Subjectivity - Science topic

Contribution margin

Pvu = unit selling price

Cvu = unit variable cost

Contribution margin = Pvu - Cvu

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baccalaureate#:~:text=The%20IB%20works%20with%20governments,of%20Europe%20and%20the%20Organisation

The borderline between both approaches is the role and range of human agency,

with respect to the interplay of physical reality and human psychology (perception is everything, reality is nothing refers more to the constructionist explanation model, while psychological perception is limited by physical reality refers more to structuralist view, post or not). In terms of ontology, constructionism focuses more on communication, structuralism is more centered around consequences of human inter-action. A cybernetic approach is able to integrate both positions or viewpoints, e.g. in the tradition of Hv Foerster (Understanding Understanding).

Consciousness is what starts when you wake and fall asleep each day, and this captures our scientific and philosophical attention precisely because it is highly implausible that there is "a highly excitable piece of brain matter that gives rise to consciousness." To borrow an example from Ned Block, there are about a billion neurons in a brain and there are about a billion people in China, but if the Chinese were to relay information among themselves in a manner identical to a brain, China itself would not suddenly awake and enjoy conscious experiences. This disanalogy is what makes the prospect of a neat localization claim (i.e., "Consciousness is this spot in the brain!") unlikely -- on principled grounds. An expression like "gives rise to," despite sounding so natural, presupposes a host of unexamined metaphysical views that become dubious when examined, so such an expression obscures more than it reveals.

I have been using PCQ software, which is adequate for identifying significant sorters and correlations of beliefs, viewpoints, etc. The downside to this software is I cannot find a way to extract Z scores. If anyone knows how to extract Z scores from PCQ softwre, I am all ears.

Your question is very wide and abroad from a research idea. See, science and specifically computer science has multiple disciplines. Each one tries to solve a wide range of problems, for example, image processing, parallel processing, operating systems, artificial intelligent and so on. In each one, there are many (may be more than 10 ) subfields, which application may be used into another disciplines (such as AI-> Machine Learning-> classification-> disease diagnosis !).

What I think you should do is the following - if you are talented and hardworker, and motivated to research big questions:

1- Target a question , ask as much as possible, with the time you will ask for little effective questions ;-)

2- Check available solutions and make either official literature review or for your own notes.

3- Explore thoughts other than performance.

4- Come up with your own thought to solve the question.

5- Work on performance and other related things.

Wish that helps

All the best

Dear Jerry Decker

Thank you for your interest in the subject and I wish you success.

I mean what is the process of doing a study using multiple baseline graph >>>what are the steps how to make the research in that way , what are the procedure

I will check it

1) I would like to clarify the question. Did You mean the theory of CHANGEABLE sets?

2) Concerning the theory of changeable sets, first of all, I plan to implement my minimum program of obtaining new interesting results. And then I might begin deal with their popularization. At the present time, the most complete and understandable exposition of this theory You can find in the preprint "Draft Introduction to Abstract Kinematics. (Version 2.0)" (https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28964.27521 or http://vixra.org/pdf/1701.0523v2.pdf). Also I plan to rewrite more popularly the introductory sections of this preprint in it's future third version to do more understandable the motivation of fundamental definitions of changeable set theory.

3) I am very grateful for your comment and positive general assessment for perspectives of my activity, and I will bear in mind your suitable remark about popularization of the results.

With best regards Yaroslav Grushka.

I had the same problem and I discovered it was due to the similarity in surnames and first letter of the name. I'd write directly to this person asking to remove me from the project

I have been teaching as a university instructor for 15 years, In my humble experience I always try to engage introvert students in daily class oral quizzes, order them to prepare a data show and present them to their colleagues, and encourage them all the time. 

Is it  research conducted through interview method.

Innovation-based performance is different from agile-based performance

Because the first one (innovation-based performance) is rely on investment in latest  technology that develops performance and makes the company different in terms of technology only than other competitors

The second (agile-based performance) depends on the company's ability to respond rapidly to environmental variables and thus its ability to explore and exploit opportunities.

my suggestion for you is to adopt the model of exploration and exploitation as an agile strategy to capture the performance edge with the competitors

The above answer only applies to metallic particles which have a surface plasmon resonance, which is dependent on particle size. This is not the case for most nanoparticles, for which the spectrum depends on the chemistry of the material.

