Taxation - Science topic

Need to focus on policy implications for enhancing the Profit and Loss Sharing scheme improving MSMEs registration and taxation

I am currently enrolled in PhD in Finance and my professional field is taxation in specific Sales tax/ VAT. As I have 8 years of experience as an VAT/Tax Officer in Pakistan, doing my thesis in Tax will help me to boost my skills and expertise in this professional field. At present digitalization is taking place in tax world to curb tax fraud and mitigate tax gap, therefore, I need your professional suggestions regarding topic selection in specific to taxation/VAT/Sales Tax. Thank you.

I have sugguted increasing of amount sopporing and regolating for resaerch activities in state budget to face lacking of financial resourses, as a method to improve bussinus invironment that increse taxation revenues. Then its required to know precisely, how much taxation revenues will coming per 1 million supporting?

If you are sugguting any method can does that? please let me know.

Kinldly Regarding.

their research gaps, factors they reserched and findings

I do need an up-to-date research on the Effect of Multiple taxation on small businesses in Nigeria using Benin City as a case study

In a situation where in many service companies and many manufacturing companies, as part of the so-called cost optimisation and profitability improvement, a significant part, the majority of the employed workers or the entire workforce will be replaced by artificial intelligence technology, the tax revenue going to the state budget from income taxes of the previously employed workers and the amounts from para-taxes, contributions to the social security system and others will significantly decrease if the tax system is not applied modified and adapted to the fourth technological revolution currently taking place. In addition, a long-standing process of change in the demographic structure of society, known as ageing, is taking place in developed countries. This means a successive decrease in the number of people in many productive years against people who have already reached retirement age. This will further weaken the state's public finance system in the years to come. If, in the future, the state is to ensure convenient provision of public goods and services for the next generations of citizens, the social security system, the participatory pension system, etc. are to function effectively, the necessary changes, including in the area of fiscal policy, should already be introduced. However, the issue of shaping socio-economic policy, including fiscal policy, social policy, provision of public goods by the state to citizens, etc., may be a problem mainly in the short term (a few months) or medium term (up to a few years) instead of the long term (at least a few decades of time).

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What is your opinion on this?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Is business income tax fair? It seems not at all fair. E.g., having the same amount of 100,000 $ taxable income, both business A with a revenue of 200,000$ (e.g., a gaming developer) and business B with a revenue of 1,000,000$ (e.g., a hotel) have to pay an identical amount of income tax, say 35,000$ if the rate is 35%. Not at all fair for B as a low-profit earner. But why has such an unfair taxation practice been practiced from governments to governments?

What is the impact of transport taxation on the transport sector in Germany?

I am looking for legal models to determine the place of taxation and the procedure of debt registration.

Thank you!

What is the current state of evidence on international coffee chains and their taxation practices? How are consumers responding to tax evasion practices of international coffee chains? We are looking for case studies and leads on tax evasion practices of coffee chains. Any leads would be appreciated.

I am screening soybean genotypes for drought tolerance and vulnerability in a screen house. Some literature suggests 3 weeks and others suggest 4 weeks of drought imposition.

Why do we need to file Tax returns while all financial transactions are available to the Authorities? Now with digitalization and low cash-based transactions, the time has come to move on Transactional level taxation with different tax rates?

I am currently looking at potential areas of research in entrepreneurial taxation I need any advice from all of the expert in this area. Of course, I must admit that I am also interested in international entrepreneurship and I am also interested in combining this with entrepreneurial taxes.

I need data on environmental taxation for Denmark for my PhD project

Thanks for all the replies and contributions

thanks a lot. I would like to use spss or stata.

In order to attract FDI, a large market(as in India), availability of labour at competitive price(as in India),sound economy, secure economy.................these are the major considerations. Can we attract more FDI just by providing tax benefits by reducing the applicable rate of Corporate Taxation.

we have see the kids and youth have complete;ly indulged in using phones all day long and have no physical activities/relationships/ outdoor social life, so i guess there should be an imposition of time limit.

For a long time, in order to provide justice, it was considered that income tax should be collected over net income. However, companies operating internationally have unfairly reduced their net income by using tax havens. In micro terms, individuals can reduce their net income by using fake bills. This situation causes that net income taxation which applying for justice produces injustice. Because those who declare their earnings honestly pay more taxes than others.

