in telecommunication networks, as it directly impacts the user experience. The appropriate way to measure Call Setup Delay depends on the type of network and the specific call setup protocol being used. However, the following general steps can be followed:
1. Identify the call setup protocol: The first step is to identify the call setup protocol being used in the network. This could be SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), H.323, ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), or others.
2. Define the measurement points: Once the call setup protocol is identified, the next step is to define the measurement points where the Call Setup Delay will be measured. This could be at the user equipment, at the network edge, or at the core network.
3. Start the measurement: To measure Call Setup Delay, a test call is initiated between two endpoints. The time at which the call is initiated and the time at which the call is established are recorded.
4. Calculate the delay: The Call Setup Delay is calculated as the time difference between the initiation time and the establishment time. This can be done using simple arithmetic.
5. Repeat the measurement: To ensure accuracy, the measurement should be repeated multiple times to get an average value of the Call Setup Delay.
6. Analyze the results: The final step is to analyze the results and compare them against the performance objectives or service level agreements (SLAs) for the network. If the Call Setup Delay is found to be higher than the acceptable threshold, further testing and troubleshooting may be required.
It is important to note that the appropriate way to measure Call Setup Delay may vary depending on the network and the call setup protocol being used. Therefore, it is important to reference the relevant standards and best practices for the specific network being tested.
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Hello
I want to design a riblet hybrid coupler (Short Slot Hybrid Coupler) in X-band.
1- What should be the length of the couple region, the distance between the two common walls?
2- What techniques can I use for phase shift?
If you know an article or book in this field, please introduce it
Thanks
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Hello dear friend, thank you
According to the article:
Do you think it is easy to use the thesis of trapezoidal dielectric shape in reality?
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Is this Correct That I can reduce Distrotions to Ideally zero and reduce noise upto a limit but no completly zero? right ,In digital communication
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Thank you Very Much Aparna Sathya Murthy !!
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As till now after the matched filter or correlator we get a projection of vector and now with with Maxmimum liklehood AND with MAP criteria how we arrive to decission ?
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What are the channel encoding techniques like LDPC in Digital communication?
what are the improvements and what are the tradeoffs ?
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Is there an ESP customized for the telecommunication (telecom) industry?
Course design Syllabus and Curriculum including the needs analysis.
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Raied: Check out these PowerPoints about "Digital Humor," and "Pragmatics."
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Hello good time
What metals can be used in the design of high frequency devices such as Coaxial transmission lines , waveguides, coaxial to waveguide adapters? (Diamagnetic, paramagnetic or ferromagnetic)
For example, can I use tungsten rod , which has a magnetic permeability coefficient of 1, to build a coaxial transmission line? (What is the appropriate magnetic permeability number for the metal used to have low insertion loss(S21)?)
Thank You
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Fundamentals of microwave and RF Design by Michael Steer, NC State.
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I want complete information about calibration methods of Network Analyzer. I want step-by-step calibration steps.
Is it better to measure waveguide components SOLT or TRL ??
What is the difference between SOLT and TRL?
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See
I believe that equation 6 may be wrong and the signs in both top brackets should be negative.
You can generalise the equations to use any three different calibration loads (I think), but it is best if they are significantly different from each other.
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Quantum world appears mysterious as of now. Quantum Communications is likely to open newer dimensions in Telecommunications. Quantum key description (QKD) brings in security of by its ability to detect any attempt of intrusion/hacking. What are the Quantum Communications Technologies which may gain popularity at par with QKD ?
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Is it suggestable to publish my work on Telecommunication System..
is it a SCI free journal or not???
and i'm not sue about its reputation.
plz suggest..
TQ
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If you talk about the journal “Telecommunication Systems” published by Springer Nature on website https://www.springer.com/journal/11235 then it is absolutely fine. They are:
-Published by good publisher
-Scopus indexed https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21916 with CiteScore 4.9
-Indexed in Clarivate’s SCIE with impact factor of 2.314
Do you have another journal in mind (and other website)? If not then you can try this one safely.
Best regards.
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Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS/IRS) research area has received too much hype by academia, but very little attention from Industry and telecom companies around the world (except for ZTE, which is doing something not really exactly IRS, but they call it IRS to benefit from the insane hype going on in order to market and promote their products).
So, if anyone knows the reason for this, then please share your thought with the research community to provide the researchers with new insights and help save them time, effort, and money.
My humble thought is that the reason why RIS/IRS didn't get the attention of companies is because of the fact that most of the research related to Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS/IRS) is built on top of many impractical assumptions.
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My humble thought on that is this Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS/IRS) didn't get the attention and interest of the industry because most of the research conducted on Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS/IRS) is built on top of many impractical assumptions.
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In all the papers and books that I read, only the DC channel gain of the VLC system is studied without any further justification. How can we know for sure that the channel doesn't affect the frequency of the light? What would the spectrum of the channel look like with an LED modulated in OOK?
