Sulfur - Science topic

Nitrogen (N): The total nitrogen content is usually determined using Kjeldahl or an elemental analyzer (Dumas method).

Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), zinc (Zn): The samples are first digested (wet or dry), and then the contents are determined by ICP-OES/ICP-MS or spectrophotometer, flame photometer, etc. The results are commonly expressed as follows.

Measurement results are commonly expressed in the following ways:

Expressed as mass percent (%). For example, the N content of a certain seed is 1.2%, P content is 0.2%, etc.

@@Expressed in milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) or grams per kilogram (g/kg) for trace/concentrate elements. For example, Zn is 25 mg/kg, etc.

CHNS analysis, while generally reliable, can occasionally miss sulfur detection due to factors like incomplete combustion, sample heterogeneity, or instrument calibration issues. Advanced machine learning models can help improve detection accuracy by identifying subtle patterns in elemental analysis data.

Explainable AI (XAI) can be particularly useful here, as it provides transparency into model decisions, helping researchers understand why certain sulfur traces might be missed. By uncovering these patterns, adjustments can be made to enhance detection reliability.

I came across this research that illustrates the role of XAI in improving pattern recognition in complex datasets, specifically in the context of endpoint security:

Thank you Abdelhak Maghchiche for your time and valuable suggestion.

To maintain your molten sulfur mixture with zinc oxide and bentonite in a liquid form, consider using rheology modifiers such as dispersants, plasticizers, or thixotropic agents to reduce viscosity and improve flow. Additionally, hydrocarbon oils, sodium silicate, or polymeric additives can enhance the mixture's consistency and stability during processing.

It depends on the concentration, but using a membrane is an option.

The formula you used calculates the current for a 10-hour discharge, but you observed only 7 hours of discharge time. This difference could be due to:

I recommend verifying your calculation and considering factors like internal resistance, efficiency, and nonlinear behavior.

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Hello! To calculate the energy and frequency of the [4Fe-4S] cluster in Gaussian, you need to pay attention to several key points, especially in the construction of the input structure and the insertion of the sulfur atoms.

Here are some guiding steps:

1. Build the structure:

⦁ First, you can use molecular modeling software (such as Avogadro, Gaussian View, or GaussView) to create your [4Fe-4S] model. In the model, you need to make sure the chemical environments of fluorine and sulfur are correct.

2. Insert sulfur atoms:

⦁ When inserting sulfur atoms in your structure, make sure you use the correct chemical symbol (S) and that the relative position to the iron atom conforms to the geometry of the [4Fe-4S] structure.

⦁ The bond lengths and bond angles of the sulfur atoms should be set according to literature or experimental data.

3. Generate Gaussian input file:

⦁ After creating the model, export it to the Gaussian input file format (usually .gjf or .com file).

⦁ The following key parts need to be included in the input file:

⦁ Calculation method (e.g. DFT, HF) and basis set (e.g. 6-31G*).

⦁ Molecular coordinates: Make sure the coordinates of all atoms (including sulfur) are described properly.

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and combustion methods for SO₂ detection are recommended for measuring sulfur in molybdenum oxide due to their efficiency and accuracy. The choice of method may depend on available equipment, detection limits, and sample characteristics.

Matthew is correct that there may be some S loss as volatiles and he has good experience with the ICP measurement of S in the digests.

If ICP is not able to be used there are other methods that work reasonably well but are more labour intensive

Yes, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) can be successfully dual-doped with nitrogen and sulfur, enhancing its properties for applications such as electrocatalysis. This dual-doping has been shown to improve the performance of rGO in various energy-related applications.

@ yuri mirgorod

So in the flourescence sensing of metals this chang will be useful?

Hi: The main reactions that occur in the gaseous and solid phases during biomass pyrolysis are:

Metanation:

CO + 3H2 → CH4 + H2O

CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O

Production of methanol:

CO + 2H2 → CH3OH

CO2 + 3H2 → CH3OH + H2O

Production of carbon:

0.17C6H10O5 → C + 0.85H2O

Water gas shift reaction:

CO + H2O → CO2 + H2

Best regards.

