Surveillance - Science topic

Dear Colleagues, Whether based on machine learning or signal-processing methods, computer vision enables computers to process, analyze, and understand visual data from the world around us, improving its efficiency and accuracy in many applications. We can observe that computer vision has become increasingly important in a variety of fields, with us...

Objective: to identify the vaccination and serological status against hepatitis B among community health workers; to vaccinate against hepatitis B virus and to evaluate the immune response of susceptible workers. Method: phase I, cross-sectional and descriptive study, among community health workers in a capital city of the Midwest region, throug...

Bu çalışmada son günlerde görülme sıklığında büyük bir atış yaşanan ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) tarafından yakın gözetime alınan maymun çiçeği hastalığının görüntüler üzerinden otomatik tespit edilmesi ile su çiçeği ve kızamık gibi diğer bazı hastalıklardan ayırt edilmesi üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışmada iki farklı veri setinin birleştirilmesi ile...

In recent years, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) for image and videobased crime detection has gained significant attention from law enforcement agencies and security experts. Indeed, deep learning (DL) models can learn complex patterns from data and help law enforcement agencies save time and resources by automatically identifying and track...

Unattended substations are the basis of intelligent substations, which require remote surveillance and control. Limited by the number of visual sensors, remote manual monitoring is incomplete and inefficient. Onsite workers and intruders are easily hidden by the smart grid facility, which affects the safety surveillance of personnel and equipment....

Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) suggests an association between micro-scale environmental conditions and crime, but little empirical research exists on the detailed street-level environmental features associated with crime near low-income and minority schools. This study focuses on the neighborhoods around 14 elementary school...

Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 has proven instrumental in mitigating the spread of COVID-19 by providing an economical and equitable approach to disease surveillance. Here, we analyze the correlation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in influents of seven wastewater plants (WWTPs) across the state of South Carolina with corresponding daily case counts to de...

Timely and accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) is urgently needed for pandemic surveillance and control. Great efforts have been made from a mass of scientists in increasing the detection sensitivity and operability, and reducing the turn-around time and cost. Here, we report a nucleic acid testing-based method aiming to det...

Growth hacking, particularly within the spectre of surveillance capitalism , has led to the widespread use of deceptive, manipulative, and coercive design techniques in the last decade. These challenges exist at the intersection of many diferent technology professions that are rapidly evolving and "shapeshifting" their design practices to confront...

FluTracking provided evidence for an early, long, but moderate influenza season in the Australian community compared to prior years. Influenza-like illness (ILI) activity in 2019 peaked earlier (week ending 16 June) than any season on record in FluTracking data. ILI attack rates were above average early in the 2019 season (peak of 2.2%), and the du...

Opinion statement Although safe and effective immune therapies have been developed in several cancers, this has not been so in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Studies of antibodies to CD33, CD123 and CLL-1 report with unconvincing efficacy and substantial adverse events. Lacking AML-specific target antigens, these approaches using non-specific antig...

We herein report a case of hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia (HAAA) that occurred after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) vaccination. In this patient, progressive pancytopenia observed two months after acute hepatitis following the second dose of the SARS-Cov-2 vaccine indicated the development of HAAA. Although some...

In 1951, the Communist Party of Greece published a Greek translation of the Selected Works of Marx and Engels which included a statement on the work practices followed for its creation. This article considers work practices as processes of validated knowledge production. It investigates how they were enacted to create the 'correct' translation of M...

Context: Many studies have shown increases in negative social aspects in the United States that may increase the likelihood of a child experiencing adversity. These rising trends include household dysfunction, poor mental health and substance use, crime rates, and incarceration. Additionally, the pathway of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may...

Universities in Nigeria have a lot to learn from the rise of neoliberalism in universities in developed countries like Australia. While neoliberalism may reduce government spending on universities while allowing universities to explore self-funding, the resultant change to academic staff is negative. Academic staff are treated as private employees,...

Reading the viral genome through whole genome sequencing enables the detection of changes in the viral genome. The rapid changes in the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome may cause immune escape leading to an increase in the pathogenicity or infectivity. Monitoring mutations through genomic surveillance helps understand the amino acid changes resulting from t...

Person re-identification refers to the process of recognizing a person across several non-overlapping cameras. It is becoming increasingly important in computer vision for real-world surveillance applications. However, the deployment of person-re-identification systems as a surveillance system raises various challenges in their performance. These c...

Purpose To determine whether frequent measurement of tumor markers triggers early detection of colorectal cancer recurrence. Methods Of 1,651 consecutive patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery between 2010 and 2016, 1,050 were included. CEA and CA 19-9 were considered to be postoperative tumor markers and were measured every 3 months for 3...

