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Feel free to even send a PDF answering this question.
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Structural geology alone is worth as much as breast milk to a baby without its mother's breast. You have to see the geological formations completely ; what led to their creation and why they are the way they are...
I was in China for four weeks and went out into the field a few times without having any field literature. We managed to find a situation that is an idea that is not present in today's geology. The principle can be found in the following article, it is only related to physics:
Regards,
Laszlo
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Structural features such as faults, veins, folds etc. can be observed in a granitic rock. How do these affect the mineralization of ion adsorption clay type of REEs? Could more fractures indicate enrichment of the elements or vice versa?
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All types of REE deposits are contolled by geodynamic processes such as rifting and deep-seated lineamentray fault zones this is true for carbonatites, alkaline magmatic rocks and ensimatic pegmatites
1)REE-P-Nb-Ta-Y-F-(Be-Zr-Th) deposits related to carbonatites
2)REE-P-Ti deposits related to alkaline igneous complexes (
3)REE-U-Nb-bearing pegmatites (in places, transitional into intragranitic deposits with Mo-W-U-Be)
4)REE-Nb-P-F- bearinghydrothermal iron deposits
5)Be- and Y-bearing alkaline intrusive rocks (nepheline syenite)
6)REE-F-Ba-Th- bearing vein-type deposits
6) is a faultbound type in the strict sense
For further reading see (all are open access/ see Researchgate)
DILL, H.G., BUZATU, A., BALABAN, S.-I. and RÜSENBERG, K. A. (2023) A mineralogical-geomorphological terrain analysis of hotspot volcanic islands -The missing link between carbonatite- and pegmatite Nb-F-Zr-Li-Be-bearing REE deposits and new tools for their exploration (Canary Islands Archipelago, Spain).- Ore GeologyReviews: (in print)
DILL, H.G and RÜSENBERG, K. A. (2023) Marker minerals in volcanics and xenoliths—An approach to
categorize the inferred magmatic rocks underneath the present-day volcanic landscape of Tenerife, Spain (NW African Rare Mineral Province).- Minerals: 2023, 13, 1410. 1-56, https://doi.org/10.3390/min13111410
HGD
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Structural Geology
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You got a very good answers before:
Example it is not mentioned:
of Valentino Straser and exists other tectonic phenomena which is not contained in the mentioned theory...
Regards Laszlo
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Structural Geology
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I believe it is the angle between horizontal and fold axis within the axial plane. That is different from plunge which is the angle between horizontal and the fold axis within a vertical plane.
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Is there any effective way to reconstruct the thermal history of deep carbonate formations?
I know that there is a Δ47/(U-Pb) method, but is this method too harsh for the selection of carbonate samples?
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If you have regional knowledge, subsidence history can be restored by using 1D basin modeling (even if is a trusted carbonate sequence). In the process of restoring paleo-heat flow and parameters calibration, you will get the most precise thermal paleoenvironmental formation conditions (regardless of age, e.g. Paleozoic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, etc).
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I'm looking for a journal article about oil and gas with a relationship with structural geology , like traps ,oil fields......
I need it with good pictures and on range from 2010 to 2021
Also it Has to be not too difficult because second-year student
So please if you can help me send me a message
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There will be many, many references on Google....just type "structural geology in oil and gas discoveries".
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Dear Researchers on Structural Geology and Tectonics
Strike-Slip Faulting: Is there any example of strike-slip fault with blocks moving in same direction but with different speed?
Regards
Ijaz
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Strike-slip faults are vertical (or nearly vertical) fractures where the blocks have mostly moved horizontally. If the block opposite an observer looking across the fault moves to the right, the slip style is termed right lateral; if the block moves to the left, the motion is termed left lateral.
Strike-Slip Fault - Earthquake Glossary
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Paleomagnetic studies show that the South China block was moving northward continuously from 300 to 260 Ma and has experienced an overall ∼27° clockwise rotation since then (Huang et al., 2018) ,and assuming a stationary Emeishan mantle plume, so if I want to do a numerical simulation of the geodynamics of the Emeishan mantle plume based on the above conditions. How can I do it?
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Hello dear;
I didn't research on Paleomagnetic studies, but i know 2 methods in order to behavioral study between two things. K-means clustering and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). you can read this combination method in this paper :
good luck
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except for the vitrinite reflectance, conodont and acritarch colour alteration, fission tracks, (U-Th)/He, is there any new methods to reconstruct the thermal history of sedimentary basins?
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Carbonate mineralisation can be used to track thermal histories, utilising U-Pb geochronology (giving you time), in combination with clumped isotopes (giving you temperature).
These papers combine these two methods (and there are many others utilising the methods individually):
Mangenot, X., Gasparrini, M., Gerdes, A., Bonifacie, M. and Rouchon, V., 2018. An emerging thermochronometer for carbonate-bearing rocks:∆ 47/(U-Pb). Geology, 46(12), pp.1067-1070.
Pagel, M., Bonifacie, M., Schneider, D.A., Gautheron, C., Brigaud, B., Calmels, D., Cros, A., Saint-Bezar, B., Landrein, P., Sutcliffe, C. and Davis, D., 2018. Improving paleohydrological and diagenetic reconstructions in calcite veins and breccia of a sedimentary basin by combining Δ47 temperature, δ18Owater and U-Pb age. Chemical Geology, 481, pp.1-17.
Brigaud, B., Bonifacie, M., Pagel, M., Blaise, T., Calmels, D., Haurine, F. and Landrein, P., 2020. Past hot fluid flows in limestones detected by Δ47–(U-Pb) and not recorded by other geothermometers. Geology, 48(9), pp.851-856.
MacDonald, J.M., Faithfull, J.W., Roberts, N.M.W., Davies, A.J., Holdsworth, C.M., Newton, M., Williamson, S., Boyce, A. and John, C.M., 2019. Clumped-isotope palaeothermometry and LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of lava-pile hydrothermal calcite veins. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 174(7), pp.1-15.
Looser, N., Madritsch, H., Guillong, M., Laurent, O., Wohlwend, S. and Bernasconi, S.M., 2021. Absolute Age and Temperature Constraints on Deformation Along the Basal Décollement of the Jura Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt From Carbonate U‐Pb Dating and Clumped Isotopes. Tectonics, 40(3), p.e2020TC006439.
Pan, L., Shen, A., Zhao, J.X., Hu, A., Hao, Y., Liang, F., Feng, Y., Wang, X. and Jiang, L., 2020. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology and clumped isotope constraints on the formation and evolution of an ancient dolomite reservoir: The Middle Permian of northwest Sichuan Basin (SW China). Sedimentary Geology, 407, p.105728.
Hoareau, G., Crognier, N., Lacroix, B., Aubourg, C., Roberts, N.M., Niemi, N., Branellec, M., Beaudoin, N. and Ruiz, I.S., 2021. Combination of Δ47 and U-Pb dating in tectonic calcite veins unravel the last pulses related to the Pyrenean Shortening (Spain). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 553, p.116636.
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What is the theoretical support for the formation of reverse faults in the extensional regional geological environment? Are there any field examples?