Recently, it is planned to make low-rate taxation on net income in the Digital Service Tax, which is tried to be applied in the EU. Because companies subject to digital service are companies that reduce their net income by using tax havens. The EU rightly considers taxing gross earnings on these companies, because they undeservesly reduces its net income through transfer pricing.

My question is, would it be fairer to tax all income taxes on gross earnings? Because unfair reduction of net income is not only a method applied by international companies. Every taxpayer who does not act honestly wants to unfairly reduce his net income by using fake bills or other methods. Consequently, wouldn't it be more correct for everyone to pay lower tax on their gross earnings?

Ih have a Master research, i need a new topic

Gabriela Trigo and I are currently working on the last Chapter of our thesis: Addressing tax proposals regarding the digitalization of the economy: where is the solution?

Right now, we are commenting on DST, equalization levy, DPT, global minimum tax and some other academic proposals (you may suggest some) towards a contribution in Peru (emerging economy).

We are considering the pandemic environment but are willing to hear some of your thoughts on the implementation of any of these measures and how it works or your personal opinions.

Thank you in advance!

We are finding a lot of debate in that topic and we would like to hear you out from the perspective of an emerging economy or developed one.

As we see, it looks more like a turnover tax which is on the verge of being direct/indirect.

Thanks!

Green taxation is one of the tools of fiscal policy that works as a double-edged sword, the first of which is to achieve revenue for the state and the second is to reduce environmental pollution

Decades ago under Margaret Thatcher the UK government took money off the very poor, those on benefits, in order to release the wealthy or well to do from excessive taxation. This gave the impression of economic upward movement and vitality. Many of the very poor turned to the Black Economy to survive and makeshift temporary markets for buying and selling, casual work and cleaning work where taxation was not paid thrived.

The money gained surely allowed the economy to thrive rather than excluding millions from it?

A current demand exists for an accepted tax management measure. Previous research has generally used effective tax rate (ETR) (e.g., Slemrod 2004; Dyreng et al., 2008; Armstrong et al., 2015); cash effective tax rate (CETR) (e.g., Dyreng et al., 2010), total book tax differences (BTD) (e.g., Wilson, 2009) and discretionary BTD (e.g., Desai et al., 2006 and Desai and Dharmapala 2006). Desai et al. (2006) have modeled a measure of tax management and test it in the American context (a context of disconnection between accounting norms and tax rules).This measure can be applied in contexts where it exists connection?

All the best

It is not good if education makes the mind of a person burdened , old and complicated. A burdened mind deprives a person of knowledge, joy and beauty of life, For experiencing these, a youthful mind is required. The body is bound to get old, but the mind can stay young till last. Education should be free of outside imposition of discipline. It should awaken the dormant intelligence to make an individual self disciplined.

Then how education needs to be liberating?

1 / What are the images of natural reasoning? In the sense that it provides the process of moving from introductions to results or vice versa from results to imposition of introductions.

Govt. needs funds for various developmental activities. The major source of fund as far as Govt. is concerned is Taxation. Various modes of recovery of taxes might be prevalent in various countries.Let us discuss such modes:

Hello dear scientists,

I suggest to answer here those people who can be a reviewer for a book/monograph in accounting, taxation, auditing or statistics fields in English or German.

It will help us to create a community for each other in the future 😉

Best regards.

In the context of policy analysis and designing a feasible carbon taxation policy, most studies have been applying some sort of general equilibrium models. I am not from an economics background and these models seem to be very complicated. Also I don't exactly know what data is needed for such modelling approaches. I was wondering if there are any other types of methods that can substitute general equilibrium models in the process of designing a feasible carbon taxation policy.

I would really appreciate any comments and insights.

In the general budget 2020, the government of India is proposing to remove DDT and to introduce classical system of dividend taxation.

What are the theories ( or theory) underlying the issue of income shifting as a means of tax avoidance?

It has been noticed that while teaching various subjects having numerical, students are more receptive in the morning sessions(say before lunch),whereas in the post lunch sessions,they are not in a position to grasp the subject in a better way.I may be wrong,but we may start a fruitful discussion on this topic,it will definitely guide us whether to keep such papers in the before lunch sessions,or otherwise.

I am interested in taxation and international taxation in particular. International taxation and VAT are areas that I will want to focus in my career but I haven't been working in them, However,I belief a good topic will help me kick off and start working hard in these areas.

I appreciate your help.

There is a lot of discussion regarding DNA mapping and using that as a means to understand the genetic makeup of a person.

