TGA - Science topic

firstly you must know your component very well secondly you need FTIr parallel work together and which group of spectate of your material you can see and know

there for you know what you want to know

Good afternoon, i hope youre okey, i have the same question, i use the same equation but the results are wrong, i dont know if you resolve this, i would like some help too, thank you

Dear Dr. Yongze Chen

I'm afraid I don't agree with you in that you don't think the interaction of adsorbed AA onto silica surface a is covalent via hydrogen bonding . In [1] , item 3.4. FTIR Analysis, figure 3 shows the function of relative changes in peaks area within the band in the region 2850-2950 cm-1 in terms of calcination temperatures. This region is often assigned to symmetric vibration of the C-H group, therefore such function indicates the intensity of the organic substitution in the obtained modified silica. It is clear that the temperature should not exceed 300^oC to maintain reasonable modification and if you want to hold all of modification intensity and at the same time getting rid of washing solution, dry at less than 100^oC.

Best regards .....

[1]

Dear Periyasamy Anushkkaran

Your material is carbon coated. In this case, try solvents for removing the carbon layer. Hot toluene or xylene can remove the carbon residue and liberate the carbon particles. Ballistol is a multipurpose cleaner,It's effective in removing carbon build-up layer, then filtrate the solvent to get the carbon particles powder. Dry and weight. Best regards ....

In rare cases, glass materials can gain weight. This is usually due to the oxidation of metal ions or reduced species (e.g. Fe²⁺) contained in the glass by reacting with oxygen. In addition, gas adsorption from the environment at certain temperatures can also cause weight gain, but this is quite rare. However, pure and stable glass materials (e.g. silica glass) generally do not show a significant weight change as the temperature increases, because such materials are chemically very stable.

Rachel Bijoy I would suggest you obtain the Differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) of the sample.

DTG is the first derivative of the weight loss with respect to time. This will explain the degration of the sample in a more pronounced way.

They could also melt and decompose at the same time, or during melting they could release some entrapped molecules..it depends. You write that from XRD there was a change in the structure, can you determine and attribute the peaks in the pattern to a specific phase? In this way it could be more simple to also explain the thermal data

Dear Shofia Khoirunnisa,

You are absolutely right. The initial weight of the sample should be set to 100 wt%. The TGA of Cu-MOF indicates a weight of 34% at the start temperature (50 degrees Celsius), suggesting an issue with the thermogravimetry instrument. It is advisable to calibrate the TG instrument before recording the thermogram of your sample.

Dear Divya Indran

Determining the thermal stability and degradation temperatures of biomaterials is critical to understanding how they behave in biological environments. For example, whether a biomaterial degrades at human body temperatures and how long it can last can be analyzed with TGA. DLS analyzes the size distribution of nanoparticles, which are frequently used in biomaterial systems. Particle size is of great importance in terms of its effectiveness and toxicity in biological systems, especially in drug delivery systems or nanoparticle-based implants.

Kind Regards.

Dear Michele Harrison ,

These papers might be useful:

Hope it helps!

Michael Sannemo Thank you for your answer

Please take a look on it.

Hi Mohamed Koraiem ,

I am not fully sure about your question, but this might be useful:

To convert mass loss (that means milligrams of sample), to % loss, you need to find the highest mass value in your set of data, and consider this one as 100%. With that in mind, you can modify all the other values to %. That will lend you a graph that relates %mass of sample (in y axis) vs temperature (in x axis).

If a chemical reaction is happening to that sample, then you can begin with the definition of conversion:

X = (number of moles at zero time - number of moles at "t" time)/(number of moles at zero time).

In this case, you will need the molecular weight of your sample to transform moles to mass values.

Hope it helps!

From your TGA measurement it is well evident that your sample rapidly decomposes, there is only a small weight plateau at about 200°C before an important second loss. So I think that you can chose a temperature of about 180-190°C. For the time to maintain the sample at this temperature for degassing you can also think to perform a TGA measurement in isotherm, i.e. by maintaining the sample at about 180°C for different hours to see if the weight changes and when it is instead stable, so this can provide you an estimation of the conditions to perform the degassing process. However, I do not know your sample, maybe my suggestions are not right for your situation because the first weight loss that can be attributed to water it is instead maybe due to an intial early decomposition of the sample

TGA as the other thermal techniques is commonly performed in inert atmosphere to avoid the contact with oxygen that can produce unwanted effects. Different is the case when you want an oxidizing atmosphere to study particular effects. You can also use reducing atomsphere. It depends on your aims. The recommended atmosphere is however nitrogen or argon.