Thanks, Prof. John Carter for your reply. Right, Google is always sufficient. However, consulting researchers or academic experts in the topic is also a good choice.

Hi, with my very little experience, S based carbon materials actually often have this kind of problem what you mentioned. We were able to get rid of this when we coated the material on carbon coated Al foil. We did try different configuration and methods as you mentioned too. But carbon coated Al foil seems to work fine with S-based carbon materials. Hope it helps. At this moment I do not have much detail answers. But yes, keep us updated if things work out. Good luck.

N and P, adequate supply of K, Mg and S is particularly important in palm oil production. In addition, plants require nine micronutrients, namely iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), chlorine (Cl), boron (B) and molybdenum (Mo).

1. In Palm Tree, begins as a uniform light-green discoloration of the oldest leaves and The golden-yellow petiole, rachis, and crown shaft it shows deficiency of Nitrogen

2. If the pinnae turn yellow, then brown, and desiccate, starting from the leaf tips then it shows Mg deficiency.

3. Yellowish- orange discolouration of the lower fronds and younger fronds also become pale and chlorotic, this symptom is called Peat Yellows then it shows Zn deficiency.

4. Reduced canopy size and smaller trunk diameter, also known as pencil-point, New leaves may be small, frizzled, and chlorotic it shows K deficiency.

Thank you so much !!!!!

Thank you sir, but in my method I usually add Ag with other precursors itself. I think then also it will go and replace the lattice points of copper vaccancy.

Oh~ Are you solute this problem now?

Zhao Zhang, To remove sulfur from the surface of nanoparticles, solvents such as ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and water can be used for washing, along with ultrasonication and centrifugation. However, it's important to note that thioglycolic acid used as a stabilizer during synthesis can introduce sulfur onto the nanoparticle surface.

Hey there Di̇lek Vatansever! Great question. So, why do we add acids like sulfuric and phosphoric acid into gel electrolytes used in supercapacitors? Well, beyond just enhancing conductivity, these acids serve a few key purposes.

First off, they aid in the formation of a stable gel structure. This is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the electrolyte and preventing leakage or degradation over time.

Secondly, these acids can help optimize the pH level of the electrolyte, ensuring optimal performance of the supercapacitor. They create an environment conducive to efficient ion transport and charge storage.

Now, as for why sulfuric and phosphoric acids are specifically chosen, it comes down to their chemical properties and compatibility with the other components of the supercapacitor. These acids offer desirable conductivity and stability characteristics that make them ideal for this application.

Regarding KOH, it's often used in different types of electrolytes, particularly aqueous ones, due to its high conductivity and low cost. However, in the context of gel electrolytes for supercapacitors, its use might be less common compared to sulfuric and phosphoric acids.

As for a review or article discussing the purpose of these acids in gel electrolytes, I'd suggest looking into electrochemical journals or materials science publications. There should be plenty of research articles out there delving into the intricacies of gel electrolytes and their applications in supercapacitors.

If you Di̇lek Vatansever need more specific references or further insights, feel free to ask! Always happy to help out a fellow researcher.

According to Ciencia de Hoy, sulfur is a chemical element that presents certain difficulties in dissolving due to its non-polar nature. Even water, considered the “universal solvent,” cannot dissolve sulfur. However, some non-polar solvents can partially dissolve it. One of the most effective chemicals for dissolving sulfur is carbon disulfide.

If you want to dissolve sulfur in fixed oil, you can follow these steps:

1. Heat the oil: Place it in a heat-resistant tube or container and heat it slowly until it is close to boiling. This will help the sulfur mix well with the oil.

2. Add the sulfur: Once the oil is hot, add the sulfur to the container. The heat will facilitate the dissolution of the sulfur in the oil.

3. Let it rest: After adding the sulfur, leave the container to rest until the next day. This will allow the sulfur to completely dissolve in the oil.

Remember that carbon disulfide is extremely dangerous due to its flammability and chemical toxicity, so you must be very careful when using it. Always follow proper precautions when handling chemicals.