In the Philippines, we have a scholarship program called "Study Now, Pay Later". Analogously, for mathematics research, we can have: "Study Now, Applications Later."

I have no idea. HF

Dear Jerry,

I would not recommend doing what you are proposing as it amounts to a reinterpretation of each subject's responses. Very often individual items are combined together into scales. If the regression model is used it will partly take care of your concern.

ACI code l/d <= 4.0; a/d ratio<2.0

IS code l/d <2.0

CSA code l/d <2.0

According to Researchers point of view, a/d ratio is the critical parameter to define deep beam. The following review paper will help you to under the concepts of deep beams.

Good. All the best. I will be back to KU on Dec 19th. Should there be any need of help with R or STATA, I will be ready to get you help.All the best.

Maurice Kodhiambo(0724468162)

School of Pharmacy, KU

I think the real problem is the validity of the indicators. For example, working with a  attitudes scales (subjective indicators) implies validating the scale through factor analysis. The relationship between concepts and indicators should be tested before integrating a questionnaire. Ana

Hi,

I prefer this platform -  http://q-assessor.com/entries/3003. It includes creation of Q-set, Q-sorting and also the possibility of data analysis. 

Dear Dr. Essam,, 

I agree with dr. Furquim, that both aspects are important - subjective and objective as well. 

Expanding the taxonomy of the diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders. Peck et al  2014

for comparison of two groups independent sample t-test and willcoxon signed test or mann whitney nonparametric test for continuous and categorical data  is more appropriate..

Thank you all for your response. These are very helpful suggestions. I have another related question.  Is defining drug effects between two separate subject groups (1-10 drug group and 11-20 placebo group) as valid as defining drug effects in a single subject group before and after treatment (paired analysis)?

Have a look at these Daniela,

Yes, I do have Odgen and Mooney-Rivin within the engineering data

It is visible with people of color, but what about even subtler forms of discrimination based on 'caste' which is difficult to 'make out'. The struggle is more on the part of the affected person.

I have no article to share but I'm interested to your posted question. I work on-line in education industry. I would like to connect my thought to this question, "In what and why teaching this subject (marketing) may be different from the other subjects in management education?" Business, Entrepreneurship, Marketing, and Management (BEMM) are different discipline but interrelated and interdependent to one another. The BEMM are intertwined. Management involves the following principles or functions: planning, directing, leading, organizing, and control. These functions of management apply to Business, Entrepreneurship, and Marketing. Thus, Marketing Management focuses on planning, directing, leading, organizing, and controlling of production, promotion, pricing, and placement of products and services. Business Management focuses on planning, directing, leading, organizing, and controlling of buying and selling operation. Entrepreneurial Management focuses on planning, directing, leading, organizing, and controlling of the creation, discovery, and introduction of new products and services.

The main focus of  Business, Entrepreneurship, Marketing, and Management will guide educator how to design teaching-learning program.

The limitation I experienced in on-line education is reaching the level of understanding of the learner. On-line education needs creativity, and flexibility to reach the learner in the teaching-learning transaction. Learners learn on their own pace, time, and place. In my experience the most important in using the theory of transactional distance is the willingness, degree of interest and readiness of the learner, creativity and flexibility of the teacher, and suitability of learning design.

HI,

I agree this observation does not indicate any abnormality. With a good B-mode, as we have nowadays, you can 'see' slowly flowing venous flow nicely in black and white ultrasound, particularly with the patient in standing position. Also, in areas where there is a valve, you can see sluggish material in the sinus of the valve, where the flow is slower, so you can actually ' see' the venous stasis with the ultrasound. Logically, where the vein is larger, flow is slower so the lumen gets more echogenic. At the SFJ, in case of a large SFJ, you can see the blood almost standing still in large GSV' s. Typically, if you look at a muscular vein e.g. a gastrocnemius vein in standing position, you may see a quite echogenic lumen. If you have the patient then do some tiptoes, or you do svereal calf squeezes, you'll immediately see that the lumen of the vein becones completely black, because you enhanced temporarily venous flow. If you wait for some minutes, it will again become more sluggish and echogenic. 