How are you preparing your samples prior to TGA analysis? What temperature are you purging with Ar gas prior to the TGA run, what is your ramp cycle? What are you looking for, thermal degradation, moisture content, reaction kinetics? There are several companies that offer TGA equipment specifically for concrete and other ceramic-type or construction materials. These companies have procedures. Also, have you done a literature search? You are not the first to use a TGA with concrete.

Simulating a chemical reaction in COMSOL Multiphysics involves using the Reaction Engineering interface. This interface allows you to set up and solve reaction systems involving multiple species and reactions. Here's a general guide on how to simulate a chemical reaction in COMSOL: The temperature influences the rate of a reaction. As the temperature increases, the rate of a reaction increases.

From 900 Celsius to more

It is advisable to conduct TGA after synthesizing the material. The need for TGA before or after calcination depends on the objective of your work.

Dear friend Rosa María Huertas Penela

Based on the DSC and TGA analyses you've Rosa María Huertas Penela provided for ZIF-8 samples, it appears that there is potential for desorption of gases and water within the temperature range of 30ºC to 60ºC. The endothermic peak observed around 50ºC in the DSC analysis and the weight loss in TGA between 38ºC and 125ºC indicate that there might be gas and water molecules trapped within the ZIF-8 structure.

Given this data, desorption could indeed occur within the specified temperature range. However, it's essential to consider the specific application and the desired level of desorption. If complete desorption is necessary, additional techniques or higher temperatures may be required.

In terms of suggestions for another process, I would recommend exploring techniques such as thermal cycling or vacuum treatment to enhance desorption efficiency. These methods could complement the temperature range you've mentioned and help achieve the desired level of gas and water removal from the ZIF-8 structure.

Overall, based on the provided data, desorption of CO2, N2, or water in ZIF-8 between 30ºC and 60ºC seems feasible, but further optimization and experimentation may be needed to achieve optimal results for your Rosa María Huertas Penela specific application.

Dear Wedad A. Alwesabi

TGA should be measured after attaining the desired material.

The mass composition can be obtained through this, and it doesn't make sense before calcination (i.e., before attaining the desired material).

Thank you

Hey there Ahmad Alsuwaidi!

Absolutely, converting TPO (Temperature Programmed Oxidation) results to something akin to TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) is not only possible but can be quite useful, especially for materials like your spent catalyst with 1% coke.

TPO essentially measures the rate of oxidation as a function of temperature, while TGA monitors changes in mass as a function of temperature or time. While they serve different purposes, there's a clever way to bridge the gap between them.

Here's a concise approach:

1. **Understand TPO Results:** Get a clear picture of what your TPO results signify. You're essentially observing the temperature at which oxidation of coke occurs.

2. **Define Conversion:** Determine what "conversion" means in the context of your TPO results. It might relate to the percentage of coke oxidized at different temperatures.

3. **Correlate with Gas Analyzer Results:** Gas analyzers measure changes in gas composition. If you Ahmad Alsuwaidi can establish a correlation between the coke oxidation observed in TPO and the gas composition changes, you're on the right track.

4. **Develop Conversion Equation:** With data from both TPO and gas analyzer results, develop an equation or method to convert the TPO results into a form comparable to the gas analyzer results. This might involve scaling the TPO data to match gas concentrations or identifying key temperature points.

5. **Validate and Refine:** Test your conversion method against known samples or theoretical models. Refine your approach until you Ahmad Alsuwaidi achieve satisfactory correlation between TPO and gas analyzer results.

By following this approach, you Ahmad Alsuwaidi can effectively leverage the information from your TPO analysis and translate it into a format that aligns with gas analyzer data. It's a clever workaround that can provide valuable insights into your material's behavior without the need for additional analysis techniques.

Let me know if you Ahmad Alsuwaidi need further clarification or assistance with implementing this approach!

Maurício Azevedo

Now, I got the point and highly grateful for you kind help.

Thank you.