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The PD peak gain may be detected with just DC to measure the line loss as baseband frequency response is not usually the limiting factor except in extreme cases then using "eye patterns"
But the minimum signal for high speed is often >5% of peak to prevent reverse saturation. Thus there may be two Signal/Noise or SNR ratios for a 1,0 logic levels. The choice of levels for OOK depends on the SNR for each levels with noise and path loss and speed effects from Tx modulation methods and diode capacitance at 0V.
Jahid is overlooking that 630 nm to >1 um Red to IR is certainly the carrier like RF that has a loss factor [dB/km] and the photodiode, PD is the baseband detector to convert wavelength power to current.
If we can use "RG", then we can use OOK because those familiar will understand. But in all technical presentations, all abbrev.'s are defined first to avoid errors.
Generally, open loop DC gain and unity gain BW are both needed for baseband transimpedance amplifiers (TIA) to find the product of DC gain and unity gain fmax to get a gain-bandwidth (GBW) specification.
Unless it is a video broadband uncompensated amplifier, it will have an internal integrator cap that creates this GBW with very high gain and common Op Amp breakpoints are 10 Hz as a LPF..
Once does not really need DC gain for some bandband protocols such as bi-phase, FM, PSK, but OOK needs sufficient transitions to restore DC or actual DC coupling.
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Hello to all
Two questions
1. Does the use of metals with high magnetic permeability, such as iron alloy in the waveguide, cause insertion losses?
2- What about chrome or copper plating?
If you know the article in this field, please introduce it. Thank you
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Please find the attached files.
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How long does it take to a journal indexed in the "Emerging Sources Citation Index" get an Impact Factor? What is the future of journals indexed in Emerging Sources Citation Index?
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According to Web of Science, ESCI Journal can be included in Science Citation Index (SCI), Social Science Citation Index (SSCI), or Arts and Humanities Citation Index (AHCI), if they meet "Impact Criteria".
Accordingly, journals are included in Web of Science Core Collection (SCI, SSCI, AHCI, and ESCI) if they meet 2 criteria, namely; 1) Quality 2) Impact. The "Quality criteria" comprises 24 sub-criterion, while the "Impact criterion" consist of 4 sub-criteria.
Hence, any journal captured in ESCI have already meet the quality criteria , therefore the quality criteria is the only requirement for journal to be considered in ESCI. Similarly, any journal on ESCI must wait to meet the "Impact Criteria", which can take time, and may be impossible to be predicted. This is because the Impact Criteria is evaluated according to the number of citations the journal is receiving, the performance of authors who published in the journal before, and the number of cross-references between journals in web of science, etc. Waheed Ur Rehman .
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Hello .
I want to design and build a waveguide load in X Band.
1- How to design that the VSWR is maximum 1.1? (What should I use inside the waveguide, what material? With what dimensions?)
2-How to test it with Network Analyzer after making it?
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Buy a sheet of microwave absorber, cut a long triangle with a sharp point and glue it to one large wall of the waveguide with the point pointing towards where the power comes from, or glue two to both large walls. The longer the triangle and the sharper the point the better the match, generally. You can do it with stepped absorbers, or a pyramidal absorber too. It is hard to design to a vswr of 1.1 unless you design a stepped absorber and are very sure of its complex dielectric and magnetic constants, but making a taper longer will usually improve the vswr. The sharpness of the point is important. If it needs to cope with high power the sharpness of the point can be a problem because it may melt if the absorber has high absorption.
You could glue it to the side walls but it may need to be longer, depending whether the loss is magnetic or resistive.
You can also use a vane of nichrome on kapton film between slits on the centre-lines of the wide faces of the waveguide. If you do this you can adjust the way it tapers in while looking at the S11. https://www.dupont.com/products/kapton-rs.html might also be suitable.
You can test it on a Vector Network Analyser (VNA) with a good coax to waveguide adaptor. 1.1 vswr is about -26 dB so if you want to be reasonably accurate the adaptor needs to have S11 less than -40, unless you can calibrate on the waveguide side, using waveguide open short and load, for instance.
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I want to parse signals coming from 4G/5G towers to extract only the ID of the tower and the transmission time (on simplex communication: only downlink). Are these packets (or frames) sent on a regular time interval ?
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You can down load the several software like net monitor in your mobile and you can check the network health ' data rate (TX and rx) tower id, RSSI ' signal to noise ratio etc in stationary as well as in state of mobility .G-net is also useful for primary investigation respective to the different channel ( BCCH' TCH ETC).
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Assalaamu alaikum
As a faculty member of Engineering in a university, I wish to have clear idea as to how should we adapt ourselves with respect to following scenarios on the verge of 4th industrial revolution:
1. How should the subjects taught change in the domain of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunication and Computer domain in engineering?
2. What role should industries play in developing contents of local universities?
3. How should the teaching learning methodologies evolve?
4. Should the assessment procedure remain same? Or should we move on from formative exam based assessments to project based ones?