Autonomous navigation (AN) and manoeuvring are increasingly important in distributed satellite systems (DSS) in order to avoid potential collisions with space debris and other resident space objects (RSO). In order to accomplish collision avoidance manoeuvres, tracking and characterization of RSO is crucial. At present, RSO are tracked and catalogu...

Objective: Excess mortality is an indicator of the impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aims to describe excess mortality in the Philippines from January 2020 to December 2021 using an online all-cause mortality and excess mortality calculator. Methods: All-cause mortality datasets from 2015 to 2021 from the Philippine...

Image processing has led its applications to scale to almost all areas encompassing the emergent interdisciplinary fields of computers, electronics, mechanical, civil, and more. There are several discrete models in image processing to identify characteristic of an object under surveillance. In smart emergency applications, accuracy and precision on...

In the next decade of disease surveillance research, innovative and novel techniques are required to utilise massive quantities of complex and multi-dimensional data, effectively. Public health is one of the most significant domains of public governance and artificial intelligence has emerged as an innovative problem-solving technique in this domai...

Developing and implementing strategies for preventing and controlling the spread of diseases is one of the core functions of public health. This involves a wide range of activities, from surveillance and monitoring to the development and implementation of effective interventions. Two key strategies for preventing and controlling the spread of disea...

Conducting surveillance of disease outbreaks and patterns is one of the key responsibilities of epidemiologists. Epidemiologists use surveillance data to identify potential health threats and to monitor the spread of diseases and other health conditions. Surveillance involves the ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of he...

India had witnessed unprecedented surge in SARS-CoV-2 infections and its dire consequences during the second wave of COVID-19, but the detailed report of the epidemiological based spatiotemporal incidences of the disease is missing. In the manuscript, we have applied various statistical approaches (correlation, hierarchical clustering) to decipher...

Objective To develop, implement, and evaluate the effectiveness of a unique centralized surveillance infection prevention (CSIP) program. Design Observational quality improvement project. Setting An integrated academic healthcare system. Intervention The CSIP program comprises senior infection preventionists who are responsible for healthcare-as...

Background Direct estimates of rare disease prevalence from public health surveillance may only be available in a few catchment areas. Understanding variation among observed prevalence can inform estimates of prevalence in other locations. The Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network (MD STAR net ) conducts population-based s...

Zoonotic tuberculosis in humans is caused by infection with bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex acquired from animals, most commonly cattle. India has the highest burden of human tuberculosis in the world and any zoonotic risk posed by tuberculosis in bovines needs to be managed at the source of infection as a part of efforts to end...

Transmission of infectious diseases, amplification, and local and international spread of known and unknown pathogens during and after the FIFA World Cup remains significant. Early detection of disease outbreaks during mass gathering (MG) events provides host countries unique opportunities to develop evidence-based decisions. Pathogens transmitted...

Objective This study aims to measure the extent of illicit cigarette consumption from single stick sales, to determine the nature and types of illicit cigarettes present in Ghana, and to identify the factors associated with illicit cigarette consumption in Ghana. Design A cross-sectional study using empty cigarette packs generated by 1 day’s singl...

atypical BSE aka mad cow disease has been reported in the UK, Switzerland, Brazil, Spain, and the Netherlands, with the USA not having with their BSE surveillance and testing...i.e. only testing <25k a year...

In real-time remote sensing application, frames of data are continuously flowing into the processing system. The capability of detecting objects of interest and tracking them as they move is crucial to many critical surveillance and monitoring missions. Detecting small objects using remote sensors is an ongoing, challenging problem. Since object(s)...

There is an increasing burden of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) due to the continued use of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). However, the informativeness of routine OPV VP1 sequencing for the early identification of viruses carrying virulence-associated reversion mutations has not been directly evaluated in a controlled setting. We...

Video-based person re-identification (video re-ID) has lately fascinated growing attention due to its broad practical applications in various areas, such as surveillance, smart city, and public safety. Nevertheless, video re-ID is quite difficult and is an ongoing stage due to numerous uncertain challenges such as viewpoint, occlusion, pose variati...

Hantaviruses have always existed in today’s society, and people in many countries have been attacked by rodents, or unknowingly in contact with rodent fluids, leading to a silent increase in the number of hantavirus cases. Compared to the current COVID-19 epidemic, the hantavirus is not well known to the world, but in fact, not only in the United S...

Vehicle re-identification (ReID) aims to find a specific vehicle identity across multiple non-overlapping cameras. The main challenge of this task is the large intra-class and small inter-class variability of vehicles appearance, sometimes related with large viewpoint variations, illumination changes or different camera resolutions. To tackle these...