It' s fun to look with B-mode ultrasound at our patients with CVD, the youngsters are always tempted to us colour at all times, but B/W can learn you a lot!

My best regards to both of you  :-)

Marianne

I research about self-referential and autobiographical visual narratives and the first thing to question is the possibility of any photography or image to capture the truth or reality. An image is just the caption of a point of view, and there are so many conventions related to visual culture that I don't really think that there could be a "pure" image without subjectivity or intentionality. So... I don't believe we can talk about truth, I just find narrative truth even in images.

Dear Monserrat,

Since you want to use content as a carrier for developing English, you can use the adjunct approach which has long been popular in North America. In this approach the class sessions are shared by both  English and subject teachers collaboratively.This team teaching can really make a difference. As you know,  CLIL has a lot to offer in language teaching and the benefits are so tempting.

Best regards,

R. Biria

As the question is one that the Human Relations school will certainly have dealt with at some point, I would search the journal of that name and expect to find something.

Hi Juan,

As seen from the chart, there is no sign of steel yielding. Thus, yielding in steel bars did not occur regarding your specimens.

Generally, it does not necessarily that yielding steel occurs in shear failure, unless the failure is combined (shear flexural failure).  

I hope this helps

Regards,

Inter-subjectivity can be imagined like echoes. it is inherently equal but always there is a sound engineer (read power apparatus) who can manipulate one wave against another. That's why Delueze came up with intensity within Affect theory and Negri with the idea of Multitude in the Empire theory.

Dear Katie

MANOVA is used when there are 2 or more DV. and it has specific assumptions should be met.

RM-ANOVA, is repeated measure ANOVA can be used to measure the outcome differences for 3 times or more.

The answer depends largely upon any capacity, evidence, reason, or some justification to treat respondents' answers as measures other than the ability to treat respondents' answers as numbers.

Thank you for the answer to my question, Mr. Robert E. Erard.  I try to understand what you mean taking a long time because it is complicated.   

 I was involved in an issue regarding statistics as attached file.

Use Lagrange multipliers as applied in optimization of nonlinear function.

Relevant information may be found in the literature on Positive-Negative  Asymmetry (PNA) in social information processing.  Interplay of PNA and halo effect has been investigated  in the following study (attached):

Peeters, G. (1991). Evaluative inference in social cognition: The roles of direct vs. indirect evaluation and positive-negative asymmetry. European Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 131-146. https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/126300/1/1991EJSP_Eval_Inference_PNA.pdf

PNA phenomena in general have been reviewed and discussed in the following studies (incomplete list):

Peeters, G. (1971). The positive-negative asymmetry: On cognitive consistency and positivity bias. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 455-474.

Kanouse DE, Hanson LR Jr. 1972. Negativity in evaluations. In Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior, Jones EE, Kanouse DE, Kelley HH, Nisbett RE, Valins S, Weiner B. General Learning Press: Morristown; 47-62.

Peeters, G. & Czapinski, J. (1990). Positive-negative asymmetry in evaluations: The distinction between affective and informational negativity effects. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol.1, pp. 33-60). Chichester: Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Taylor, S.E. (1991). Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization-minimization hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 67-85.

Lewicka, M., Czapinski, J. & Peeters, G. (1992). Positive-negative asymmetry or 'When the heart needs a reason'. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 425-434.

Rozin, P., & Royzman, E.B. (2001). Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 296-320.

Baumeister, R.F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K.D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5, 323-370.

Be sure that your covariates are not linear combinations of one another.  If you find that two or more of them are highly correlated, ask yourself whether you have some strong instruments that can be used to avoid this problem.

In search for a conceptual comparison of "subjectivity" and "identity" it may be useful to distinguish between two conceptual approaches. One approach, referred to as the Self-Other way, stresses the I-Thou distinction that is associated with subjectivity. the other approach proceeds in the way of the third (pronominal) person that is associated with objectivism. Both approaches involve a definition of identity. Following the Self-Other 'I-Thou) way, the identity of John , Peter, and Mary resides in that each of them is him- or her-self (I) and not an other (Thou). Notice that according to this definition, everybody's identity is defined in the same way: I am myself and I am not you. However, following the objectivistic third-person approach, identities of different persons are defined differently. the definition of John's identity involves "being John and not being Peter", while the definitions of Peter's identity involves the opposite description: "not being John but being Peter."  More information can be found in the attached papers.