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Yes, it is possible in a couple of instances: speaking theoretically (1) along restraining bends in the transfer faults that connect extensional faults, (2 ) at places in the displacement field where changes in direction form 'kinks' or rapid changes in the direction blocks are moving, (3) late in an extensional episode where the blocks are changing displacement rate differentially to each other. This last one i think is one cause of inversion when the inversion is close in time to the extension on which it acts. I call this 'syn-kinematic' inversion
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Dear colleagues!
What is the best method to determine In SItu Block Size Distribution if I have orientation, spacing and persistence data collected from 3D Point Cloud?
I considered using 3DEC but I am not very fluent in the software.
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Hi Friend
I think you use the Rmi classified to detemine Vb.
Thanks
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I'm looking for a advices of papers, or some comentaries about the tectonic history and structural geology of te Center of Ecuador.
Because i'd like to prepare a paper about a structural model in Azuay (near to Bella Rica District) especifically related to Porphyry Au-Cu Deposits and Epithermal veins in this district. I have a advances and maybe if you can advice me to refining this.
Thanks a lot for the comentaries
John Cerrón
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You may find the following link useful:
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The samples are mainly composed of quartz and calcite, and minor amounts of white mica, clinozoisite, and garnet. They are collected within a thrust zone in an Archean supracrustal belt in Greenland. However I believe that the zone is of different origin and my hope is that these two sample can help me with figuring that out, but it is hard to finde any publications dealing with this. The two other ways I can think of describing this zone is either flexural flow/slip or a normal fault. Any ideas?
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Dear Maria Leth ,
I agree with the Roberto Weinberg and Guenter Grundmann . These rocks definitely record shearing and show oblique fabrics or S-C fabrics, defining a nice dextral shear. I would not dare to say more, just because I would need enlarged details of the images you show and I do not want to over-interpret them.
Of course, it is hard to say more just from the thin sections! To say that this originated due to flexural flow/slip or that this is normal faulting you need also detailed field data. Just from the thin section, this is simply a sheared rock.
From what you write, I think you need to compare your rocks with examples of thrust shear zones developed at comparable metamorphic grade.
Maybe it could be worthy to check the papers on the Moine thrust belt in Scotland or on the Alpine Fault system (e.g. the Glarus thrust in Switzerland).
I would also like to recommend that very detailed works on shear zones by Mancktelow, Pennacchioni, and co-workers in Neves (Italy), and the works by Carreras, Fusseis Druguet, Ponce on the shear zones in Cap de Creus (Catalunia, Spain).
Best,
Samuele
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I would like to study the structural geology by Grav/Mag.
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Dear Soe, please, send to me an email at:
I will try to help you.
Mario
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  • With a good fault and fracture dataset (displacement and length), how can I extract a mathematical data, strain rate, so to speak? Maybe programs or even formula? Do you have any indications of papers/authors or program?
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Dear Kauê and colleagues,
In case your study only deals with outcrop data, I can add another perspective working with neotectonic data.
In compressive settings, we have found good results by using pristine surfaces (alluvial surfaces, lava floods, etc) as strain markers or by reconstructing the paleo-enveloping surface of partially eroded features where pre-deformed geometry is known (at different details and scales).
These markers can be modeled through balancing techniques and thus extension/shortening values and rates can be obtained/estimated.
This approach does not rely only on fault data, but attempt to quantify continuous volumetric deformation.
In some compressive settings, when you plot the amount of shortening accrued by the main thrust or causative fault versus the shortening widely distributed in the hanging wall related to distributed minor faults, results suggest that total deformation at these secondary structures is not minor and might challenge somehow the relationships indicated by Scholz&Cowie.
In the event these comments were useful, I leave a couple of links of potential interest below (and references therein)
Best,
Carlos
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Prevention of hazards along highways.
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Well,
Spatial structural lineament map supported by geotechnical rock study can be used in the determination of fractures distribution which gives solution and recommendation for such road jobs.
Regards
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Rock exploration and structural geology. Any recent research?
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Dear Mr. Jayeola:
Please be more specific. Are you interested in the impact of structural geology on the quarrying of construction raw materials such as aggregates and dimension stones, on the underground mining of slates or marble, or did you use this term rock in a wider sense ? Even ore is a rock type.
Some general remarks you may find here with the methods applicable to different types of deposits including non-metallic deposits.
DILL, H.G. (2016) The CMS classification scheme (Chemical composition-Mineral assemblage-Structural geology) - linking geology to mineralogy of pegmatitic and aplitic rocks.-Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abhandlungen 193: 231-263.
DILL, H.G. (2018) Geology and chemistry of Variscan-type pegmatite systems (SE Germany) - With special reference to structural and chemical pattern
recognition of felsic mobile components in the crust.- Ore Geology Reviews 92: 205-239.
DILL, H.G. and BERNER, Z.A. (2014) Sedimentological and structural processes operative along a metalliferous catena from sandstone-hosted to unconformity-related Pb-Cu-Zn deposit in an epicontinental basin, SE Germany.- Ore Geology Reviews 63: 91-114.
DILL, H.G. and KOLB, S.G. (1986): The Großschloppen-Hebanz uranium occurrences. A prototype of mineralized structure zones characterized by desilification and silification. - In: Vein-Type Uranium Deposits (Ed. H.D. Fuchs), International Atomic Energy Agency, 261-274.
DILL, H. G., FÜRST, M. und KIWITT, R. (1987) Untersuchung der Photolineationen und des bruchtektonischen Inventars im Raum Erbendorf (N-Bayern, Deutschland) mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Gang-Vererzungen. - Geologische Rundschau/ International Journal of Earth Sciences, 76: 419-431. (English Summary fault tectonic, remote sensing, structural analysis)
Digital copies are available on the RG server on request.
With kind regards
H.G.Dill
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The paleostress orientations inferred from the orientations of dikes (see attached figure) indicate that none of the principal stress axes is oriented at neither vertical nor horizontal orientation, rather all of them are oriented at the intermediate orientation between the vertical and horizontal orientations. Hence, the fact violates the Anderson theory of faulting, where one of the principal stress axes must be vertical due to the stress boundary condition at the surface of the earth.
What could be the plausible explanation?
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Anderson's Theory assumes one of the principal stress axes to be vertical as the earth's surface (i.e. air) has no shear stress (like every fluid). Only normal stress is acting. Thus, the theory is only applicable at the earth's surface, not in deeper parts of the crust (where shear stress increases).
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These photos taken at Sandstone layer . Please can somebody help me in the identification of these concentric and parralel laminations ? And which is the origin of this process ? NB : outcrops located on the coast influenced by marrine erosion.
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Dear Dr. Idries
These fine-grained sandstones show a rock parting on a different scale and intensity which allows the infiltration of (meteoric) fluids to a different extent and leave behind a residue of Fe-oxide hydrates (“limonite”). The latter “mineral” gives rise to the concentric structures resembling the contour lines of topographic map which reflect the different altitudes. It is a near-surface (supergene) process.
With kind regards
H.G.Dill
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I want to know if it is possible to construct a 3D structural model for a certain area using "Midland Valley Move software" by utilizing boreholes only.