If a person has a pre-disposition towards a genetic issue, such as BiPolar or Cancer or schizophrenia, and genetically alterations occur, does this

1) Improve or innovate the subject (or conversely, diminish an original subject)

2) Alter the subject permanently as an entirely new being thus "rendering " the old self as dead, creating a new artificially manufactured subject?

This has ethical implications as well as legal implications for life insurance, when to payout death claims, as well as product liability and warranty/fair disclosure.

It also has ethical and moral issues- at what point is the new subject altered to the extent that the old subject is no longer alive, and at what point is it a manufactured product subject to import/export laws, taxation, royalties (licensed DNA genetic fusing) and a vanity option for the wealthy?

At what point is the subject no longer human?

What do you feel about these questions about altering human beings through genetic gamesmanship?

As fiscal resources from governments dwindle from taxation, and policies to stimulate aggregate demand expand, governments find themselves right to borrow, so the question is about how safe to borrow and how to measure it.

This is a technical question for those who are fairly familiar with the GROUNDED THEORY METHOD (Birks & Mills, 2012; Bryant & Charmaz, 2007; Charmaz, 2006; Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Urquhart, 2013). It is about what to do in the case when the word-limit/impositions on the length of the doctoral thesis do not allow for describing the second phase of theoretical sampling (and the second study) I conducted in the research. The theory which I have developed is substantive (i.e., it is limited to the area and the phenomena studied in the research), however it has two degrees of “substantiveness”. I have to mention here that, initially I did not plan my research to have two phases. I decided two sample a second group of participants while I was analysing the data from the first group.

During the (iterative) steps of data collection and analysis, it became obvious that some of the categories could be further densified or placed on a more solid ground if I sampled a somewhat similar group of participants from whom I planned to collect more focused data to nuance my categories (in fact, two core categories).

I am currently writing up my thesis. Throughout it, I am providing rich description of everything I did step by step in my study. This is for providing credibility and replicability. Because of the rich description I have given, it seems impossible to include the second phase of data collection done for turning my theory into a more substantive proposition/for widening its scope. The theory stands on its own even without this second phase but it is weaker.

What would be a good strategy to mention this second phase of data collection/second study (as it can stand on its own, too). How should I mention this in the body of the thesis? That the theory/categories have been taken further for widening their scope?

I would greatly appreciate Your ideas and remarks, & of course advice. Best regards, Emese Boksay Pap

Good afternoon from Peru!

I'm currently working on my thesis (Tax Law field), but I can't seem to decide which topic I would like to explore, because I am really interested in this three "ideas":

If anyone could share some papers regarding this topics that can help me deciding, please send them to me. Also, your ideas are more than welcome.

Finally, this is my thesis to become an official tax lawyer! I don't want quantity over quality and I do want to make something remarkable!

Thank you all in advance!

Jenny

I am particularly interested in indirect taxation mainly focused on developing countries. Any suggestion will be highly welcomed.

Is health in Kenya adequately financed? Relatedly, is there a need for additional sources of revenue to fund health? The limited resources that are available to the Kenyan government are prioritised in the budget that earmarks how much is to be allocated to each public sector. Regrettably, health financing has been on a reducing scale and the government is considering ways to broaden its revenue base for financing health. I want to pick up on the argument of limited resources and posit Islamic taxation as an alternative source of revenue potentially available to the Kenyan government for financing health. Scholars have considered the argument of limited resources from the lens of prioritisation – that is the need to make the best possible use of these limited resources to continually improve the well-being of society and increase the revenue in the long term. Other scholars have posited that the argument on limited resources is to be examined by inquiring into different ways by which the resource base can be increased. Among the latter scholars, many suggest an examination of the tax policy of a state to increase taxation. Tax increments place a higher burden on the poor and middle-income earners, and is therefore not a persuasive approach to broadening the tax base. If the discourse on limited resources is to be analysed further from the scholarship on broadening the tax base then isnt it important to also address it from a different discipline, Islamic taxation?

Taxation in the importing countries affects the transfer of technology in two ways: by increasing the cost of the actual transfer, and by reducing the subsequent return to the transfer or.

Recent adjustments in some of the trade relations, such as the decisions of the United Kingdom to leave the European Union and the United States to renegotiate and re-evaluate their main trade agreements in force have caused concern about the possible escalation of barriers and disputes. commercial. The imposition of tariffs and trade barriers as well as disputes over certain products could be intensified if other countries respond with reprisals.

Do you think that an increasingly restrictive environment in terms of international trade could reduce the growth prospects in the medium term, due to the interdependence that exists between trade, investment and productivity growth?