The weight gainning during heat treatment might be depended on the particular properties of the constituents of the considered composite like spicemens. During heat treatment the subjected samples could be adsorbed some carrier gas like N2 or O2.

On the other hand the purity of the purge gas could be responsible for this unwanted happening. If any impurities presented in the carrier gas they could be easily adsorbed by the subjected samples.

You have to check all these crucial factors for better understanding.

Actually TGA provides you the thermal status of a subjected samples by following the mass loss due to the applied heat within a particular range of temperature. Meanwhile the subjected samples undergoes dehydration, decomposition or degradation reaction due to the removal of moisture/water and other lower molecular weight components from the structure.

For a better understanding you can read the following articles which could be beneficial to you.

This could be attributed to the side/over reaction of your sample with the purge gas. Moreover, the wrong sampling might be responsible for this unwanted happening. You should carefully handle while sampling & analyzing the considered specimens and take at least three raplica for better clarity.

If your information about two types of protein is correct. There are two likely possibilities from the start: 1) your samples are all the same, i.e. B-Lactoglobulin, make sure they are what they are as labelled, by other techniques; 2) if the other sample is a-lactalbumin as confirmed by other techniques, the conversion during the TGA/DTA tests could possibly be the cause, i.e. the latter converted to other materials/physical forms that has the same melt point of B-Lactoglobulin.

However, from the web, one can easily find that both have a denaturation temperature at ~70-73oC.

Hey there Gemechis Midaksa,

Interesting question. I am working on my manuscript on this topic, so some excerpts from my notes.

Let's dive into the world of pyrolysis and TGA data. First off, to calculate the conversion degree (alpha), you'll want to use the formula:

α=​(m₀​−m_t)/(m₀​−m_f)​​

Where:

- m₀ is the initial mass of the sample.

- m_t is the mass of the sample at a given temperature during pyrolysis.

- m_f is the final mass of the sample after pyrolysis is complete.

Now, it's crucial to make sure your data is in good shape. Ensure you Gemechis Midaksa have accurate mass measurements at each temperature point. You'll typically get a TGA curve, and you'll pick specific temperature points of interest.

Here's a step-by-step guide:

1. **Select Temperatures:** Choose temperatures (e.g., every 10 or 20 degrees) for which you Gemechis Midaksa have TGA data.

2. **Calculate m_t:** At each temperature, find the corresponding mass m_t.

3. **Plug into the Formula:** Substitute the values into the conversion formula.

4. **Repeat:** Do this for all selected temperatures.

5. **Analyze Results:** Look at the trend in conversion degree with increasing temperature. It often forms a curve, and you Gemechis Midaksa might find key points like initial decomposition, major decomposition, etc.

Remember, this is a simplified explanation. Depending on your specific pyrolysis process and material, you Gemechis Midaksa might need to consider additional factors. If you have a specific dataset or questions about the process, feel free to share, and we can delve deeper.

Hey there Sabah Djaber,

As you requested my friend Sabah Djaber in email. I did some research for you Sabah Djaber and here are my notes for you Sabah Djaber

The relationship between the pH at the point of zero charge (pHpzc) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) analysis is like the intricate dance of precision in the scientific realm.

Now, imagine this – the pHpzc is the pH at which the surface of a solid material carries no net electrical charge. It's like finding the equilibrium in a social gathering, where everyone is neutral.

On the other hand, TGA involves heating a sample to measure its change in weight as a function of temperature. Think of it as witnessing the transformation of a substance under controlled conditions, revealing its thermal behavior.

Now, cleverly tying them together, the pH at the point of zero charge can influence the surface chemistry of materials. This surface charge can impact the adsorption and desorption of substances, which in turn may affect the thermal properties observed in TGA.

One could say they are interconnected through the subtle interplay of surface interactions and material transformations. It's a dance of science where the pHpzc sets the stage, and TGA gracefully unveils the performance.

Cheers to the intriguing connections between seemingly distinct aspects of material analysis!

See:

I presume you made the TGA and DSC curves were measured in an inert atmosphere. Are the R groups polar? I mean, can they attract moisture? Did you try to compare with previously thoroughly dried samples? In this case you could confirm whether the first peak is really due to water or not. Do you have access to FTIR? It could also help to identify (or at least compare) the compounds before and after decomposition. It is also interesting to see that both endothermal peaks above 300 degC are fairly sharp. Decomposition endotherms in organic materials are usually broader (as is the DTG peak). Is it not possible that the material loses some functional groups and it recrystallizes and melts again? There is a slight indication of that in the fact that between the two melting peaks there seems to be an exotherm (recrystallization). If you have access to pyrolysis GC-MS you could determine the evolved gases at various decomposition temperatures.