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You can construct a 3D structural model using boreholes in Move software. Indeed, you can construct it in other free or cheaper-licenced programs. However, the most important thing to bear in mind or what you should ask yourself is: what is the purpose of this "3D structural model" and what really means for you a "3D structural model".
One thing is to construct a fence diagram (which usually is in 3D or quasi-3D) using formation tops or stratigraphic information (e.g., lithology, thickness, etc) from the boreholes, a fence diagram like that one suggested by Bayan Hussien, which is very useful to correlate stratigraphically. However, from a fence diagram, you will hardly construct a reliable structural model even a 2D structural model!. So, a reliable structural model must be at least balanced or geometrically consistent, in this way, you should have more structural data and a seismic line will be very useful to interpret structures.
Another important thing is the space between boreholes, you must consider that the greater spacing the greater unknown information in between (uncertainty increase dramatically).
Please consider the below examples (image) constructed from borehole data. In case #1, from the stratigraphic correlation in the fence diagram, you can infer a simple structural model with horst and graben structures related to planar normal faults. However, in case #2, from the same data/information you could interpret another structural model related to listric faults. So, the important point is, what is the detail or purpose of your work, depending on the latter, you can assess if move software is what really do you need or the advantages/disadvantages of constructing a (likely complex) "3D structural model" using only a limited borehole data.
Move software is very useful when you have a seismic line or very dense structural information.
Anyway, I hope I have understood your question correctly and be able to help a little.
Huber
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The most important pull-apart basins are related with transform faults (for example Anatolian Zone) and i would like to know if pull-apart basins can form in continental strike-slip faulting
Please can you give me some papers for reading
Thanks a lot
Regards
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Dear Helios Serna Bafun,
As you know "Displacement at extensional bends and stepovers forms rhomboidal, fault-bounded depressions, called pull-apart basins." However well recognize some examples of Passive margins without significant veretical deformation are formed by simple pull-apart of a continental. The most crucial example is The Red Sead which represents the initiation stage of this process. However the term of the "Pull-Apart Basin" was used for deiining the basins hs been subjected intense deformation from some subparallel faults of that fault zone. The term was first used by Burchfiel and Stewart in 1966 to describe features in the Death Valley region of the USA and was later used by Crowell in 1974 to describe features along the San Andreas fault. In conclusion, to define a basin as a "pull-apart or piggy-back" you need to map some fault-bounded depressions. An unique, a fault even has a strike-slip constraint, is not enough to define as pull-apart. Please see our published Karlıova Triple Junction paper in Tectonophysics about this issue as follow:
Karaoğlu et al (2017) Tectonic controls on the Karlıova Triple Junction (Turkey): implications for tectonic inversion and the initiation of volcanism
All the best
Özgür
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If I want to construct a fracture model in Petrel for a certain area, what are the input data? and what is the general procedure?
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Fracture modelling is a technical problem best left to qualified Petroleum Engineers. There is a depth dependent transition between vertical and horizontal fractures at about 300m - 500m that can be critical to safe completions. Geological input should be confined to identifying the lithology of the target horizon and the occurrence of unconformities above that level. The presence of a sealing lithology above any such unconformity and the presence of any potable aquifers above the target horizon will also be of critical interest to the engineer.
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"I am inviting you to submit interesting structural geological snaps and captions in the "Atlas of Structural Geology" (2nd Edition, Elsevier) that will be edited by me. Elsevier has approved this re-edition.
Open to take- natural secondary and primary, and also human-induced structures developed in all scales, acquired by any techniques.
To know the detail or to discuss, please drop me a mail at  
Deadlines:
1. Expression of interest: 30-Sept-2018
2. Submission of contributions: 30-January-2019
Best,
Dr. Soumyajit Mukherjee
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, INDIA"
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Dear Sir
I have some collection of Field photographs pertaining to my previous project. The following attached field structural photographs are from part of Bastar Craton Central India
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I am looking for some papers concerning examples of a "hangingwall drop fault" (see Butler R., 1982). Despite extensive search I am not able to find any.
Maybe there any other term for such a structure? I would welcome any paper suggestion/examples etc.
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I already know these publications - however thanks for suggestions.
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I'd like to learn about  the relationship between the foliation occurrence of the accretionary wedge in fore-arc and the direction of subduction.
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I am afraid that using the foliation orientation is not enough to deduce the direction of subduction. The foliation may have been rotated as a consequence of later events, or obliterated by a new phase of deformation that not necessarily coincides with the subduction direction (e.g. exhumation).
While it is true that many foliations form parallel to folds (i.e. in the X-Y plane of the strain ellipsoid), that is not always the case (e.g. they may develop in a shear zone), and a careful examination of the relations between large-scale folds and foliation is needed to ascertain that. Furthermore, fold axis orientation is a poor constraint on the direction of subduction, as they may rotate due to superimposed shear strain, and their orientation can be anything from normal to parallel to the tectonic transport. Again, a careful structural analysis of the fabrics is needed to ascertain this issue.
Ideally, I would look for a combination of metamorphic facies indicators (if you are dealing with those rocks), mapping and a detailed structural analysis of foliations, fold axes, lineations, and shear sense indicators (either non-coaxial or coaxial).
These estimations are often very difficult, and a lot of data and effort is usually needed. There are several books or articles where this is further developed, I would reccommend you Structural Geology by Fossen, Microtectonics by Passchier, or articles such as:
Trotet, F., Jolivet, L., Vidal, O. (2001). Tectonometamorphic evolution of Syros and Sifnos islands (Cyclades, Greece). Tectonophysics, 338, 179-206.
Laurent, V., Jolivet, L., Roche, V., Augier, R., Scaillet, S., Cardello, G.L. (2016). Strain localization in a fossilized subduction channel: Insights from the Cycladic Blueschist Unit (Syros, Greece). Tectonophysics, 672-673, 150-169.
Those are the ones I'm more familiar with.
Kind regards,
Manuel
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Interesting
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Some researchers (Sablukov; Buslovich) predict that there are mezosoic kimberlites on East European Craton (EEC). Is there any evidence?
The only reason is the presence of KIM's in mezosoic sediments of the north-eastern part of Mezen syneclise (northern part of EEC). It looks unreliable to me because Devonian kimberlites are located on the north of Mezen syneclise.
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Unfortunately, all these publications are on Russian.
A. Buslovich "Мезозойские трубки взрыва Вологодской области" (Mesozoic explosive pipes of Vologodskaya oblast')
Also, there is another author V. Tret'yachenko "Перспективы мезозойского кимберлитового вулканизма юго-восточной части Архангельской алмазоносной провинции" (Perspectives of mesozoic kimberlite magmatism of the southeastern part of Arkhangel'sk diamond province)
Here is a link on the latest Sablukov's presentation (June 2017) about "highly perspective" Ust'yanskaya area where he propose mesozoic kimberlites:
Regards Alexander
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Can anyone offer me an typical picture of that?This term can be usually encountered in epithermal literature, but I haven't seen any useful picture about cockade texture so far. The similar collocation includes cockade breccia structure. As a Chinese, it's really challenging for me to imagine the appearance of 'cockade'. Thanks in advance.