Why I got two peak for graphene oxide one at 11.2 degree and one at 12 degree

Hello Prof.

As I understand your question-

The incorporation of sulfur and sulfate in calcium carbonate (CaCO3) profoundly influences its hardness and strength. These impacts rely on the particular methodologies and extent of substitution or incorporation. The effects below explain how sulfur/sulfate incorporation can influence these properties:

1. Solid solution substitution:

  - Carbonate ions (CO3^2-) in the calcium carbonate lattice are replaced by sulfate ions (SO4^2-), thus forming a solid solution.

  - This causes distortions and stresses in the crystal structure, thereby elevating its hardness and strength.

  - At any rate, excessive substitution may result in lattice destabilization, which weakens the material.

2. Interstitial incorporation:

  - Sulfur atoms or sulfide ions (S^2-) can be incorporated interstitially into the calcium carbonate lattice.

  - This too can induce lattice strain and distortion that could increase its hardness and strength respectively.

  - Nonetheless, high concentration of interstitial species leads to instability of the lattice hence weakening it

3. Surface adsorption/substitution:

  - In case of surface carbonate ions, sulphate ions will either be adsorbed onto calcium carbonate crystals or substitute them.

  - Changes made at this level affect surface energy as well as crystallinity; thereby altering material’s hardness/ strength as well

4. Impurity effects:

  - Calcium carbonate crystals may have impurities such as sulfur-containing compounds or ions that modify their growth patterns as well as defects concentrations.

   

   Certain impurities may increase dislocation pinning while others hinder dislocation movement leading to increased hardness/ strength levels.

   

   Presence of structural defects, however, arising from other impurities may lead to weakening of materials and promotion for undesirable phase transformations.

   

On the whole effect of sulfur/sulfate inclusion on CaCO3’s hardness/strength is determined by specific mechanisms implicated herein, distributed concentration levels incase of incorporated species and consequential structural and compositional changes. In general, moderate levels of substitution or incorporation can increase hardness and strength but excessive inclusion can lower the material’s strength through lattice destabilization. The influence of sulfur/sulfate incorporation can also be varied by other factors such as calcium carbonate polymorph (e.g., calcite, aragonite, vaterite), presence of other impurities or additives, processing conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure).

These are certified reference materials or at least reference materials

Alvena Shahid Thank you for your reply, will check it out

Normally sulfur can't dissolved in water but it can be make water soluble with sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid solutions with high concentration usually carbonize organic compounds.

Can you share an article you follow?

My colleagues have had experience with selective hydrolyzation of amorphous part of cellulose and production of microcrystalline cellulose from different kind of sources.

But concentrations were 0,050-0,1% HCl or similar

Do you mean by metallic bond or chemically?

In highly dynamic systems like liquid sulfur at high temperatures, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) may face limitations in detecting radicals with short lifetimes. The fast reactivity and constant reactions every 100 picoseconds could result in a transient nature of the radicals, making them challenging to capture with ESR. The technique is more effective for stable radicals with longer lifetimes.

In your case, where there's a steady-state concentration of radicals despite their fast reactivity, ESR might still detect a signal, but the challenge lies in the transient nature of the radicals. To delve deeper into this topic, you may find relevant information in scientific literature on ESR and radical dynamics in high-temperature sulfur systems. Look for studies on ESR applications in dynamic environments or radical systems with short lifetimes for a more detailed understanding of these limitations.

I don't know about "the correct" method, but a fairly quick google for the keys terms of your question found the following:

X. T. He, R. L. Mulvaney, W. L. Banwart (1990) A Rapid Method for Total Nitrogen Analysis Using Microwave Digestion. Soil science society of America Journal, 54(6)1625-29.

There is also the search function in ResearchGate which might help you: https://www.researchgate.net/search.Search.html?query=Sulfuric+acid+digest+nitrogen+flow+analyser&type=publicationesearchGate

Alvena Shahid thank you for your clear answering.

The charging process does not proceed. The electrolyte oxidizes.