5. How much role should industries play in the teaching learning activities of universities e.g. industrial trainings, taking interns, arranging seminars and workshops, short training courses etc.
6. How should industries use the universities in solving their novel problems through sponsoring researches in universities.
Please note that, i come from a country where university-industry collaboration is still a relatively new term. Looking for expert opinions from colleagues around the world.
Please feel free to answer any of the topics or add your own discussion outside the topics but relevant to the subject matter. Hoping to see some engaging discussion that will enlighten us all.
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Very important question , It is very important to update the University curriculum to cope with fast changes in the technologies in the current era and these changes have to be big changes
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All,
I need your suggestions/ideas on M.Tech dissertation topics in DataScience in NMS/EMS preferably in Telecommunication domain. Thanks in advance.
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If you are interested in assessing the performance of modelling approaches, please let me recommend these works:
If your topic assumes the comparison of alternative approaches, the FEW-L1 workflow presented in the article above can be used.
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Hello researchers,
I need help with a dataset for calculating/ modelling path losses for telecommunications and satellite communications.
It will be great to have a load of literature on how to model path losses.
How did the Egil model was achieved?
Regards
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There is a chapter in the book: Advanced electronic communication systems by G. Tomasi that has a chapter about satellite communications. There is an example hoe one calculates the link budget between the satellite and the ground stations.
The satellite link is a line of sight channel model with the effect of elevation angel and the additional path loss due to fog and rain.
Best wishes
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In the area of electronic banking, including mobile banking, commercial banks improve technological solutions for the use of smartphones for the purpose of conducting financial transactions by clients.
Commercial banks spend the most resources on developing security systems, reducing gaps in online banking systems used by cybercriminals and improving IT systems risk management procedures.
The changes taking place in online banking, including mobile banking, are currently determined primarily by the technological progress related to telecommunications and IT devices.
In view of the above, the current question is: Determinants of the development of mobile banking?
Please, answer, comments.
I invite you to the discussion.
Dear Friends and Colleagues of RG
I described the problem of cybercrime in publications:
I invite you to discussion and cooperation.
Thank you very much
Best wishes
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Technology by E and I transaction
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Kindly suggest which routing algorithm is better to implement for finding the optimal route in wireless adhoc networks? 
Performance criteria :end to end delay , packet delivery ratio, throughput
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There is no specific answer to your question. to choose the best routing algorithm in an Ad hoc network you must specify the type of application, the size of the network, and the mobility model.
The most known routing protocols are
1- AODV and DSR as reactive protocols.
2- OLSR and DSDV as proactive Protocols.
3- ZRP and TORA as Hebrid Protocols.
I recommend to read and cite the related paper
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My experience is that if teleconferencing must be used, it is best to have 100% of the participants access the teleconference individually. If all participants access the teleconference individually, regardless of whether the video feature is used, engagement is higher. If some of the participants are clustered in groups, there is almost always "side bar" or private conversations that detract from the overall effectiveness of the meeting. A single participant, or small group of participants clustered together, simply cannot compete with a larger group, especially if the meeting leader/facilitator is located with the large group! Does any research substantiate my experience?
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Revered Professor Kurt Anderson,
Here the question is that there are two concepts are hidden in it.
One is the Access and the other is Utilisation of those teleconferencing mode of the technology.
Of course, it could be a uniform access for every single user either group or individual.
The term Utilisation could be in group or individual or collectively but it depends up on the interest of the users mind and capabilities.
I agree with the answer of the Professor Dariusz Prokopowicz that latest teleconferencing mode is highly suitable for every one because the synchronization is possible with all the users finally.
According to the research point of view is that online video conferencing equally benefitted by the all users at a time.
This is more important during the pandemic period to all the users. There are some limitations but it has great utility concern.
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I need help with Queuing theory, easy explanation to M/M/C?
What are the parameters of the M/M/C queuing model?
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This is a personal rewording of ideas expressed by A. S. Tanenbaum at its book Distributed Operating Systems, but applied to communications:
It can be proven ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M/M/1_model Kleinrock, 1974) that the mean time between issuing a request to send a message and getting it completely transmitted, T (queueing time + service), is related to lambda (arrival rate in packets/s) and mu (mean service time) by the formula T = 1/(mu - lambda).
Consider a communication link at 64 kbit/s processing packets with exponentially distributed lengths with average packet size of 50 bytes, then the mean service time (1/mu) is 6.25 ms and this link should be able to handle up to 160 packet/s (maximum lambda). If it just gets 120 packets/s, then the mean Tx time will be 25 ms.
Suppose now that we have n communication lines at 64 kbit/s processing the same type of packets (average length 50 bytes exponentially distributed) at an arrival rate of 120 packets/s. The mean Tx time is the same, 25 ms. Now consider what happens if we use a single link able to send packets at n.64 kbit/s. Instead of having n communication lines at 64 kbit/s we got a single communication line n times faster, with an input rate n.lambda and a service rate n.mu, so the mean response time has got divided by n also.