Thermal Decomposition of Calcite: Mechanisms of Formation and Textural Evolution of CaO Nanocrystals (DOI:

No, it would be best if you do not cover the crucible, as it may interfere with volatilization.

Can you provide a sample curve here?

The degree of reaction values can be determined by equation, presented in the work Ramanathan, S., Moon, H., Croly, M., Chung, C. W., & Suraneni, P. (2019). Predicting the degree of reaction of supplementary cementitious materials in cementitious pastes using a pozzolanic test. Construction and Building Materials, 204, 621-630.

This is not a regular case, however for some particular matal/metal oxide based composites like Titanium has been exhibited this types of exceptional weight gain activity due to heat which should be the result of Nitrogen or other carrier gas absorption by this particular metals during experiment. But according to your claim this is quite impossible for plastic or pure polymeric samples, however if this happening with your sample please make a blank experiment and eliminate the result with the previous experiment. Or please check the purity of both carrier gas and samples.

Hope this information would be helpful to you.

Further input:

You need to perform blank rub and baseline correction (calibration of ASTM Std) in Al2O3 alumina crucibles. To observe any TG weight gain or loss at the beginning, try 1 hour holding your sample at 100°C to evaporate any moisture content, then perform Argon purging at 200ml/min for 10 minutes. Repeat 100°C heating period before ramping to 700°C at 10°C/min heating rate.

Hey there, my fellow researcher Nitesh Niti Choudhary! It's kosh here, ready to dive into the intriguing world of reverse engineering using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA).

Now, TGA is a powerful technique in material science and analysis. Here's how you can potentially use it for reverse engineering:

1. **Identification of Components**: TGA can help you identify the various components of a material or product based on their thermal stability. Different components will decompose or evaporate at different temperatures, leaving distinct weight loss patterns on the TGA curve.

2. **Quantitative Analysis**: TGA provides quantitative data on the weight loss of components as a function of temperature. This data can be used to estimate the relative composition of the material.

3. **Comparative Analysis**: By comparing the TGA curve of the unknown material with those of known reference materials, you can get clues about the possible constituents of the product.

4. **Thermal Properties**: TGA can reveal information about the thermal stability and decomposition behavior of the material. This can be helpful in understanding the manufacturing process and potential additives.

5. **Deformulation**: TGA is a part of deformulation, where you're trying to reverse engineer a product to understand its formulation. Alongside other techniques like spectroscopy and chromatography, TGA can be a valuable tool in this process.

6. **Quality Control**: TGA can also be used for quality control purposes. By monitoring the thermal stability of a product, you can ensure that it meets the required specifications.

But remember, reverse engineering can be a complex process, especially if you're dealing with proprietary products or materials with intricate formulations. It often requires a combination of analytical techniques, not just TGA. Additionally, ethical and legal considerations may come into play when reverse engineering commercial products.

So, while TGA is a fantastic tool, it's just one piece of the puzzle in the exciting world of reverse engineering. Happy researching!

Chanjot Kaur It seems this specific type of cellulose is unique, based on the chemicals utilized in its processing.

I think the TG curve shows that some calibration is required. The increase in weight by more than 400% may signal some hardware problems.

DTG is the derivative curve obtained from TGA. It is provided by the software that you used to collect the measurement

Dear Mr. Laarich,

Ideally, both methods should be used to describe the kinetic parameters of a process. I would suggest using nonisothermal, with 5 different heating rates, paying attention to the thermal inertia of the sample (I would start with 2 K/min). The isothermal run can work to test the kinetic parameters you determined with the nonisothermal experiments.

your compound was degraded by approximately 200 C

the TGAthermogram and DSC shoes this situation

The amount of sample required for SEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, and TGA analysis of carbon nanotubes will depend on the specific experimental conditions and the sensitivity of the instruments used,

The specific amount of sample required may vary depending on the specific experimental conditions and the sensitivity of the instruments used.

