Taxes - Science topic

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Please read my question and answer it.

"Far left countries are more likely to have heavily related social and fiscal issues. Far right countries are more likely to have heavily related social and fiscal issues." ????

Progressive taxation raises tobacco costs, discouraging new users, especially young ones, from starting smoking. High prices prevent addiction in adolescents and reduce smoking among existing smokers, leading to reduced usage or even quitting altogether.

The Impact of Fiscal Policy

Fiscal policy plays a crucial role in shaping economic outcomes, and its impact can be understood through several key implications:

i. Compromise in Fiscal Priorities:

Fiscal policy often involves trade-offs among competing priorities, such as social welfare programs, infrastructure spending, and public investment. Policymakers must navigate these compromises carefully, balancing immediate needs with long-term goals. For instance, during economic downturns, governments may prioritize stimulus spending to boost demand, which could delay investment in essential services or infrastructure. This compromise can lead to long-term structural issues if not managed prudently.

ii. Revisions to Taxation and Revenue Generation:

Changes in fiscal policy frequently involve alterations to tax structures and revenue generation mechanisms. For example, increases in tax rates can be implemented to fund public services but may also dampen consumer spending and investment. Conversely, tax cuts can stimulate economic growth but may lead to budget deficits if not accompanied by corresponding spending reductions. The effectiveness of these changes often hinges on the broader economic context and the responsiveness of various sectors to taxation adjustments.

iii. Debt Management and Borrowing:

Fiscal policy significantly influences a country's debt management strategies. Increased government borrowing can provide necessary funds for stimulus during recessions, but it raises concerns about sustainability and future interest payments. A carefully designed fiscal policy should address the balance between promoting economic growth and maintaining fiscal discipline. Policymakers must consider the long-term implications of high debt levels on economic stability and growth potential.

Bárbara Santos

Nolberto Munier

Stephen Jordan

Dipak Raj Pant

Yes, companies should be economically responsible for the negative environmental and health impacts of their activities. For instance, pollution from factories can cause health problems and environmental damage. Making companies pay for these externalities incentivizes them to reduce harm and adopt cleaner practices. In the US, pollution costs an estimated $2.9 trillion annually in health-related expenses.