This surprising result says that by replacing n small communications links by a big one that is n times faster, we can reduce the average response time n-fold ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queueing_model#Multiple-servers_queue ).
This result is extremely general and applies to a large variety of systems. It is one of the main reasons that airlines prefer to fly a 300 seat 747 once every 5 hours to a 10 seat business jet every 10 minutes.
Dividing the communications capacity into small channels, each with few users statically assigned, is a poor match to a workload of randomly arriving requests. Much of the time, a few lines are busy, even overloaded, but most are idle. It is this wasted time that is eliminated in the high speed single link and the reason it gives better overall performance.
In fact, this queueing theory result is also one of the main arguments against having distributed systems at all and argues in favour of concentrating the computing power as much as possible.
However, mean response time is not everything. There are also arguments in favour of small channels and distributed systems, such as cost. In general, the cost of N single resources of cost C is N.C, but the cost of a single resource N times better is C^N, or it can be impossible to build it at any price. Reliability and fault tolerance are also factors to consider.
Moreover, it must be considered that for some users, a low variance in service time may be perceived as more important than the mean response time itself, specially for interactive applications. Consider for example web browsing through your own ADSL line, on which asking for the same page to be displayed always takes 500 ms (at least if served from the central office cache). Now consider web browsing on a shared high speed link on which asking for the next page takes 5 ms 95% of the time and 5 s one time in 20. Even though the mean here is twice as good as on the private ADSL line, the users may consider the performance intolerable. On the other hand, to the user running P2P file transfers, the high speed link may win hands down.
A possible compromise is to provide both options, providing each user with a small single amount of reserved capacity for interactive tasks such as web browsing and running all non-interactive transfers (e.g. P2P, mail, SFTP...) on the rest of shared bandwidth of a high speed link.
A related joke read on the Embedded Muse 223: Why does *my* queue at the supermarket usually move the slowest?
You compare yours to the ones on either side. The odds of yours being
the fastest are 1 in 3 if you compare yours to the immediately adjacent
queues, 1 in 5 if you look at two lines on either side, etc. If you
want to feel better about it, join the queue all the way on the end and
you'll have fewer others against which to measure.
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Russian project to explore the moons of Jupiter after 2030 will be based on the nuclear propulsion spacecraft "Nuklon" with an electrical energy power of 0.5 MW. Such energy power gives the opportunity to significantly increase a data transfer performance to Earth. In my opinion, the speed of data transfer can be increase to 100 Mbit/sec. This value will be enough to use 4K Video for the investigation of dynamic processes in the atmosphere of Jupiter and moons. What is your opinion about this?
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I did confuse confuse bandwidth with delay a bit, but not in recent comments, I think, because I realised I was doing it.
Unless the entangled pairs are prepared on earth and then half are sent to Jupiter on the satellite, which would require coherence lifetimes of years (many orders of magnitude above present lifetimes), a signal has to be sent from Jupiter at lightspeed (for instance a photon entangled with the state on Jupiter) to convey the entanglement information between the two sites before the quantum measurement, so that the half of the entangled state can be set up on earth. This means that the actual data rate is still limited by the bandwidth of the lightspeed signals, even if data can be sent with no delay,
I guess if zero delay was possible, it would still be useful, for things like steering a remote vehicle, or conversation.
I expect that each entangled state will carry 1 bit, one Q-bit.
I am not sure instantaneous communication will ever happen. It may. I don't understand it enough to be sure it can't work. I hope it may be possible. It would also raise lots of interesting problems with relativity. I wouldn't invest my pension on it, but I might invest fun money.
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Following an influential analysis published in February, a team of Stanford University researchers has conducted the first large survey into the very modern phenomenon of "Zoom Fatigue."Over the last year, millions of people have been working from home. Meetings previously conducted in person suddenly shifted to video conferencing platforms such as Zoom. And as 2020 progressed, more and more people started noticing a unique kind of exhaustion at the end of a day filled with video meetings. Referred to as "Zoom Fatigue," this new phenomenon is now the subject of novel academic research. https://newatlas.com/telecommunications/stanford-zoom-fatigue-first-study-women-more-affected/
So, what do you know about "zoom fatigue" ...Who are the groups most vulnerable to it ??? And why ??? Can its effects be minimized ???
All comments and contributions are welcome.
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Manal Hadi Kanaan amazing answers by the experts and I do agree with most of the experts particularly with Len Leonid Mizrah Ranjan Parekh Gioacchino de Candia Terekh Alexandr M. their comments are in line with your question and yes even if I try to answer this question my answer would be the same..
Most important being the EYE Strain and the above answer by Len Leonid Mizrah gives you the detailed explanation about the same
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The problem of data transmission from Mars to Earth is a big latency time. Could quantum entanglement communication reduce this latency?
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Very interesting question, but also very difficult to know any research in this regard, Prof. Vadym Slyusar. It is a military secret.
