Syntax - Science topic

Despite the apparent hallmarks of syntactic ergativity found in Philippine-type Austronesian languages, a closer look at the distribution of three basic case markers reveals that their ergative characteristics are only illusory. Support for an accusative view firstly comes from the presence of the putative oblique case on ECM subjects, derived obje...

Arabic is a language rich enough in morphology, morphology but poor in corpus and syntax compare to English which makes the other Arabic Applications in fields such as Arabic Natural Language Processing (NLP) include Question Answering, Named Entity Recognition (NER) and Sentiment Analysis (SA). (QA). Nevertheless, the recent developments of transf...

This chapter spells out the conceptual and methodological foundations for the volume , summarizes previous research, illustrates the methodology and analysis, and presents the results of two case studies. We provide evidence in support of a semantically finer-grained approach to word order that distinguishes between various non-subject constituents...

This article aims to fill a gap in the current literature on the pragmatics of Latin by proposing a corpus-based analysis of the different words (e.g., ut, uelut, sicut), phrases (e.g., exempli gratia, uerbi causa), and constructions (e.g., ut puta, si dicas) exploited to signal the process of exemplification. The structures and devices that perfor...

Multi-authority/input attribute-based encryption (MA-/MI-ABE) are multi-party extensions of ABE which enable flavours of decentralised cryptographic access control. This work aims to advance research on multi-party ABE and their lattice-based constructions in several directions: - We introduce the notion of multi-client (MC-)ABE. This can be seen a...

Large language model (LLM) architectures are often described as functionally hierarchical: Early layers process syntax, middle layers begin to parse semantics, and late layers integrate information. The present work revisits these ideas. This research submits simple texts to an LLM (e.g., "A church and organ") and extracts the resulting activations...

Visual neuroscience benefits from high-quality datasets with neuronal responses to many images. Several neuroimaging datasets were published in recent years, but no comparable dataset with spiking activity exists. Here, we introduce the THINGS Ventral-stream Spiking Dataset (TVSD). We extensively sampled neuronal activity in response to >25,000 nat...

The poetry of distant country with different culture and language is always distinctive and fascinating. Chinese and Romanian belong to Sinitic languages of the Sino-Tibetan language family and Romance languages of the Indo-European language family, which have relatively different syntax and general imagery of literature. Therefore, in this study,...

Accurate human posture classification in images and videos is crucial for automated applications across various fields, including work safety, physical rehabilitation, sports training, or daily assisted living. Recently, multimodal learning methods, such as Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (CLIP), have advanced significantly in jointly unders...

Osteopontin (OPN) is a sialylated phosphoprotein highly expressed in atheroscle-rosis and upregulated in settings of both acute and chronic inflammation. It is hypothesised that plasma levels of OPN may correlate with the presence of coronary artery disease, "CAD". This offers potential as a point-of-care testing biomarker for early diagnosis, dise...

Dieser Beitrag widmet sich der Definition, Struktur und praktischen Anwendung von Kompetenzzielen, die auf dem Konzept des Lernens als universelles Prinzip basieren. Die Kompetenzziele beruhen auf den Elementaroperationen Feedback, Reflexion und Re-entry sowie den Operationen der Emergenz und Wirkung und bieten eine systematische Grundlage für die...

Ce travail se fonde sur les erreurs commises pendant la transformation de la voix active en voix passive par les étudiants turcs du département de Français Langue Étrangère à l’Université Dokuz Eylül en Turquie. Le corpus de recherche est constitué de 50 expressions écrites d’un devoir final du cours de grammaire pendant le deuxième semestre de l’a...

Dans l'enseignement des langues étrangères, la dimension orale de la langue dans la communication quotidienne est souvent négligée. Les apprenants peuvent comprendre ce qu'ils lisent dans une langue étrangère, mais leurs compétences en communication orale sont parfois insuffisantes. Alors que la langue écrite présente des caractéristiques prescrite...