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The most recent cockade paper, and one that describes not only the formation of the textures, but their formation in the context of structural evolution of vein systems, is Cox and Munroe, 2016, although not on researchgate: http://www.ajsonline.org/content/316/3/241.abstract . The process described, essentially by frgament suspension in high fluid flow conduits, is more consistent with the textures seen in epithermal deposits than the explanations provided in the Frenzel and Woodcock paper. The Cox and Munroe paper is an important contribution to the understanding of how dilatacy occurs in high fluid flux faults that host epithermal systems.
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Slump structure
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Gentlemen - I believe you will find this document of great interest:
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Hello,
In a strike slip fault in central Mexico, we record P, R', Y-shear. But R shears are absent. Can someone please suggest similar cases and reasons for such absence.
Thanks
Amar
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Hello Amar,
The experimental works of Mandl, Logan, and their respective co-workers (among other groups) have shown that as shear strain increases in a shear zone, R shears progressively become more and more parallel to the shear zone boundary, ultimately becoming parallel to the Y shears, which eventually take up most of the displacement, together with P shears.
The reason for this may be a progressive rotation from a progessive rotation of the principal stresses within the shear zone as the differential stress increases. Another important factor may be the rigidity of the fault blocks, which restrict the amount of displacement that can be accommodated through R-shear extension.
That may be the reason you don't find any R shears, specially if strain is localised within a narrow zone, which would increase the shear strain for a given displacement.
If you'll allow me, I'd reccommend you specially the following reference, where the development of these structures is widely discussed. I am sorry I can't provide any natural examples.
Logan, J. M., Dengo, C. A., Higgs, N. G., & Wang, Z. Z. (1992). Fabrics of experimental fault zones: their development and relationships to mechanical behavior. Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rocks. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(08)62814-4
Good luck with your research!
Kind regards,
Manuel
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dear expert as yo see in photo attached
in my village NW yemen, while i am checking area affecting by faults i found this viens in wadi, first of all i checked the magnatic no response, second thing if i add HCL give me some reaction in vein it self, third thing it is very hard to scratch and the color of streak is pale brown and dark grey in part, also give me some reflection colors under normal microscope.
the outcrop is sandstone, and area is wadi form by fault action, same area around 4 faults parallel.
i thought should by magnetite no magnet response and even after heating that means maybe not also hematite or geothite. and from streak color will not be pyrolusite (mno2), this is a physical properties study as difficult to perform chemeical analysis due to situation in yemen ( no opreational equipment).
please advise me from that i can conforim what is this mineral or i have to perform xrf and xrd to know , please advise
  • by the way area adjacent to hot spring
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It looks like botryoidal hematite to me. Goethite has this form as well. Botryoidal means "bunch of grapes". It is unlikely that this could have formed during active shearing along a fault. More likely, the vein filled an open fracture, which may have been associated with the regional faulting that you describe. Here is a picture of botryoidal hematite.
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i am working in study the kinematic vorticity of major shear zone in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. one of the problems is the absence of common rigid clasts such as feldspar and quartz due to the dynamic recrystallization mechanisms. only large mica fishes are observed in miceaous quartzite. can i use them as Kinematic vorticity gauge
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Yes you can totally use mica fish structures as a shear sense indicator. You mentioned that you can observe the recrystallization of quartz minerals. So if you can determine the sub-grain rotations (SGR), then you will be able to identify the shear sense as well.
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I am presently working on the evolution of a part of the basement complex rocks in Nigeria. The area is marked by shear zones. My field visits have shown that the shear zones cut across granitic gneisses, pegmatite (extensive and comprises mainly feldspar) and some mica schist. A part of my objectives is to determine the strain (quantitatively) by way of field and laboratory analysis. I need guide and may be peer-reviewed papers that have addressed such case(s). Thank you.
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Dear Mr. Adeoti,
I am currently studying basement rocks rife with pegmatites and aplites. I would like to re-direct your thoughts to the classical field work combined with a meticulous analysis  of your planar and linear architectural elements using the stereographic projections (stereonet diagrams) for interpretation. Before making use of a lot of papers and trying to find everything there in your study area too, I recommend some good textbooks on structural geology for field and laboratory work, unless you are a trained structural geologist.
A wealth of  information how to come to tackle this kinematic issues is published in the books of Van der Pluijm & Marshak (2004), Fossen (2010),  Lisle et al. (2011) and Davis (2013).
Good luck
Harald G. Dill
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Tourmaline can be a sedimentary protolith indicator? Or could be just post-tectonic crystals, related to a hydrothermal event?
Thanks for the help.
Attached thin-sections photos.
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Please find attached our paper on the formation of tourmaline in greenschist facies metapelite and related blackwall metasomatic greenschist from Austria.
Best regards,
Guenter Grundmann
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in need explanation about the approach of measurement of lattice preferred orientation of quartz crystals using gypsum wedge. 
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Hi Abdullah,
I have not used a gypsum wedge to look at quartz fabrics but I can tell you that it wont give you anything quantifiable relating to the quartz fabrics. I do like to use a full wavelength plate as a quick check to see which thin sections are likely to yield good CPO fabrics when analysed by EBSD, U-stage or fabric analyser, when looking at a thin section cut in the XZ plane (parallel to lineation, perpendicular to foliation). If the thin section has a strong quartz CPO then rotating it under XPL with a full wavelength plate will show that all or most quartz grains appear blue in when rotated in one direction and yellow/orange in the other direction. This is a useful first pass for determining which samples to analyse for CPO measurements.
Andy
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The Badami sediments exposed NNE and NE of Belgaum comprise granular to fine-pebble conglomerate and fine- to medium-grained sandstone. Both the sandstone and conglomerate contain abundant angular to sub-rounded to often rounded feldspar. The basement rocks are mainly parts of the Chitradurga Schist Belt. Preliminary palaeocurrent data indicate due NNW to NW palaeoflow. What could be the source of feldspar in Badami Sediments?
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Your observations are accurate. The fact that the Chitradurg schist belt is immediately south of these exposures is also correct. However, for the Badami sediments the following aspects may be taken into account as well:
(a) There are fairly clear exposures of the 'granitic rocks' (granitic gneisses, potassic granites, aplites and pegmatites) immediately below the Badami sediments observed from Gokak through Gajendragad... Therefore 'granitic' sources' is expected.
(b) In our observation, the Badami Group is essentially a fluvial deposit (barring the uppermost horizons exposed in the eastern parts of the 'Badami sub-basin' around Katkol, Kerur, Kokankoppa) and have proximal provenance. The basal conglomerates exposed in the western exposures (between Belgaum and Nesargi in  particular; and also parts of the exposures near Gokak) of the Badami Group are essentially recycled slope-debris and fan deposits that grade into lobate fluvial channel and channel-bar deposits. Therefore they are very likely to contain relatively fresh, unaltered lithic fragments (including but not limited to felspathic fragments) along with a lot of quartzitic fragments...
(d) although not directly related to the Belgaum sector of the Badami basin, you may also be interested in the equivalents around Ajra and Gargoti (southern Kolhapur district) that are exposed resting on granitic gneiss... These exposures are a continuum of the Badami basin further westwards...
Hope this helps...
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I just looked through your "Geomechanical ..." and "Investigation of cap rock ..." papers, thank you.  The latter mentions that "faults may be present ..."