The military revealed information regarding optical fiber communications entanglement * (ARL, 2019), but not entanglement in space.
Best Regards.
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Can someone help me to solve this task below.
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What i can’t understundom you Kenechukwu Emmanuel Umeh
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I am try to build a system model where intelligent reflecting surface is used to enhance the receiver's SNR depending on the position of the receiver.
Based on what I read, a signal is scattered at the atom level and constructive/ destructive superposition is used to direct the signal to a certain user. My question is: Can the signal be directed to a user behind the IRS?
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Sure, if two users are located in the same angular direction but at different distances, the reflected beam can be partially directed to both of them. You can find an example of this on Figure 10 of https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.04960.pdf
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Hello everyone!
I'm starting a research about externalities in networks (specifically, in airlines networks) as my thesis to finish my Master in Telecommunications Engeneering. I would really appreciate any suggestion from experts, recommendations of papers, articles, books etc.
I will post any updates!
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I find the link provided by Salah Uddin very appropriate.
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I am a master student and i am working on my research, so I am a bit confuse don't really know how to match computer with telecommunication as a topic
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In digital communications the digital signal processing is carried out by computing platforms such as digital signal processors.
There are newly the new technology of realizing the communication systems by the software developed technology. Therefore there are the computing platforms developed for such software radio and software network devices.
In fact all the communication equipment have computer cores and the communication functions are peripheral functions.
To you knowledge there is intensive communication inside the computer where the data are transferred from the memory to the processor and vice versa. Also the input output functions are data communication functions.
As for the networks there was the old circuit switched and the modern packet switched intended for use in data communication.
Now most circuits are packet switched which means the communications converges to all data communications.
The communication functions and the computer functions are unified with each other to evolve the information and communication technology.
The computer became a core device in the communication systems and networks.
Best wishes
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I have a research project on Telecommunications line testing terminal and I want to know some of the research shortcomings.
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@Mani Gupta and AKBisht, thank you so much for your responses. They are really helpful.
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Red Compartida or Whole Shared Network is a project headed by the Ministry of Communications and Transportation (SCT) of the Government of the Republic, in coordination with the Federal Telecommunications Institute (IFT). Its development contemplates the coverage of Magical Towns like Artega, Coahuila.
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Hello everyone.
I install the receving antenna for my receiver on the same tower that have broadcast-FM antenna . The broadcast-FM transmitter operate around 15 kiloWatts and the distance between those antenna are not so far (<<< 5 metre vertically).
Now I feel that my receiver can't pickup low signal and sometime when the broadcast-FM transmitter went under the routine maintainance, Everything is back as it was.
What problem am I facing ?
and If I want to solve this problem what should I do ?
Thank you
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I will not repeat the answer that you need to either a very sharp band pass filter.
But such filter will be expensive. May be one of the solutions is to use a notch filter built in a form of trap shunting the output of the antenna or the bandpass filter. Normal this trap is built by a series resonant circuit shunting the existing filter.
The other solution is to make the polarization of your antenna perpendicular to the the polarization of the FM broadcast.
Best wishes
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I am trying to begin a new field of research with experimental works in the areas of wireless communications. What are the recent hot and interesting topics in this area?
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May be the most interesting topic is the investigation and implementation of massive MIMO mobile communication systems. As the number of beam formed increases with controlled interference the spectral density increases leading to much higher bandwidth and number of users.
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  1. In the performance analysis of modern wireless communication systems like the scenario of factory automation with 5G URLLC, which path loss model will be suitable and appropriate to assume?
  2. Any comments on the recent empirical findings regarding the same?
Thanks in advance.
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Use log normal _shadowing path loss model in microcell region if factory area is confined within 500 meters of radius. You will have to consider the several case...
1_ within building
2_From building to open space.
3_within open space
3_open space with scatters etc
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A need to check different aspects of Teledentistry in COVID-19 situation.
A need to discuss on the topic.
Reply or feedback on various content of the topic is welcomed.
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There are a lot of aspects to talk about regarding teledentistry. Here are some articles on the topic.
This is a good question and it should be added that teledentistry has long been existing, yet the existence of COVID-19 highlighted it. Sub-questions should or may also be added for an in-depth discussion on teledentistry.
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In rural or urban areas where home density is very low, the prohibitive cost of trenching cables across the countryside often leaves remote areas with poor or nonexistent broadband Internet connections. Now we are thinking about how to overcome this problem using a significant solution.
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I think hybrid system RF/FSO consider a good option.
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In 3GPP LTE  system which detection method is better?
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Nice Question Sunita Kumari , Following
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Hello Everyone,
I need this paper "Intelligent Resource Scheduling for 5G Radio Access Network Slicing ". Can anyone download it for me.
Thank you so much.
Rizwan Munir
Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications.
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Could you check my papers, reply to your question Rizwan Munir
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Here, i am suggesting the use of market basket analysis as follows:
1) Getting user features (e.g. usage, demographic, etc.)