Reverse engineering tools are required to handle the complexity of software products and the unique requirements of many different tasks, like software analysis and visualization. Thus, reverse engineering tools should adapt to a variety of cases. Static Code Analysis (SCA) is a technique for analyzing and exploring software source code without run...

Reverse engineering tools are required to handle the complexity of software products and the unique requirements of many different tasks, like software analysis and visualization. Thus, reverse engineering tools should adapt to a variety of cases. Static Code Analysis (SCA) is a technique for analyzing and exploring software source code without run...

This thesis presents a novel, multiparadigmatic approach to the role of formulaic language in the development of second language (L2 ) syntax. It adopts theoretical frameworks and concepts from generative and usage-based linguistics to analyse two longitudinal corpora documenting interlanguage development from the initial state through transitional...

The aim of this study is to investigate how pragmatic-conceptual representations can be integrated into theories of first language acquisition. Experiment 1, using a sentence–picture judgment task, examined how children (N = 53, aged 4–6 years) used prosody boundaries as cues for a recursive interpretation when the recursive relatives (i.e., SO and...

Background Reduced syntactic complexity is the predominant linguistic impairment unique to the nonfluent agrammatic variant of PPA (naPPA). Reliable, objective and automatic methods for assessing syntactic complexity are currently lacking. Here, we introduce an automatic method for quantifying syntactic complexity in speech. We show that this metho...

Background Patients with Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases, including axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), may suffer from stressors like pain and functional impairments leading to limitations in their self-perceived health status. The COping with Rheumatic Stressors (CORS) questionnaire was developed to analyze how patients cope with these stress...

This paper examines the specific obstacles of constructing Retrieval-Augmented Generation(RAG) systems in low-resource languages, with a focus on Persian's complicated morphology and versatile syntax. The research aims to improve retrieval and generation accuracy by introducing Persian-specific models, namely MatinaRoberta(a masked language model)...

Code summarization aims to convert structured program code into comprehensible natural language descriptions, significantly benefiting software development. The existing approaches mainly employ structure-to-sequence frameworks designed for the Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) format of source code, extensively utilizing architectures such as Tree-based...

A number of different language measures are used in child language acquisition studies. This raises the issue of comparability across tasks, and whether this comparability diverges depending on the specific language domain or the language population (e.g., monolinguals versus bilinguals). The current study investigates the comparability across task...

This article explores the use of a location-aware mid-air gesture-based command triplet syntax to interact with a smart space. The syntax, inspired by human language, is built as a vocative case with an imperative structure. In a sentence like 'Light, please switch on', the object being activated is invoked via making a gesture that mimics its init...

Effective instruction tuning is indispensable for optimizing code LLMs, aligning model behavior with user expectations and enhancing model performance in real-world applications. However, most existing methods focus on code snippets, which are limited to specific functionalities and rigid structures, restricting the complexity and diversity of the...

Higher-order syntax properties of EEG microstate sequences offer insight into the transition dynamics of functional brain networks. We here define higher-order syntax as microstate sequence properties that are not explained by the first-order transition matrix, and we postulate three requirements that surrogate data should fulfill to provide a null...

Patterns are key to decrypting messages. Language is composed of repeat groupings of symbols encoded in words and the syntax of a language. Patterns bleed through encryption since all encryption algorithms can be replaced by a substitution (S) cipher. This makes it possible to analyze the patterns in cipher text using the collisions in the cipher t...

Code comments play a crucial role in enhancing the readability and maintainability of programs by supporting tasks such as debugging and code comprehension. Automating the generation of comments reduces the manual effort involved and ensures consistency across codebases. Recent advancements in deep learning have enabled the use of both lexical deta...

People who have mastered Nahwu often struggle to adjust to using technology. This research investigates the integration of Interactive Whiteboards (IWBs) as a transformative tool in Nahwu (Arabic syntax) learning, addressing the longstanding challenges associated with traditional pedagogical approaches. The study emphasizes the unique contribution...