In 2022, a series of human monkeypox cases in multiple countries led to the largest and most widespread outbreak outside the known endemic areas. Genomic surveillance is of utmost importance to control such outbreaks. To this end, we performed Nanopore Whole Genome Sequencing of a local monkeypox sample on a PromethION 24. Adaptive sampling was app...

The world has been living with COVID-19 pandemic for more than three years. The severity of measures taken since beginning of pandemic has changed over time, and this has also affected number of cases. The measures taken were relaxed in 2022 and there was an increase in the number of COVID-19, Influenza and RSV cases. In this study, it was aimed to...

Automated human tracking in real time has been applied in many areas such as security, surveillance, traffic control, and robots. In this paper, an improvement of the Camshift human tracking algorithm based on deep learning and the Kalman filter is proposed. To detail an approach by using YOLOv4-tiny to detect a human in real time, Camshift is used...

Background Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a threat to patients. Accurate surveillance is required to identify and prevent HAIs. To estimate the incidence rate, report the accuracy and identify the barriers of reporting HAIs using a mixed-method study. Methods In this quantitative study, we externally evaluated the incidence rate and a...

Livestock health is a very important factor in beef cattle farming. Huge losses are often caused by the onset of an attacking disease. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent and control the disease. This study aims to evaluate disease control management strategies in cattle in Indonesia. The method used is a qualitative descriptive research with a l...

The Tembusu virus (TMUV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, can be transmitted via mosquitoes and cause poultry disease. In 2020, a strain of TMUV (YN2020-20) was isolated from mosquito samples collected in Yunnan province, China. In vitro experiments showed that TMUV-YN2020-20 produced a significant cytopathic effect (CPE) in BHK, DF-1, and VER...

In the recent years, there has been tremendous growth in the use of IoT based applications. It is making its footprint strong with day to day life uses as well as industrial uses. IoT has vast applications ranging from medical, automobile industry, daily task automation, security surveillance and a lot more. Surveillance based IoT system shares ima...

Background and aims Serrated lesions (SL) have been associated with significant risks of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Data on synchronous findings after SL detection during colonoscopy is limited. Study aim was to evaluate the rate of synchronous advanced neoplasia (S-AN) and synchronous CRC (S-CRC) in colonoscopies where SLs were detected....

Clinical research is vital in supporting evidence-based practice. However, several barriers make participation in research difficult. We performed a survey to evaluate the attitude to research of the members of the Italian Anticoagulation Clinics. The survey includes 19 closed questions on the perception of participating in research and exploring t...

Cellular senescence is a cell surveillance mechanism that arrests the cell cycle in damaged cells. The senescent phenotype can spread from cell to cell through paracrine and juxtacrine signalling, but the dynamics of this process are not well understood. Although senescent cells are important in ageing, wound healing, and cancer, it is unclear how...

Species distribution modeling (SDM) has become an increasingly common approach to explore questions about ecology, geography, outbreak risk, and global change as they relate to infectious disease vectors. Here, we conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature, screening 563 abstracts and identifying 204 studies that used SDMs to produc...

Upon detecting pathogens or cell stress, several NOD-like receptors (NLRs) form inflammasome complexes with the adapter ASC and caspase-1, inducing gasdermin D (GSDMD)-dependent cell death and maturation and release of IL-1β and IL-18. The triggers and activation mechanisms of several inflammasome-forming sensors are not well understood. Here we sh...

There has been a surge in the emergence of HIV-1 drug resistance in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) due to poor drug-adherence and limited access to viral load testing, the current standard for treatment-monitoring. It is estimated that only 75% of people living with HIV (PLWH) worldwide have access to viral load testing. In LMICs, this fig...

Pregnancy represents a unique time during which women’s bodies undergo significant physical changes (e.g., expanding belly, larger breasts, weight gain) that can elicit increased objectification. Experiences of objectification set the stage for women to view themselves as sexual objects (i.e., self-objectification) and is associated with adverse me...

The Covid-19 pandemic has demanded emergency responses from all levels of education. Teaching has intensified the use of digital information and communication technologies (ICT). Virtual interaction between teachers and students has become a significant challenge, determining the need for professional training and expanding discussions about this m...

Old people are at high risk of developing and dying from pulmonary infections like tuberculosis (TB), but they are few studies among them, and particularly in Hispanics. To address these gaps, we sought to identify host factors associated with TB and adverse treatment outcomes in old Hispanics by conducting a secondary analysis of TB surveillance d...