The seismic suggests that small faults are very much present - attachment.  Statoil had a morbid view of small faults when I was there (link 1) - although that became and remains contentious (link 2 & further).  Is there any chance that you will actually address their presence and effects?
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Will do, thanks Sarah
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Also suggest me whether I can study Morphotectonic,Neotectonic and Active tectonic in both Soft rock and hard rock. Any researcher can suggest me.
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Dear Dr. Ahmad Ali,
you can use these types of tectonics in soft and hard rocks. There are many examples of them in loess, e.g., Hungary and several in crystalline (hard) rocks as well.
I can give you one example from the Dead Sea Transform Fault below:
DILL, H.G., HAHNE, K. and SHAQOUR, F. (2012) Anatomy of landslides along the Dead-Sea-Transform Fault System in NW Jordan.- Geomorphology, 141-142: 134-149.
Best regards
H.G.Dill
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I'll be glad to partecipate to this project with my dendrochronological experience on dating active fault line and/or landslide, reactivated by earthquakes
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Wow was really a huge earthquake!
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Barren Measures are sandwiched between two thick  coal bearing formations i.e. Barakar and Raniganj, and devoid of coals. What are the reasons for the sudden extinction and reappearance of coal in reference to global tectonic and environment?
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Hi Annapuma,
Possibly the coal measures of NW England gives a clue.
Barren coal measures are of 2 types:
1/. primary barren, as discussed by most respondents;
2/ secondary barren, due to oxidation of coal measures below the unconformity of the Permo-Triassic red beds that formed in a harsh desert environment. In this montane Permo-Triassic landscape, the coal measures were subjected to oxidation by combustion by air at the surface and underground, and by oxidation by groundwater underground.
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I've seen your interesting project on paleoseismology and I'd like to offer you my contribute (if you need and like) to it through dendrochronological dating of morphological features (scarps, active fault line, landslides) linked to earthquakes.
On my profile you can see some paper dealing on this topic.
Greetings from Italy, Rosanna
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Hello Juan Pablo here is my email: fantuccir@libero.it
Greetings,  Rosanna
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There are a lot of wide ranges of Arc-collision stage age and Gondwana collision age!!      
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Dear Osama: well, so you are indeed referring to the Neoproterozoic-Eocambrian Panafrican Orogeny, as seen in Eastern Africa (Mozambique Belt), South Africa (Cape Belt) southern Brazil, Antarctica, Australia, India and elsewhere. The timing of such a large tectonic event in not restricted whatsoever, it took more than 100 Ma to assemble Gondwanaland from various Paleozoic continental blocks, volcanic arcs, and alocthonous terranes generated by the rifting of supercontinent Rodinia. We don't have any recognizable Panafrican-aged rocks in Venezuela (only some detritic zircons show the age range 650-550 Ma), in this continent the event affected mostly southern Brazil, where it is called Braziliano Orogeny, coeval with similar events and belts in Nigeria-Niger. Information about these events can be found in the magazine Gondwana Research, to which I suppose you can access (we cannot access it here, it is simply prohibitive...).  Regards, Sebastian.
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It has attracted a widly concern and dispute in the northern Tibet for initial time and displacement amount of Altyn Tagh fault system during the Cenozoic.Thus, how can you determine the slip rate?
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Very tough question! It is hard to determine the pre-1-Ma slip rate of the Altyn Tagh fault system accurately. The best way is to find piercing points with robust time contraints across the fault system. However, none has been reported yet. Erchie Wang (1997, Geology, 150, 55-64) indicated that the Subei and Aksay basins formed a pair of piercing point, but the timing and displacement have large uncertainty. However, Ritts et al. (2004, Journal of Geology, 112, 207-229) opposed the link between these two basins. Yue, YJ et al. (2001, 2003) reported a source-to-sink link between the Xorkol Basin and the North Qilian Shan, which is apparantly wrong considering the kinematics of the ATF. Recently, Cheng et al. (2015, Geosphere, 11, 921-942) suggested a link among Tula, Anxi and Caishiling areas in the same side of the Altyn Tagh fault, but the interpretation is too subjective and unconvincing.
To my knowledge, there is no convincing pre-1-Ma pircing points across the Altyn Tagh fault yet. We tried to find one between the Qaidam Basin and the Altyn Shan, but failed. Alternatively, we proposed a simple calculation to evaluate the slip history of the fault system based on detailed analysis of the kinematic evolution of the Altyn Tagh fault system and its relationship with crustal shortening in the northern Tibetan Plateau throughout the Cenozoic era. The prelimilary result shows ca. 175 ± 75 km offset during Cretaceous (>2.2±0.9 mm/a), ca. 105 ± 75 km offset during ca. 53.8 – 15 Ma (2.7 ± 1.9 mm/a) on the NAF and ca. 150 ± 30 km offset since ca. 15 Ma (10 ± 2 mm/a) on the ATF at ca. 90°. This work has been submitted and under review now. Next step, we will tesitfy the slip history using physical modelling.
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I have many folding structure, i have the data of dip and trend of geological formation forming the flank of folds.
I want to use this data to obtain the trend and plunge of folding axis.
Can I explain the tectonic stress as perpendicular to this axis?
for sample if i Have the foldin axis is oriented N20°, can i say that the stress is N110° (20°+90°)?
thaks for responding
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Hello,
Please plot your data using the freely available software (see below).
Once you plot, it is easy to measure a range of things. Possibly all that you are asking for, though, you may need more than one software for your work, and  luckily all is free.
Enjoy plotting 
Regards
Shah
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Good morning,
could you answer me what could cause such deformations in Pleistocene glaciolacustrine deposits like on attached photos? There are mostly slightly folded layers and many overturned folds, didn't find any faults.
What methods do you propose to examine and analyze such deposits?
Thank you!
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Dear Mateusz
The deformation of glacilacustrine sediments could be due to many processes, both syn- and post-depositional (fluidisation, density-driven deformation, glacier overriding; etc.). Looking at the photographs, I do not see any clinching evidence for glacitectonics (but this does not mean that this can be excluded, as the strain signature may vary both vertically and laterally, as someone else pointed out).
In some ways this reminds me of work that we did in Waterville, Ireland (Evans et al., JOURNAL OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE (2012) 27(1) 51–63).
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Features such as crag and tails only occur because the crag was there first. Roches moutonnees start out as rock knolls. Small-scale rat tails are destroyed by the abrasional processes that produce striations and destructive wear by clasts in overriding ice (attached: intact rat tails compared with those destroyed by overriding boulders). Bernard Hallet shows that glacial abrasion removes bumps on a subglacial rock surface. Therefore, rock drumlins can only form if there are preexisting protrusions with the same spatial arrangement as the drumlins. Since the drumlins are commonly en echelon (Kor and Cowell, s-forms at French River attached), the same en echelon pattern required of the initial rock protrusions calls for a remarkable coincidence.
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Paul - what I believe John (and Kor and Cowell) are proposing is that there is a spatial structure in a sub-glacial sheet flood to produce the erosional forms.  This clearly assumes some stability in the flow pattern during the event to produce the en echelon forms.
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We have seen many salt strucutre in normal or reverse fault system, but how about the salt related strike-slip fault?