The present study was aimed to investigate whether Gensini score or SYNTAX score was a valuable tool to predict in-stent restenosis (ISR) in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with drug-eluting stents (DES) implantation. A retrospective case-control study and a validating retrospective cohort study were designed. All subjects’ information was c...

Despite the remarkable advancements and widespread applications of deep neural networks, their ability to perform reasoning tasks remains limited, particularly in domains requiring structured, abstract thought. In this paper, we investigate the linguistic reasoning capabilities of state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) by introducing IOLBENC...

Noncanonical sentence structures pose comprehension challenges because they require increased cognitive demand. Prosody may partially alleviate this cognitive load. These findings largely stem from behavioral studies, yet physiological measures may reveal additional insights into how cognition is deployed to parse sentences. Pupillometry has been a...

Code smell adalah kelemahan desain atau praktik buruk dalam kode program yang merugikan proyek pengembangan perangkat lunak. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan penurunan kualitas kode, meningkatkan kompleksitas proyek, hambatan dalam pemeliharaan kode, dan risiko kesalahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan aplikasi deteksi code smell pada bahasa...

Objective: This study aimed to elucidate the association between hemoglobin levels (anemia) and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) among patients experiencing ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: This prospective cohort study included patients aged 20 to 80 years presenting with STEMI to Liaquat National Hospital...

Background Recent studies suggest a connection between immunoglobulin light chains (IgLCs) and coronary heart disease (CHD). However, current diagnostic methods using peripheral blood IgLCs levels or subtype ratios show limited accuracy for CHD, lacking comprehensive assessment and posing challenges in early detection and precise disease severity e...

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte y el síndrome coronario, causado por la ruptura de una placa aterosclerótica, es una de sus formas más graves. La angioplastia coronaria (PCI) ha sido la opción preferida para restablecer el flujo sanguíneo en infartos. En otras ocasiones, los pacientes son derivados p...

Architectural morphology studies have been essential for researching housing and homes worldwide in different regions and cultures since the 1960s. It has been a feature of space syntax research since the 1980s. Such studies develop an understanding of the effect of architectural form and space in shaping and being shaped by social relations among...

This research focuses on a linguistic study of the semantic changes of Sinhala 'Nipatha' with reference to the classical written records found in between 7th century AD and 10th century AD This period is known as the first half of the middle Sinhalese era. Primary sources of the study were the classical written texts of Anuradhapura period namely '...

We describe the implementation of the masking Modified Condition/Decision Coverage (MC/DC) support in GCC 14, a powerful structural coverage metric with wide industry adoption for safety critical applications. By analyzing the structure of Boolean expressions with Binary Decision Diagrams we can observe the key property of MC/DC, the power to indep...

We present \textbf{\underline{S}}tratified \textbf{\underline{M}}etric \textbf{\underline{T}}emporal \textbf{\underline{L}}ogic (SMTL), a novel formalism for specifying and verifying properties of complex cyber-physical systems that exhibit behaviors across multiple temporal and abstraction scales. SMTL extends existing temporal logics by incorpora...

This paper aims at studying how precisely the phenomenon of ambiguity, which is a widespread yet mostly unnoticed component of language, functions. It can make expressions more versatile, provide several meanings that make literature pieces even deeper, or it can complicate communication and, in some cases, create misunderstandings. The present wor...

In this paper, Iadopt Best’s (2001) Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM) to account for how Thai learners acquire English prepositions in prepositional phrases and propose the ranking order of English preposition acquisition into three different categories. The ranking is as follows: Category A is a one-to-one semantic mapping between English and Th...

The article summarizes the results of the comparative study of Reading comprehension texts used in B2 level tests: Unified (Russia) State Exam in English (EGE) and Cambridge First Certificate in English (FCE). The research conducted was mainly focused on six parameters measured with the Coh-Metrix, a computational tool producing indices of the ling...