2) Segmenting customers into groups based on their features.
3) Identifying purchasing/spending behavior regarding previous offers.
4) Use association rule mining (or market basket analysis) to extract rules.
5) Use these rules to give predictions about the next best offer for each user.
Any suggestions/improvements/notes are welcome. Thank you.
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Dear Mohammed ,
First You need to do market survey of offers of opponent companies and then create the best possible offers for the customers by taking into considerations of theirs needs and locations and accordingly you can upgrade/create the offers in long run in Telecommunication so the customer can get the best offer as per your predictions and in the next slot the best offer for each customer can be made available.
All the best!!!
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Hello All,
I am presently enrolled as an MSc Electrical Engineering (Telecommunication Option). I have finished my coursework and about to engage in my research but I am having difficult in getting a Research Proposal Topic. I actually want to work in Satellite Communication but also finding it difficult to narrow the area of interest. With this, I am kindly asking for your assistance/guidance or any suggestion that might help. Thank you for considering my request and look forward to hearing from you.
Kind regards,
Sajor Barrie.
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Dear Sajor,
welcome,
As an electronic engineer i would like to propose you developing on board communication systems for on board satellite and in the ground station
for both control and pay load. You can choose from picosatellite up to microsatellite. The development effort covers the hard the specifications, the hardware design , the software development, the testing and trouble shooting.
Best wishes
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Presently, there are 7 layers of OSI(Open Systems Interconnection) model in telecommunication:-
1. Physical layer
2. Data link layer
3. Network layer
4. Transport layer
5. Session layer
6. Presentation layer
7. Application layer
So, the root question is can the no. of elements in the 7 layers of OSI model be decreased to fewer elements? And if yes. Then what are the elements can be eliminated in the communication networking?
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Pierre A. Millette
Sir!
In classical communication system, for every information to be sent between parties, signal has to be processed through the 7 layers,i.e., every time the message has to cover thousands of miles via optical fibers and electronic devices to be conveyed across. So, a number of electrical and electronic elemental devices are needed. But, in quantum communication, the central idea is conveying entangled qubits(say photons) and the rest will be take cared by the entangled qubits due to quantum mechanics and hence electrical and electronic devices will only be needed to convey the entangled qubits once. So, the circuit elements in the OSI model should decrease but the 7 layers stay the 7 layers.
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hello everyone,
according to your experiences in paper's submission, can you propose to me a scientific journal related to the field of networks and communications with an acceptable impact factor, and a shorter reviewing duration.
thank you
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The Journal "Telecommunication Systems) has an Impact Factor 1.707
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We know that the equation of refractivity has 3 parameters (Ambient temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric vapour pressure which relates to atmospheric pressure) as recommended by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). My question seeks to find out if an alternative equation can be modeled and how???
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If you have data set of certain performance parameters such as the refractive index epsilon at different temperatures, different humility and atmospheric pressure. You can start with a physical model describing such performance.
Periodically you can express the relations in the form:
EPSILONr= 1 + alpha T (T-T0) + alpha h(h-h0) + alpha p(p-p0),
alpha T is the first order temperature coefficient, alpha h is the linear humidity coefficient and alpha p is the linear pressure coefficient. T0,h0,and p0 is the reference point.
If the linear terms are not sufficient one can add quadratic terms until one gets satisfactory fitting between epsilon and the three independent parameters
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What is the maximum speed of user at which GSM link can perform?
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The highest speed of the user during the communication session is determined by the maximum allowed doppler shift variations as the Doppler shift causes fast fading in the channel. This fast fading can be equalized up to some extent and so one has to limit speed of the vehicles to make the distortion affordable and the quality of service acceptable.
Best wishes
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.
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In attachment you may found the list of web-links towards around 30 PPP, post-processing programmes and on-line post-processing services.
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When Carrier Aggregation and cross-carrier scheduling are applied in LTE-Advanced system, UE may support multiple Component Carriers (CC) and control information on one CC can allocate radio resource on another CC. Search space of all CCs and control information is only transmitted from a chosen CC. In this case, if search spaces of different CCs are not properly defined, high blocking probability of control information will be very harmful to system performance.
My Question is: What is the cause of this blocking, is it deficiency of control channel elements to served, scheduled UE or what?
My guess is not but I have no proof of this. Can any expert help?
For now, I assume either self-overlapping or high mutual over-lapping of the UEs' search spaces as the likely cause of blocking.
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The main responsible guys behind Blocking users are Available CCEs and the Schedular one design to get the user fit into this If the hash function gives the indices which are already occupied then user can't get scheduled resulting in getting blocked. I hope the mentioned point makes sense to understand the reason for blocking users. Kindly refer to this to understand clearly.
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Assuming that a cellular operator is currently using FDD LTE spectrum, how difficult (in terms of the cost and the required changes to the system) is to switch to TDD? Is it technically possible to use the same spectrum but for TDD? If not, why is that so? Is there any legacy issue? And last but not least, how difficult is for an operator to add TDD 5G to its FDD LTE network?