Assuming homogeneous agents guides us to the results that private provisioning of education is better but by incorporating heterogeneous income distribution along with progressive rates of taxation can modify what we know?

I've presented a different way of calculating personal taxation. It is a form of lifetime averaging.

Does anyone know of any literature about marginal tax rates on this form of tax calculation?

Would anyone like to work with me to determine how marginal tax rates would work? I don't think it is like other forms of taxation so it would be interesting to pursue.

The common practice of sending a second factor to the user via an SMS message or email is both inelegant and inconvenient. Especially, if the user is in the middle of filling in the login form on the phone to which the SMS is sent.

This apart, users find any security measure, which delays their access to a service, an irksome imposition.

A considerable improvement would be if the submission of the second factor were to be totally transparent, and immediate.

From a security point of view, it would also be good if the second factor were unique to the user, and irreproducible.

The theory of optimal taxation is often based on the neoclassical standard model of the labor market. That model includes the assumption that a household can choose freely how much to work and how much to enjoy leisure time. In such a framework, households derive utility from consumption c and leisure time z: u(c,z), where total time T is divided between labor l and leisure z, i.e. T = l + z. The time spent on labor is remunerated at wage w, so that households have an income y = wl that they can then consume.

In reality, however, households do not have the freedom of that continuous labor-leisure choice. It's rather the binary choice to accept a job or not. Moreover, for example, the neoclassical model predicts that a minimum wage causes unemployment. We do not observe this in reality.

Given the shortcomings of the neoclassical model of the labor market, how useful is it for a) advancing economic theory on optimal taxation and b) informing policy making? Is there a better alternative?

Some countries have required married couples to file joint return in income tax (and some can opt to file jointly or individually). Joint filing (versus individual filing) could have some administration difficulties when it comes to implement.

Can you suggest any article studying administration issues or difficulties of joint taxation of personal income?

Any help is appreciated.

What are key topics for phd in public economic and taxation policy ?

please share your experiences and help me to find a reference and comprehensive book on Taxation Theories which is universally useful and not specific for an area.

Thank you

It's needed to compare the tax case law of Russia and Brazil. Thanks a lot.

--> The ‘master plan model’, covering a horizon of about twenty years, presents detailed view of the built-up form of an Indian city in its new-born urbanized country. Usually, plan implementation envisages the tool of legal protection to the plan, zoning, sub-division and building regulations, capital budgeting, infrastructure development, and urban renewal. Other instruments include taxation policy, particularly land and property taxation, land assembly, and capacity building. (Ahluwalia, 2014)

The master planning model, however, ignores the dimensions of city and regional economic growth. Land use planning and transportation planning have been pursued as separate processes in India, besides, the Master plans of cities haven’t been synchronized with their income distribution structure. There is need of strategic focused inclusionary urban planning and a need to stop informality at all levels and sectorsotherwise the urban population will continue to be deprived of ‘legal space’. (Mohanty, 2014 & Mishra, 2017)

Master plans, in the past, have not been rooted enough in regional planning,the inclusion of this government level will be occurred only with a grounded model of urban planning (Mohanty, pp85, 2014 & Mishra, pp193, 2017). According to Prasanna K. Mohanty (pp 5; 107-108, 2014) with “a rigid ‘plan-led’ model of development, these plans will adopt detailed zoning of land use and public acquisition of land, as key instruments for planned urbanization.“

The most important feature of all development plans dealing withthe implementation of the spatial plan are land use zoning, aimed at controlling the classification and at intensifying the land use. It also aimed at regulating development through planning permission.

Zoning is advocated to promote housing and local economic development. There is also a Committee on Urban Land Policy (1965), Ministry of Health, that identify the key issues of urban policies. (Mohanty, 2014)

Zoning regulation provide norms for conforming and non-conforming land uses, densities, infrastructures.Housing, including light and ventilation fire safety requirement, etc. Zoning regulation are supplemented by (1) sub-division regulations, prescribing street layouts, lot sizes, land allocation for public use, taxes and fees for infrastructure and civic services, etc. and (2) building codes, setting standards of construction. The objective of zoning is “to balance residential, commercial, institutional, and other land uses, correct for externalities due to factors like pollution, congestion, noise and indiscriminate conversion of agricultural land to urban use, and to provide for infrastructures facility”. (Mohanty. P (2014) pp76-78)

In fact, land use zoning in India is Euclideanbased, it means that it creates land use classifications (i.e. residential, multi-family, commercial) by geographic area, but instead of keeping those uses separate, land use in Indian cities typically builds off of the uses in one zone to create a more integrated approach.