Socio-economic systems defined as capitalism and the socialist welfare state in pure model form exist only in textbooks, in theory. In practice, countries have variants of several globally dominant models of socio-economic systems. An analysis of the history of the world's socio-economic development shows that attempts to build a socialist welfare state with a view to ensuring equitable distribution of wealth and employment opportunities for all able-bodied citizens and thus create prosperity have been made many times. Unfortunately, such economic experiments have always failed, because the socioeconomic systems created in this way were much less economically efficient relative to systems based primarily on market structures, the market economy model, private ownership of productive factors, etc. The model of a socialist or communist economy, in which there is equality in income distribution, state ownership of productive factors, central planning of key economic investments and business ventures carried out by state-owned companies and enterprises, full employment of citizens, etc., is a beautiful but not realistic ideal. On the other hand, also the ideal model of a market economy in its pure form, in which the state, according to Adam Smith, a leading precursor of the classical economics trend, plays the role of night watchman in the economy also unfortunately does not exist anywhere in reality. In fact, there are various variants of mixed economies, which in the situation of highly developed countries are sometimes referred to as social market economies, i.e. economies in which market structures dominate, private ownership of most of the factors of production, i.e. forms, enterprises and other types of economic entities, most of the goods produced are created in commercially functioning economic entities operating in various markets differentiated by, among other things, the level of competition and generating the bulk of the Gross Domestic Product, etc. On the other hand, economies operating under the model of social market economies also have public sectors whose activities are financed by the state's public finance system. The public sector provides public goods for citizens, provides financial security at a certain level within the framework of social policy and within the framework of the participatory pension system. Within the sphere of public goods, the state also provides citizens with a certain minimum of educational security, health services, internal law enforcement, disaster services, the military, etc. In mixed economies, some companies and enterprises and financial institutions operating in strategic sectors of the economy may have the state as a majority shareholder. Besides, in realistically functioning mixed economies, the governments of the countries conduct economic policies and, on a larger or smaller scale, apply anti-crisis and/or pro-development state interventionism in an attempt to influence the economic processes taking place in a certain way, for certain purposes, and thus try to influence the pace and specifics of the country's economic development. The basic instruments of influence on economic processes that are applied by the government operate within the framework of social policy, fiscal policy, budget policy, sectoral policy, such as housing policy, agricultural policy, energy policy, environmental policy, innovation policy, etc., and monetary policy. However, the applied instruments of state interventionism do not always work as planned in advance. When a deep economic crisis develops, unemployment rises strongly, consumption, investment, production levels fall, economic growth slows down, tax revenues to the state budget fall, then the debt level of the state's public finance system usually rises. In many countries after the global financial crisis of 2008 and the pandemic economic crisis of 2020, the level of budget deficit and public debt in many countries has increased significantly. As a result, the government in order to balance the situation in the public finance system of countries is forced to reduce spending and/or raise taxes. During the pandemic economic crisis of 2020 in some highly developed countries, a large amount of a kind of anti-crisis printed money was intervened into the economy without being covered by emerging products. At the expense of limiting the scale of the rise in unemployment in this way, high inflation was generated, which began to rise as early as 2021. Subsequently, central banks also intervened anti-inflationarily by raising interest rates, which increased the cost of money borrowed from commercial banks in the form of bank loans and financial paracredit instruments used by companies to make investments in their business activities. More expensive and harder-to-access credit caused a decline in investment levels, a drop in the rate of economic growth and another wave of downturn in the context of multi-year business cycles. In view of the above, it has often been the case that the specific tools of socio-economic, fiscal, sectoral, etc., and monetary policies applied under state interventionism can produce undesirable secondary effects, which, if they get out of control in their development, lead to the occurrence of another economic crisis. Thus, it is not only the specific model of the socio-economic system that provides citizens with economic well-being, good living situation, financial, property, housing, etc. An important role in this matter is played by the quality of the socio-economic policy pursued, which is more or less tailored to a certain economic situation, developed to a certain extent particular sectors and industries z in the economy, is tailored to a certain sector-industry structure found in a certain national economy, a certain model of a commercially functioning financial system, a certain share of commercially operating sectors and public sectors, and so on. Countries where economic experiments of trying to create a welfare economy under the model of a centrally planned socialist or communist economy are still in operation are relatively few in number, as they are much less economically efficient compared to social market economies. On the other hand, there is no realistically existing ideal model of a social market economy, which should always ensure the welfare of citizens. In recent years, the importance of sustainability, the realization of sustainable development goals, conducting business in accordance with business ethics and corporate social responsibility, realizing the green transformation of the economy, increasing the importance of pro-climate, pro-environmental and pro-environmental policies has been growing. Accordingly, currently developing economies operating mainly under the model of social market economies are becoming more and more sustainable social market economies, in which the importance of sustainability, zero-emission, greenness, climate protection, environmental protection and biodiversity of natural ecosystems is growing, because the livelihood of citizens also depends on this, and in the future, due to the continuing process of global warming, the livelihood of people in general will perhaps depend on this. I am researching this issue. I have posted the results of my research in some articles and monograph chapters, which are available on my profile of this Research Gate portal.

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

General tax framework for multinational corporations in PNG includes:

1. Corporate Income Tax

Standard corporate income tax rate in PNG is 30%. For companies involved in petroleum and gas projects, the rate can be higher, reflecting the significant profits these resources can generate.

2. Goods and Services Tax (GST): A GST of 10% is levied on most goods and services in Papua New Guinea.

3. Additional Profits Tax: Companies, especially in the mining and petroleum sectors, may be subject to additional profits taxes, which are designed to capture greater economic rent when profits are high.

4. Withholding Taxes: Dividends, interest, and royalties paid to non-residents are subject to withholding taxes, the rates of which vary depending on the type of income and the recipient's country of residence, particularly if there is a tax treaty in place.

5. Resource-related Charges: Companies in the extractive industries may also face various royalties, levies, and other charges specific to the sector.