I would appreciate your opinion.
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Dear Shaharm,
There are basic changes that must be made change the system from FDD to TDD.
These changes may be deep such that it is better to install a new system operating using TDD time division duplexing.
My opinion is based on the required following changes:
There is a deep change in the physical layer especially the rf front end, the A/D and the D/A converter in the transmitter and the receiver. Duplexing will be also changed
There will be also change in the control layer including the data link layer.
The controllers of this layer will be changed to control the data flow on the wireless link.
The higher layers may not need any changes such as the network layer and the application layers.
I think technically the matter is complicated to modify FDD system to work in TDD mode.
May be with using the SDR software defined radio one can see these modes of operation in the early conception and design satges.
What i said remain as my insight to the problem.
Best wishes
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  • The majority of university professors are from their specific field where they were trained
  • It is likely that an expert professor of his discipline or professional specialty will allow him to transmit the specific knowledge to his students; but nothing ensures that in reality this happens
  • At present, university professors are hired not only for having a bachelor's degree or a degree; but also, for its competence in telecommunications and computer science, for being an indispensable tool in all human knowledge and doing activities
  • University professors, experts in their discipline and competent in communication and computer science, are more likely to have a successful teaching practice
  • Training in Pedagogy or Education Sciences, are already indispensable in university professors to be better teachers, for the management in methodology and instruments to improve the significant learning of their students
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Well, what I believe, it is may be depending on the situations and level of educational institutions as well as grades of student. And certainly professor have to be experienced in their own discipline.
Regards,
MJ Khan
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Different companding methods such as μ-law, hyperbolic tangent, exponential, linear symmetric transforms, linear asymmetric transforms and threshold log companding are used for PAPR reduction in OFDM.
Is there any other efficient companding methods?
Besides, is there any other method of PAPR reduction in OFDM except companding?
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Dear Abdullah,
welcome,
There are some methods to reduce the peak to average power ratio of the OFDM signal to lower their dynamic range during transmission needing smaller power amplifier. If you go to my research page you will find most of the methods used for this purpose: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abdelhalim_Zekry/research
Best wishes
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I have a Bsc Physics and Solar Energy degree and I'm presently considering a master degree in telecommunication. I want to combine wireless communication with solar energy.
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Wireless power transmission is utilized for con tactless power transmission instead of plug-in connectors. It is used also for powering wireless sensor network nodes and sensors and biomedical devices. You can search for more applications for wireless power transfer.
My opinion is to use a intelligent wireless sensor network to control, supervise and maintain the PV power generators. You can combine it with internet of things to manage multiple PV stations.
Best wishes
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What do you notice changes in behavior, sociological changes in societies in connection with the advancement of telecommunications technologies?
More and more information is contained in our smartphones? More and more practical information, contacts etc. are archived in smartphones without remembering them.
Once, in the era of fixed-line telephony, people knew by heart the telephone number, whereas now in the era of mobile telephony, mobile, when all information is stored on a smartphone, people remember less and less.
In connection with the above, it is an example of the progressive changes in behavior, sociological changes in societies in connection with the progress of information and telecommunications technologies.
Do you notice these changes?
What are you noticing other progressive changes in behavior, sociological changes in societies in connection with the progress of information and telecommunications technologies?
Please reply
Best wishes
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This is interesting query. I think there are two ways to think about it. Firstly, we have extended ourselves and our information about other groups and cultures on a scale that is expansive and incredibl. Secondly, people have distanced themselves from others sitting next to them and become lonely. Overall, I feel that we are gathering more psychological space in our devices but have no real time sense of people's lives and events happening right in front of us.
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In Uganda and Kenya, there are services termed as mobile money. Where by business transactions are done by phone by telecommunication companies. They also lend money to public like banks. Is it good for economy?
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Lending by bank. Medium of lending provided by telecommunication company. I think that's fine
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telecommunication and signal processing
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Hello,
Protection of information in telecommunications based on deterministic chaos. Our department has many suggestions on cooperation on this subject.
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I'm trying to eveluate pathloss but I already habpve values for RSS and for distance between BTS and mobile phone
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It would depend on the model being used. In simplest of cases, for a Free Space Path Loss model, the following holds
Free Space Path Loss= (4πd/λ)2 (In terms of Wavelength)
Free Space Path Loss= (4πdf/c)2 (In terms of Frequency)
  • d: Distance between Transmitter and Receiver.
  • λ : Wavelength of signal
  • f: Frequency of signal
  • c: Speed of light
In decibels, this would be equivalent to
Free Space Path Loss (dB) = 20 log (d) + 20 log(f) + 32.44
Should you decide to calculate FSPL, the
Free Space Path Loss Calculator in below given link can be used. (Set Antenna gains to unity)
Hope it helps.