Stress is an integral part of life. While acute responses to stress are generally regarded as beneficial in dealing with immediate threats, chronic exposure to threatening stimuli exerts deleterious effects and can be either a contributing or an aggravating factor for many chronic diseases including cancer. Chronic psychological stress has been ide...

Data on population health are vital to evidence-based decision making by public health officials, but are rarely adequately localized, particularly in rural areas where barriers to healthcare can result in extremely low ascertainment of cases by the health system. Here, we demonstrate a new method to estimate disease incidence at the community leve...

Cardiac abnormalities seen in sickle cell anemia (SCA) include diastolic dysfunction, which has been shown to be associated with high morbidity and early mortality. The effect of disease‐modifying therapies (DMT) on diastolic dysfunction is poorly understood. We prospectively evaluated the effects of hydroxyurea and monthly erythrocyte transfusions...

Genome duplication occurs while the template DNA is bound by numerous DNA-binding proteins. Each of these proteins act as potential roadblocks to the replication fork and can have deleterious effects on cells. In Escherichia coli, these roadblocks are displaced by the accessory helicase Rep, a DNA translocase and helicase that interacts with the re...

Background The COVID-19 pandemic is rapidly evolving, with emerging variants and fluctuating control policies. Real-time population screening and identification of groups in whom positivity is highest could help monitor spread and inform public health messaging and strategy.

The maturation of genomic surveillance in the past decade has enabled tracking of the emergence and spread of epidemics at an unprecedented level. During the COVID-19 pandemic, for example, genomic data revealed that local epidemics varied considerably in the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 lineage importation and persistence, likely due to a combination o...

Research relevance When performing reconnaissance missions, a UAV system primarily conducts surveillance of the target area, locates stationary or moving enemy targets, determines their coordinates or transmits their images directly to the command post. Directing artillery fire as well as guiding missiles or carrying out target designation (illumin...

Purpose of Review Despite more than 6 decades of growth and transformation, the field of cancer rehabilitation has considerable room to evolve if it is to live up to its full potential. This article will discuss the importance of this evolution in the context of radiation late effects and serve as a call for the clinical and operational expansion o...

Background Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is one of the most frequent side effects of antimicrobial therapy. We assessed the epidemiological data of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in pediatric patients in our region. Methods The prospective multi-center study included pediatric patients who were initiated an oral antibiotic course in outpatient cl...

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance systems involve multiple stakeholders and multilevel standard operating procedures, which increase in complexity with further integration of the One Health (OH) concept. AMR is a OH challenge. It is crucial for the success of an AMR surveillance system to evaluate its performance in meeting the proposed o...

Background Tumor surveillance of IDH mutant gliomas is accomplished via serial contrast MRI. When new contrast enhancement (CEnew) is detected during post-surgical surveillance, clinicians must assess whether CEnew indicates pseudoprogression (PsP) or tumor progression (TP). PsP has been better studied in IDH wild-type glioblastoma but has not been...

Accurate monitoring of bare soil land (BSL) is an urgent need for environmental governance and optimal utilization of land resources. High-resolution imagery contains rich semantic information, which is beneficial for the recognition of objects on the ground. Simultaneously, it is susceptible to the impact of its background. We propose a semantic s...

Reactive case detection (RACD) is the screening of household members and neighbors of index cases reported in passive surveillance. This strategy seeks asymptomatic infections and provides treatment to break transmission without testing or treating the entire population. This review discusses and highlights RACD as a recommended strategy for the de...

SARS-CoV-2 has extensively mutated creating variants of concern (VOC) resulting in global infection surges. The Omicron VOC reinfects individuals exposed to earlier variants of SARS-CoV-2 at a higher frequency than previously seen for non-Omicron VOC. An analysis of the sub-lineages associated with an Omicron primary infection and Omicron reinfecti...

Background SARS-CoV-2 variants with different infectivity, transmission potential and morbidity change the characteristics of local epidemics and affect vaccine effectiveness. As part of the University of Southern California COVID-19 Pandemic Research Center’s efforts to understand, control and inform local community on COVID-19, we implemented a S...

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to the emergence of various variants of concern (VoCs) that are associated with increased transmissibility, immune evasion, or differences in disease severity. The emergence of VoCs fueled interest in understanding the potential impact of travel restrictions and surveillance strategies to prevent or delay the early s...

HIV incidence in eastern and southern Africa has historically been concentrated among girls and women aged 15-24 years, but as new cases decline with HIV interventions, population-level infection dynamics may shift by age and gender. Here, we integrated population-based surveillance and longitudinal deepsequence viral phylogenetics to assess how HI...