This study examines the extent to which 70 Kuwaiti EFL learners are aware of the formation rules of tag questions in English. It also investigates whether the English proficiency level of the participants contributes to their correct answers on the test. For this purpose, the researchers used a multiple-choice test to measure the participants’ awar...

In recent years, it has been argued that for compensating children's difficulties in school achievement their underlying cognitive and learning strengths and weaknesses should be considered. This requires a different approach to evaluating children's difficulties in school learning, which should include not only their school achievement but also th...

This paper sheds the light on Asian pidgin Arabic, particularly linguistic features of pidgin Arabic in Kuwait. The phonology, syntax and lexicon of the language are described on the basis of interviews conducted with forty Asian informants. The data are discussed in its relation to other studies. Also, the researcher discussed the implication of t...

Reading as one of English skills has paramount features in shaping EFL English competence. Referring to the importance for reading, it is inevitable that teaching method, assessments tools, reading material and activities have indispensable tasks to attain EFL learners’ reading objectives. This study is intended to develop integrated reading materi...

Webshell attacks have become a prevalent strategy in the arsenal of network intruders, enabling them to seize a measure of control over web servers and execute malicious operations. These incursions are particularly insidious due to their covert nature, with attackers perpetually devising fresh Webshell variants to sidestep security measures. Compo...

This study investigates the learning situation of senior high school students in mainland China about acquisition of transferred negation of English sentence structure. Through translation test and questionnaire investigation, a survey is made about this language learning phenomenon among 173 students. From the study it is found that students mainl...

In recent years, a plethora of database management systems have surfaced to meet the demands of various scenarios. Emerging database systems, such as time-series and streaming database systems, are tailored to specific use cases requiring enhanced functionality and performance. However, as they are typically less mature, there can be bugs that eith...

Transformers, as a fundamental deep learning architecture, have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in reasoning. This paper investigates the generalizable first-order logical reasoning ability of transformers with their parameterized knowledge and explores ways to improve it. The first-order reasoning capability of transformers is assessed throug...

Dans le cadre d’une linguistique énactive (Bottineau 2010), laquelle s’intéresse au sens linguistique en tant qu’évènement mental vécu et émergeant à travers l’expérience sensorimotrice incarnée des formes signifiantes en tant que gestes articulatoires, cette étude se fixe pour objectif de poser quelque jalons dans la reformulation de la grammaire...

The paper aims to explore word order derivation and agreement in Najran Arabic (henceforth, NA) and examines the interaction between the NA data and Chomsky’s (2001, 2005) Agree theory which we adopt in this study. The objective is to investigate how word order occurs in NA and provide a satisfactorily unified account of the derivation of SVO and V...

Ensuring software reliability through early-stage defect prevention and prediction is crucial, particularly as software systems become increasingly complex. Automated testing has emerged as the most practical approach to achieving bug-free and efficient code. In this context, machine learning-driven methods, especially those leveraging natural lang...

Compared with the study of acquisition of syntax and morphology, there is a relative lack of research on the acquisition of phonology, the L2 acquisition of word stress in particular. This paper investigates the production of word stress by 70 Chinese college students in their reading aloud. Altogether 350 minutes’ recordings were collected and cod...

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de öğretmen atamalarında uygulanan Türkçe Öğretmenliği Alan Bilgisi Testi (ÖABT) üzerinden dilbilgisi ve dilbilim sorularının öğretim ve ölçme yeterliliğini analiz etmektedir. 2013-2024 yılları arasında bu sınavda yer alan sesbilgisi, biçimbilgisi, sözdizimi ve dilbilim alanlarındaki soruların nitelik ve dağılımları incelenmişti...

This paper addresses the obligatory particle to in Polish dual copula clauses (DCCs) with post-verbal agreement and two 3rd person nominative expressions with φ-feature(s) mismatch. It argues that to must be present because the syntax cannot successfully establish the φ-Agree relation between T and the post-verbal nominative expression (NPNOM2). Tw...