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Quite surprised to get so many answers for my question. Thanks again. All recommended papers I will read carefully.  Hoping to get more answers! 
_____________________________________________
Recently in reading the The Salt Tectonics Short Course in Universidade Fernando Pessoa. Some basic knowledge can be learned in this course.  Pretty Good!
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The following article focuses entirely on that topic; mechanical relationship between strike-slip faults and salt diapirs. It gives examples from the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust belt, where, as Christopher Talbot mentions in his comment above, salt diapirs are interpreted to rise in pull-apart basins formed at the intersection of pre-existing thrusts and basement strike-slip faults. 
Koyi, H. A., Ghassemi, A., Hessami, Kh., and Dietl, C., 2008. The mechanical relationship between strike-slip faults and salt diapirs in the Zagros fold–thrust belt. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 165, 1031-1044.
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The illustrated structures (isolated or bifurcating furrows) are on the bedding planes of thin-bedded rhythmite that is part of a Carboniferous glacial marine/lacustrine succession (Paraná Basin, southern Brazil). Does anyone has seen something similar?
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Dear Fernando,
I think it could be both ice-keel scour marks in low depth near shoreline (because some structures seem to be curvilinear) and also ice-crystal imprints if it is possible that the surface was emerged. Indeed, ice-crystal growth in fine sediment could leave such structures.
I saw similar both structures (but on different surfaces) in the Late Ordovician sedimentary record. See Fig. 11e and Fig. 12 in Girard et al. 2015 (Earth Sciences Reviews - ask me if you want the pdf).
I also observed present-day ice-crystals in a puddle in Alps Mountains that could leave similar structures that you found, if their growth occurred in fine argillaceous sediment and their imprints were then preserved. See photography :
Best regards,
Flavia
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Hi,
I'm having some trouble deciphering the origin of well developed negative U and Th anomalies in cumulate ultramafic rocks. All my textbooks seem to make no mention of such anomalies. I have yet to see similar anomalies in any journal articles. The rocks also show positive Ba, Pb, and Ti anomalies while no Nb anomalies are observed (if this helps in any way).
Thanks for reading.
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Dear Willen: I'm subscribed to the blog Geology Page, and just received an article regarding fractioning of trace elements in basaltic MORB magmas, which could offer an answer to your problem and questions. This is the link:
The conclusion is quite ingenious, you'll love it! Regards, Sebastian.
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 Everybody,
    I'm studying a Late Cretaceous (~68 Ma) opx-bearing granite in the Qiangtang Terrane, Tibetan Plateau. The two-pyroxene barametry indicates that the melt-formation of the this pluton require pressure ≥ 14.2–18.1 kbar and temperature ≥ 900–1000 ℃. When plotted on the P-T diagram illustrating the partial melting of mafic lower crust and phase relationship, this P-T range corresponds to the “amphibole and plagioclase-out” and “garnet-in” field, implying the breakdown of amphiboles and plagioclases and occurrence of garnets in the source region. 
    In combination of chemical compositions, we suggest that partial melting of mafic lower continental crust in the stability of garnet (e.g., garnet-granulites or eclogites) was the most plausible scenario for the genesis of the pluton. High Sr and Ba, low Y and heavy rare earth elements (REEs), strong depletion of high-field-strength elements (HFSEs) such as Nb, Ta and Ti, and lack of negative Sr and Eu anomalies (Martin 1986, 1999; Defant and Drummond 1990; Martin et al. 2005) in the rocks indicate that the pluton closely resembles adakites in element compositions. However, peculiarly, it exhibits higher Yb and Y concentrations as well as lower Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N ratios relative to the typical adakites.
 It is so peculiar. So, I want to ask partial melting of garnet-granulites or eclogites necessarily produces adakites with high Sr/Y and (La/Yb)n ratios? If not, what geological processes would result into the decrease of these two ratios in the partial melts from the eclogites or garnrt-bearing granulites?
Thanks.
Lu
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Dear Lu-Lu: for some srange reason I haven't been able to unload the photomicrographs you attached, a message saying "Netwok error" appears all the time. Perhaps the file is too heavy (21 MB) and doesn't come through. Any way, pyroxenes, both ortho and clino, are silica saturated minerals, so they should be stable in a granitic melt, unlike olivine, for example. The possibility that these minerals could be restites is also quite likely, I've found similar examples in Venezuelan and Colombian granitoid rocks. But eclogites don't contain orthopyroxene, only granulites, so the source rock of the magma should have been granulites, not eclogites. Regards. Sebastian. 
P.D.: try to send the pictures one by one, and not as an attached, and heavy, file...
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Hello all,
I read this paper from Butler and Paton (Butler R.W.H., Paton D.A., 2010. Evaluating lateral compaction in deepwater fold and thrust belts: How much are we missing from “nature’s sandbox”?, GSA today, v.2 , n° 3, 7pp, 4-10, doi : 10.1130/GSATG77A.1) that shows on the Namibian margin how shortening related to gravity gliding can be accommodated by direct lateral compaction within the sedimentary layers. Lateral compaction could thus accommodate 18 to 25% of the shortening and then the amount of shortening evidenced by the reverse faults is lower than the true shortening. 
Do you know other examples/references concerning lateral compaction process?
Does a low amount of shortening (say less than 25%) could be entirely accommodated by lateral compaction within the sedimentary layer, then without any reverse fault?
Many thanks in advance!
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Hello Gaël,
Layer-parallel compaction (LPC) or tectonic compaction is a significant component of shortening. In couple of papers we quantified LPC in sand models it to "lithology", basal friction, stratigraphic location, and amount of bulk shortening. This is easy to quantify in models where the initial dimensions and boundary conditions are better known. We have also compared LPC in models to that in Pyrenees where we measured 16-23% depending in different sections. If you are interested, send me your email address and I will send the PDF of those articles.
Cheers,
Hemin
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Hi everyone!
There are some methods for selecting a proper TBM based on the geological conditions. These methods are proposed by RMR, QTBM, and etc. Is there any method for selecting the best TBM according to the tunnel situation that use all parameters such as strength parameters, water level, changing during the length of tunnel, depth, cost, and etc and for every parameters is presented a number for every TBM types? For example, a system like RMR that it is considered many parameters and finally suggest a tunnel supporting system based on the RMR number.
Thanks in advance for sharing your experience
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This is not a straight forward answer, and is dependent on several uncertainty in addition to the local geology present at the site.
The ITA has released a few publication with regards to the above, it might be a good start point for your question.
Regards,
Aly
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Hey everyone,
I guess the following question is only relevant to those familiar with quartz microstructure and crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) but here goes...
I have been perplexed by the concept of the quartz opening angle geothermometer (Kruhl, 1996; Law 2014), and its resulting wide application, for quite some time. Sure, there is some ostensible statistical basis for it (an approximate linear increase in temperature with increased angle between girdles of the quartz CPO, refer to above refs), but is the scientific basis? I can appreciate that there is a specific shift from an orthorhombic symmetry defined by basal-<a>, rhomb-<a> and prism-<a> (~60 opening angle), to that of an orthorhombic symmetry defined by prism-<a> and prism-[c] (~120 opening angle). This shift is explained temperature dependent slip system changes, coincident with alpha-beta quartz transitions. What about between this general jump? What is causing the observed linear relationship between angle and temperature? I can't find any sources that communicate this clear, despite its wide use. I would be very appreciative for some suggestions.