Dear friend Kuljit Kaur

Now, let's dive into the realm of dopants and precursors in style.

To calculate the amount of dopant needed, you can use the following formula:

Amount of Dopant (g)=[(Dopant Mol%/100)​×Total moles of TiO2​×Molar mass of S)

Let's break it down:

1. Calculate the total moles of TiO2 required:

Total moles of TiO2​=​Desired weight of TiO2​ / Molar mass of TiO2​

2. Calculate the amount of dopant precursor (thiourea) needed:

Amount of Thiourea (g)=Amount of Dopant (g)×(Molar mass of Thiourea / Molar mass of S​)

3. Calculate the amount of titanium butoxide needed:

Amount of Titanium Butoxide (g)= (Total moles of TiO2​×Molar mass of TiO2​−Amount of Dopant (g)​)/ Molar mass of Titanium Butoxide

This formula takes into account the molar percentages of sulfur and the desired weight of TiO2.

Please note:

- Ensure consistency in units (either grams or moles).

- Be cautious with molar masses and conversions.

Feel free to plug in your values and calculate away! If you Kuljit Kaur have more questions or need clarifications, just throw them at me! 🚀

Yes, dissolving Rubber in toluene is also used in industry, to make coated fabrics. There are some applications where NBR and EPDM rubbers are dissolved and spreaded onto various substrates. Also CR is sometimes dissolved ti obtain adhesives.

There are no particular parameters to be considered in the Lab, dissolving is made at room temperature, and viscosity Is kept at around 20k or 50k cps, in order to have enough material to be deposited and viscosity high enough to allow proper mixing and even distribution of all ingredients.

About the films, It Is complicated to not make them stick to each other, even after curing. Try to increase their thickness, which would make them easier to handle, or cover them with an antitack agent

One possible method to remove iron oxide particles from the zinc phosphate bath is to use a filter press or paper to separate the sludge from the solution. This might help to improve the quality and performance of the bath.

Another possible method is to use an acid dipping step after the alkaline cleaning step to remove any tarnish or oxide films formed on the metal surface. This might help to prevent the accumulation of iron oxide particles in the bath.

A third possible method is to use phosphoric acid instead of sulfuric acid in the zinc phosphate coating process. Phosphoric acid is a rust converter that turns iron oxide into ferric phosphate, a black coating that can be easily scraped off. This might help reduce the amount of iron oxide particles in the bath and provide a protective layer on the metal surface.

At room temperature, the sulfur vapor pressure is quite noticeable. Therefore, in the presence of a temperature gradient, even a very small one, over time it can form crystals by vapor transfer.

The crystals in the photo are very similar to rhombohedral sulfur crystals. If such crystals grew in me, I would not even doubt it. However, there are additional signs. Firstly, sulfur melts easily. If you increase the beam power and scan more slowly, you may see these crystals melt or even evaporate as you scan.

Secondly, sulfur is a dielectric. So if you can transfer a crystal to a conductive surface, you will immediately see the contrast due to the electrical charging of the sulfur crystals. As I see, the crystals are almost half a millimeter in size. Such crystals can easily be picked up with a sharp razor or scalpel.

All the best!

I had the same issues..... but interestingly cgenff server only support topologies for the following sulphur types..

As mentioned by Harikrishnan Ajith check the state of S atom in your compound and rectify accordingly.. It worked for me after rectifying the structure..

Regards

Thank you for this answer Sumit Bhowmick it must certainly be copper phosphate. i thought that it needed much harsher condition to oxidize but maybe not.

thank you again

sincerely

Zakaria

Arne's comment is accurate, since all organisms contain some sulfur (e.g. in the amino acids cysteine and methionine), and nearly all fresh waters contain some living organisms, if only micro-organisms.