6. Customs Duties: Import duties on various goods can also affect multinational companies, especially those that rely heavily on imported materials.

Good insights, more experts views?

Multivariate discriminant models can be employed to assess various levels of multiple financing constraints. Empirical models can then be established to examine the non-linear correlation between financing constraints and investment in research and development.

Dear friend Dariusz Prokopowicz

Thanks for starting this topic. Let us start rolling this ball.

Now, let's dive into the profound matter of progressive carbon taxation, as I would.

1. **Emissions Correlation:** A progressive carbon tax should be directly linked to the level of emissions. The tax rates could increase with higher emission levels, creating a clear incentive for individuals and entities to reduce their carbon footprint.

2. **Incorporating Carbon Intensity:** Recognizing carbon intensity is crucial. Different industries have varying levels of carbon intensity. The tax structure could consider not only the total emissions but also the intensity per unit of production. This ensures fairness across diverse sectors.

3. **Addressing Income Disparities:** To avoid placing undue burden on lower-income individuals, the tax system should be designed progressively. This means higher-income individuals or entities with higher emissions pay proportionally more.

4. **Investment in Green Initiatives:** Revenue generated from the carbon tax should be dedicated to green projects. This can include funding research in sustainable technologies, promoting green energy, and supporting initiatives aimed at reducing overall emissions.

5. **Tax Credits for Green Investments:** Encouraging green investments through tax credits is a wise approach. Businesses and individuals investing in sustainable practices should be rewarded with tax benefits, fostering a culture of environmental responsibility.

Opinions on this matter can vary widely. Some might argue that such a tax is essential for combating climate change, encouraging innovation, and holding major polluters accountable. Others might express concerns about potential economic impacts, especially for industries heavily reliant on fossil fuels. Striking a balance between environmental sustainability and economic feasibility will likely be a point of contention.

The need for urgent, impactful action on climate change is evident. A progressive carbon tax seems like a pragmatic step, aligning economic incentives with environmental responsibility. It creates a framework where businesses and individuals are not just responsible for their actions but are also incentivized to contribute positively to the environment.

Remember, these are my strong and unrestrained opinions. Real-world implementation, of course, requires careful consideration of various factors, stakeholder involvement, and, importantly, adapting strategies as new information emerges.

What are your thoughts on this matter?

To check for recent authors, research gaps, variables, findings, etc. about the effects of high taxation, you may want to do the following:

1. Choose a number of peer-reviewed research papers related to your high taxation, from Google Scholar, RG, SSRN or similar credible websites, not from non-credible sources.

2. Read these research papers and check for the research gaps from within such research. You may find these gaps under the subtitle: Future Research or similar subtitles.

3. Ensure that such gaps are not already covered by recent research. That is, for the gap that you want to cover, read to the last current research in this regard to make sure that no other author(s) already conducted such research.

4. Then, go ahead and start preparing for your research, preferably using the Literature Review Matrix where you put a table showing authors, title, objectives, research question(s), problem statement, variables, methodologies used, findings, etc. for each research paper selected. By the way, you may want to keep such relevant research papers to use them as references in your research.

TRISTE E POBRE DO PAÍS QUE NÃO DEVOLVE AO SEU POVO OS SERVIÇOS QUE SÃO SUSTENTADOS PELO PRÓPRIO POVO. O BRASIL É ASSIM DESDE A DESCOBERTA, 523 ANOS, INFELIZMENTE, SORTE NAS SUAS PESQUISAS

Multinational companies are taxed in each country in which they operate. As well as income taxes, they will also pay sales taxes, payroll taxes and any other taxes which are levied in the countries in which they run their business. The advantage multinational companies have is that they can move revenues and costs between different countries, depending on which countries charge lower taxes. Although there are usually anti-evasion laws in place to minimise the extent to which they can do this. Hopefully that explains a little about why and how multinational companies pay tax.

Thanks for your reply. I agree that privatising basic public goods and services can be very injurious to the poor and counter-productive in general.

Is land privately-owned in South Africa and Zimbabwe? If so, these landowners are probably receiving windfall economic gains from land values created by public goods and services (regardless of whether they are privately- or publicly-provided). Therefore, "land value return" might be useful for more equitable funding of public goods and services while also making access to prime sites more affordable for residents and businesses alike.