As an undergraduate program, Business English is still in the initial stage of development in China. It is a new inter-disciplinary and applied discipline, the teaching of which is practical and diverse. Teaching assessment is an important part of the curriculum teaching because it is beneficial for the teacher to obtain feedback, improve teaching...

With the rapid development of blockchain technology and smart contracts, the security issues of smart contracts have become increasingly serious. To address the significant limitations of traditional detection methods in handling the complexity and scale of smart contracts, a new framework for smart contract vulnerability detection that combines a...

This study aims to determine the influence of learning models and practicum activities on students' conceptual understanding, as well as to examine the interaction between learning models and practicum activities on students' conceptual understanding. The research was conducted using a quantitative descriptive method with a 3x2 factorial experiment...

Context: As more time has been spent on code comprehension activities during software development, automatic code summarization has received much attention in software engineering research, with the goal of enhancing software comprehensibility. In the meantime, it is prevalently known that a good knowledge about the declaration and the use of metho...

Within linguistic theory, the division of labour between syntax and the lexicon has been a central issue for debate among different architectures of grammar, roughly corresponding to the distinction between memorization and rule governed aspects of language competence. In this article, I give some historical context for these debates, concluding th...

In the era of globalization, the gap between university graduates' competencies and industry requirements remains a significant challenge. Internship programs often fail to optimally bridge the gap between academic theories and workplace practices. This study aims to validate the development of an integrated progressive internship model designed to...

The Final-over-Final Condition (FOFC) (Sheehan, Biberauer, Roberts, and Holmberg 2017) purports to be a universal word order constraint. In this article, we challenge this claim and demonstrate that the FOFC is of a statistical nature: It is a relativized¸ non-absolute version of cross-categorial harmony, where only a head-final projection dominati...

Background: Psychological diseases like depression, anxiety and burnout are major public health problems of concern, as it is affecting both general as well as cardiac health. Therefore, present study aims to screen the patients for psychological determinants and its association with coronary artery disease. Methods: The study is prospective, quest...

This article is devoted to research of the kinds of the attribute in the Mari language. According to the different features five kinds of the attribute are distinguished. They are expanded and not expanded; isolated and not isolated; prepositive and post-positive; coordinated and uncoordinated; homogeneous and inhomogeneous. In the Mari language at...

Cities in cold regions face significant challenges, including high carbon emissions, intense energy use, and outdated energy structures, making them critical areas for achieving carbon neutrality and sustainable development. While studies have explored the impact of spatial structures on urban carbon emissions, the effects of multi-scale spatial st...

With the rapid development of smart contract technology and the continuous expansion of blockchain application scenarios, the security issues of smart contracts have garnered significant attention. However, traditional fuzz testing typically relies on randomly generated initial seed sets. This random generation method fails to understand the semant...

The Russian language is notorious among English speakers for its grammatical complexity. In particular, the acquisition and usage of punctuation rules of Russian as a foreign language, as well as for native speakers, presents considerable difficulty. One reason for this problem is the existence of substandard uses of punctuation that deviate from s...

The paper contributes to the discussion of the polysemy of spatial prepositions looking at the conceptual structure of the preposition beside. Introducing the syntactic criterion to the process of trajector/landmark identification, the paper shows that beside gives access to a three-dimensional conceptual category, extending both upward and sideway...

The study of the command sentence is of great importance in any language. It is one of the methods of communication in human languages. It is almost devoid of any human communication, seeking knowledge, removing ambiguities, searching for unknown answers, verifying what is in the mind of the speaker, or for other purposes. In this context, the stud...

This paper attempts to argue convincingly that nominative subjects in Japanese cannot move to Spec-C if they are phonetically realized; in fact, they should remain in Spec-T from the viewpoint of the nominative case assignment mechanism in Japanese.

This work studies the proof theory of left (right) skew monoidal closed categories and skew monoidal bi-closed categories from the perspective of non-associative Lambek calculus. Skew monoidal closed categories represent a relaxed version of monoidal closed categories, where the structural laws are not invertible; instead, they are natural transfor...