Planning typically is done by the state, not the city, and only looks at main arterials, which results in streets like the above.  The smaller streets and the connections within an area are often missing. So while land use zoning fosters all facilities within walking distance, the connections to make that happen – the micro street grid – are missing, especially in new area as in Greater Noida, that we will illustrate later. (Jenkins, R. Kennedy, L., Mukhopadhayay, 2014)

Apparently, as United Kingdom did, there is a need for India to move towards decentralized and strategic urban planning.(Ahluwalia, 2014) The urban planning process must be responsive to current evolving demands. The planning system must also be dynamic to respond to the demands of structural and geographic transformation. (Jenkins, R. Kennedy, L., Mukhopadhayay, 2014) Policy-makers should consider urban planning development as “a ‘process of value creation’ through the market, giving ample scope for value captyre and recycling to promote inclusive urbanisation”.(Mohanty P., Mishra A.K, pp194; 213,2017)

--> Today, there is a displacement from land: the land distribution is forced by the government for ‘public purpose’ through the Land Acquisition Act of 1894. There is need of land reform, especially a demand of policy for the fiscal regularization focused on fragmentation rather on dispossession: surplus land should be distributed due to demographic reasons. The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act,2013 tried to address these issues. However, the issue has been re-opened by the PM Narendra Modi.(Chandrasekhar,C.P, 2017)

In this context of profound restructuring of the socio-economic order, India has chosen to accelerate industrial development by introducing the Special Economic Zones (SEZ) experiment among Indian states. (Jenkins, R. Kennedy, L., Mukhopadhayay, 2014) We will not develop the SEZ policy here, we are just remembering that SEZ represent a stylized microcosm of the spatial and temporal inequalities that have always taken place in India ‘s industrialization. SEZs is today one of the most controversial reform measures in India that accurately performed the “accumulation by dispossession” that was supposed to rationalized India. (Levien, M. (2012) in Chandrasekhar, C.P. 2017)

I am currently working on fiscal policy in a developing economy of Nigeria. I have seen many authors proxy fiscal policy with either government expenditure and revenue and public debt. some authors used aggregated data while others used disaggregated data. I am not all that comfortable with these approach since fiscal policy has to with delibrate action of government to influence the economy towards a given direction. Government might decide to spend big or cuts tax, leading to deficit, they may also plan to spend small or raises tax, indicating a surplus. I used dummy variable to separate these two fiscal plans by the government and used their effects to capture the fiscal policy impact on growth. My problem now is how to specify my ARDL models using these dummy variable to capture the fiscal policy? Also will i still need to include any other fiscal variables such as government expenditure, taxation, government debt in this model? And if at all i will need to include any or all of these, how should they enter the ARDL models?

Your expertism will make the current work more informative and scholastic.

What are the policies used for financing of geothermal energy?

Do we get some rebate from taxation if we own green building?

We would be glad iy you would help us about: After saying your country and figuring out the situation of bitcoin and other currencies in your country, you can tell us your government's action for taxation for crypto currencies' transactions.

According to Milton Friedman, "Inflation is a form of Taxation that can be Imposed with no legislation".

If Milton is right, does government uses inflation? why? what way? and above it all, does he do it even knowing that inflation is the worst effect and the most difficult problem that the population would need to face?

I am doing research on

Can we save our world including India from Global Warming and Pollution? Is there any remedies? What should be citizen response and government policies towards its mitigation and for sustainable Environment? What is your thinking about environmental taxation as penalty towards environmental polluter widely adopted in developed countries?

Dear colleagues,

I would like to understand if it is possible to assume a correlation between the presence of SMEs and the support to right-wing parties. If in a territory there is an high rate of SMEs, does it mean that the population will be right-wing oriented?

My hypothesis is that right-wing parties (I am from Italy so I have in mind my country) are more inclined to support SMEs because historically these parties defend private properties and bourgeois class and due to the neo-liberal ideology they should be in favour of a reduction of taxation which, theoretically, must be a benefit for SMEs.

On the contrary, high rate of big companies means a huge part of population is working class therefore major support to left-wing.

Thank you for your support.

Best regards.