I would note that most Americans cannot afford to own vacant lots. Landownership is highly concentrated and unequal. (This is obscurred by the fact that about 60% of households own their own home. This would appear to make most Americans landowners. But most homeowners do not own any other real estate and the value of these homes compared to the value of commercial and industrial land is miniscule.

thank you very much Hans

Yes, so that the state can finance its various tasks for the benefit of its citizens! I recommend reading an introductory textbook on public economics intensively!

Dariusz Prokopowicz ,

Before giving out the answer I would state that it is highly improbable that this scenario comes to pass, if history is any guide. History shows that any offset due to innovation leads to a temporary dislocation of the workforce [1] until the workforce is re-educated[2].

Now for the answer (assuming the improbable)

I would echo Christoff Botha in his statement that it all boils down to "the difference between the respective country's corporate and personal income tax rates". Now since the relationship between the two is not linear I would assume that the initial result would be detrimental to the taxation results. The backlash from unemployment will put pressure on government to establish more assistance programs and raise the taxation rates(In an effort to at least reach equilibrium). Obviously, the wealth/digital divide will widen further as a result.

References

[1] Autor, D., & Salomons, A. (2018). Is automation labor-displacing? Productivity growth, employment, and the labor share (No. w24871). National Bureau of Economic Research.

[2] Vermeulen, B., Kesselhut, J., Pyka, A., & Saviotti, P. P. (2018). The impact of automation on employment: just the usual structural change?. Sustainability, 10(5), 1661.

Thanks again Nderitu Githaiga for your suggestion.

All taxation ought to be used for the well-being of the populace of the country involved. The allocations made then needs to be challenged in open, democratic forum. Trans-border taxation is a different matter, but ultimately must also be open to challenge. The AGW swindle is a good example of taxation without accountability: open debate has been quashed in most of the western world and vast amounts of wealth wasted without anyone being held responsible. The political trick is to use "experts", "Scientists" etc to hide behind.

Hello again, Tharani Kanthasamy

Regarding how you use the two macroeconomic variables, inflation and real GDP, to explain your dependent variable (tax revenue), I suggest you read the following articles.

Lee, Y., & Azlan, M. I. B. (2022). Determinants of Housing Prices: Evidence from Malaysia and Singapore. Asian Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences, 3(4), 91-106.

Alpha Kabine, C. (2022). Determinants of house prices in Malaysia. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis.

Korkmaz, Ö. (2019). The relationship between housing prices and inflation rate in Turkey: Evidence from panel Konya causality test. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis.

Kónya, L. (2006). Exports and growth: Granger causality analysis on OECD countries with a panel data approach. Economic Modelling, 23(6), 978-992.

The first article used a multiple regression model to explain the effect of inflation rates and GDP on a price index. In comparison, the three research papers used the ARDL model and Granger Causality Analysis to study the relationships between inflation rates, GDP and the dependent variables of their choice. So you can do the same. I hope this helps you.

Corporate tax is always a hot debate, including the one in the UK now because no one ever explains why a certain rate is applied.

I indeed developed a new income tax model in which the tax base is the profit rate, instead of the amount of income as globally applied, which is likely proofless. You can view the model here on the ResearchGate:

Thanks for viewing and sharing your ideas.

Le Vinh Nguyen, PhD

A registration tax only increases the annual fixed cost of a vehicle, while fuel taxes account for a significant portion of variable costs. Therefore, it goes without saying that the amount of variable costs influences the decision on where to reside much more than fixed costs do. In order to recognize this, I do not need any empirical analysis!

I am also with you, but many argue another way because of poverty. I think with a certain modification, indirect taxes support economic growth faster than direct taxes on earnings, which may be sustainable and help poverty eliminate successfully.

There are no sectoral special taxes in Germany. The transport sector is subject to the general taxes for all economic sectors (e.g. income and profit tax, value added tax, motor vehicle tax, fuel tax, etc.).

Sorry! This is out of my field. Good luck!!