Mariusz, I suggest you to start with basics. Take a look at this doc:

It contains example implementations in MATLAB. Also read this question:

Thank you my dear friend. I will read this book if I can find on the net.

If the legal system and political system exist to keep society structured as it is, then bio and tech knowledge become instruments of these systems.

Hi, Good Morning,

To calculate the point of subjective equality using R, Kindly see the link and attchment.

All right, then.  Well, if you're interested in embryo stage rats, then you may be interested in the research looking into the upregulation of RNA in rats, mice, fruit flies, and planaria. The challenges in this domain are summed up quite well in this kind-of recent review:

What it lacks in recency can hopefully be forgiven since this line of research is actually quite old and notoriously controversial. What's good about this article is that it highlights the controversy, the recent interest, and also the challenge of pleiotropy. Pleiotropy sits at the other side of the warning I shared above, namely, that "learning" as such is not an all-purpose, all-context phenomenon.  Pleiotropy is the fact that genes are themselves rather multi-purpose supports.  So, the answers here will not be straightforward, especially because developmental science is getting past straightforward distinctions between "nature" and "nurture" as distinct contributors.

Best wishes,

Damian

You have not told us how many subjects of each data set you have, so I do't know if you better leave away one or two subjects... I think you'll have to make the best out of every dataset. If there is any systematic bias it will be taken out by the nuisance variable, which is mandatory. Normally you would perform some kind of eddy_corect on them, but there are many studies out there which did not do so, as sometimes it makes data worse. All depends on what question you want to adress!

Why do you want to calculate post-hoc power? If it's to plan a follow-up study that's legitimate. If it's to help you interpret your data it's not useful at all. The post-hoc power you calculate is simply a one-to-one function of your p-value and, as such, it does not tell you anything that you're not getting from the p-value. In particular, it cannot distinguish between "I failed to reject but my power was low so maybe the null hypothesis really is false" and "I failed to reject but my power was high so maybe the null hypothesis is really true". If your p-value was high your calculated post-hoc power has to be low and if your p-value is low your calculated post-hoc power will come out high. This was discussed in The American Statistician by Hoenig and Heisey (2001): The abuse of power: the pervasive fallacy of power calculations for data analysis. American Statistician 55(1):19-24.

Dear Simon

Indeed, it will be useful to unpack this more and to better define the concepts. As Constantin wrote, what do you mean with administration and management? Also, from our allied health workforce recruitment and retention research (using a social relations approach and also Maslow’s hierarchy of needs), intention to stay in a position is significantly compromised in the public sector (where bureaucratic relations are likely to be more prevalent) compared with the private sector (market relations). I hope that this illustrates the points Constantin was making and hope that this is helpful to you.

Best wishes,

Adrian

ANOVA is not interesting (and sensible) at all when you anyway want to compare individual groups. ANOVA is only relevant to asses the impact of a predictor (or a set of predictors) in a more complex model. It is only very, very indirectly and marginally related to the question if expected values differ between levels of a categorical predictor. Almost all post-hoc tests control the FWER independent of the ANOVA, and the "two-step-procedure" (first check ANOVA, then do post-hoc-tests) leads to additional problems.Note that "post-hoc" doe not mean "after ANOVA" but "after knowing the data (of the other groups)". This is often misinterpreted in many textbooks.

To my experience, differences between the different post-hoc tests are very "academic" and typically of only little practical relevance. Practically, there are only two tests I consider:

They are quite generally applicable and have no severe problems (as far as I know). Dunnett is superior for multiple-to-one comparisons, because Tukey assumes that k*(k-1) tests are performed (each of which can produce a false positive result) whereas Dunnett's procedure has to consider only k-1 tests (k is the number of groups).

There is an intermediate between Tukey and Dunnett: Hsu’s multiple comparisons with best (MCB). This test is like Dunnett's test but without a defined control group. This test first determines the "control group" as the "best group", which is the group with the most extreme mean and then compared all other groups to this one. It thus makes (k-1) tests (better than Tukey) but first has to determine the "best", what is negatively affecting the FWER (worse than Dunnett). (Note that selecting the "best" group by eye and then do Dunnett's test irgnores the uncertainty associated with the selection of the "best" group, so the FWER is not really controlled then).