This study explores the pedagogical effectiveness of Nazm Al-Ajrumiyyah and its commentary Al-Mawahib Al-Rabbaniyah in enhancing the learning of Arabic grammar, particularly in the areas of nahwu (syntax) and sharaf (morphology). Utilizing a mixed-method approach, the research involves 200 students from Pon Pes Darullughah Wadda'wah and 100 student...

This research study analyzes the effect the implementation of language-driven CLIL has on senior learners from Manuel J. Calle High School in Cuenca, Ecuador in relation to the development of written production in terms of Syntax, Content, Communicative Achievement, Organization, and Language compared to a non-language-driven CLIL classroom. There...

This research paper entitles “The Syntax Analysis of Adverb of Manner Found in the Novel “Hungry for You”. This research study analyzes the form of adverb of manner and its positions of adverb of manner found in the clause and sentence structure. This research study used the theory that was proposed by Brown and Miller (1991) and it was supported b...

Most people want to be able to read their reading materials quicker and remember them effectively. Covering a large quantity of reading materials at a normal speed requires much more time than is usually available. Good readers, however, can cover a lot of materials by identifying key elements of a sentence for key idea with the help of connectives...

Students’ ability to master critical thinking skills and creativity is often found in current learning. This research aims to test the effectiveness of the Ethnoecological-Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics based on Project Based Learning (E-STEM PjBL) learning model in improving mastery of science concepts and critical thinking skill...

This paper, based on theories of Contrastive Linguistics deals with the contrastive study concerning two Chinese versions of the Great Gatsby rendered respectively by Wu Ran, and Wu Ningkun et al from the following two perspectives: differences on lexicon and syntax. Through a systematic comparison and contrast, the writer suggests that we should a...

This study discusses the application of the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method in selecting the best employee performance at CV. Syntax Corporation Indonesia. The background of the problem involves challenges in assessing and selecting the best employees objectively amidst the many assessment criteria. The purpose of the study is to implement t...

«Die Arbeit an den Öfen» (1994) is the first, entire collection by Wolfgang Hilbig to have been published in Italy, under the title «La presenza dei gatti»: in 1996, the Italian edition of its four short stories came out in the translation by Agnese Grieco. This contribution aims to briefly contextualise the publishing of the two volumes, to introd...

The evolution of human language is a fascinating journey that spans millennia, shaping the way humans communicate, think, and interact. This paper explores the development of language from its earliest origins to its current, complex form. Initially, early human communication was likely based on simple gestures and vocalizations, which gradually ev...

The aim of this paper is to delve into semantic-functional aspects of dual-voiced verbs and elucidate their position within the frameworks of two comparative languages to outline their common and distinctive traits. The article reveals unexpected characteristics of dual-voiced verbs in comparative and historic dimensions. It allows qualitative and...

المستخلص: اشتملت هذه الدراسة الخاصة بالوقف والإمالة على محورين: أولهما الوقف، وثانيهما الإمالة. والوقف بدوره تناول ست مسائل على النحو التالي: أولها: التنوين. وثانيها: هاء الضمير. وثالثها: الوقف على المنقوص المنون. ورابعها: الوقف على المختوم بتاء التأنيث. وخامسها: الوقف على هاء السكت. وسادسها: الوقف على المتحرك. لقد وقع اختيار الباحِثِين لهذه الدر...

En este artículo se plantea una propuesta de renovación teórica y práctica de la enseñanza de la Morfología en ESO y Bachillerato. Aprovechando el contexto favorable a la reflexión e integración gramatical que se trasluce en el actual currículo nacional (LOMCE) para la materia de Lengua Castellana y Literatura, se propone, en la línea de lo que otr...

The present study aims to investigate how Thai EFL university students use Google Translate (GT) in English writing, how they post-edit (PE) its outputs, and how they view GT use in English writing. The participants were 15 third-year non-English major students from three universities in Thailand. The data collection tools were an interview and two...