Interesting question! good luck!!

Interesting question, But it is out of my field. Best wishes.

Environmental taxes have many important advantages, such as for example: environmental effectiveness, economic efficiency, the ability to raise public revenue, and transparency. Environmental taxes have been successfully used to address a wide range of issues including waste disposal, water pollution and air emissions Zeinab Ali Dashoor

Dear Dr. Zeinab Ali Dashoor ,

I suggest you to have a look at the following, interesting document:

- Energy and carbon taxes in the EU: Empirical evidence with focus on the transport sector

Available at: https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/179309

My best regards, Amir Beketov.

On an aggregate level, to measure the standard of living of the nation, indirect taxes such as VAT provide an indication of such, because the spending level indicates wealth.

Seems there’s some correlation between the Tobin Tax and basil II. Maybe some form of adoption in IFRC would merit uniformity

Taxing should be Direct on this sector

I think the following paper would help you in this regard:

Taxes as Pandemic Controls

AC Craig, JR Hines Jr - National Tax Journal, 2020 - journals.uchicago.edu

i agree

net income

Thank you @Cong Minh Huynh

Dear Clery Nomo,

In order to explain this correlation acting inversely, other factors of influence, other determinants of changes in tax revenues and economic growth should also be verified. It should first be clarified whether there really is a direct correlation inversely proportional or it is rather the influence of other factors that are not directly related to each other. If it turns out that the aforementioned correlation is inversely proportional, it may be associated with a decline in consumption of citizens and investment demand of enterprises despite the growing economic growth. In addition, it is important to diagnose the short-term or long-term effects of certain factors and the development of observed trends, relationships and correlations. For example, accelerated economic growth may be a short-term effect of the anti-crisis, interventionist programs limiting the scale of unemployment growth and the economic recession that occurred in 2020 in connection with the development of the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic. Besides, despite the large amounts of additional money introduced by the central bank into the economy, this money, despite low interest rates, is invested in bank deposits and in various investment assets, and only a certain part of this additional money causes an increase in the level of consumption, which previously fell largely due to pandemic. Therefore, despite the anti-crisis programs of socio-economic, fiscal, budgetary, sectoral and social policies as well as a mild monetary policy, the consumption level may not have returned to the pre-pandemic level. The reasons are citizens' concerns about a new wave of the pandemic, about a new economic crisis and an increase in unemployment, a decline in employment, and the loss of jobs. The decrease in consumption is the main factor behind the decrease in revenues to the state budget from indirect taxes. Of course, the above considerations are only one of many variants of potential case study analyzes, in which many other factors and determinants of the impact of economic growth, the applied socio-economic, fiscal, budget, sector, social and monetary policies, the specificity of a given economy, the economic system of the country should be taken into account, the sectoral structure of the economy, the main factors responsible for short-term economic growth and long-term economic development, etc.

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

1) Analysing the taxation system concerning growth and promotion of underdeveloped countries

2) Critically analyse the effects of effective taxation on the welfare of the country

3) Risk-taking in business from an accounting perspective

hi dear

these links may be useful

SMEs are the engine of the economy. These companies need more attention.

I believe that this publication that I put for your consideration is very up-to-date and pertinent in the context of this discussion. I recommend it.

Dear Carolina, this publication offers a general overview of conceptual and practical issues related to UBI:

Some papers study UBI from a general equilibrium perspective:

Other studies make comparisons between UBI and alternative poverty targeting instruments:

Some macroeconomic modelling:

I hope this is helpful. Best regards.

The Kuznets curve shows as an economy develops, market forces (e.g. green taxes) first increase and then decrease economic inequality (e.g. sustainable indicators), so yes :)

I totally agree with Prof. Rybeck's analysis. It is undeniable that a substantial contribution to pollution is made by building and construction (often so-called "development", or should we call them uglifiers!???) operators. Some (including economists and political decision-makers) are not perhaps giving this topic sufficient care and attention. I fully subscribe that the best way towards getting humans to act the way that they should is via their pockets, for which read taxes. There is far too much God-given land and nature which is being taken away from several countries' citizens and this only in the interests of developers and capitalist project promoters. In every country the relationship between built and unbuilt land is going to the worse, and this in a context where decisionmakers are not realising that when nature loses out at the behest of capitalist venturing then, inevitably, it is also us the human species that in either the short term or the longer term will also inevitably follow as losers.