Also, surely the kinematics of deformation potentially make the results of this geothermometer highly dubious. It seems relevant for rocks undergoing dominant flattening or plane strain (where a clear orthorhombic symmetry is observed in the quartz CPO), and entirely irrelevant for dominant rotational strain or non-coaxial flow (where a monoclinic symmetry is common). Surely, everything in between carries a high uncertainty factor as well?
What about second phase content? Pinning is likely to diffuse the quartz CPO and thus manipulate the m.u.d contours (assuming that is how researchers quantify the opening angle). Do variations in second phases affect the resultant opening angle? If so, this carries major setbacks for quantifying opening angles in polymineralic rocks, or even quartzites with variations in second phase content.
I'd love to hear comments from anyone particularly interested in this, and please forgive any harsh skepticism on my part!
Thanks
Kruhl, J. H. (1996) Prism- and basal-plane parallel subgrain boundaries in quartz: A microstructural geothermobarometer. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 14, 581-589.
Law, R. D. (2014) Deformation thermometry based on quartz c-axis fabrics and recrystallization microstructures: A review. Journal of Structural Geology, 66, 129-161.
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I share your concern, and I remain skeptical myself. I refrain from using the opening angle for thermometry. I agree that it is likely (certainly?) affected by deformation kinematics. Moreover, *I* would argue that we rarely actually know the kinematics of geological deformation histories with much certainty, despite what someone may claim.... Such that even if such thermometry approach is applicable for certain types of deformation geometries... It is still dubious/difficult to apply.
I realize this isn't helpful towards answering your questions. I just wanted to chime in to share my similar concern, and also to follow this thread wherever it may lead.
cheers.
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Can we able to re-utilize the sweet water used in unconventional gas wells Fracturing jobs to minimize sweet water consumption? 
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Mr. Ezzine,
My co-worker recently attended a training workshop put on by TOPCORP and a few companies were mentioned. I cannot vouch for any as i have not worked with or heard about the work ethic but figured it may give you a starting point.
I know that the Marcellus shale producers in Pennsylvania have gone to a regionally centralized recycling center system for multiple company use.
Cheers and good luck!
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Dear RG members
I want to know about these principal stresses working in rifting, thrusting and folding. Only comments are welcome. Sorry to website's links.
With best regards
IJAZ
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Here is how I understand the theory.  In order to completely understand and resolve the state of stress at some point in the earth's crust, there are nine componants to consider.  Three of these are normal stresses, and six are shear stresses.  The concept of principal stress helps simplify this understanding.  By definition, all states of stress include three mutually perpendicular normal stresses, which are refered to as sigma 1, sigma 2, and sigma 3.  Principal stresses are perpendicular to principal plains, where are defined as a plane where no shear stress exists.  The Earth's surface is a principal plane because it is a free surface, and thus can't support a shear stress.  This means that one principal stress is always vertical, and the other two are perpendicual to it and in the plane of the Earth's crust.  Sigma 1 is defined as the greatest compressive stress, sigma 2 is the intermediate stress, and sigma 3 is the least principal stress.
Refering to structural geometries in terms of principal stress orientations provides convenience of understanding.  Here are some general statements that can be made.  In normal fault systems, sigma 1 tends to be vertical, or cleavage tends to form in the plane of flattening, which is perpendicular to sigma 1.
If this doesn't answer your question please feel free to private message me.
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Hi everyone!
The safety factor is a factor for checking the results. How much is the safety factor for different slopes based on different standards or guidelines such as UIC, British standard, and etc.? Is it different for rock slope or soil slope in different conditions such as static or dynamic conditions (ODE/MDE/MCE)? Should it be considered based on special projects like high speed railway or other projects?
Thanks in advance for sharing your experience!
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Safety factors differ for soils and rocks. Also, they are different for static loading and earthquake loading conditions. Most of the times, every project has a specific requirement, based on spatial variability of rock/soil properties. I am involved in the slope stability analysis of Himalayan rock slopes for Chenab Railway Bridge project. The factors of safety under static, design basis earthquake and maximum credible earthquake set for this project are 1.5, 1.2 and 1.0 respectively. Also, it's not just the factor of safety, but the maximum allowed deformations along the slope, that govern the design most of the times.
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These rocks were extrated from a complex deposit superposed by iron skarn deposit and porphyry molybdenum deposit. And the porphyry molybdenum deposit was seen as pipes with cutting the iron skarn belt and the mother igenous rock of iron.
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the first photo appears to be of a brecciated rock.  Brecciation could either be caused by faulting or by forced intrusion of magma.  Personally I feel it is the former.  Check the matrix for calcite/quartz/ore content; any of these are likely to be present if it is a fault breccia.  If the matrix is fine-grained igneous, then David's suggestion is most likely.  I am afraid that I cannot suggest anything for the second photo.
George
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Dear All
I want to have the point of view from different experts given below to adopt an integrated approach.
1. Geologist
2. Engineering Geologist
3. Mining Geologist
4. Geomorphologist
5. Geographer
6. Civil Engineer
7. Mining Engineer
8. Meteorologist
9. Structural Geologist
10. Landslide Expert
11. Earthquake Geologist
12. Seismologist
Thanks for a quick response.
Regards
Ijaz
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Dear Ijaz,
re:    Landslides: failure mechanisms and triggering factors.
The scope of what you ask is vast and different disciplines approach them in different ways.  However, a landslide occurs due to two sets of factors :
1.         pre-disposing factors
2.         triggering factors
The best starting point, I suggest, is to read Varnes (1958).  His classification is sound and the different slides are well described.  It is clear that he divides landslides into falls, slides, flows and complex, and into bedrock and soils forms (p.21).  Brunsden (1979) is good for a more comprehensive approach.  The other literature I have appended gives an indication of the breadth of approaches to specific types of slide, e.g. Jaboyedoff (2011) gives a comprehensive study of rockfalls/slides, Campbell (1975) examines debris flows and Winter et al. (2005) gives the road engineer’s approach.
To return to pre-disposing factors, these include rock type, strike/dip of bedding planes, jointing patterns, susceptibility to weathering (both physical and chemical), soil characteristics, drainage patterns, groundwater movements, slope gradient, possibility of seismic activity, human interactions (mining activity/road or dam building in area), vegetation cover, climate, day-to-day weather experienced in area, among others.
Triggering factors include intense rainfall, excessive porewater pressures in rock/soil, gravity, seismic activity, undercutting by e.g. river or road building, overburden adding excess weight to slope
Models for landslide prediction will contain a selection of such factors relevant to the specific type of landslide involved.  I would assume that in Pakistan rockfalls, rockslides, debris slides and debris flows would loom large along with snow avalanches.
I hope this goes someway to answering your question.
George Strachan
BRUNSDEN, D. 1979. Mass movements. In Embleton C. & Thornes J. eds., Process in Geomorphology, Edward Arnold, p.130-186.