However, Borys does have a point; it remains a mystery how there exist such large areas of anoxic and sulfide-rich waters in the Black Sea (see e.g. https://depths.energy/en/environment-of-the-black-sea/). It seems that this widespread anoxic & sulfide rich condition must be related to the patterns of water inflow/outflow and water circulation/turnover, gyres etc. in the Black Sea (including of course the Bosphorous Strait currents); a couple of fairly recent such investigations are linked here:

Looks like pretty variable and complicated mixing conditions within the Balck Sea; many investigations likely needed to unravel mystery of the presence of the widespread anoxic & sulfide rich water conditions.

Thank you Qinglin Wang for your valuable response.

The specific energy of Sulfur when combined with oxygen is 9.16 MJ/Kg.

For reference, see:

Dear Max, you may try Constrained DFT in the case of charge localized in one fragment. Let's say we have complex A / A, with C-DFT you can optimize A / A+.

On the other hand, charge separation is different, let's say A+ / A-

In this case, I used to move a molecular orbital from one fragment to the other one, thus creating a hole (A+) in one fragment and an electron in the other (A-).

Hope this is useful.

Best, Pablo

I had the same issues..... but interestingly cgenff server only support topologies for the following sulphur types..

### Supported S atoms in CGenFF

MASS  -1  SG2D1     32.06000 ! thiocarbonyl S MASS  -1  SG2R50    32.06000 ! THIP, thiophene MASS  -1  SG311     32.06000 ! sulphur, SH, -S- MASS  -1  SG301     32.06000 ! sulfur C-S-S-C type MASS  -1  SG302     32.06000 ! thiolate sulfur (-1) MASS  -1  SG3O1     32.06000 ! sulfate -1 sulfur MASS  -1  SG3O2     32.06000 ! neutral sulfone/sulfonamide sulfur MASS  -1  SG3O3     32.06000 ! neutral sulfoxide sulfur

Regards

Sulphur-coated urea (SCU) is a controlled-release fertiliser type where a sulphur layer coats the urea granules. This coating decreases the rate at which urea dissolves and releases into the soil, making the fertilizer more efficient and less likely to cause environmental problems from runoff.

Below is a basic outline of how the process might be conducted:

Remember, this is a simplified explanation of the process, and creating SCU on a commercial scale involves more complex machinery and precise controls. Safety is critical in this process, as urea and molten sulphur can be hazardous. Always follow appropriate safety guidelines when working with these materials.

Additionally, the environmental impact of using such fertilizers should be considered. While they can improve the efficiency of nutrient delivery to plants, the production and use of such substances must be managed responsibly to minimize environmental harm.

Various types of sintered metals are used as filter substrates in diesel particulate filters (DPFs), and some are designed to have high sulphur tolerance. However, without specific information or further details, it is difficult to determine the exact type of sintered metal used in the research article you mentioned.

In general, DPFs employ high porosity and filtration efficiency materials to capture and remove particulate matter from diesel engine exhaust gases. Commonly used sintered metals for DPF substrates include silicon carbide (SiC), cordierite, and aluminium titanate.

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a popular choice due to its excellent thermal and chemical stability and high mechanical strength. It can tolerate high temperatures and is resistant to thermal shock. SiC-based DPFs are known for their durability and ability to withstand high soot and ash accumulation levels.

Cordierite is another commonly used material for DPF substrates. It offers good filtration efficiency and thermal shock resistance but may have lower durability than SiC.

Aluminium titanate is a relatively newer material used in DPFs. It offers high thermal shock resistance and a low coefficient of thermal expansion, which can improve the durability of the filter.

It is important to note that the choice of sintered metal for a DPF substrate can depend on various factors, including the application's specific requirements, such as sulfur tolerance in the case of high-sulfur diesel fuel. Different manufacturers and researchers may have their own proprietary formulations or variations of these materials to achieve the desired performance characteristics.

To obtain more specific information about the type of sintered metal used in the research article you mentioned, I would recommend contacting the authors directly or referring to other related studies or literature in the diesel particulate filters and emissions control field.

If the sulfate or sulfonate anion is the active site on carbon treated by H2SO4, these anions would prefer hard cations. This may be an over simplification, but you suggest that line of reasoning by giving the HASB class of cations.