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In telecommunications, a transmission system is a system which transmits a signal from one place to another. The signal can be an electrical, optical or radio signal.
Can we consider some of the human body systems as transmission systems and then model it using telecommunications' concepts for better understanding?
If we do, can someone please provides some examples of these systems and determines their basic elements(message, transmitter, medium and receiver)?
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Dear Mahdi,
This question is an interesting one as it invokes the analogy between the electrical communication systems and the signal transmission in the human body.
Any communications system consists of information sources, transmitters, transmission medium receiver and communication destination.
At first i would like to speak about the signal transmission medium in the human body. The main medium of the transmission in the human body is the water.
Water is a dipolar material and serves as a solvent for the substances supplied to the human body. It solves the slats including sodium chloride and forms an electrolyte capable to conduct electricity by its positive sodium ions and negative chlor ions. So, the electricity conduction is an ionic conduction. The generation of electrical signals is by electrochemical effect.
The system responsible for the sensation is the nervous systems where it generates the electrical signals in form of electrical pulses and transfer it from the a part of the body to the brain or from the brain to an intended part of the body. The brain is responsible for processing, taking actions and storing the signal in its memory cells. Th humans tried to mimic the function of the nervous system by introducing the so called Neural network.
The information is generated by sensors at skin of the human body. It is generated also by the ears and eyes. All of these sensors work as transducers converting the nonelectrical signals int electrical signals conducted by the Nerves to the central spinal cord then to the brain and back from the brain to the different organs to control them.
So the brain can be considered a source an destination of the information. It also stores and process the information to take decisions.
Signals also are generated by the transducers and some of them work as a destination. The communication system can be considered wire line one transmitting base band signals directly through conducting wires.
Best wishes
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Without using triangulation, how might one broadcast a signal that would only be picked up by one antenna out of the many present?  Or, if not one antenna, then perhaps just a few close by.  These antenna are not stationary.  We can use any frequency that we want, although a higher frequency would be best.  Each antenna has a slightly different Q, length, and width.
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Using directional antenna for one receiver would make it large antenna to concentrate the radiation in small angle making it very directive. If one could make a pencil like beam this would be a very suitable solution. It will also very power efficient. The ability of the designing antennas with high directivity increases with the increase of the frequency. If the use of optical communication system is allowed, then one can use laser beams. The use of MIMO system can be used to focus the radiation on an intended direction and null it in other specific radiation.
A second solution is to use a coded transmissions. such those used in the code division multiple accessing. The one which is very simple is to encrypt the data transmitted such that it can be only decrypted by the one who has the key.
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Forward Error Correction (FEC) schemes square measure a necessary a part of wireless communication systems. The number of symbols inside the availability encoded message is enlarged in an passing controlled manner thus on facilitate a pair of basic demands at the receiver one is Error detection and alternative is Error correction. In telecommunication and data theory, forward error correction (FEC) (also referred to as channel coding]) may be a system of error management for knowledge transmission, whereby the sender adds consistently generated redundant knowledge to its messages, additionally referred to as associate error-correcting code (ECC). In digital electronic systems, data is painted in binary format (1's and 0's).When binary data is passed from one purpose to a different, there's continually some likelihood that a slip-up are often made; a one understood as a zero or a 0 taken to be a 1. This can be caused by media defects, electronic noise, component failures, poor connections, deterioration due to age, and other factors. When a bit is mistakenly interpreted, a bit error has occurred. Error correction is the process of detecting bit errors and correcting them and can be done in software or hardware. For high data rates, error correction must be done in special-purpose hardware because software is too slow. A group of bits in a computer has conventionally been referred to as a "word.” Each bit can be thought of as one of two "letters,” 0 or 1. Error correcting systems add extra or "redundant" letters to computer words. The extra letters (bits) add a certain structure to each word. If that structure is altered by errors, the changes can be detected and corrected.
Papers:
Rolf Johannesson and Kamil Sh. Zigangirov. Fundamentals of Convolutional Coding. IEEE Press, 1998.
Zou Decai Nat. Time Service Center, Chinese Acad. Of Sci.Lintong, Lu Xiaochum; Wu Haitao; Xu Jinsong,“Implementation of convolutional code based on FPGAIn OFDM-UWB system” Industrial Electronics and Application, 2008. ICIEA 2008,Pp 1119-1122.
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The convolutional encoder does not present any challenge at all. The complexity with convolutional codes is the decoder. The complexity of the encoder is insignificant.
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I am an undergraduate in final year first degree. I am in search of project topic relating to telecommunication to work on. A project that at the end will be useful to the society and be a solution to a problem.
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Daer Okai
Thousands of final year projects on the topic you need can be obtained easily, just write on the Google search engine " Final year telecommunication Projects", you will receive massive of sites that help you to choose what fits you.
Good Luck.
Prof. S. EL-Rabaie
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Hi,
Is there any research going on which is based on applying photovoltaic techniques(or Photovoltaic Systems) in telecommunication?
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