CAMPBELL, R. 1975. Soil slips, debris flows, and rainstorms in the Santa Monica Mountains and vicinity, Southern California. US Geological Survey Professional Paper, 851.
HENCHER, S.R. & LEE, S.G. 2010. Landslide mechanisms in Hong Kong. From Calcaterra D. & Parise M (eds.) Weathering as a predisposing factor to slope movements. GSL Engineering Geology Special Publications, 23, 77-103.
IVERSON, R.M. 1997. The physics of debris flows. Review of Geophysics (American Geophysical Union), 35, 245–296.
IVERSON, R.M. & LaHUSEN, R.G. 1993. Pore-pressure dynamics in debris-flow experiments. Abstract - Transactions (American Geophysical Union), 75, 274.
JABOYEDOFF, M. 2011. Slope tectonics. Geological Society Special Publication, 351.
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I am interested and want to seek geological rift record or record of normal faulting from a foreland basin of a collisional orogenic belt.
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Hi Ijaz, 
As Alexandros Konstantinou said there are numerous examples of former rifting that are now below compressive constraints. The Mediterranean Basin is an amazing playfield for that.
The Western Tyrrhenian Basin is a nice example of passive margin that now locally undergoes compressive constraints that potentially reflect a start of inversion (Have a look on figs 11 and 13 of this paper for instance: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040195113007476). 
For more examples I also recommend the works of Prof. Gianreto Manatschal and collaborators about former passive margins now involved in building mountains (e.g. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301506114_Dominant_role_of_rift_inheritance_in_mountain_building_revealed_by_waveform_inversion) and Dr. Maria Druet about inversion of the Spanish margin (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301546071_Deep_crustal_structure_and_continent-ocean_boundary_along_the_Galicia_continental_margin_NW_Iberia).
Good Luck!
Gaël
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 We observed crescent depression with 1-2km width and 200m depth nearer to seamounts. Multibeam data when we first analysed we suspected it may be of turbudity. (Since all depressions are arranged in almost in a single direction).
But later detailed subbottom profiling & ROV  revealed that they are hard bottom.
If anybody can give probable reason for its formation will be a great help.
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Have you considered fluid flow features e.g., pockmarks? For instance, crescent pockmarks ca. 1500 wide and ca. 150 deep have been documented in the South China Sea (cf. Morphologies, classification and genesis of pockmarks, mud volcanoes and associated fluid escape features in the northern Zhongjiannan Basin, South China Sea). Best wishes!
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Hi everyone,
One of the ongoing challenges in textural analysis via bulk diffraction is to calculate an ODF for a material (rock or metal) from measured pole figures with well defined intensity peaks. Evidently, the availability of different crystal axes to be measured depends on their diffraction intensities, and in some cases key axes contain intensities too low to be measured (hence they are extrapolated mathematically by ODF derivation). Recently we have been able to deconvolute the (003) c-axis reflection in quartz from the intensity spectra. This is one of the most important crystal axes for geological texture analysis and wider structural geology inquiries. The measurement of this crystal axis was previously thought to be unattainable, due to its low intensity and proximity to the (112) reflection. Our results are being prepared for publication.
My question is: are there other examples, particularly in metals, where important crystal axes are either too low to measure, or are masked by other axis diffractions? I would like to read the literature available. For example, I have read that (100) reflections in Al are particularly difficult to measure directly. Any suggestions would be very appreciated. Thank you! 
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I am still a bit puzzled, Nicholas. I don't want argue about the importance about (001). Although high intensities in XRD reflect a strong variation of electrons between these planes and therefore some kind of hint about physically  preferred activities so that a low 003 is not exactly that what I would expect. But anyway, i am for away from dealing with quartz. What puzzles me is that if you measure 003 it has nothing to do with a real existing plane you can see or which really exist. You can have  many columnar grains or only some flat plates which are aligned in the same way to your XRD beam and the intensity you are measuring is exactly the same if the amount of the covered surface is comparable. If you get more intensity it simply tells you that there are more grains aligned in a way that your cut is preferred to [0001]. The intensity does not tell you these are many small or some bigger grains so that i am curious whether you can make some comclusions. Well, I am sure you are considering this. Only in case not...think about it.
I am crystallographer and have actually more "connection" to quartz than to metals :-). the question is only, what do you want show with this comparison? As I said, a strong stacking in first approximation produces high intensities for the respective reflection. Why (0001) should then have this importance sound a bit surprizing to me, but maybe there is some other correlation which nicely matches.
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I'm looking for geological map of Georgia (sovietic), in particular of the Rioni basin area (from Kutaisi to Oni). Can anyone help me?
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I think you can find everything what you need here. 
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I would like to retrieve the best fitting seismic moment tensor from given pressure and tension axis orientations, even in the case of non-double couple seismic source mechanisms. I did not find such function in MoPad, any suggestion, at least for pure double-couple case ?
Figure:  for a given seismic source, I have a probabilistic representation of pressure and tension axis orientations (Left and middle plots), what is the moment tensor of the corresponding  source mechanism (right plot) ?
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The mean P and T may be computed by vector summation, and will represent the best fitting P and T in the mean square sense. Then, the full moment tensor may be given in the principal axis frame of reference (P, T, N) and rotated to the working frame of reference as the orientation of the P, T, N vectors is known. If for some reason <P> and <T> are not strictly orthogonal, once they are normalized as unit vectors, it may be shown that <P>+<T> and <P>-<T> are orthogonal, and normal to the nodal planes, and the geometry of the moment tensor defined on this basis.
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The clast size are in the range of boulder to cobble in a clast supported conglomerate. The deposit is inferred as a rigid plug formed from loss of trapped water. Now, will this clast be able to tell me what was the slope of the surface on which it glided? If there is, please refer any paper or provide me a methodology
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Dr Alsop has provided you with good reading material.  However it would help if you posted a photo of the deposit in order to judge clast angularities, presence of sedimentary structures if any.  As the question stands there is too little information.
George
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In a pluton, there may be different granitic magma intrusions like monzonite, granite and/or syenite which were intruded in different times at the same place like ballooning mechanism. Is there a way to map each pulse in the field or what do you recommend to distinguish each pulse? how should these bodies be sampled? 
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Depending on the scale you are working at, having a look at any aeromagnetic imagery that may cover the area could be worthwhile. Often, multi-phase intrusions like you describe can contain variable proportions of magnetite (or other magnetic minerals), and zoning patterns, or cross-cutting relationships visible in magnetic imagery can serve as a proxy for mapping the different intrusive phases. 
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Can someone explain me how exactly should I adapt quaternary sections (age+genesis) built according to USSR Quaternary Commission requirements to international scientific publication or just give me a link to comprehensive example?
The section is attached below.
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I suppose you can find everything you need in the ICS Quaternary charts. I am not sure what I see on your drawing since there is no legend. Everything you need is there I suppose:
I see 6 or more division for former USSR, here http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/regionaldivisions/
Pick precisely your area and you will obtain a correlation chart.
I am fairly sure Phil Gibbard can also help you if you are really stuck (but come with more information).
Good luck,
Julien
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why do fold hinges migrates ? what are the reasons beyond fold hinge migration and fixed hinge ? are the hinges always behave the same
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