I wish to maximise the investment in an economy by finding the right mix of direct and indirect taxation in the economy

Dear all,

for my PhD-Thesis I need Archival Data (Fundamentals) as covered in the Compustat Database. Unfortunately my university has no WRDS-License. Do you know any Research Institute which grants access to WRDS for external PhD-Students - maybe against payment?

Many thanks in advance for your input.

Kind regards,

Marco

Please give sector-wise impact

Any Information regarding Goods and service tax is welcomed.

I am looking for a model to explain an empirical panel data of tax revenue within a Monetary zone and see how some omitted taxes form such as land value or exemptions can undermine the mobilization of domestic revenue. What model would you suggest?

 for eg:

debt/ gsdp (gross state domestic product)

tax/ gsdp (gross state domestic product)

debt/ gsdp (gross state domestic product)

tax/ gsdp (gross state domestic product)

Fiscal space = [Total Revenue receipts – (Revenue expenditure on Interest Payments and Servicing of Debt + Revenue expenditure on Administrative Services) + Loans from the Centre] / Total Revenue receipts.

Intergovernmental transfers/ total revenue (total revenue is a combination of own revenue + intergovernmental transfers) is one of the methods of measuring level of dependency of sub national governments on higher level of governments for funds. In this case both vary? What is the remedy for this?

Is it Intergovernmental transfers/ total expenditure? Here also both Denominator and Numerator vary?

What is the justification given in the literature in which these type of variables are widely used in the analysis?

please reply or suggest material to refer.

Found my dummy variable for growth companies to be positive and significant in relation to book ETR.

Mechanisms to pay for load following ancillary services 

I am trying to determine the rate of taxation on dividends and capital gains in malaysia.

I need to find out ways on how to reduce or either mitigate the level of the speculative betting on food.

I am looking for a bank specific transparency index that would measure the level of transparency at the individual bank level.  I defined banks here as SIC 6020 - commercial banks.  I understand there are country specific transparency indices which would not work for me.  My scope includes banks in the EU between 2012 and 2015.

Would appreciate any guidance you can offer.

Thank you.

Henry

Impact of Gordon's taxation system on the natives.

I am working on the problem of legal nature of inflation. And It would be pretty to know your position about the nature of such phenomenon. Is there any field for legal methodology to clarify and explain the inflation tax, or on other hand, inflation is objective economic fact, so the economical approach is acceptable. In other words, the question is about the theoretical admissibility of multilevel nature of inflation.

Thanks a lot for your attention and answers. Good luck in your scientific studies.

Could you please give me the equivalent of FIN 48 tax reserves in USA in the UK context 

Thank you in advance 

Dear Colleagues, 

I am looking for any successful case study about applying balanced scorecards in tax authority.  It seems that apart  from some gray literature there is not much about applying balanced scorecards or even performance management in tax authority. 

Thanks in advance!

Kindly suggest me one term for the group of words.

1. Tax rebate

2. subsidy

3. price premium for green products.

4. Cheaper recycled raw material

Terms from my side are:

1. Green financial benefits

2. Green Investment recovery

3. Green cost support

Help plz.

Is there any URL adress or report for this.

I have a question regarding non-resident trust taxation? Am I right that after-mentioned trust is taxed taking into account the source place of the trust assets and the settlor and beneficiary connection with the trust establishment jurisdiction? (For instance: Panama tax incomes that sourced in Panama. Whereas, UK consider the trust as non-resident if settlor and beneficiary are not-residents or domicile in UK otherwise they consider such trust as resident trust for UK income tax purposes?). Am I right?

Where can I find materials on taxation of informal sector? I am doing a survey study on tax informal sector

India is going to have the Goods & Services Tax (GST) a unique one Tax System across country. As it is already implemented in different countries and there is a lot of data to analyse its merits and demerits. As a developing country India must know the pros and cons of the tax system. Results can vary on different structures of the GST in different country and it should be exlplored which one is suitable for India.

Uncertain tax benefit it is a measure of tax reserves 

Can anyone explain how to measure this variable 

Does zakat system is effective in Pakistan? Either it has any impact on the income inequality in Pakistan or not?

China takes lead of the world in direct use of geothermal heat. Its growing speed is still  far behind that of solar and wind power. It is neccessary to deploy more effective policies for geothermal energy development in China, as well other countries interested in renewables.

I want to compare GDP with Tax rate and I am unable to find historical tax rates of Pakistan.

What are Papers on The role of Zakha in poverty reduction?

Malaysia implemented GST from 1st April, 2015 as a better and more effective tax to replace the Sales Tax and Service Tax.