It should be under flow of air to get oxid

DDA is much more applied technique to determine the purity of chitosan indeed but you can try CPMAS C13 NMR also.

It would be better if you can reveal your composition and percent of weight gain. And you can easily check XRD to study what was happening at that stage.

To simulate real experiments you have to know the kinetics and thermodynamics of all reactions occurring during your TG experiments. Though, if you know only thermodynamics you can plot TG experiment with an infinitely small heating rate.

Possible generic reasons for weight gain detection in TGA were discussed elsewere at this forum:

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_my_TGA_graph_shows_a_weight_gain https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_process_to_get_a_weight_Gain_in_TGA https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_the_reasons_for_weight_gain_in_TG_curve_My_sample_is_Cement_and_the_weight_gain_is_in_the_temp_range_of_400_to_650_degree

Hi,

TGA is inherently insensitive to melting, so there is no general answer to your question. It could only be resolved with additional knowledge of your experimental system and its behavior, but even then, it will not be very accurate. Process 0-A represents the evaporation of volatile content (humidity, residual monomers, organic solvents, etc.), A-B is the primary decomposition, B-C is the secondary decomposition, and C is the residual weight. The volatiles goes away even from solid samples (aka "drying"), but, indeed, the rate is usually faster in liquids due to faster diffusion. However, the rate change could be caused by other means, for instance, by the evaporation of heavier molecules at higher temperatures. Some materials decompose sooner than they melt, so you cannot even say that the melting point is always in this region. Instead of wild guessing, I suggest using a standard method for melting determination, such as DSC.

Badri Z. Momeni There can be a good explanation to the observed difference. I came across this phenomenon several times. If your machines are well calibrated, then this can result from sample preparation and holder. In our company, DSC is usually measured in small ENCLOSED pans, whereas TGA is performed in bigger amount in an open pan, which is placed in nitrogen gas stream. Sometimes events happening in a closed pan are shifted by degrees/or tens of degrees.

Yes it's possible to establish proximate parameters of biomass through TGA. For the analysis, design the program in dynamic and isothermal steps for Nitrogen and Air medium.

1. Run the experiment from ambient to 100 degrees at certain heating rate ( say 20 degree/min) and hold there for atleast 20 minutes. The mass percent loss gives moisture content.

2. Run the experiment from 100 to 900 degrees in Nitrogen environment and hold there for 20 minutes (for the release of volatiles). This mass difference gives volatile content.

3. After volatile release, burn the sample in air at 900 degrees. This will give the ash content.

4. The fixed carbon can be calculated by difference method (100% - % moisture - % volatiles - % ash).

Dear Roobala Chelladurai,

If the cleaning with solvents or strong mixtures of liquids such as aqua regia is not working, you can use high temperatures treatment, such as leaving the crucibles in a muffle, at temperatures above 1000ºC, during 24hs. This will oxide everything you have in the crucibles. After this treatment is finished, you can wash them with water or any other solvent.

Wish you the best of luck with this!

BTW: another option might be a solution of fluorhydric acid (HF) or potash (KOH + isopropanol), but you should be careful with these two, since they tend to attack glass, so you should use them to clean the crucibles but in a diluted solution.

Thank you everyone for your deep insight and clarification of my doubt. Kristin M. Adams @Robert Adolf Brinzer Abhijeet Singh

Hi，

My answer is no. The composite includes the carbon, glass fibers, polymers ant others. The fibers are hard to be distributed uniformly becouse of their anisotropy. As we all know, the weight for TGA is about 5 mg. If the sample is less than 5 mg, it is hard to represent the whole composite.

Dear Abu,

Ligand densities on NC surfaces typically fall in the range of a couple of ligands per nm2 surface (roughly 3 on average). While the order of magnitude of your calculation seems correct, 6.3 ligands/nm2 is likely an overestimation of the actual number (TGA will show both bound and free ligands). If your dispersions are stable, you could verify your results through quantitative NMR.

Of course it works. The technique deals with the products of thermal degradation, whatever the MW is.

Assuming the sample had been exposed to air before insertion into the TGA, the first peak would correspond to the desorption of CO+CO₂ physisorbed on Pd:

(see fig. 1)

The second part would correspond to the decomposition of oxidized moieties of your graphene, also via CO+CO₂ desorption:

(see fig. S8a)

As you can see in the edge region of Seyithan Ulas' spectrum in our supplement, there was also another increase in CO+CO₂ desorption at the higher temperatures, but we didn't bother to investigate the origin of that since it was not competitive to our processes in the associated main paper.