Dr. John Consiglio

FAculty of Economics, Management & Accountancy,

The University of Malta.

The following two papers may help you out:

Do beer and wine respond to price and tax changes in Vietnam? Evidence from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey‏

G Chelwa, PN Toan, NTT Hien, PTH Anh, H Ross - BMJ open, 2019‏ - bmjopen.bmj.com‏

MEASURING THE TAX CHARGE INCIDENTS ON NATIONAL WINE: IMPACT ON THE COMPETITIVENESS OF BIO-INDUSTRIE‏

K Farinon, EG Junior, NR Rogoski… - Anais eletrônicos do …, 2017‏ - unoesc.emnuvens.com.br‏

Dear Lucio,

The above question was asked in 2016. Since then, a lot has changed in terms of pro-environmental policy, including motivating economic entities to implement the sustainable development goals. Since 2019, the European Union and several other countries have adopted a plan to achieve full climate neutrality of the economy by 2050. This is a big, positive step in terms of the pro-ecological transformation of economic processes towards the emergence of a green, social market economy, also known as a sustainable, green circular economy. More and more countries are taking important steps to implement the process of pro-environmental transformation of the energy, transport and construction sectors in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce the scale of environmental pollution. On the other hand, taking into account the pace of the ongoing global warming process, the pace of the pro-environmental transformation of the economy so far is still too slow. It is necessary to increase the scale of pro-environmental state intervention, increase the scale of financing pro-ecological investment projects and increase the scale of pro-environmental, general social awareness of citizens.

Thank you, Greetings,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Most studies have proven that there is no complete independence, as everything is subject to the general economic policy of the state, both financial and monetary, to achieve overall goals in favor of the economy.

generally when we are looking for identifying tax planning see '(Franck and al 2009)

Thank you sir for your response. Absolutely well stated. Its impact on the country finance is enormous. Tighten the tax system is the answer and rendering appropriate punishment to individual and firm participant in order to deter future occurrence.

It depends on several factors such as firm size, Social sec n tax contribution size n etc... find that relaxing the social insurance mandate leads entrepreneurs to reduce their contributions by 16 percent, which they channel instead into their firms. While young firms use the saved cash to increase their sales by 11 percent and labor costs by 6 percent, older firms use it to improve their net lending position by purchasing stocks. Our results imply that the impact of the social insurance mandate on business activity is heterogeneous and depends on the age of the firm... Benzarti, Y., Harju, J., & Matikka, T. (2020). Does Mandating Social Insurance Affect Entrepreneurial Activity?. American Economic Review: Insights, 2(2), 255-68.

In Iraq, income tax is collected in multiple ways such as direct driving and this method ensures access to the State share and prevent tax evasion in addition to other ways such as the development of a permitted conduct of a taxon of the tax body for the purposes of completion of financial transactions for individuals

It Is how taxes are spent. If Govt spend the taxes they collected, it will create an inflationary trend if the supply of goods is not forthcoming. If Govt deficit is funded by taxes, it is relocation from private spending to public spending, if the Govt spend the taxes they collected. If the Govt deficit is monetized, that is not collected from private sector but by printing the currency, it will create an inflation.

In light of the tax planning policy, institutions seek to adopt a policy of withholding profits in order to avoid imposing the tax and postpone the process of paying it implicitly through the adoption of legal technical methods that work to avoid paying the tax and benefit from temporary tax exemptions and others to benefit from cash circulation and re-invest money and achieve more profits.

Tax savings are in sources of income because there are some sources of income have tax exemptions

I am not sure about Hawaii, yet it certainly provides a wide opportunity for the local community in the rural area of Borneo to improve their economic well-being by offering their village, homestay or even B&B service through Airbnb platform and chances for the allocentric traveller to explore Borneo at their specific budget & expenses in a unique way that not known by the mass tourist.