You can check in with Allschoolabs scientific. Equipped with some of Nigeria's Best equipment currently . See Details - analysis.allschoolabs.com

You could enzymatically pretreat your agar to convert any sulphate into volatile H₂S which would be driven off during autoclaving.

Also are you using ultrapure agar (like the sort used for gel electrophoresis)?

Question is, how well have you mixed/dispersed components? How your non homogenity look like ? If you can share more info I can try to help you. jiribrejcha@seznam.cz Kind regards Jirka

@ Sara, I think you may do ion chromatography or Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy.

mixing liquid sulfur into concrete mix would introduce incompatible materials and could negatively impact the performance of the concrete.

Liquid sulfur, on the other hand, is a highly reactive chemical that is typically used in the production of sulfuric acid, fertilizers, and other industrial applications. While it has some uses in construction, it is not commonly used in concrete mixes because it can react with the calcium hydroxide in concrete and cause it to weaken over time.

In general, it is not recommended to mix asphalt and liquid sulfur in a concrete mix due to their different properties and the potential for chemical reactions that could compromise the strength and durability of the concrete.

May be you can use this article (Table 1).

Hello Gilles Adam ,

Biogenic elemental sulfur S° is produced by partial oxidation of sulfide S-- and can be considered as stable and inert in the normal operating conditions (pH, ORP, temperature) of anaerobic digesters. The S° can be removed/recovered from the liquid digestate as solids. This partial oxidation and separation method is also applied to remove H2S from the biogas.

Oxalic acid is a weaker acid than sulfuric acid, which means that it can be used at lower concentrations and milder reaction conditions. This reduces the risk of cellulose degradation and allows for a more controlled and efficient reaction. Further, Oxalic acid is considered to be a more environmentally friendly option compared to sulfuric acid due to its lower toxicity and biodegradability. This makes it a more sustainable choice for nanocellulose extraction, especially in large-scale.

Kaushik Shandilya Thank you

Proteinogenic amino acids (and nucleotides) are just constituted by arrangements of five different atoms. The opposition of the values of Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen to those of Hydrogen and Sulphur(Phosphorus for nucleotides in DNA), always generates an arithmetic ratio of value 3/2 according to multiple criteria studied.

"When we examined it with SEM , the sulfur element value appeared negative in all samples...

What does this phrase mean? How was the presence/absence of sulfur established in a SEM image? Negative means: negative signal or no signal?

"but by (EDS/EDAX) examination, sulfur appears as a sign"

EDS is the method, EDAX is a brand of EDS devices. So, you did record EDS spectra showing the peaks of Cd and Se (other elements?), but no S signal?

What were the beam parameters (energy, current)? What is known about beam sensitivity of your material?

Due to higher solubility of sulfur in toluene as literature suggests:

Also, it is possible that during the sulfolane process naturally present sulfur in crude oil is oxidized to elemental form and T fraction is enriched with sulfur as it would be during the extraction. Another guess that sulfolane compound that is used for purification of BTX mixtures during the redox reaction forms huge amounts of sulfur due to disproportion of S(+4) and S(-2) to elemental S.

In the protocol that I have used, the anthrone solution needs to be prepared every day.

Dear Haji,

thank you for your answer.

However, I checked your mentioned procedure before, but it does not work.

Also about drying ethanol; at this forum:

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What-is-the-most-appropriate-method-to-dry-ethanol/2

As many recommended, reducing agents like DTT or TCEP can certainly help you. There is only one problem with that. Ni-NTA does not really tolerate reducing agents. 1mM is the maximum I think.

May I suggest INDIGO-Ni beads instead? (using the same protocols).

It has 20 times higher DTT tolerance by roughly the same protein yield as Ni-NTA beads. This way you should be able to use reducing agents without worry.

The page I linked also has a form to request a free sample.

Welcome SL

Khaled Badawy Thanks for your reply sir, Its reported in the literature.

I am trying to regenerate the reported conditions as a hand on.