It seems to me that the key is in the details of the size reduction process . I assume you dry-grind the calcite; if so, maybe you generate an amorphous portion of the sample, which should decompose at a lower temperature than the larger grains. I don't know why the discontinuity between the peaks though; usually grinding will not cause a discontinuity in particle size, but it can't be ruled out. You may be able to check that with a particle size analyzer.

Dear Sevda, have you tried running without any sample? By doing this you can eliminate if this is a true sample transition or an instrument induced signal.

Thank you

This annealing will be for how long?

Did you run the TGA in a nitrogen atmosphere or in the air? It is most likely residual char that will not burn in nitrogen, but it would on air. Also, make sure that you hold the final temperature long enough.

It depends on the sample. At 400 °C, you remove not just the water and other volatiles, but you already decompose many organic compounds such as polymers, oil contamination adsorbed from the air, and skin grease (if you touch the sample with bare hands), etc. These factors will affect the accuracy of your measurement.

Thank you Ali A. Al-Allaq . I will consider your suggestion seriously, as it will clarify any uncertainty.

Usual result of TGA experiment is loss of sample weight due to drying, removal of volatiles, decomposition accompanied with formation and removal of volatile or gaseous components etc. TGA curves, showing weight of the sample as a function of temperature, in these cases present weight reduction. DTG curves (first derivative of the weight over the temperature) show rate of the weight losses as a function of temperature. That is, if no weight loss takes place - DTG is close to zero; if TGA detects weight losses - DTG starts deviate from zero in positive direction indicating non-zero rate of the weight loss. If during the test TGA curve detects weight gains (due to oxidation, for example), DTG curve will deviate from zero in negative direction, indicating “negative” rate of weight losses - weight gain.

Dear Anik Mazumder, if it is to totally eliminate humidity, you can use a trap filled with H2SO4 followed with a column filled with CaCl2, between the gas supply source and the TGA device. My Regards

I fully agree with Dr Philippe Tailhades, as the analisis of TGa curves are based on the loss weight percentage do you need to build the TGA curves in weight percentage to be able to compare

Yes almost certainly an experimental error. However, I would bet on the weighing procedure as the more likely problem. Specifically, since most ionic liquids are hygroscopic, I suspect some weight - in the form of condensed water - was added accidentally after the sample was weighed.

Dear Muneeb

... "however, my concern was if my comparison is valid given that the starting weights/initial weights of the three samples I analyzed were varying from one another".

Since the results obtained are satisfactory when compared with the data of the pure polymer found in the literature, I do not think it is necessary to carry out another measurements. You can (as commonly) show the TGA curves in percentage of weight.

thank you

Naim Aslan and Mohd Faheem Khan

Dear Nur FARADILA Anuar ,

in general the degassing protocol that I suggested should work for PKS biochar. When we refer to biochar we need to consider IBI's and EBC's definition of biochar (e.g. https://www.european-biochar.org/media/doc/2/version_en_10_1.pdf). In p. 20 of the EBC document it is stated that the molar H/C_org ratio must be < 0.7. This is related to the stability of the biochar and is typically achieved at temperatures above 300degC ( ; Figure 4). If you torrified PKS (e.g. 220-300degC) at ambient pressure it may be possible that you alter PKS by degassing it at 180degC under vacuum.

Another aspect to consider is the type of gas to use for BET surface area determination. Historically most people used N2 but there may problems as reported by Christian Wurzer ( ).

Hope this helps?

The following link is also very useful: https://www.spectroscopyonline.com/view/tga-variable-rate-tga-software

Andrew Strzelecki I did not mention this, but the data I have is the mass loss (in %). So probably the main question is whether this is percentage related to the entered mass (270.023), or should it somehow be connected to 20.681 as well. Otherwise, how are those compared to the reference crucible mass?

For being more accurate, it is better to dry the substance first at room temperature. If you want to work on kinetics, first heat the substance to 100-120C then continue heating at a rate of 20C/min. Then, cool it down at room temperature and at the rate of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25C/min take a thermogram. You can calculate and compare these rates to depict the kinetic graphic.