Yes, teaching accounting is an example, preferably in the morning, because students are more accommodating of the subject

This article might be useful for you! Coria, J. (2009). Taxes, permits, and the diffusion of a new technology. Resource and Energy Economics, 31(4), 249-271.

Yes Mr. Kedar Vijay Marulkar please send your CV to our email jem@umkt.ac.id..

Thank you..

Yes, I am interested

In the area of VAT, to find a topic you want to cover, I would recommend that you first undertake some general reading. My suggestions:

1) Alan Schenk et al, Value Added Tax: A Comparative Approach . 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press 2015

2) Robert F. van Brederode, Systems of General Sales Taxation: Theory, Policy and Practice. Kluwer Law International 2009.

That would help you identifying more specific areas of interest. Some monographs and PhD theses have been written related to VAT (only few in English). If you have some ideas, feel free to contact me at robvanbrederode@aol.com to further discuss.

Kind regards,

Robert

Title should read "work", not word.

Agree. Giving any kind of legal status for robots would create huge loopholes.

Non payment of taxes or non tax compliance is a general phenomenon around the world. People don't want to pay tax based on the following:

1. Poor tax policy and Bad implementation.

2. Lack of tax fairness and inability to receive benefit in lieu of the tax payment

3. Complexities of the tax laws.

4. People did not see tax payment as their moral obligation and responsibility to fulfil

5. Misappropriation and embezzlement of tax revenue on the part of relevant tax authorities.

How to resolve this issue, can be through enforcement drivers e.g. Tax audit and Fines.

have you considered a futures study where you look at the possible scenarios emerging from this?

are you simply looking for data?

The population at large @ majority are smokers including the policy makers, politicians interest, economy generator etc. On the other hand, when the tobacco, cigarettes are expensive due to the tax, alternatively the smokers shift to smuggling tobacco. This event occurred mainly in developing nation and Malaysia not exempted because 60% of Malaysian are heavy smokers.

'mankind addiction' is new unexplored research opportunity.

The WHO argues that increasing the price of tobacco product is the most potent and cost effective policy in tobacco control. The WHO insists that higher price of tobacco product would reduce the affordability of tobacco products. This, in turn, would induce consumer to cease smoking, while at the same time prevent others from start smoking. In agreement with Paul Stock Paul, it is deemed that price elasticity of demand for cigarettes is at average - 0.40 in high-income countries and about -0.50 in low- and middle-income countries. Thus, it is assumed that lower income people tend to be more sensitive to price change. In addition, among all taxes, tobacco excise is the most effective one as it is exclusively levied to tobacco product and it raises the prices of tobacco product relative to price indices. Accordingly the WHO urges member countries to (1) increase tobacco excise at least 70% of tobacco product retail price, (2) ensure that the increase of tobacco excise higher than the increase of price indices and income, (3) prevent consumer from shifting down to cheaper tobacco product, and (4) strengthen tobacco excise administration. The WHO also maintains that higher tobacco excise tax would provide governments with reliable stream of revenue which can be allocated for improving public health and strengthening tobacco excise tax administration.

However, many researchers suggest that substantial tobacco excise increase would bring undesired impacts. Excessive tobacco would encourage tax evasion and avoidance as it offers large incentive for illicit production and trade of tobacco product. In line with Robert van Brederode, smokers would not reduce tobacco product consumption. Instead, they would shift down to illicit tobacco product which is certainly cheaper. As a result, excessive tobacco excise would simultaneously undermine public health objectives and damage tax base. Policy makers, for that reason, carefully increase tobacco excise while concurrently keep illicit tobacco product under control.

Please find more information on:

I am glad you agree Adheem Naeem tax is indeed a valuable government source of revenue. Zakat would greatly contribute to its increase provided its linked directly towards development.

An overview of New Zealand's application of 'resource rentals' in the commercial fishery can be found here: https://fs.fish.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/95C26F05-1315-4CB0-A0DC-ECE6020175D2/0/qms_chapter_06_recovering_costs_from_industry.pdf. Commercial fishers also pay deemed values to the government for quota species they catch but lack quota for (it is illegal to dump quota species).