If I test only very few and specific pairs of many possible pairs, I prefer Holm adjustments to control the FWER. This can outperform Tukey's test w.r.t. power.

For screenings it is often more sensible to control the FDR, what is done by the procedure of Benjamini/Hochberg.

However, in research it is more important - to my opinion - to think if and what error rate should be reasonably controlled at what level. The rather mindless control of a FWER at 5% is quite stupid, although typical...

Hi Nick,

I got it now, thanks for the clarification! The question demands a look at post-Foucauldian scholarship. The work that immediately springs to my mind is Lazzarato’s on debt.

In his book ‘The Making of the Indebted Man’ (originally published in 2011, and in English in 2012) Maurizio Lazzarato considers the political economy and genealogy of debt, drawing on the work of Foucault, Deleuze and Guattari, Marx and Nietzsche. Indeed, in Lazzarato’s conceptualization, debt is denoted as a technology of the self (and the preferred one in the neoliberal society), but it contains elements that concern the body as well, such as ‘life discipline’:

‘Debt directly entails life discipline and a way of life that requires “work on the self,” a permanent negotiation with oneself, a specific form of subjectivity: that of the indebted man.’ (p. 104) This ‘work on the self’ consists in acquiring the attitudes, bodily habits, perceptions, motivations, etc., required by the labour market: ‘Repayment will be made not in money but through the debtor’s constant efforts to maximize his employability, to take a proactive role in his integration into the work or social environment, to be available and flexible on the job market.’ (p. 135) One is implicated in debt not only as a producer, but as a consumer as well: ‘With declines in wages and the destruction of the Welfare State, credit is the only solution if everyone is to get rich. How does this kind of politics work? “You don’t make much money? Not a problem! Take out loans to buy a house, its value will increase, and that will serve as collateral on new loans.” But once interest rates rise, the whole mechanism of income “distribution” through debt and financing collapses.’ (p. 111)

So, debt could be regarded as a technology of self/body that has risen in prominence in the neoliberal age. Such a suggestion raises the more general question about the distinction between ‘technologies of the body’ and ‘technologies of the self’ (that presupposes a distinction between body and self), but this would require the opening of another topic.

Best wishes,

Teo

Neil

I am a little sceptical of many of the 'research references' that circulate among psychiatric circles and have little faith in diagnostic markers that range across such a wide range of non empirical criteria. I recognise that some conditions are characterised by certain signs, but then again so are societal norms.

I was not suggesting that the delusions of grandeur were a reaction to 'the illness', rather a reaction to the treatment of those marginalised by these 'diagnoses'.

I have a lot of experiences with patients and have in the last three decades met quite a few Celtic Gods, reincarnations of Christ and Buddha and members of the aristocracy of many countries (strangely enough I have never met Napoleon, in spite of he providing the archetypal delusion of grandeur)

In just about all cases the delusion appeared to me to be a shield rather than a symptom and I have observed this in people who are not in any sense psychotic or personality disordered, whatever that means. I can appreciate that it is convenient to label people but helpful it is not.

As for the DSM, with so many psychiatrists now rejecting this gaggle of theories and nostrums I have no further comment.

An individual will determine for self what is true in the world. The Truth however, remains the same. The Truth is not known as such, or not understood, or not visualised the same by us as a group/community/public/s. Our understanding is limited to our information, knowledge and wisdom. No two people have the same finger prints, let alone information, knowledge and wisdom.

There is however only one Truth and it has to be infinite. It can not be static as one as well as within itself as it has no boundry of any kind, unless we construct a boundry to feel at ease.

Totality, or the Truth, is not complete without the individual/s and their truths, as we are a part of the total Truth. We are experiencing it from within the Truth, therefore can't even define it as a separate entity.

Now it is here the scientist gets caught. No matter how objective one wishes to remain, one is limited by his own humanistic capabilities at each moment that changes continuously. Also s/he is limited by her information, knowledge and wisdom. If we include the space, time and context, it would become a nightmare to find who's truth is true ...unless we believe that "there is only one Truth but we all see it differently due to our unique subjectivity, no matter how smart we feel we are."

Good question and exploration of the various minds the way they think, act and express.

Cheers!!