The most commonly used electrolyte is 1 M LiTFSI in 1:1 v/v ratio of DME and DOL solvents with LiNO3 as an additive

You can treat the separator in oxygen plasma or grow materials like MOFs and COFs to functionalize it.

You can use CMC as a binder. It's water based and safe

Tq for your sharing

Beta-mercaptoethanol can be removed by either dialyzing against any appropriate buffer or doing a de-salting (buffer-exchange) by using a desalting column, or doing a gel filtration chromatography by using an appropriate SEC column that has been pre-equilibrated with an appropriate buffer containing 0.5-1 mM TCEP (TCEP is a reductant similar to beta-mercaptoethanol and DTT, but does not contain any sulfur group). To assure a thorough and best removal of beta-mercaptoethanol, doing a gel filtration chromatography by using an appropriate SEC column (such as Superdex 75 or 200) that has been pre-equilibrated with an appropriate buffer containing 0.5-1 mM TCEP would be better.

Michael Chau, when doing speciation analysis, all steps during sample preparation and the analytical determination have to be checked to impact the distribution of the different species potentially. Dilution, as sample preparation for a speciation analysis where the two strongly acidic species are formed by dissociation, is very likely not the best approach. The same thought applies to the use of chromatography. A famous professor of analytical chemistry and chromatography once said that an LC (or IC for that matter) is nothing else but an expensive dilutor. OK, exceptionally provocative, but he is correct from a certain point of view. In other words, I have my doubts that you can study this equilibrium involving dilution or chromatography. To not influence the equilibrium, the sample needs to remain unchanged, which calls for inline analytical approaches like spectrometry. It has been too long since I ran my last IR and Raman measurements, and I am not up-to-date concerning the latest developments, but I would look into analyzing the original sample.

May I ask why you want to analyze the distribution and not calculate it? Do you expect other components to influence the dissociation of HSO42- and SO42-?

Good luck with your research,

Detlef.

Hi Sevda,

You can optimize the binary interaction parameters (BIPs) for your desired system at any arbitrary temperature. For this purpose, you need various experimental VLE data for the binary system studied. You can find some useful EXP data in the following references for the (C3+C4) system.

Thank you for you hepl. I try to di sulfidation of Mo, W and Re supported on carbon. We added S powder to catalyst powder and tried to do sulfidation in the reactor under H2/Ar flow at 400oC. But it was not as we wheshed to be complite. I asked how to organaze tehnically such sulfidation. May be in the crystalizator and in oven - static regime.? ...

Dear Derek Bischoff, there is no confusion between the three classes of the mentionned polymer types :

- basically, a thermopladtic polymer is the one that can be re-melted (re-processed) repeatedly, this is possible because the chains are freely to flow once melting temperature is reached, contrary to thermosets polymers.

- Vitrimers are a recent classe of polymers (Frensh Research Group, 2010), located between thermoplastics and tharmosets.

- a Living polymer is synthesized by one of the living/controlled polymerization techniques, such as Ionic Polymerization, GTP, NMP/SFRP, ATRP, RAFT/MADIX, SET-LRP, Shuttling Polymerization.

My Regards

@Amardipsinh Jadeja, I also totally agree with J.C. Tarafdar sir. Total S ranges in Indian soils generally 20-9750 ppm.

This is another interesting paper.

10.1039/C5SC03828F

Have a good day.

In my opinion, "Inclusion" is a good term.

This term does not carry any negative or positive meaning.

The inclusion may be more rigid than the matrix, or vice versa.

"Inclusion" has many synonyms: particle, filler, etc.

Best regards

,you can go through this article providing details of cysteine free protein family.

Potato Proteinase Inhibitor II Family,

These articles may be effective for your research

I'm not growing MoS₂ but other stuff, however your questions are general enough so I can answer:

1. Turning off the vacuum pump is in the worst case bad for your surface finish, so I wouldn't recommend it. Apart from that, depending on your process pressure, the shutdown might actually be bad for the pump.

2. Unless the MFC is broken, 0sccm should mean 0sccm and a full shutdown should not be necessary. A control drop (and a shutdown is that) is rarely a good idea.